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Port-Lougarre Y, Gourlaouen C, Vileno B, Giménez-Arnau E. Antioxidant Activity and Skin Sensitization of Eugenol and Isoeugenol: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1804-1813. [PMID: 37922503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Eugenol and isoeugenol are well acknowledged to possess antioxidant and thus cytoprotective activities. Yet both compounds are also important skin sensitizers, compelling the cosmetics and fragrance industries to notify their presence in manufactured products. While they are structurally very similar, they show significant differences in their sensitization properties. Consequently, eugenol and isoeugenol have been the subject of many mechanistic studies where the final oxidation forms, electrophilic ortho-quinone and quinone methide, are blamed as the reactive species forming an antigenic complex with nucleophilic residues of skin proteins, inducing skin sensitization. However, radical mechanisms could compete with such an electrophilic-nucleophilic pathway. The antioxidant activity results from neutralizing reactive oxygen radicals by the release of the phenolic hydrogen atom. The so-formed phenoxyl radicals can then fully delocalize upon the structure, becoming potentially reactive toward skin proteins at several positions. To obtain in-depth insights into such reactivity, we investigated in situ the formation of radicals from eugenol and isoeugenol using electron paramagnetic resonance combined with spin trapping in reconstructed human epidermis (RHE), mimicking human skin and closer to what may happen in vivo. Two modes of radical initiation were used, exposing RHE to (i) horseradish peroxidase (HRP), complementing RHE metabolic capacities, and mimicking peroxidases present in vivo or (ii) solar light using a AM 1.5 solar simulator. In both experimental approaches, where the antioxidant character of both compounds is revealed, oxygen- and carbon-centered radicals were formed in RHE. Our hypothesis is that such carbon radicals are relevant candidates to form antigenic entities prior to conversion into electrophilic quinones. On this basis, these studies suggest that pro- or prehapten fingerprints could be advanced depending on the radical initiation method. The introduction of HRP suggested that eugenol and isoeugenol behave as prohaptens, while when exposed to light, a prehapten nature could be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Port-Lougarre
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bertrand Vileno
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Postnikov EB, Wasiak M, Bartoszek M, Polak J, Zyubin A, Lavrova AI, Chora̧żewski M. Accessing Properties of Molecular Compounds Involved in Cellular Metabolic Processes with Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Raman Spectroscopy, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Molecules 2023; 28:6417. [PMID: 37687246 PMCID: PMC10490169 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we review some physical methods of macroscopic experiments, which have been recently argued to be promising for the acquisition of valuable characteristics of biomolecular structures and interactions. The methods we focused on are electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. They were chosen since it can be shown that they are able to provide a mutually complementary picture of the composition of cellular envelopes (with special attention paid to mycobacteria), transitions between their molecular patterning, and the response to biologically active substances (reactive oxygen species and their antagonists-antioxidants-as considered in our case study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene B. Postnikov
- Theoretical Physics Department, Kursk State University, Radishcheva St. 33, 305000 Kursk, Russia
| | - Michał Wasiak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Lódź, ul. Pomorska 165, 90-236 Lódź, Poland;
| | - Mariola Bartoszek
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland; (M.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Justyna Polak
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland; (M.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Andrey Zyubin
- Sophya Kovalevskaya North-West Mathematical Research Center, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Nevskogo St. 14, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia; (A.Z.); (A.I.L.)
| | - Anastasia I. Lavrova
- Sophya Kovalevskaya North-West Mathematical Research Center, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Nevskogo St. 14, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia; (A.Z.); (A.I.L.)
- Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Ligovskiy Prospect 2-4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mirosław Chora̧żewski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland; (M.B.); (J.P.)
