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Wang Y, Wu CJ, Du Y, Liu YQ, Cai JR, Wu XQ, Hu SQ. SIRT2 tyrosine nitration by peroxynitrite in response to renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Free Radic Res 2022; 55:1104-1118. [PMID: 34979841 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.2024529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are the production of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). The current study is to elucidate a mechanism of SIRT2 tyrosine nitration to accelerate the cell apoptosis induced by peroxynitrite (ONOO‾), the most reactive and deleterious RNS type in renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Our results demonstrate that there is a significant enhancement of the 3-nitrotyrosine levels in renal tissues of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) patients and rats that underwent renal I/R, and a positive correlation between the 3-nitrotyrosine level and renal function impairment, indicative of an accumulation of peroxynitrite. Notably, peroxynitrite-evoked nitration of SIRT2 destroyed its enzymatic activity and the capability to deacetylate FOXO3a, and enhanced expression of Bim and caspase3, facilitating renal cell apoptosis in renal ischemia/reperfusion and SIN-1(peroxynitrite donor) treatment in vitro, and these effects were reversed by FeTMPyP, a peroxynitrite decomposition scavenger. Importantly, we identified that the tyrosine 86 is responsible for SIRT2 nitration and inactivation using site-mutation assay and Mass Spectrography analysis. Altogether, these findings point to a novel protective mechanism that an inhibition of SIRT2 tyrosine nitration can be a promising strategy to prevent ischemic renal diseases involving AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy of Xuzhou Medical University, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chun Jie Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy of Xuzhou Medical University, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy of Xuzhou Medical University, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yu Qing Liu
- The Affiliated Xuzhou Children's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jing Ran Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy of Xuzhou Medical University, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xue Qing Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy of Xuzhou Medical University, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shu Qun Hu
- Emergency Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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2
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Demasi M, Augusto O, Bechara EJH, Bicev RN, Cerqueira FM, da Cunha FM, Denicola A, Gomes F, Miyamoto S, Netto LES, Randall LM, Stevani CV, Thomson L. Oxidative Modification of Proteins: From Damage to Catalysis, Signaling, and Beyond. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:1016-1080. [PMID: 33726509 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The systematic investigation of oxidative modification of proteins by reactive oxygen species started in 1980. Later, it was shown that reactive nitrogen species could also modify proteins. Some protein oxidative modifications promote loss of protein function, cleavage or aggregation, and some result in proteo-toxicity and cellular homeostasis disruption. Recent Advances: Previously, protein oxidation was associated exclusively to damage. However, not all oxidative modifications are necessarily associated with damage, as with Met and Cys protein residue oxidation. In these cases, redox state changes can alter protein structure, catalytic function, and signaling processes in response to metabolic and/or environmental alterations. This review aims to integrate the present knowledge on redox modifications of proteins with their fate and role in redox signaling and human pathological conditions. Critical Issues: It is hypothesized that protein oxidation participates in the development and progression of many pathological conditions. However, no quantitative data have been correlated with specific oxidized proteins or the progression or severity of pathological conditions. Hence, the comprehension of the mechanisms underlying these modifications, their importance in human pathologies, and the fate of the modified proteins is of clinical relevance. Future Directions: We discuss new tools to cope with protein oxidation and suggest new approaches for integrating knowledge about protein oxidation and redox processes with human pathophysiological conditions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 1016-1080.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilene Demasi
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ohara Augusto
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Etelvino J H Bechara
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata N Bicev
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Cerqueira
- CENTD, Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M da Cunha
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Denicola
- Laboratorios Fisicoquímica Biológica-Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernando Gomes
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sayuri Miyamoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis E S Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lía M Randall
- Laboratorios Fisicoquímica Biológica-Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cassius V Stevani
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonor Thomson
- Laboratorios Fisicoquímica Biológica-Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Mitochondrial Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress in Kidney Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081144. [PMID: 34439810 PMCID: PMC8391472 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles in physiology and kidney diseases, because they produce cellular energy required to perform their function. During mitochondrial metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced. ROS function as secondary messengers, inducing redox-sensitive post-translational modifications (PTM) in proteins and activating or deactivating different cell signaling pathways. However, in kidney diseases, ROS overproduction causes oxidative stress (OS), inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and altering its metabolism and dynamics. The latter processes are closely related to changes in the cell redox-sensitive signaling pathways, causing inflammation and apoptosis cell death. Although mitochondrial metabolism, ROS production, and OS have been studied in kidney diseases, the role of redox signaling pathways in mitochondria has not been addressed. This review focuses on altering the metabolism and dynamics of mitochondria through the dysregulation of redox-sensitive signaling pathways in kidney diseases.
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Kriss CL, Duro N, Nadeau OW, Guergues J, Chavez-Chiang O, Culver-Cochran AE, Chaput D, Varma S, Stevens SM. Site-specific identification and validation of hepatic histone nitration in vivo: Implications for alcohol-induced liver injury. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4713. [PMID: 33942435 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrative stress have been implicated in the molecular mechanisms underlying a variety of biological processes and disease states including cancer, aging, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, diabetes, and alcohol-induced liver injury. One marker of nitrative stress is the formation of 3-nitrotyrosine, or protein tyrosine nitration (PTN), which has been observed during inflammation and tissue injury; however, the role of PTN in the progression or possibly the pathogenesis of disease is still unclear. We show in a model of alcohol-induced liver injury that an increase in PTN occurs in hepatocyte nuclei within the liver of wild-type male C57BL/6J mice following chronic ethanol exposure (28 days). High-resolution mass spectrometric analysis of isolated hepatic nuclei revealed several novel sites of tyrosine nitration on histone proteins. Histone nitration sites were validated by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis of representative synthetic nitropeptides equivalent in sequence to the respective nitrotyrosine sites identified in vivo. We further investigated the potential structural impact of the novel histone H3 Tyr41 (H3Y41) nitration site identified using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. MD simulations of the nitrated and non-nitrated forms of histone H3Y41 showed significant structural changes at the DNA interface upon H3Y41 nitration. The results from this study suggest that, in addition to other known post-translational modifications that occur on histone proteins (e.g., acetylation and methylation), PTN could induce chromatin structural changes, possibly affecting gene transcription processes associated with the development of alcohol-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystina L Kriss
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6607 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nalvi Duro
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Owen W Nadeau
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 261 Mountain View Dr, Colchester, VT, 05446, USA
| | - Jennifer Guergues
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 261 Mountain View Dr, Colchester, VT, 05446, USA
- MSRC Proteomics Core Laboratory, Vanderbilt University, Medical Research Building III, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Omar Chavez-Chiang
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, SRB-3, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Ashley E Culver-Cochran
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Dale Chaput
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Sameer Varma
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Stanley M Stevens
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
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3-Nitrotyrosine and related derivatives in proteins: precursors, radical intermediates and impact in function. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:111-133. [PMID: 32016371 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative post-translational modification of proteins by molecular oxygen (O2)- and nitric oxide (•NO)-derived reactive species is a usual process that occurs in mammalian tissues under both physiological and pathological conditions and can exert either regulatory or cytotoxic effects. Although the side chain of several amino acids is prone to experience oxidative modifications, tyrosine residues are one of the preferred targets of one-electron oxidants, given the ability of their phenolic side chain to undergo reversible one-electron oxidation to the relatively stable tyrosyl radical. Naturally occurring as reversible catalytic intermediates at the active site of a variety of enzymes, tyrosyl radicals can also lead to the formation of several stable oxidative products through radical-radical reactions, as is the case of 3-nitrotyrosine (NO2Tyr). The formation of NO2Tyr mainly occurs through the fast reaction between the tyrosyl radical and nitrogen dioxide (•NO2). One of the key endogenous nitrating agents is peroxynitrite (ONOO-), the product of the reaction of superoxide radical (O2•-) with •NO, but ONOO--independent mechanisms of nitration have been also disclosed. This chemical modification notably affects the physicochemical properties of tyrosine residues and because of this, it can have a remarkable impact on protein structure and function, both in vitro and in vivo. Although low amounts of NO2Tyr are detected under basal conditions, significantly increased levels are found at pathological states related with an overproduction of reactive species, such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation and aging. While NO2Tyr is a well-established stable oxidative stress biomarker and a good predictor of disease progression, its role as a pathogenic mediator has been laboriously defined for just a small number of nitrated proteins and awaits further studies.
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Guerra-Castellano A, Márquez I, Pérez-Mejías G, Díaz-Quintana A, De la Rosa MA, Díaz-Moreno I. Post-Translational Modifications of Cytochrome c in Cell Life and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8483. [PMID: 33187249 PMCID: PMC7697256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, whilst their malfunction is related to several human pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and various types of cancer. In mitochondrial metabolism, cytochrome c is a small soluble heme protein that acts as an essential redox carrier in the respiratory electron transport chain. However, cytochrome c is likewise an essential protein in the cytoplasm acting as an activator of programmed cell death. Such a dual role of cytochrome c in cell life and death is indeed fine-regulated by a wide variety of protein post-translational modifications. In this work, we show how these modifications can alter cytochrome c structure and functionality, thus emerging as a control mechanism of cell metabolism but also as a key element in development and prevention of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Irene Díaz-Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (I.M.); (G.P.-M.); (A.D.-Q.); (M.A.D.l.R.)
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7
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Kitada M, Xu J, Ogura Y, Monno I, Koya D. Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Dysfunction and the Pathogenesis of Kidney Disease. Front Physiol 2020; 11:755. [PMID: 32760286 PMCID: PMC7373076 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Superoxide anion (O2•–) is produced by the process of oxidative phosphorylation associated with glucose, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism, resulting in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the mitochondria. Excess production of reactive oxidants in the mitochondria, including O2•–, and its by-product, peroxynitrite (ONOO–), which is generated by a reaction between O2•– with nitric oxide (NO•), alters cellular function via oxidative modification of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Mitochondria maintain an antioxidant enzyme system that eliminates excess ROS; manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) is one of the major components of this system, as it catalyzes the first step involved in scavenging ROS. Reduced expression and/or the activity of Mn-SOD results in diminished mitochondrial antioxidant capacity; this can impair the overall health of the cell by altering mitochondrial function and may lead to the development and progression of kidney disease. Targeted therapeutic agents may protect mitochondrial proteins, including Mn-SOD against oxidative stress-induced dysfunction, and this may consequently lead to the protection of renal function. Here, we describe the biological function and regulation of Mn-SOD and review the significance of mitochondrial oxidative stress concerning the pathogenesis of kidney diseases, including chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI), with a focus on Mn-SOD dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehiro Kitada
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan.,Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ogura
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Itaru Monno
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan.,Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
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8
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Wheel and Deal in the Mitochondrial Inner Membranes: The Tale of Cytochrome c and Cardiolipin. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6813405. [PMID: 32377304 PMCID: PMC7193304 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6813405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin oxidation and degradation by different factors under severe cell stress serve as a trigger for genetically encoded cell death programs. In this context, the interplay between cardiolipin and another mitochondrial factor—cytochrome c—is a key process in the early stages of apoptosis, and it is a matter of intense research. Cytochrome c interacts with lipid membranes by electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic effects. Experimental conditions (including pH, lipid composition, and post-translational modifications) determine which specific amino acid residues are involved in the interaction and influence the heme iron coordination state. In fact, up to four binding sites (A, C, N, and L), driven by different interactions, have been reported. Nevertheless, key aspects of the mechanism for cardiolipin oxidation by the hemeprotein are well established. First, cytochrome c acts as a pseudoperoxidase, a process orchestrated by tyrosine residues which are crucial for peroxygenase activity and sensitivity towards oxidation caused by protein self-degradation. Second, flexibility of two weakest folding units of the hemeprotein correlates with its peroxidase activity and the stability of the iron coordination sphere. Third, the diversity of the mode of interaction parallels a broad diversity in the specific reaction pathway. Thus, current knowledge has already enabled the design of novel drugs designed to successfully inhibit cardiolipin oxidation.
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González‐Arzola K, Velázquez‐Cruz A, Guerra‐Castellano A, Casado‐Combreras MÁ, Pérez‐Mejías G, Díaz‐Quintana A, Díaz‐Moreno I, De la Rosa MÁ. New moonlighting functions of mitochondrial cytochromecin the cytoplasm and nucleus. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3101-3119. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska González‐Arzola
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| | - Alejandro Velázquez‐Cruz
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| | - Alejandra Guerra‐Castellano
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| | - Miguel Á. Casado‐Combreras
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| | - Gonzalo Pérez‐Mejías
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| | - Antonio Díaz‐Quintana
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| | - Irene Díaz‐Moreno
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
| | - Miguel Á. De la Rosa
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ) Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja) University of Seville‐CSIC Spain
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Suliman HB, Nozik-Grayck E. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Metabolic Drivers of Pulmonary Hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:843-857. [PMID: 30604624 PMCID: PMC6751393 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disease characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling and lung vasculopathy. The disease displays progressive dyspnea, pulmonary artery uncoupling and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. The overall survival rate is ranging from 28-72%. Recent Advances: The molecular events that promote the development of PH are complex and incompletely understood. Metabolic impairment has been proposed to contribute to the pathophysiology of PH with evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction involving the electron transport chain proteins, antioxidant enzymes, apoptosis regulators, and mitochondrial quality control. Critical Issues: It is vital to characterize the mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to PH pathogenesis. This review focuses on the currently available publications that supports mitochondrial mechanisms in PH pathophysiology. Future Directions: Further studies of these metabolic mitochondrial alterations in PH could be viable targets of diagnostic and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagir B Suliman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Eva Nozik-Grayck
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Labs and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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11
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Kalpage HA, Bazylianska V, Recanati MA, Fite A, Liu J, Wan J, Mantena N, Malek MH, Podgorski I, Heath EI, Vaishnav A, Edwards BF, Grossman LI, Sanderson TH, Lee I, Hüttemann M. Tissue-specific regulation of cytochrome c by post-translational modifications: respiration, the mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS, and apoptosis. FASEB J 2019; 33:1540-1553. [PMID: 30222078 PMCID: PMC6338631 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801417r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c (Cyt c) plays a vital role in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). In addition, it is a key regulator of apoptosis. Cyt c has multiple other functions including ROS production and scavenging, cardiolipin peroxidation, and mitochondrial protein import. Cyt c is tightly regulated by allosteric mechanisms, tissue-specific isoforms, and post-translational modifications (PTMs). Distinct residues of Cyt c are modified by PTMs, primarily phosphorylations, in a highly tissue-specific manner. These modifications downregulate mitochondrial ETC flux and adjust the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), to minimize reactive oxygen species (ROS) production under normal conditions. In pathologic and acute stress conditions, such as ischemia-reperfusion, phosphorylations are lost, leading to maximum ETC flux, ΔΨm hyperpolarization, excessive ROS generation, and the release of Cyt c. It is also the dephosphorylated form of the protein that leads to maximum caspase activation. We discuss the complex regulation of Cyt c and propose that it is a central regulatory step of the mammalian ETC that can be rate limiting in normal conditions. This regulation is important because it maintains optimal intermediate ΔΨm, limiting ROS generation. We examine the role of Cyt c PTMs, including phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, nitration, nitrosylation, and sulfoxidation and consider their potential biological significance by evaluating their stoichiometry.-Kalpage, H. A., Bazylianska, V., Recanati, M. A., Fite, A., Liu, J., Wan, J., Mantena, N., Malek, M. H., Podgorski, I., Heath, E. I., Vaishnav, A., Edwards, B. F., Grossman, L. I., Sanderson, T. H., Lee, I., Hüttemann, M. Tissue-specific regulation of cytochrome c by post-translational modifications: respiration, the mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasini A. Kalpage
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Viktoriia Bazylianska
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Maurice A. Recanati
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Alemu Fite
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jenney Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Junmei Wan
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Nikhil Mantena
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Moh H. Malek
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth I. Heath
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Asmita Vaishnav
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Brian F. Edwards
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Lawrence I. Grossman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas H. Sanderson
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Icksoo Lee
- College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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12
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Moya EA, Arias P, Iturriaga R. Nitration of MnSOD in the Carotid Body and Adrenal Gland Induced by Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:753-765. [PMID: 29775122 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418776229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), main feature of obstructive sleep apnea, produces nitro-oxidative stress, which contributes to potentiate carotid body (CB) chemosensory discharges and sympathetic-adrenal-axis activity, leading to hypertension. The MnSOD enzymatic activity, a key enzyme on oxidative stress control, is reduced by superoxide-induced nitration. However, the effects of CIH-induced nitration on MnSOD enzymatic activity in the CB and adrenal gland are not known. We studied the effects of CIH on MnSOD protein and immunoreactive (MnSOD-ir) levels in the CB, adrenal gland and superior cervical ganglion (SCG), and on 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT-ir), CuZnSOD (CuZnSOD-ir), MnSOD nitration, and its enzymatic activity in the CB and adrenal gland from male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to CIH for 7 days. CIH increased 3-NT-ir in CB and adrenal gland, whereas MnSOD-ir increased in the CB and in adrenal cortex, but not in the whole adrenal medulla or SCG. CIH nitrated MnSOD in the CB and adrenal medulla, but its activity decreased in the adrenal gland. CuZnSOD-ir remained unchanged in both tissues. All changes observed were prevented by ascorbic acid treatment. Present results show that CIH for 7 days produced MnSOD nitration, but failed to reduce its activity in the CB, because of the increased protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban A Moya
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Arias
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Iturriaga