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Liu H, Ma C, Xu H, Zhang H, Xu R, Zhang K, Sun R, Li K, Wu Q, Wen L, Zhang L, Guo Y. In vivo Detection of Macromolecule Free Radicals in Mouse Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy Using a New MRI and Immunospin Trapping Strategy. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:3809-3820. [PMID: 36072961 PMCID: PMC9444031 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s378726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Free radicals in oxidative stress are known to play a pathogenic role in sepsis. A major clinical challenge associated with sepsis is sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). The rapid increase of free radicals in the brain promotes SAE progression. Here, macromolecule free radicals in the mouse brain were uniquely detected by immunospin trapping (IST) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods The new strategy uses spin trapping agent DEPMPO-biotin to capture macromolecule free radicals in lesions and form biotin-DEPMPO-radical adducts. Then, a targeting MRI probe, avidin-BSA@Gd-ESIO, was used to detect the radical adducts through the highly specific binding of avidin and biotin. The avidin-BSA@Gd-ESIO probe was synthesized and systematically characterized. The detection capability of the new strategy was evaluated in vitro and in vivo using a confocal microscope and a 7T MRI, respectively. Results In reactive oxygen species (ROS)–induced microglial cells, the accumulation of the avidin-BSA@Gd-ESIO probe in the DEPMPO-biotin-treated group was significantly higher than that of control groups. In vivo MRI T1 signal intensities were significantly higher within the hippocampus, striatum, and medial cortex of the brain in mice with a mild or severe degree of sepsis compared with the sham control group. Histological analysis validated that the distribution of the avidin-BSA@Gd-ESIO probe in brain tissue slices was consistent with the MRI images. The fluorescence signals of ROS and avidin-BSA@Gd-ESIO probe were overlapped and visualized using immunofluorescent staining. By evaluating the T1 signal changes over time in different areas of the brain, we estimated the optimal MRI detection time to be 30 minutes after the probe administration. Discussion This method can be applied specifically to assess the level of macromolecular free radicals in vivo in a simple and stable manner, providing a pathway for a more comprehensive understanding of the role of free radicals in SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanrui Liu
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengyong Ma
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huayan Xu
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Xu
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Zhang
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ran Sun
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kuan Li
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qihong Wu
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingyi Wen
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Lizhi Zhang, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Yingkun Guo
- West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yingkun Guo, Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86+18180609256, Email
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Vileno B, Port-Lougarre Y, Giménez-Arnau E. Electron paramagnetic resonance and spin trapping to detect free radicals from allergenic hydroperoxides in contact with the skin: from the molecule to the tissue. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 86:241-253. [PMID: 34982482 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A major research topic consists of revealing the contribution of radical-mediated reactions in dermatological diseases related to xenobiotic-induced stress, to succeed risk assessment procedures protecting producers and consumers. Allergic contact dermatitis is the clinically relevant consequence of skin sensitization, one of the most critical occupational and environmental health issues related to xenobiotics exposure. The first key event identified for the skin sensitization process to a chemical is its aptitude to react with epidermal proteins and form antigenic structures that will further trigger the immune response. Many chemical sensitizers are suspected to react through mechanisms involving radical intermediates. This review focuses on recent progress we have accomplished over the last few years studying radical intermediates derived from skin sensitizing chemicals by electron paramagnetic resonance in combination with the spin trapping technique. Our work is carried out "from the molecule", performing studies in solution, "to the tissue", by the development of a methodology on a reconstructed human epidermis model, very close in terms of histology and metabolic/enzymatic activity to real human epidermis, that can be used as suitable biological tissue model. The benefits are to test chemicals under conditions close to human use and real-life sensitization exposures and benefit from the 3D microenvironment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Vileno
- POMAM Laboratory, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannick Port-Lougarre
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Weaver J, Liu KJ. A Review of Low-Frequency EPR Technology for the Measurement of Brain pO2 and Oxidative Stress. APPLIED MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2021; 52:1379-1394. [PMID: 35340811 PMCID: PMC8945541 DOI: 10.1007/s00723-021-01384-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
EPR can uniquely measure paramagnetic species. Although commercial EPR was introduced in 1950s, the early studies were mostly restricted to chemicals in solution or cellular experiments using X-band EPR equipment. Due to its limited penetration (<1 mm), experiments with living animals were almost impossible. To overcome these difficulties, Swartz group, along with several other leaders in field, pioneered the technology of low frequency EPR (e.g., L-band, 1-2 GHz). The development of low frequency EPR and the associated probes have dramatically expanded the application of EPR technology into the biomedical research field, providing answers to important scientific questions by measuring specific parameters that are impossible or very difficult to obtain by other approaches. In this review, which is aimed at highlighting the seminal contribution from Swartz group over the last several decades, we will focus on the development of EPR technology that was designed to deal with the potential challenges arising from conducting EPR spectroscopy in living animals. The second half of the review will be concentrated on the application of low frequency EPR in measuring cerebral tissue pO2 changes and oxidative stress in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions in the brain of animal disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Weaver
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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El-Mahdy MA, Alzarie YA, Hemann C, Badary OA, Nofal S, Zweier JL. The novel SOD mimetic GC4419 increases cancer cell killing with sensitization to ionizing radiation while protecting normal cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:630-642. [PMID: 32739595 PMCID: PMC7704930 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