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Ferrer-Sueta G, Campolo N, Trujillo M, Bartesaghi S, Carballal S, Romero N, Alvarez B, Radi R. Biochemistry of Peroxynitrite and Protein Tyrosine Nitration. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1338-1408. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Ferrer-Sueta
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nicolás Campolo
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Madia Trujillo
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvina Bartesaghi
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Carballal
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Romero
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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14
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Demicheli V, Moreno DM, Radi R. Human Mn-superoxide dismutase inactivation by peroxynitrite: a paradigm of metal-catalyzed tyrosine nitration in vitro and in vivo. Metallomics 2018; 10:679-695. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00348j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitration of human MnSOD at active site Tyr34 represents a biologically-relevant oxidative post-translational modification that causes enzyme inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Demicheli
- Departmento de Bioquimica
- Facultad de Medicina
- Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
| | - Diego M. Moreno
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR)
- Área Química General e Inorgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- Argentina
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departmento de Bioquimica
- Facultad de Medicina
- Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
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15
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Demicheli V, Moreno DM, Jara GE, Lima A, Carballal S, Ríos N, Batthyany C, Ferrer-Sueta G, Quijano C, Estrı́n DA, Martí MA, Radi R. Mechanism of the Reaction of Human Manganese Superoxide Dismutase with Peroxynitrite: Nitration of Critical Tyrosine 34. Biochemistry 2016; 55:3403-17. [PMID: 27227512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (hMnSOD) is a mitochondrial enzyme that metabolizes superoxide radical (O2(•-)). O2(•-) reacts at diffusional rates with nitric oxide to yield a potent nitrating species, peroxynitrite anion (ONOO(-)). MnSOD is nitrated and inactivated in vivo, with active site Tyr34 as the key oxidatively modified residue. We previously reported a k of ∼1.0 × 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) for the reaction of hMnSOD with ONOO(-) by direct stopped-flow spectroscopy and the critical role of Mn in the nitration process. In this study, we further established the mechanism of the reaction of hMnSOD with ONOO(-), including the necessary re-examination of the second-order rate constant by an independent method and the delineation of the microscopic steps that lead to the regio-specific nitration of Tyr34. The redetermination of k was performed by competition kinetics utilizing coumarin boronic acid, which reacts with ONOO(-) at a rate of ∼1 × 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) to yield the fluorescence product, 7-hydroxycoumarin. Time-resolved fluorescence studies in the presence of increasing concentrations of hMnSOD provided a k of ∼1.0 × 10(5) M(-1) s(-1), fully consistent with the direct method. Proteomic analysis indicated that ONOO(-), but not other nitrating agents, mediates the selective modification of active site Tyr34. Hybrid quantum-classical (quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics) simulations supported a series of steps that involve the initial reaction of ONOO(-) with Mn(III) to yield Mn(IV) and intermediates that ultimately culminate in 3-nitroTyr34. The data reported herein provide a kinetic and mechanistic basis for rationalizing how MnSOD constitutes an intramitochondrial target for ONOO(-) and the microscopic events, with atomic level resolution, that lead to selective and efficient nitration of critical Tyr34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Demicheli
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Avda. General Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Avda. General Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Diego M Moreno
- Instituto de Química de Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario , Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gabriel E Jara
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química-Física (INQUIMAE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria , Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Lima
- Unidad Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo , Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Carballal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Avda. General Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Avda. General Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Ríos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Avda. General Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Avda. General Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República , Avda. General Flores 2124, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Batthyany
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Avda. General Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Avda. General Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Unidad Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo , Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gerardo Ferrer-Sueta
- Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Avda. General Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Repúbica , Igua 4225, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Celia Quijano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Avda. General Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Avda. General Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Darío A Estrı́n
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química-Física (INQUIMAE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria , Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo A Martí
- Departamento de Química Biológica e IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria , Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Avda. General Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Avda. General Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay
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16
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Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Carotid Body Chemosensory Potentiation and Hypertension Are Critically Dependent on Peroxynitrite Formation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:9802136. [PMID: 26798430 PMCID: PMC4699095 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9802136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in the development of carotid body (CB) chemosensory potentiation and systemic hypertension induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), the main feature of obstructive sleep apnea. We tested whether peroxynitrite (ONOO−), a highly reactive nitrogen species, is involved in the enhanced CB oxygen chemosensitivity and the hypertension during CIH. Accordingly, we studied effects of Ebselen, an ONOO− scavenger, on 3-nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity (3-NT-ir) in the CB, the CB chemosensory discharge, and arterial blood pressure (BP) in rats exposed to CIH. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to CIH (5% O2, 12 times/h, 8 h/day) for 7 days. Ebselen (10 mg/kg/day) was administrated using osmotic minipumps and BP measured with radiotelemetry. Compared to the sham animals, CIH-treated rats showed increased 3-NT-ir within the CB, enhanced CB chemosensory responses to hypoxia, increased BP response to acute hypoxia, and hypertension. Rats treated with Ebselen and exposed to CIH displayed a significant reduction in 3-NT-ir levels (60.8 ± 14.9 versus 22.9 ± 4.2 a.u.), reduced CB chemosensory response to 5% O2 (266.5 ± 13.4 versus 168.6 ± 16.8 Hz), and decreased mean BP (116.9 ± 13.2 versus 82.1 ± 5.1 mmHg). Our results suggest that CIH-induced CB chemosensory potentiation and hypertension are critically dependent on ONOO− formation.
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17
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Teng RJ, Wu TJ, Afolayan AJ, Konduri GG. Nitrotyrosine impairs mitochondrial function in fetal lamb pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 310:C80-8. [PMID: 26491046 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00073.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitration of both protein-bound and free tyrosine by reactive nitrogen species results in the formation of nitrotyrosine (NT). We previously reported that free NT impairs microtubule polymerization and uncouples endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) function in pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC). Because microtubules modulate mitochondrial function, we hypothesized that increased NT levels during inflammation and oxidative stress will lead to mitochondrial dysfunction in PAEC. PAEC isolated from fetal lambs were exposed to varying concentrations of free NT. At low concentrations (1-10 μM), NT increased nitration of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) protein subunit complexes I-V and state III oxygen consumption. Higher concentrations of NT (50 μM) caused decreased microtubule acetylation, impaired eNOS interactions with mitochondria, and decreased ETC protein levels. We also observed increases in heat shock protein-90 nitration, mitochondrial superoxide formation, and fragmentation of mitochondria in PAEC. Our data suggest that free NT accumulation may impair microtubule polymerization and exacerbate reactive oxygen species-induced cell damage by causing mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jeng Teng
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin
| | - Tzong-Jin Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin
| | - Adeleye J Afolayan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin
| | - Girija G Konduri
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin
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18
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Bernardes SS, de Souza-Neto FP, Ramalho LNZ, Derossi DR, Guarnier FA, da Silva CFN, Melo GP, Simão ANC, Cecchini R, Cecchini AL. Systemic oxidative profile after tumor removal and the tumor microenvironment in melanoma patients. Cancer Lett 2015; 361:226-32. [PMID: 25772650 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
This study highlights the systemic oxidative changes in patients submitted to primary cutaneous melanoma removal. Cutaneous melanoma is highly aggressive and its incidence is increasing worldwide. We evaluated systemic oxidative stress (OS) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) expression in melanoma tissue in relation to the Breslow thickness in patients under surveillance. Forty-three patients with cutaneous melanoma and 50 healthy volunteers were recruited. Patients were divided into two groups according to the tumor's Breslow thickness: T1/T2 (<2 mm) and T3/T4 (≥2 mm). Systemic OS and inflammatory mediators were evaluated in plasma, and the 3-NT expression was analyzed via immunohistochemistry. Compared with the controls, the patients had lower blood levels of reduced glutathione, higher malondialdehyde and thiol levels, and a higher total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter to uric acid ratio. The C-reactive protein and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase were increased only in the T3/T4 group. High levels of 3-NT were present only in T3/T4 patients. Our data suggested that a correlation exists between the Breslow thickness and a systemic pro-oxidant status, and that oxidative changes induced by the melanoma remain in the microenvironment post-surgery, demonstrating a role for oxygen species in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Santos Bernardes
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, PR445, Km 380, Londrina, PR 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pinheiro de Souza-Neto
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, PR445, Km 380, Londrina, PR 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Leandra Náira Zambelli Ramalho
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela Rudgeri Derossi
- Londrina Cancer Hospital, Rua Lucilla Ballalai, 212, Londrina, PR 86015-520, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch, 60, Londrina, PR 86038-350, Brazil
| | - Flávia Alessandra Guarnier
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Cássio Fernando Nunes da Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, PR445, Km 380, Londrina, PR 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Gabriella Pascoal Melo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, PR445, Km 380, Londrina, PR 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Andréa Name Colado Simão
- Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch, 60, Londrina, PR 86038-350, Brazil
| | - Rubens Cecchini
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Free Radicals, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, PR445, Km 380, Londrina, PR 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Lourenço Cecchini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, PR445, Km 380, Londrina, PR 86057-970, Brazil.