While radiotherapy is a widely used treatment for many types of human cancer, problems of radio-resistance and side effects remain. Side effects induced by ionizing radiation (IR) arise primarily from its propensity to trigger inflammation and oxidative stress with damage of normal cells and tissues near the treatment area. The highly potent superoxide dismutase mimetic, GC4419 (Galera Therapeutics), rapidly enters cells and is highly effective in dismutating superoxide (O2•-). We performed studies to assess the potency of GC4419 in cancer killing and radio-sensitization in human lung cancer cells and normal immortalized lung cells. Treatment with GC4419 did not alter the radical generation during IR, primarily hydroxyl radical (.OH); however, it quenched the increased levels of O2•- detected in the cancer cells before and following IR. GC4419 triggered cancer cell death and inhibited cancer cell proliferation with no adverse effect on normal cells. Combination of GC4419 with IR augmented the cytotoxic effects of IR on cancer cells compared to monotherapy, while protecting normal cells from IR-induced cell death. DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activity assays showed that combination of GC4419 with IR enhances cancer cell apoptosis. Moreover, GC4419 increased IR-induced Bax levels with decreased Bcl-2 and elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio following treatment. GC4419 increased TrxR activity in the normal cells but decreased activity in cancer cells, conferring increased cancer cell sensitivity to oxidative stress. In conclusion, GC4419 increases the cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic activity of IR in lung cancer cells while decreasing injury in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A El-Mahdy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yasmin A Alzarie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; National Organization of Drug Control and Research, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Craig Hemann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Osama A Badary
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shahira Nofal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jay L Zweier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Kuresepi S, Vileno B, Turek P, Lepoittevin JP, Giménez-Arnau E. Potential of EPR spin-trapping to investigate in situ free radicals generation from skin allergens in reconstructed human epidermis: cumene hydroperoxide as proof of concept. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:171-179. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1420906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salen Kuresepi
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Institut le Bel, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bertrand Vileno
- POMAM Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Institut le Bel, Strasbourg, France
- French EPR Federation of Research, REseau NAtional de Rpe interDisciplinaire, RENARD, Fédération IR-RPE CNRS #3443, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Turek
- POMAM Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Institut le Bel, Strasbourg, France
- French EPR Federation of Research, REseau NAtional de Rpe interDisciplinaire, RENARD, Fédération IR-RPE CNRS #3443, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Institut le Bel, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Institut le Bel, Strasbourg, France
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8
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Patil SV, Argyropoulos DS. Stable Organic Radicals in Lignin: A Review. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:3284-3303. [PMID: 28605169 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lignin and the quest for the origin of stable organic radicals in it have seen numerous developments. Although there have been various speculations over the years on the formation of these stable radicals, researchers have not been able to arrive at a solid, unequivocal hypothesis that applies to all treatments and types of lignin. The extreme complexity of lignin and its highly aromatic, cross-linked, branched, and rigid structure has made such efforts rather cumbersome. Since the early 1950s, researchers in this field have dedicated their efforts to the establishment of methods for the detection and determination of spin content, theoretical simulations, and reactions on model compounds and spin-trapping studies. Although a significant amount of published research is available on lignin or its model compounds and the reactive intermediates involved during various chemical treatments (pulping, bleaching, extractions, chemical modifications, etc.), the literature provides a limited view on the origin, nature, and stability of such radicals. Consequently, this review is focused on examining the origin of such species in lignin, factors affecting their presence, reactions involved in their formation, and methods for their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha V Patil
- Departments of Forest Biomaterials and Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8005, USA
| | - Dimitris S Argyropoulos
- Departments of Forest Biomaterials and Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8005, USA
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Takayanagi T, Kimiya H, Ohyama T. Formation of artifactual DMPO-OH spin adduct in acid solutions containing nitrite ions. Free Radic Res 2017; 51:739-748. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1369536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Takayanagi
- Applied Photoelectronics Research Laboratory, Advanced Research Division, Panasonic Corporation, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimiya
- Corporate Technology Division, Panasonic Factory Solutions Co. Ltd., Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Ohyama
- Applied Photoelectronics Research Laboratory, Advanced Research Division, Panasonic Corporation, Moriguchi, Japan
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Nawab A, Nichols A, Klug R, Shapiro JI, Sodhi K. Spin Trapping: A Review for the Study of Obesity Related Oxidative Stress and Na +/K +-ATPase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 8. [PMID: 28815154 PMCID: PMC5555609 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have gained attention with mounting evidence of their importance in cell signaling and various disease states. ROS is produced continuously as a natural by-product of normal oxygen metabolism. However, high levels ROS causes oxidative stress and damage to biomolecules. This results in loss of protein function, DNA cleavage, lipid peroxidation, or ultimately cell injury or death. Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic; studies show fat accumulation is associated with increased ROS and oxidative stress. Evidence exists supporting oxidative stress as a factor driving forward insulin resistance (IR), potentially resulting in diabetes. Na+/K+-ATPase signaling is also a potential source of ROS promoting oxidative stress. The best way to observe radical species in biological systems is electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy with spin trapping. EPR spin trapping is an important technique to study the mechanisms driving disease states attributed to ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athar Nawab
- Department of Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, USA
| | - Alexandra Nichols
- Department of Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, USA
| | - Rebecca Klug
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, USA
| | - Joseph I Shapiro
- Department of Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, USA
| | - Komal Sodhi
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, USA
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Abstract