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19
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. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2015; 13. [DOI: 10.6002/ect.mesot2014.p7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Franco MC, Estévez AG. Tyrosine nitration as mediator of cell death. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3939-50. [PMID: 24947321 PMCID: PMC11113622 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrotyrosine is used as a marker for the production of peroxynitrite and other reactive nitrogen species. For over 20 years the presence of nitrotyrosine was associated with cell death in multiple pathologies. Filling the gap between correlation and causality has proven to be a difficult task. Here, we discuss the evidence supporting tyrosine nitration as a specific posttranslational modification participating in the induction of cell death signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C. Franco
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827 USA
| | - Alvaro G. Estévez
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827 USA
- 6900 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL 32827 USA
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21
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Marecki JC, Parajuli N, Crow JP, MacMillan-Crow LA. The use of the Cre/loxP system to study oxidative stress in tissue-specific manganese superoxide dismutase knockout models. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1655-70. [PMID: 23641945 PMCID: PMC3942694 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Respiring mitochondria are a significant site for reactions involving reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that contribute to irreversible cellular, structural, and functional damage leading to multiple pathological conditions. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a critical component of the antioxidant system tasked with protecting the oxidant-sensitive mitochondrial compartment from oxidative stress. Since global knockout of MnSOD results in significant cardiac and neuronal damage leading to early postnatal lethality, this approach has limited use for studying the mechanisms of oxidant stress and the development of disease in specific tissues lacking MnSOD. To circumvent this problem, a number of investigators have employed the Cre/loxP system to precisely knockout MnSOD in individual tissues. RECENT ADVANCES Multiple tissue and organ-specific Cre-expressing mice have been generated, which greatly enhance the specificity of MnSOD knockout in tissues and organ systems that were once difficult, if not impossible to study. CRITICAL ISSUES Evaluating the contribution of MnSOD deficiency to oxidant-mediated mitochondrial damage requires careful consideration of the promoter system used for creating the tissue-specific knockout animal, in addition to the collection and interpretation of multiple indices of oxidative stress and damage. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Expanded use of well-characterized tissue-specific promoter elements and inducible systems to drive the Cre/loxP recombinational events will lead to a spectrum of MnSOD tissue knockout models, and a clearer understanding of the role of MnSOD in preventing mitochondrial dysfunction in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Marecki
- 1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas
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22
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Marine A, Krager KJ, Aykin-Burns N, Macmillan-Crow LA. Peroxynitrite induced mitochondrial biogenesis following MnSOD knockdown in normal rat kidney (NRK) cells. Redox Biol 2014; 2:348-57. [PMID: 24563852 PMCID: PMC3926114 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Superoxide is widely regarded as the primary reactive oxygen species (ROS) which initiates downstream oxidative stress. Increased oxidative stress contributes, in part, to many disease conditions such as cancer, atherosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion, diabetes, aging, and neurodegeneration. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide into hydrogen peroxide which can then be further detoxified by other antioxidant enzymes. MnSOD is critical in maintaining the normal function of mitochondria, thus its inactivation is thought to lead to compromised mitochondria. Previously, our laboratory observed increased mitochondrial biogenesis in a novel kidney-specific MnSOD knockout mouse. The current study used transient siRNA mediated MnSOD knockdown of normal rat kidney (NRK) cells as the in vitro model, and confirmed functional mitochondrial biogenesis evidenced by increased PGC1α expression, mitochondrial DNA copy numbers and integrity, electron transport chain protein CORE II, mitochondrial mass, oxygen consumption rate, and overall ATP production. Further mechanistic studies using mitoquinone (MitoQ), a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant and L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor demonstrated that peroxynitrite (at low micromolar levels) induced mitochondrial biogenesis. These findings provide the first evidence that low levels of peroxynitrite can initiate a protective signaling cascade involving mitochondrial biogenesis which may help to restore mitochondrial function following transient MnSOD inactivation. MnSOD knockdown in NRK cells results in a transient loss of MnSOD activity, increased nitrotyrosine and mitochondrial superoxide. MnSOD knockdown in NRK cells results in a transient induction of mitochondrial biogenesis. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition and Mitoquinone blocks mitochondrial biogenesis after MnSOD knockdown. Low doses of peroxynitrite induce biogenesis in NRK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Marine
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Kimberly J Krager
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Nukhet Aykin-Burns
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Lee Ann Macmillan-Crow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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23
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Zaidi S, Hassan MI, Islam A, Ahmad F. The role of key residues in structure, function, and stability of cytochrome-c. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:229-55. [PMID: 23615770 PMCID: PMC11113841 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome-c (cyt-c), a multi-functional protein, plays a significant role in the electron transport chain, and thus is indispensable in the energy-production process. Besides being an important component in apoptosis, it detoxifies reactive oxygen species. Two hundred and eighty-five complete amino acid sequences of cyt-c from different species are known. Sequence analysis suggests that the number of amino acid residues in most mitochondrial cyts-c is in the range 104 ± 10, and amino acid residues at only few positions are highly conserved throughout evolution. These highly conserved residues are Cys14, Cys17, His18, Gly29, Pro30, Gly41, Asn52, Trp59, Tyr67, Leu68, Pro71, Pro76, Thr78, Met80, and Phe82. These are also known as "key residues", which contribute significantly to the structure, function, folding, and stability of cyt-c. The three-dimensional structure of cyt-c from ten eukaryotic species have been determined using X-ray diffraction studies. Structure analysis suggests that the tertiary structure of cyt-c is almost preserved along the evolutionary scale. Furthermore, residues of N/C-terminal helices Gly6, Phe10, Leu94, and Tyr97 interact with each other in a specific manner, forming an evolutionary conserved interface. To understand the role of evolutionary conserved residues on structure, stability, and function, numerous studies have been performed in which these residues were substituted with different amino acids. In these studies, structure deals with the effect of mutation on secondary and tertiary structure measured by spectroscopic techniques; stability deals with the effect of mutation on T m (midpoint of heat denaturation), ∆G D (Gibbs free energy change on denaturation) and folding; and function deals with the effect of mutation on electron transport, apoptosis, cell growth, and protein expression. In this review, we have compiled all these studies at one place. This compilation will be useful to biochemists and biophysicists interested in understanding the importance of conservation of certain residues throughout the evolution in preserving the structure, function, and stability in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Zaidi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Faizan Ahmad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025 India
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Abstract
Based on mosaic theory, hypertension is a multifactorial disorder that develops because of genetic, environmental, anatomical, adaptive neural, endocrine, humoral, and hemodynamic factors. It has been recently proposed that oxidative stress may contribute to all of these factors and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the development of hypertension. Previous studies focusing on the role of vascular NADPH oxidases provided strong support of this concept. Although mitochondria represent one of the most significant sources of cellular ROS generation, the regulation of mitochondrial ROS generation in the cardiovascular system and its pathophysiological role in hypertension are much less understood. In this review, the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of hypertension and cross talk between angiotensin II signaling, pathways involved in mechanotransduction, NADPH oxidases, and mitochondria-derived ROS are considered. The possible benefits of therapeutic strategies that have the potential to attenuate mitochondrial oxidative stress for the prevention/treatment of hypertension are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey I Dikalov
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Free Radicals in Medicine Core, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
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Patil NK, Saba H, MacMillan-Crow LA. Effect of S-nitrosoglutathione on renal mitochondrial function: a new mechanism for reversible regulation of manganese superoxide dismutase activity? Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 56:54-63. [PMID: 23246566 PMCID: PMC4771374 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are at the heart of all cellular processes as they provide the majority of the energy needed for various metabolic processes. Nitric oxide has been shown to have numerous roles in the regulation of mitochondrial function. Mitochondria have enormous pools of glutathione (GSH≈5-10 mM). Nitric oxide can react with glutathione to generate a physiological molecule, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). The impact GSNO has on mitochondrial function has been intensively studied in recent years, and several mitochondrial electron transport chain complex proteins have been shown to be targeted by GSNO. In this study we investigated the effect of GSNO on mitochondrial function using normal rat proximal tubular kidney cells (NRK cells). GSNO treatment of NRK cells led to mitochondrial membrane depolarization and significant reduction in activities of mitochondrial complex IV and manganese superoxide dismutase enzyme (MnSOD). MnSOD is a critical endogenous antioxidant enzyme that scavenges excess superoxide radicals in the mitochondria. The decrease in MnSOD activity was not associated with a reduction in its protein levels and treatment of NRK cell lysate with dithiothreitol (a strong sulfhydryl-group-reducing agent) restored MnSOD activity to control values. GSNO is known to cause both S-nitrosylation and S-glutathionylation, which involve the addition of NO and GS groups, respectively, to protein sulfhydryl (SH) groups of cysteine residues. Endogenous GSH is an essential mediator in S-glutathionylation of cellular proteins, and the current studies revealed that GSH is required for MnSOD inactivation after GSNO or diamide treatment in rat kidney cells as well as in isolated kidneys. Further studies showed that GSNO led to glutathionylation of MnSOD; however, glutathionylated recombinant MnSOD was not inactivated. This suggests that a more complex pathway, possibly involving the participation of multiple proteins, leads to MnSOD inactivation after GSNO treatment. The major highlight of these studies is the fact that dithiothreitol can restore MnSOD activity after GSNO treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing that MnSOD activity can be reversibly regulated in vivo, through a mechanism involving thiol residues.