A number of drugs have been withdrawn from the market or severely restricted in their use because of unexpected toxicities that become apparent only after the launch of new drug entities. Circumstantial evidence suggests that, in most cases, reactive metabolites are responsible for these unexpected toxicities. In this review, a general overview of the types of reactive metabolites and the consequences of their formation are presented. The current approaches to evaluate bioactivation potential of new compounds with particular emphasis on the advantages and limitation of these procedures will be discussed. Reasonable reasons for the excellent safety record of certain drugs susceptible to bioactivation will also be explored and should provide valuable guidance in the use of reactive-metabolite assessments when nominating drug candidates for development. This will, in turn, help us to design and bring safer drugs to the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Pharmacy; King Saud University; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Peng H, Zhuang Y, Chen Y, Rizzo AN, Chen W. The Characteristics and Regulatory Mechanisms of Superoxide Generation from eNOS Reductase Domain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140365. [PMID: 26465144 PMCID: PMC4605588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to superoxide (O2.-) generation from nitric oxide synthase (NOS) oxygenase domain, a new O2.- generation site has been identified in the reductase domain of inducible NOS (iNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS). Cysteine S-glutathionylation in eNOS reductase domain also induces O2.- generation from eNOS reductase domain. However, the characteristics and regulatory mechanism of the O2.- generation from NOS reductase domain remain unclear. We cloned and purified the wild type bovine eNOS (WT eNOS), a mutant of Serine 1179 replaced with aspartic acid eNOS (S1179D eNOS), which mimics the negative charge caused by phosphorylationand truncated eNOS reductase domain (eNOS RD). Both WT eNOS and S1179D eNOS generated significant amount of O2.- in the absence of BH4 and L-arginine. The capacity of O2.- generation from S1179D eNOS was significantly higher than that of WT eNOS (1.74:1). O2.- generation from both WT eNOS and S1179D eNOS were not completely inhibited by 100nM tetrahydrobiopterin(BH4). This BH4 un-inhibited O2.- generation from eNOS was blocked by 10mM flavoprotein inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI). Purified eNOS reductase domain protein confirmed that this BH4 un-inhibited O2.- generation originates at the FMN or FAD/NADPH binding site of eNOS reductase domain. DEPMPO-OOH adduct EPR signals and NADPH consumptions analyses showed that O2.- generation from eNOS reductase domain was regulated by Serine 1179 phosphorylation and DPI, but not by L-arginine, BH4 or calmodulin (CaM). In addition to the heme center of eNOS oxygenase domain, we confirmed another O2.- generation site in the eNOS reductase domain and characterized its regulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Peng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yugang Zhuang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yuanzhuo Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alicia N. Rizzo
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Weiguo Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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13
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Mattila H, Khorobrykh S, Havurinne V, Tyystjärvi E. Reactive oxygen species: Reactions and detection from photosynthetic tissues. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 152:176-214. [PMID: 26498710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have long been recognized as compounds with dual roles. They cause cellular damage by reacting with biomolecules but they also function as agents of cellular signaling. Several different oxygen-containing compounds are classified as ROS because they react, at least with certain partners, more rapidly than ground-state molecular oxygen or because they are known to have biological effects. The present review describes the typical reactions of the most important ROS. The reactions are the basis for both the detection methods and for prediction of reactions between ROS and biomolecules. Chemical and physical methods used for detection, visualization and quantification of ROS from plants, algae and cyanobacteria will be reviewed. The main focus will be on photosynthetic tissues, and limitations of the methods will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heta Mattila
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Sergey Khorobrykh
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa Havurinne
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
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Savic AG, Guidetti R, Turi A, Pavicevic A, Giovannini I, Rebecchi L, Mojovic M. Superoxide Anion Radical Production in the Tardigrade Paramacrobiotus richtersi, the First Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spin-Trapping Study. Physiol Biochem Zool 2015; 88:451-4. [DOI: 10.1086/681031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Abbas K, Hardy M, Poulhès F, Karoui H, Tordo P, Ouari O, Peyrot F. Medium-throughput ESR detection of superoxide production in undetached adherent cells using cyclic nitrone spin traps. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:1122-8. [PMID: 25968949 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1045504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Spin trapping with cyclic nitrones coupled to electron spin resonance (ESR) is recognized as a specific method of detection of oxygen free radicals in biological systems, especially in culture cells. In this case, the detection is usually performed on cell suspensions, which is however unsuitable when adhesion influences free radical production. Here, we performed ESR detection of superoxide with four spin traps (5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide, DEPMPO; 5-diisopropoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide, DIPPMPO; (4R*, 5R*)-5-(diisopropyloxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-4-[({[2-(triphenylphosphonio)ethyl]carbamoyl}oxy)methyl]pyrroline N-oxide bromide, Mito-DIPPMPO; and 6-monodeoxy-6-mono-4-[(5-diisopropoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide)-ethylenecarbamoyl-(2,3-di-O-methyl) hexakis (2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)]-β-cyclodextrin, CD-DIPPMPO) directly on RAW 264.7 macrophages cultured on microscope coverslip glasses after phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation. Distinct ESR spectra were obtained with each spin trap using this method. CD-DIPPMPO, a recently published phosphorylated cyclic nitrone bearing a permethylated β-cyclodextrin moiety, was confirmed as the most specific spin trap of the superoxide radical, with exclusive detection of the superoxide adduct. ESR detection performed on cells attached to coverslips represents significant advances over other methods in terms of simplicity, speed, and measurement under near-physiological conditions. It thus opens the way for numerous applications, such as medium-throughput screening of antioxidants and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-modulating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Abbas
- LCBPT, UMR 8601 CNRS - Paris Descartes University , Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris , France
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16
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Li JZ, Ke Y, Misra HP, Trush MA, Li YR, Zhu H, Jia Z. Mechanistic studies of cancer cell mitochondria- and NQO1-mediated redox activation of beta-lapachone, a potentially novel anticancer agent. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 281:285-93. [PMID: 25448047 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Beta-lapachone (beta-Lp) derived from the Lapacho tree is a potentially novel anticancer agent currently under clinical trials. Previous studies suggested that redox activation of beta-Lp catalyzed by NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) accounted for its killing of cancer cells. However, the exact mechanisms of this effect remain largely unknown. Using chemiluminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin-trapping techniques, this study for the first time demonstrated the real-time formation of ROS in the redox activation of beta-lapachone from cancer cells mediated by mitochondria and NQO1 in melanoma B16-F10 and hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cancer cells. ES936, a highly selective NQO1 inhibitor, and rotenone, a selective inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport chain (METC) complex I were found to significantly block beta-Lp meditated redox activation in B16-F10 cells. In HepG2 cells ES936 inhibited beta-Lp-mediated oxygen radical formation by ~80% while rotenone exerted no significant effect. These results revealed the differential contribution of METC and NQO1 to beta-lapachone-induced ROS formation and cancer cell killing. In melanoma B16-F10 cells that do not express high NQO1 activity, both NOQ1 and METC play a critical role in beta-Lp redox activation. In contrast, in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells expressing extremely high NQO1 activity, redox activation of beta-Lp is primarily mediated by NQO1 (METC plays a minor role). These findings will contribute to our understanding of how cancer cells are selectively killed by beta-lapachone and increase our ability to devise strategies to enhance the anticancer efficacy of this potentially novel drug while minimizing its possible adverse effects on normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuebin Ke
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | | | - Michael A Trush
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Y Robert Li
- Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, NC, USA; Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University SBES, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Hong Zhu
- Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, NC, USA.
| | - Zhenquan Jia
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, USA.
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17
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Abbas K, Hardy M, Poulhès F, Karoui H, Tordo P, Ouari O, Peyrot F. Detection of superoxide production in stimulated and unstimulated living cells using new cyclic nitrone spin traps. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 71:281-290. [PMID: 24662195 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), have a diverse array of physiological and pathological effects within living cells depending on the extent, timing, and location of their production. For measuring ROS production in cells, the ESR spin trapping technique using cyclic nitrones distinguishes itself from other methods by its specificity for superoxide and hydroxyl radical. However, several drawbacks, such as the low spin trapping rate and the spontaneous and cell-enhanced decomposition of the spin adducts to ESR-silent products, limit the application of this method to biological systems. Recently, new cyclic nitrones bearing a triphenylphosphonium (Mito-DIPPMPO) or a permethylated β-cyclodextrin moiety (CD-DIPPMPO) have been synthesized and their spin adducts demonstrated increased stability in buffer. In this study, a comparison of the spin trapping efficiency of these new compounds with commonly used cyclic nitrone spin traps, i.e., 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO), and analogs BMPO, DEPMPO, and DIPPMPO, was performed on RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Our results show that Mito-DIPPMPO and CD-DIPPMPO enable a higher detection of superoxide adduct, with a low (if any) amount of hydroxyl adduct. CD-DIPPMPO, especially, appears to be a superior spin trap for extracellular superoxide detection in living macrophages, allowing measurement of superoxide production in unstimulated cells for the first time. The main rationale put forward for this extreme sensitivity is that the extracellular localization of the spin trap prevents the reduction of the spin adducts by ascorbic acid and glutathione within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahina Abbas
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques (UMR CNRS 8601), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Micael Hardy
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Florent Poulhès
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Hakim Karoui
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Paul Tordo
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Fabienne Peyrot
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques (UMR CNRS 8601), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; ESPE de l׳Académie de Paris, Université Paris Sorbonne, 75016 Paris, France.
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18
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Bézière N, Hardy M, Poulhès F, Karoui H, Tordo P, Ouari O, Frapart YM, Rockenbauer A, Boucher JL, Mansuy D, Peyrot F. Metabolic stability of superoxide adducts derived from newly developed cyclic nitrone spin traps. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 67:150-8. [PMID: 24161442 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.10.812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are by-products of aerobic metabolism involved in the onset and evolution of various pathological conditions. Among them, the superoxide radical is of special interest as the origin of several damaging species such as H2O2, hydroxyl radical, or peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). Spin trapping coupled with ESR is a method of choice to characterize these species in chemical and biological systems and the metabolic stability of the spin adducts derived from reaction of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals with nitrones is the main limit to the in vivo application of the method. Recently, new cyclic nitrones bearing a triphenylphosphonium or permethylated β-cyclodextrin moiety have been synthesized and their spin adducts demonstrated increased stability in buffer. In this article, we studied the stability of the superoxide adducts of four new cyclic nitrones in the presence of liver subcellular fractions and biologically relevant reductants using an original setup combining a stopped-flow device and an ESR spectrometer. The kinetics of disappearance of the spin adducts were analyzed using an appropriate simulation program. Our results highlight the interest of the new spin trapping agents CD-DEPMPO and CD-DIPPMPO for specific detection of superoxide with high stability of the superoxide adducts in the presence of liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bézière
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques (UMR CNRS 8601), Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Micael Hardy
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Florent Poulhès
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Hakim Karoui
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Paul Tordo
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Yves-Michel Frapart
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques (UMR CNRS 8601), Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Antal Rockenbauer
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jean-Luc Boucher
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques (UMR CNRS 8601), Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Mansuy
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques (UMR CNRS 8601), Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Peyrot
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques (UMR CNRS 8601), Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France; IUFM de Paris, Université Paris Sorbonne, 75016 Paris, France.