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Zhou X, Burg MB, Ferraris JD. Water restriction increases renal inner medullary manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F674-80. [PMID: 22718889 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00076.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress damages cells. NaCl and urea are high in renal medullary interstitial fluid, which is necessary to concentrate urine, but which causes oxidative stress by elevating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we measured the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutases (SODs, MnSOD, and Cu/ZnSOD) and catalase in mouse kidney that might mitigate the oxidative stress. MnSOD protein increases progressively from the cortex to the inner medulla, following the gradient of increasing NaCl and urea. MnSOD activity increases proportionately, but MnSOD mRNA does not. Water restriction, which elevates renal medullary NaCl and urea, increases MnSOD protein, accompanied by a proportionate increase in MnSOD enzymatic activity in the inner medulla, but not in the cortex or the outer medulla. In contrast, Cu/ZnSOD and TNF-α (an important regulator of MnSOD) do not vary between the regions of the kidney, and expression of catalase protein actually decreases from the cortex to the inner medulla. Water restriction increases activity of mitochondrial enzymes that catalyze production of ROS in the inner medulla, but reduces NADPH oxidase activity there. We also examined the effect of high NaCl and urea on MnSOD in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. High NaCl and high urea both increase MnSOD in MDCK cells. This increase in MnSOD protein apparently depends on the elevation of ROS since it is eliminated by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, and it occurs without raising osmolality when ROS are elevated by antimycin A or xanthine oxidase plus xanthine. We conclude that ROS, induced by high NaCl and urea, increase MnSOD activity in the renal inner medulla, which moderates oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd., Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Robinson RAS, Evans AR. Enhanced Sample Multiplexing for Nitrotyrosine-Modified Proteins Using Combined Precursor Isotopic Labeling and Isobaric Tagging. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4677-86. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202000v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Dhar SK, St Clair DK. Manganese superoxide dismutase regulation and cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:2209-22. [PMID: 22561706 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the power plants of the eukaryotic cell and the integrators of many metabolic activities and signaling pathways important for the life and death of a cell. Normal aerobic cells use oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP, which supplies energy for metabolism. To drive ATP production, electrons are passed along the electron transport chain, with some leaking as superoxide during the process. It is estimated that, during normal respiration, intramitochondrial superoxide concentrations can reach 10⁻¹² M. This extremely high level of endogenous superoxide production dictates that mitochondria are equipped with antioxidant systems that prevent consequential oxidative injury to mitochondria and maintain normal mitochondrial functions. The major antioxidant enzyme that scavenges superoxide anion radical in mitochondria is manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Extensive studies on MnSOD have demonstrated that MnSOD plays a critical role in the development and progression of cancer. Many human cancer cells harbor low levels of MnSOD proteins and enzymatic activity, whereas some cancer cells possess high levels of MnSOD expression and activity. This apparent variation in MnSOD level among cancer cells suggests that differential regulation of MnSOD exists in cancer cells and that this regulation may be linked to the type and stage of cancer development. This review summarizes current knowledge of the relationship between MnSOD levels and cancer with a focus on the mechanisms regulating MnSOD expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjit Kumar Dhar
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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García-Heredia JM, Díaz-Moreno I, Díaz-Quintana A, Orzáez M, Navarro JA, Hervás M, De la Rosa MA. Specific nitration of tyrosines 46 and 48 makes cytochrome c assemble a non-functional apoptosome. FEBS Lett 2011; 586:154-8. [PMID: 22192356 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Under nitroxidative stress, a minor fraction of cytochrome c can be modified by tyrosine nitration. Here we analyze the specific effect of nitration of tyrosines 46 and 48 on the dual role of cytochrome c in cell survival and cell death. Our findings reveal that nitration of these two solvent-exposed residues has a negligible effect on the rate of electron transfer from cytochrome c to cytochrome c oxidase, but impairs the ability of the heme protein to activate caspase-9 by assembling a non-functional apoptosome. It seems that cytochrome c nitration under cellular stress counteracts apoptosis in light of the small amount of modified protein. We conclude that other changes such as increased peroxidase activity prevail and allow the execution of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M García-Heredia
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Avda. Americo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092, Spain
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Glushakova LG, Judge S, Cruz A, Pourang D, Mathews CE, Stacpoole PW. Increased superoxide accumulation in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficient fibroblasts. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:255-60. [PMID: 21846590 PMCID: PMC3205311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) oxidizes pyruvate to acetyl CoA and is critically important in maintaining normal cellular energy homeostasis. Loss-of-function mutations in PDC give rise to congenital lactic acidosis and to progressive cellular energy failure. However, the subsequent biochemical consequences of PDC deficiency that may contribute to the clinical manifestations of the disorder are poorly understood. We postulated that altered flux through PDC would disrupt mitochondrial electron transport, resulting in oxidative stress. Compared to cells from 4 healthy subjects, primary cultures of skin fibroblasts from 9 patients with variable mutations in the gene encoding the alpha subunit (E1α) of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDA1) demonstrated reduced growth and viability. Superoxide (O(2)(.-)) from the Qo site of complex III of the electron transport chain accumulated in these cells and was associated with decreased activity of manganese superoxide dismutase. The expression of uncoupling protein 2 was also decreased in patient cells, but there were no significant changes in the expression of cellular markers of protein or DNA oxidative damage. The expression of hypoxia transcription factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) also increased in PDC deficient fibroblasts. We conclude that PDC deficiency is associated with an increase in O(2)(.-) accumulation coupled to a decrease in mechanisms responsible for its removal. Increased HIF1α expression may contribute to the increase in glycolytic flux and lactate production in PDC deficiency and, by trans-activating pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, may further suppress residual PDC activity through phosphorylation of the E1α subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmyla G. Glushakova
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism), College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Sharon Judge
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism), College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Alex Cruz
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism), College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Deena Pourang
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism), College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Clayton E. Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Peter W. Stacpoole
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism), College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
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Dikalov S. Cross talk between mitochondria and NADPH oxidases. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1289-301. [PMID: 21777669 PMCID: PMC3163726 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in physiological and pathological processes. In recent years, a feed-forward regulation of the ROS sources has been reported. The interactions between the main cellular sources of ROS, such as mitochondria and NADPH oxidases, however, remain obscure. This work summarizes the latest findings on the role of cross talk between mitochondria and NADPH oxidases in pathophysiological processes. Mitochondria have the highest levels of antioxidants in the cell and play an important role in the maintenance of cellular redox status, thereby acting as an ROS and redox sink and limiting NADPH oxidase activity. Mitochondria, however, are not only a target for ROS produced by NADPH oxidase but also a significant source of ROS, which under certain conditions may stimulate NADPH oxidases. This cross talk between mitochondria and NADPH oxidases, therefore, may represent a feed-forward vicious cycle of ROS production, which can be pharmacologically targeted under conditions of oxidative stress. It has been demonstrated that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants break this vicious cycle, inhibiting ROS production by mitochondria and reducing NADPH oxidase activity. This may provide a novel strategy for treatment of many pathological conditions including aging, atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, and degenerative neurological disorders in which mitochondrial oxidative stress seems to play a role. It is conceivable that the use of mitochondria-targeted treatments would be effective in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Dikalov