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19
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Du L, Huang S, Zhuang Q, Jia H, Rockenbauer A, Liu Y, Liu KJ, Liu Y. Highly sensitive free radical detection by nitrone-functionalized gold nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:1646-1652. [PMID: 24336899 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04559e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The detection of free radicals and related species has attracted significant attention in recent years because of their critical roles in physiological and pathological processes. Among the methods for the detection of free radicals, electron spin resonance (ESR) coupled with the use of the spin trapping technique has been an effective approach for characterization and quantification of these species due to its high specificity. However, its application in biological systems, especially in in vivo systems, has been greatly limited partially due to the low reaction rate between the currently available spin traps with biological radicals. To overcome this drawback, we herein report the first example of nitrone functionalized gold nanoparticles (Au@EMPO) as highly efficient spin traps in which the thiolated EMPO (2-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole 1-oxide) derivative was self-assembled on gold nanoparticles. Kinetic studies showed that Au@EMPO has a 137-fold higher reaction rate constant with ˙OH than PBN (N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone). Owing to the high rate of trapping ˙OH by Au@EMPO as well as the high stability of the resulting spin adduct (t½ ∼ 56 min), Au@EMPO affords 124-fold higher sensitivity for ˙OH than EMPO. Thus, this new nanospin trap shows great potential in trapping the important radicals such as ˙OH in various biological systems and provides a novel strategy to design spin traps with much improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Du
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Centre for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.
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20
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Summers FA, Mason RP, Ehrenshaft M. Development of immunoblotting techniques for DNA radical detection. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 56:64-71. [PMID: 23142572 PMCID: PMC3577963 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.10.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Radical damage to DNA has been implicated in cell death, cellular dysfunction, and cancer. A recently developed method for detecting DNA radicals uses the nitrone spin trap DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide) to trap radicals. The trapped radicals then decay into stable nitrone adducts detectable with anti-DMPO antibodies and quantifiable by ELISA or dot-blot assay. However, the sequences of DNA that are damaged are likely to be as important as the total level of damage. Therefore, we have developed immunoblotting methods for detection of DNA nitrone adducts on electrophoretically separated DNA, comparable to Western blotting for proteins. These new techniques not only allow the assessment of relative radical adduct levels, but can reveal specific DNA fragments, and ultimately nucleotides, as radical targets. Moreover, we have determined that denaturation of samples into single-stranded DNA enhances the detection of DNA-DMPO adducts in our new blotting methods and also in ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Summers
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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21
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Li Y, Zhu T, Zhao J, Xu B. Interactive enhancements of ascorbic acid and iron in hydroxyl radical generation in quinone redox cycling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10302-10309. [PMID: 22891791 DOI: 10.1021/es301834r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Quinones are toxicological substances in inhalable particulate matter (PM). The mechanisms by which quinones cause hazardous effects can be complex. Quinones are highly active redox molecules that can go through a redox cycle with their semiquinone radicals, leading to formation of reactive oxygen species. Electron spin resonance spectra have been reported for semiquinone radicals in PM, indicating the importance of ascorbic acid and iron in quinone redox cycling. However, these findings are insufficient for understanding the toxicity associated with quinone exposure. Herein, we investigated the interactions among anthraquinone (AQ), ascorbic acid, and iron in hydroxyl radical (·OH) generation through the AQ redox cycling process in a physiological buffer. We measured ·OH concentration and analyzed the free radical process. Our results showed that AQ, ascorbic acid, and iron have synergistic effects on ·OH generation in quinone redox cycling; i.e., ascorbyl radical oxidized AQ to semiquinone radical and started the redox cycling, iron accelerated this oxidation and enhanced ·OH generation through Fenton reactions, while ascorbic acid and AQ could help iron to release from quartz surface and enhance its bioavailability. Our findings provide direct evidence for the redox cycling hypothesis about airborne particle surface quinone in lung fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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22
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Pamenter ME, Ali SS, Tang Q, Finley JC, Gu XQ, Dugan LL, Haddad GG. An in vitro ischemic penumbral mimic perfusate increases NADPH oxidase-mediated superoxide production in cultured hippocampal neurons. Brain Res 2012; 1452:165-72. [PMID: 22459046 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The currently accepted scheme for reactive oxygen species production during ischemia/reperfusion injury is characterized by a deleterious mitochondria-derived burst of radical generation during reperfusion; however, recent examination of the penumbra suggests a central role for NADPH-oxidase (Nox)-mediated radical generation during the ischemic period. Therefore, we utilized a novel in vitro model of the penumbra to examine the free radical profile of ischemic murine hippocampal neurons using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and also the role of Nox in this generation and in cell fate. We report that free radical production increased ~75% at 2 h of ischemia, and this increase was abolished by: (1) scavenging of extracellular free radicals with superoxide dismutase (SOD), (2) a general anion channel antagonist, or (3) the Nox inhibitor apocynin. Similarly, at 24 h of ischemia, [ATP] decreased >95% and vital dye uptake increased 6-fold relative to controls; whereas apocynin, the Cl(-) channel antagonist 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoate (NPPB), or the free radical scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) each provided moderate neuroprotection, ameliorating 13-32% of [ATP]-depletion and 19-56% of vital dye uptake at 24 h. Our results support a cytotoxic role for Nox-mediated free radical production from penumbral neurons during the ischemic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Pamenter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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23
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Liu Y, Song Y, Du L, Villamena FA, Ji Y, Tian Q, Liu KJ, Liu Y. Novel glutathione-linked nitrones as dual free radical probes. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20033j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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24
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Hardy M, Bardelang D, Karoui H, Rockenbauer A, Finet JP, Jicsinszky L, Rosas R, Ouari O, Tordo P. Improving the trapping of superoxide radical with a beta-cyclodextrin- 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DEPMPO) conjugate. Chemistry 2010; 15:11114-8. [PMID: 19760720 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Micaël Hardy
- UMR 6264, Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Equipe SREP, Universités d'Aix-Marseille 1, 2, 3 et CNRS, Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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25
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Ranguelova K, Mason RP. New insights into the detection of sulfur trioxide anion radical by spin trapping: radical trapping versus nucleophilic addition. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:128-34. [PMID: 19362142 PMCID: PMC2694230 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been demonstrated that (bi)sulfite (hydrated sulfur dioxide) reacts with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) via a nonradical, nucleophilic reaction, and further proposed that the radical adduct (DMPO/()SO(3)(-)) formation in biological systems is an artifact and not the result of spin trapping of sulfur trioxide anion radical (()SO(3)(-)). Here, the one-electron oxidation of (bi)sulfite catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase/H(2)O(2) has been reinvestigated by ESR spin trapping with DMPO and oxygen uptake studies to obtain further evidence for the radical reaction mechanism. In the case of ESR experiments, the signal of the DMPO/()SO(3)(-) radical adduct was detected, and the initial rate of its formation was calculated. Support for the radical pathway via ()SO(3)(-) was obtained from the stoichiometry between the amount of consumed molecular oxygen and the amount of (bi)sulfite oxidized to sulfate (SO(4)(2-)). When DMPO was incubated with (bi)sulfite, oxygen consumption was completely inhibited owing to the efficiency of DMPO trapping. In the absence of DMPO, the initial rate of oxygen and H(2)O(2) consumption was determined to be half of the initial rate of DMPO/()SO(3)(-) radical adduct formation as determined by ESR, demonstrating that DMPO forms the radical adduct by trapping the ()SO(3)(-) exclusively. We conclude that DMPO is not susceptible to artifacts arising from nonradical chemistry (nucleophilic addition) except when both (bi)sulfite and DMPO concentrations are at nonphysiological levels of at least 0.1 M and the incubations are for longer times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Ranguelova
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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26
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Lundqvist H, Dånmark S, Johansson U, Gustafsson H, Ollinger K. Evaluation of electron spin resonance for studies of superoxide anion production by human neutrophils interacting with Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 70:1059-65. [PMID: 17604111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluates electron spin resonance (ESR) and the spin trapper 5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DEPMPO) for analysis of superoxide radical production by human neutrophils interacting with viable Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. To avoid auto-activation due to interaction with glass surfaces, neutrophils were preincubated in plastic tubes until the peak response was reached, and then transferred to a quartz flat cell to record the ESR spectra. The time point for peak response was identified by parallel analysis of the bacteria-neutrophil interaction using luminol amplified chemiluminescence. We found detectable ESR spectra from neutrophils interacting with as few as five bacteria of the weak activating S. epidermidis per neutrophil. Addition of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium totally abolished spectra. Catalase, DMSO or an iron chelator had no impact on the produced spectra and ionomycin, a selective activator of intracellular NADPH oxidase, gave significant ESR spectra. Taken together, our results indicate that DEPMPO is cell permeable and detects NADPH oxidase derived superoxide anions formed in phagosomes or released by human neutrophils phagocytosing viable S. aureus and S. epidermidis. The technique may be used as a sensitive tool to evaluate superoxide anion production in human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Lundqvist
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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27
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Whiteman M, Dogra Y, Winyard PG, Armstrong JS. Detection and measurement of reactive oxygen intermediates in mitochondria and cells. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 476:29-50. [PMID: 19157007 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-129-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) play a key role in a number of human diseases either by inducing cell death, cellular proliferation, or by acting as mediators in cellular signaling. Therefore, their measurement in vivo and in cell culture is desirable but technically difficult and often troublesome. To address some of the key methodological issues in examining the formation of ROI in cells and mitochondria, this chapter discusses the following: (a) the cellular sources of ROI and their enzymatic removal, (b) common methods used to determine cellular and mitochondrial ROI such as chemiluminescence, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, fluorescence, and enzymatic techniques, and (c) some common problems associated with these assays and the interpretation of data. We also provide some simple protocols for the estimation of ROI production in cells and mitochondria, and when measuring ROI in cells and mitochondria, we emphasize the need for thorough understanding of results obtained and their interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Whiteman