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Díaz-Moreno I, García-Heredia JM, Díaz-Quintana A, Teixeira M, De la Rosa MA. Nitration of tyrosines 46 and 48 induces the specific degradation of cytochrome c upon change of the heme iron state to high-spin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1807:1616-23. [PMID: 21967884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Reactive Nitrogen and Oxygen Species (the so-called RNOS), which are well-known radicals formed in the mitochondria under nitro-oxidative cell stress, are responsible for nitration of tyrosines in a wide variety of proteins and, in particular, in cytochrome c (Cc). Only three out of the five tyrosine residues of human Cc, namely those at positions 67, 74 and 97, have been detected in vivo as nitrotyrosines. However, nitration of the two other tyrosines, namely those at positions 46 and 48, has never been detected in vivo despite they are both well-exposed to solvent. Here we investigate the changes in heme coordination and alkaline transition, along with the peroxidase activity and in cell degradation of Cc mutants in which all their tyrosine residues - with the only exception of that at position 46 or 48 - are replaced by phenylalanines. In Jurkat cell extracts devoid of proteases inhibitors, only the high-spin iron nitrated forms of these monotyrosine mutants are degraded. Altogether the resulting data suggest that nitration of tyrosines 46 and 48 makes Cc easily degradable upon turning the heme iron state to high-spin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Díaz-Moreno
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Americo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092, Spain
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Parajuli N, Marine A, Simmons S, Saba H, Mitchell T, Shimizu T, Shirasawa T, MacMillan-Crow LA. Generation and characterization of a novel kidney-specific manganese superoxide dismutase knockout mouse. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:406-16. [PMID: 21571061 PMCID: PMC3118857 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a mitochondrial antioxidant, has been associated with renal disorders and often results in detrimental downstream events that are mechanistically not clear. Development of an animal model that exhibits kidney-specific deficiency of MnSOD would be extremely beneficial in exploring the downstream events that occur following MnSOD inactivation. Using Cre-Lox recombination technology, kidney-specific MnSOD deficient mice (both 100% and 50%) were generated that exhibited low expression of MnSOD in discrete renal cell types and reduced enzymatic activity within the kidney. These kidney-specific 100% KO mice possessed a normal life-span, although it was interesting that the mice were smaller. Consistent with the important role in scavenging superoxide radicals, the kidney-specific KO mice showed a significant increase in oxidative stress (tyrosine nitration) in a gene-dose dependent manner. In addition, loss of MnSOD resulted in mild renal damage (tubular dilation and cell swelling). Hence, this novel mouse model will aid in determining the specific role (local and/or systemic) governed by MnSOD within certain kidney cells. Moreover, these mice will serve as a powerful tool to explore molecular mechanisms that occur downstream of MnSOD inactivation in renal disorders or possibly in other pathologies that rely on normal renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Parajuli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Akira Marine
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Sloane Simmons
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Hamida Saba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Tanecia Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Takahiko Shimizu
- Molecular Gerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuji Shirasawa
- Molecular Gerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
- Aging Control Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lee Ann MacMillan-Crow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Corresponding Author: Lee Ann MacMillan-Crow, Ph.D., University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 325 Jack Stephens Drive, Biomedical Bldg. I 323D, Little Rock, AR 72205, Tel.: 501-686-5289; Fax: 501-686-8970,
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Agarwal R, MacMillan-Crow LA, Rafferty TM, Saba H, Roberts DW, Fifer EK, James LP, Hinson JA. Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice occurs with inhibition of activity and nitration of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 337:110-6. [PMID: 21205919 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.176321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In overdose the analgesic/antipyretic acetaminophen (APAP) is hepatotoxic. Toxicity is mediated by initial hepatic metabolism to N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). After low doses NAPQI is efficiently detoxified by GSH. However, in overdose GSH is depleted, NAPQI covalently binds to proteins as APAP adducts, and oxygen/nitrogen stress occurs. Toxicity is believed to occur by mitochondrial dysfunction. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) inactivation by protein nitration has been reported to occur during other oxidant stress-mediated diseases. MnSOD is a critical mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme that prevents peroxynitrite formation within the mitochondria. To examine the role of MnSOD in APAP toxicity, mice were treated with 300 mg/kg APAP. GSH was significantly reduced by 65% at 0.5 h and remained reduced from 1 to 4 h. Serum alanine aminotransferase did not significantly increase until 4 h and was 2290 IU/liter at 6 h. MnSOD activity was significantly reduced by 50% at 1 and 2 h. At 1 h, GSH was significantly depleted by 62 and 80% at nontoxic doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. No further GSH depletion occurred with hepatotoxic doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg APAP. A dose response decrease in MnSOD activity was observed for APAP at 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg. Immunoprecipitation of MnSOD from livers of APAP-treated mice followed by Western blot analysis revealed nitrated MnSOD. APAP-MnSOD adducts were not detected. Treatment of recombinant MnSOD with NAPQI did not produce APAP protein adducts. The data indicate that MnSOD inactivation by nitration is an early event in APAP-induced hepatic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhee Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Abstract
Mitochondria are primary loci for the intracellular formation and reactions of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species including superoxide (O₂•⁻), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻). Depending on formation rates and steady-state levels, the mitochondrial-derived short-lived reactive species contribute to signalling events and/or mitochondrial dysfunction through oxidation reactions. Among relevant oxidative modifications in mitochondria, the nitration of the amino acid tyrosine to 3-nitrotyrosine has been recognized in vitro and in vivo. This post-translational modification in mitochondria is promoted by peroxynitrite and other nitrating species and can disturb organelle homeostasis. This study assesses the biochemical mechanisms of protein tyrosine nitration within mitochondria, the main nitration protein targets and the impact of 3-nitrotyrosine formation in the structure, function and fate of modified mitochondrial proteins. Finally, the inhibition of mitochondrial protein tyrosine nitration by endogenous and mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants and their physiological or pharmacological relevance to preserve mitochondrial functions is analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Holthoff JH, Woodling KA, Doerge DR, Burns ST, Hinson JA, Mayeux PR. Resveratrol, a dietary polyphenolic phytoalexin, is a functional scavenger of peroxynitrite. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1260-5. [PMID: 20599800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidant damage from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is a major contributor to the cellular damage seen in numerous types of renal injury. Resveratrol (trans-3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene) is a phytoalexin found naturally in many common food sources. The anti-oxidant properties of resveratrol are of particular interest because of the fundamental role that oxidant damage plays in numerous forms of kidney injury. To examine whether resveratrol could block damage to the renal epithelial cell line, mIMCD-3, cells were exposed to the peroxynitrite donor 5-amino-3-(4-morpholinyl)-1,2,3-oxadiazolium chloride (SIN-1). Resveratrol produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of cytotoxicity induced by SIN-1. To examine the mechanism of protection, resveratrol was incubated with authentic peroxynitrite and found to block nitration of bovine serum albumin with an EC(50) value of 22.7 microM, in contrast to the known RNS scavenger, N-acetyl-l-cysteine, which inhibited nitration with an EC(50) value of 439 microM. These data suggested that resveratrol could provide functional protection by directly scavenging peroxynitrite. To examine whether resveratrol was a substrate for peroxynitrite oxidation, resveratrol was reacted with authentic peroxynitrite. Resveratrol nitration products and dimers were detected using liquid chromatograph with tandem electrospray mass spectrometry. Similar products were detected in the media of cells treated with SIN-1 and resveratrol. Taken collectively, the data suggest that resveratrol is able to provide functional protection of renal tubular cells, at least in part, by directly scavenging the RNS peroxynitrite. This property of resveratrol may contribute to the understanding of its anti-oxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Holthoff
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Reactive nitroxidative species and nociceptive processing: determining the roles for nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite in pain. Amino Acids 2010; 42:75-94. [PMID: 20552384 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pain is a multidimensional perception and is modified at distinct regions of the neuroaxis. During enhanced pain, neuroplastic changes occur in the spinal and supraspinal nociceptive modulating centers and may result in a hypersensitive state termed central sensitization, which is thought to contribute to chronic pain states. Central sensitization culminates in hyperexcitability of dorsal horn nociceptive neurons resulting in increased nociceptive transmission and pain perception. This state is associated with enhanced nociceptive signaling, spinal glutamate-mediated N-methyl-D: -aspartate receptor activation, neuroimmune activation, nitroxidative stress, and supraspinal descending facilitation. The nitroxidative species considered for their role in nociception and central sensitization include nitric oxide (NO), superoxide ([Formula: see text]), and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). Nitroxidative species are implicated during persistent but not normal nociceptive processing. This review examines the role of nitroxidative species in pain through a discussion of their contributions to central sensitization and the underlying mechanisms. Future directions for nitroxidative pain research are also addressed. As more selective pharmacologic agents are developed to target nitroxidative species, the exact role of nitroxidative species in pain states will be better characterized and should offer promising alternatives to available pain management options.
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Nilakantan V, Liang HL, Rajesh S, Mortensen J, Chandran K. Time-dependant protective effects of mangenese(III) tetrakis (1-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin on mitochondrial function following renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:773-82. [DOI: 10.3109/10715761003786164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Targeting peroxynitrite driven nitroxidative stress with synzymes: A novel therapeutic approach in chronic pain management. Life Sci 2010; 86:604-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Role of peroxynitrite and recombinant human manganese superoxide dismutase in reducing ischemia-reperfusion renal tissue injury. Transplant Proc 2010; 41:3603-10. [PMID: 19917352 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In an acute kidney transplant rejection rat model, we demonstrated that manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity was significantly reduced and MnSOD was nitrated by peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), resulting in tissue injury. We examined whether tissue injury was reduced after external supplementation of recombinant human MnSOD in a rat renal ischemia-reperfusion injury model. METHODS Male Brown-Norway rats underwent dissection of the right kidney. The animals were divided into 3 groups. The controls had the left renal blood vessels clamped for 90 minutes to induce ischemia, followed by reperfusion for 16 hours. In the intraperitoneal administration group, MnSOD was administered 30 minutes before ischemia and immediately before reperfusion. In the sham group, neither ischemia nor reperfusion was performed. After reperfusion, blood was collected, the left kidney was dissected and renal function and tissue injury were evaluated. RESULTS Serum creatinine and K(+), blood urea nitrogen, and aspartate aminotransferase activity decreased significantly, whereas serum Na(+) and renal function improved in the MnSOD group compared with the control and sham groups. On hematoxylin and eosin staining, the histological score indicated that acute tubular necrosis was significantly reduced by MnSOD administration. Periodic acid-Schiff staining was absent in the nonadministration group, whereas it persisted in the MnSOD group. In the proximal renal tubules a large proportion of anti-nitrotyrosine staining was present before but absent after MnSOD administration. CONCLUSIONS MnSOD administration improved renal function and reduced tissue injury. It may also reduce tissue injury in acute kidney transplant rejection and other tissue injuries caused by similar molecular mechanisms.
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Yamakura F, Kawasaki H. Post-translational modifications of superoxide dismutase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1804:318-25. [PMID: 19837190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of proteins control many biological processes through the activation, inactivation, or gain-of-function of the proteins. Recent developments in mass spectrometry have enabled detailed structural analyses of covalent modifications of proteins and also have shed light on the post-translational modification of superoxide dismutase. In this review, we introduce some covalent modifications of superoxide dismutase, nitration, phosphorylation, glutathionylaion, and glycation. Nitration has been the most extensively analyzed modification both in vitro and in vivo. Reaction of human Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) with reactive nitrogen species resulted in nitration of a single tryptophan residue to 6-nitrotryptophan, which could be a new biomarker of a formation of reactive nitrogen species. On the other hand, tyrosine 34 of human MnSOD was exclusively nitrated to 3-nitrotyrosine and almost completely inactivated by the reaction with peroxynitrite. The nitrated MnSOD has been found in many diseases caused by ischemia/reperfusion, inflammation, and others and may have a pivotal role in the pathology of the diseases. Most of the post-translational modifications have given rise to a reduced activity of SOD. Since phosphorylation and nitration of SOD have been shown to have a possible reversible process, these modifications may be related to a redox signaling process in cells. Finally we briefly introduce a metal insertion system of SOD, focusing particularly on the iron misincorporation of nSOD, as a part of post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiyuki Yamakura
- Department of Chemistry, Juntendo University School of Health Care and Nursing, Japan.
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Abello N, Kerstjens HAM, Postma DS, Bischoff R. Protein tyrosine nitration: selectivity, physicochemical and biological consequences, denitration, and proteomics methods for the identification of tyrosine-nitrated proteins. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:3222-38. [PMID: 19415921 DOI: 10.1021/pr900039c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine nitration (PTN) is a post-translational modification occurring under the action of a nitrating agent. Tyrosine is modified in the 3-position of the phenolic ring through the addition of a nitro group (NO2). In the present article, we review the main nitration reactions and elucidate why nitration is not a random chemical process. The particular physical and chemical properties of 3-nitrotyrosine (e.g., pKa, spectrophotometric properties, reduction to aminotyrosine) will be discussed, and the biological consequences of PTN (e.g., modification of enzymatic activity, sensitivity to proteolytic degradation, impact on protein phosphorylation, immunogenicity and implication in disease) will be reviewed. Recent data indicate the possibility of an in vivo denitration process, which will be discussed with respect to the different reaction mechanisms that have been proposed. The second part of this review article focuses on analytical methods to determine this post-translational modification in complex proteomes, which remains a major challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Abello
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Center for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Doyle T, Bryant L, Batinic-Haberle I, Little J, Cuzzocrea S, Masini E, Spasojevic I, Salvemini D. Supraspinal inactivation of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase is a source of peroxynitrite in the development of morphine antinociceptive tolerance. Neuroscience 2009; 164:702-10. [PMID: 19607887 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Effective treatment of chronic pain with morphine is limited by decreases in the drug's analgesic action with chronic administration (antinociceptive tolerance). Because opioids are mainstays of pain management, restoring their efficacy has great clinical importance. We have recently reported that formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO(-), PN) in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord plays a critical role in the development of morphine antinociceptive tolerance and have further documented that nitration and enzymatic inactivation of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) at that site provides a source for this nitroxidative species. We now report for the first time that antinociceptive tolerance in mice is also associated with the inactivation of MnSOD at supraspinal sites. Inactivation of MnSOD led to nitroxidative stress as evidenced by increased levels of products of oxidative DNA damage and activation of the nuclear factor poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in whole brain homogenates. Co-administration of morphine with potent Mn porphyrin-based peroxynitrite scavengers, Mn(III) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin (MnTE-2-PyP5+) and Mn(III) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-n-hexylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin (MnTnHex-2-PyP5+) (1) restored the enzymatic activity of MnSOD, (2) attenuated PN-derived nitroxidative stress, and (3) blocked the development of morphine-induced antinociceptive tolerance. The more lipophilic analogue, MnTnHex-2-PyP5+ was able to cross the blood-brain barrier at higher levels than its lipophylic counterpart MnTE-2-PyP5+ and was about 30-fold more efficacious. Collectively, these data suggest that PN-mediated enzymatic inactivation of supraspinal MnSOD provides a source of nitroxidative stress, which in turn contributes to central sensitization associated with the development of morphine antinociceptive tolerance. These results support our general contention that PN-targeted therapeutics may have potential as adjuncts to opiates in pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Doyle
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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Saba H, Munusamy S, MacMillan-Crow LA. Cold Preservation Mediated Renal Injury: Involvement of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress. Ren Fail 2009; 30:125-33. [DOI: 10.1080/08860220701813327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Kwak KH, Han CG, Lee SH, Jeon Y, Park SS, Kim SO, Baek WY, Hong JG, Lim DG. Reactive oxygen species in rats with chronic post-ischemia pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53:648-56. [PMID: 19419360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.01937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An emerging theme in the study of the pathophysiology of persistent pain is the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that the exogenous supply of antioxidant drugs during peri-reperfusion would attenuate pain induced by ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. We investigated the analgesic effects of three antioxidants administered during peri-reperfusion using an animal model of complex regional pain syndrome-type I consisting of chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP) of the hind paw. METHODS Application of a tight-fitting tourniquet for a period of 3 h produced CPIP in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Low-dose allopurinol (4 mg/kg), high-dose allopurinol (40 mg/kg), superoxide dismutase (SOD, 4000 U/kg), N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg), or SOD (4000 U/kg)+L-NAME (10 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally just after tourniquet application and at 1 and 2 days after reperfusion for 3 days. The effects of antioxidants in rats were investigated using mechanical and cold stimuli. Each group consisted of seven rats. RESULTS Allopurinol caused significant alleviation in mechanical and cold allodynia for a period of 4 weeks in rats with CPIP. Both SOD and L-NAME, which were used to investigate the roles of superoxide (O2(-)) and nitric oxide (NO) in pain, also attenuated neuropathic-like pain symptoms in rats for 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that O2(-) and NO mediate IR injury-induced chronic pain, and that ROS scavengers administered during the peri-reperfusion period have long-term analgesic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Kwak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Disruption of the M80-Fe ligation stimulates the translocation of cytochrome c to the cytoplasm and nucleus in nonapoptotic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:2653-8. [PMID: 19196960 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0809279106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Native cytochrome c (cyt c) has a compact tertiary structure with a hexacoordinated heme iron and functions in electron transport in mitochondria and apoptosis in the cytoplasm. However, the possibility that protein modifications confer additional functions to cyt c has not been explored. Disruption of methionine 80 (M80)-Fe ligation of cyt c under nitrative stress has been reported. To model this alteration and determine if it confers new properties to cyt c, a cyt c mutant (M80A) was constitutively expressed in cells. M80A-cyt c has increased peroxidase activity and is spontaneously released from mitochondria, translocating to the cytoplasm and nucleus in the absence of apoptosis. Moreover, M80A models endogenously nitrated cyt c because nitration of WT-cyt c is associated with its translocation to the cytoplasm and nucleus. Further, M80A cyt c may up-regulate protective responses to nitrative stress. Our findings raise the possibility that endogenous protein modifications that disrupt the M80-Fe ligation (such as tyrosine nitration) stimulate nuclear translocation and confer new functions to cyt c in nonapoptotic cells.
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Liang HL, Hilton G, Mortensen J, Regner K, Johnson CP, Nilakantan V. MnTMPyP, a cell-permeant SOD mimetic, reduces oxidative stress and apoptosis following renal ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 296:F266-76. [PMID: 19091787 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90533.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and apoptosis are important factors in the etiology of renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. The present study tested the hypothesis that the cell-permeant SOD mimetic manganese(III) tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin (MnTMPyP) protects the kidney from I/R-mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis in vivo. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (175-220 g) underwent renal I/R by bilateral clamping of the renal arteries for 45 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h. To examine the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in renal I/R injury, a subset of animals were treated with either saline vehicle (I/R Veh) or MnTMPyP (I/R Mn) (5 mg/kg ip) 30 min before and 6 h after surgery. MnTMPyP significantly attenuated the I/R-mediated increase in serum creatinine levels and decreased tubular epithelial cell damage following I/R. MnTMPyP also decreased TNF-alpha levels, gp(91phox), and lipid peroxidation after I/R. Furthermore, MnTMPyP inhibited the I/R-mediated increase in apoptosis and caspase-3 activation. Interestingly, although MnTMPyP did not increase expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, it decreased the expression of the proapoptotic genes Bax and FasL. These results suggest that MnTMPyP is effective in reducing apoptosis associated with renal I/R injury and that multiple signaling mechanisms are involved in ROS-mediated cell death following renal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ling Liang
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Ndengele MM, Cuzzocrea S, Masini E, Vinci MC, Esposito E, Muscoli C, Petrusca DN, Mollace V, Mazzon E, Li D, Petrache I, Matuschak GM, Salvemini D. Spinal ceramide modulates the development of morphine antinociceptive tolerance via peroxynitrite-mediated nitroxidative stress and neuroimmune activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 329:64-75. [PMID: 19033555 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.146290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective treatment of pain is typically limited by a decrease in the pain-relieving action of morphine that follows its chronic administration (tolerance). Therefore, restoring opioid efficacy is of great clinical importance. In a murine model of opioid antinociceptive tolerance, repeated administration of morphine significantly stimulated the enzymatic activities of spinal cord serine palmitoyltransferase, ceramide synthase, and acid sphingomyelinase (enzymes involved in the de novo and sphingomyelinase pathways of ceramide biosynthesis, respectively) and led to peroxynitrite-derive nitroxidative stress and neuroimmune activation [activation of spinal glial cells and increase formation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6]. Inhibition of ceramide biosynthesis with various pharmacological inhibitors significantly attenuated the increase in spinal ceramide production, nitroxidative stress, and neuroimmune activation. These events culminated in a significant inhibition of the development of morphine antinociceptive tolerance at doses devoid of behavioral side effects. Our findings implicate ceramide as a key upstream signaling molecule in the development of morphine antinociceptive tolerance and provide the rationale for development of inhibitors of ceramide biosynthesis as adjuncts to opiates for the management of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Ndengele
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Salvemini D. Peroxynitrite and opiate antinociceptive tolerance: a painful reality. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 484:238-44. [PMID: 19017525 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 3635 Vista Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110-0250, USA.
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Ortiz GG, Benítez-King GA, Rosales-Corral SA, Pacheco-Moisés FP, Velázquez-Brizuela IE. Cellular and biochemical actions of melatonin which protect against free radicals: role in neurodegenerative disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2008; 6:203-14. [PMID: 19506721 PMCID: PMC2687933 DOI: 10.2174/157015908785777201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 01/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular oxygen is toxic for anaerobic organisms but it is also obvious that oxygen is poisonous to aerobic organisms as well, since oxygen plays an essential role for inducing molecular damage. Molecular oxygen is a triplet radical in its ground-stage (.O-O.) and has two unpaired electrons that can undergoes consecutive reductions of one electron and generates other more reactive forms of oxygen known as free radicals and reactive oxygen species. These reactants (including superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals) possess variable degrees of toxicity. Nitric oxide (NO*) contains one unpaired electron and is, therefore, a radical. NO* is generated in biological tissues by specific nitric oxide synthases and acts as an important biological signal. Excessive nitric oxide production, under pathological conditions, leads to detrimental effects of this molecule on tissues, which can be attributed to its diffusion-limited reaction with superoxide to form the powerful and toxic oxidant, peroxynitrite.Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are molecular "renegades"; these highly unstable products tend to react rapidly with adjacent molecules, donating, abstracting, or even sharing their outer orbital electron(s). This reaction not only changes the target molecule, but often passes the unpaired electron along to the target, generating a second free radical, which can then go on to react with a new target amplifying their effects.This review describes the mechanisms of oxidative damage and its relationship with the most highly studied neurodegenerative diseases and the roles of melatonin as free radical scavenger and neurocytoskeletal protector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro G Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo-Envejecimiento, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS, Sierra Mojada 800 C.P. 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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