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, UK
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28
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Swartz HM, Khan N, Khramtsov VV. Use of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to evaluate the redox state in vivo. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:1757-71. [PMID: 17678441 PMCID: PMC2702846 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to provide an overview of how electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) can be used to measure redox-related parameters in vivo. The values of this approach include that the measurements are made under fully physiological conditions, and some of the measurements cannot be made by other means. Three complementary approaches are used with in vivo EPR: the rate of reduction or reactions of nitroxides, spin trapping of free radicals, and measurements of thiols. All three approaches already have produced unique and useful information. The measurement of the rate of decrease of nitroxides technically is the simplest, but difficult to interpret because the measured parameter, reduction in the intensity of the nitroxide signal, can occur by several different mechanisms. In vivo spin trapping can provide direct evidence for the occurrence of specific free radicals in vivo and reflect relative changes, but accurate absolute quantification remains challenging. The measurement of thiols in vivo also appears likely to be useful, but its development as an in vivo technique is at an early stage. It seems likely that the use of in vivo EPR to measure redox processes will become an increasingly utilized and valuable tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold M Swartz
- Department of Radiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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Rohr-Udilova N, Stolze K, Sagmeister S, Parzefall W, Marian B, Nohl H, Schulte-Hermann R, Grasl-Kraupp B. Cytotoxicity of the novel spin trapping compound 5-ethoxycarbonyl-3,5-dimethyl-pyrroline N-oxide (3,5-EDPO) and its derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5698-703. [PMID: 17804223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ESR spin trapping allows detection of superoxide radicals. Novel spin traps forming more stable superoxide adducts (t(1/2) ca. 12-55 min) were tested for their toxicity to cultured cells. The following toxicity ranking was obtained: 4,5-DPPO>4-BEMPO approximately 3-BEMPO>trans-3,5-EDPO>3,5-DPPO approximately 4,5-DiPPO approximately 4,5-EDPO>cis-3,5-EDPO approximately 3,5-DiPPO>DEPMPO. In conclusion, 4,5-EDPO, cis-3,5-EDPO and 3,5-DiPPO can be recommended for further investigation of superoxide in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Rohr-Udilova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Armstrong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore 117597, Singapore
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Nishizawa M, Shioji K, Kurauchi Y, Okuma K, Kohno M. Spin-Trapping Properties of 5-(Diphenylphosphinoyl)-5-methyl-4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrroleN-Oxide (DPPMDPO). BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.80.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Borthiry GR, Antholine WE, Kalyanaraman B, Myers JM, Myers CR. Reduction of hexavalent chromium by human cytochrome b5: generation of hydroxyl radical and superoxide. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:738-55; discussion 735-7. [PMID: 17320757 PMCID: PMC1993546 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), can generate reactive Cr intermediates and various types of oxidative stress. The potential role of human microsomal enzymes in free radical generation was examined using reconstituted proteoliposomes (PLs) containing purified cytochrome b(5) and NADPH:P450 reductase. Under aerobic conditions, the PLs reduced Cr(VI) to Cr(V) which was confirmed by ESR using isotopically pure (53)Cr(VI). When 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DEPMPO) was included as a spin trap, a very prominent signal for the hydroxyl radical (HO()) adduct was observed as well as a smaller signal for the superoxide (O(2)(-)) adduct. These adducts were observed even at very low Cr(VI) concentrations (10 muM). NADPH, Cr(VI), O(2), and the PLs were all required for significant HO() generation. Superoxide dismutase eliminated the O(2)(-) adduct and resulted in a 30% increase in the HO() adduct. Catalase largely diminished the HO() adduct signal, indicating its dependence on H(2)O(2). Some sources of catalase were found to have Cr(VI)-reducing contaminants which could confound results, but a source of catalase free of these contaminants was used for these studies. Exogenous H(2)O(2) was not needed, indicating that it was generated by the PLs. Adding exogenous H(2)O(2), however, did increase the amount of DEPMPO/HO() adduct. The inclusion of formate yielded the carbon dioxide radical adduct of DEPMPO, and experiments with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) plus the spin trap alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) yielded the methoxy and methyl radical adducts of PBN, confirming the generation of HO(). Quantification of the various species over time was consistent with a stoichiometric excess of HO() relative to the net amount of Cr(VI) reduced. This also represents the first demonstration of a role for cytochrome b(5) in the generation of HO(). Overall, the simultaneous generation of Cr(V) and H(2)O(2) by the PLs and the resulting generation of HO() at low Cr(VI) concentrations could have important implications for Cr(VI) toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griselda R. Borthiry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - William E. Antholine
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - B. Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Judith M. Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Charles R. Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Corresponding author: Dr. Charles R. Myers, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, , phone: 414-456-8593
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Hardy M, Chalier F, Ouari O, Finet JP, Rockenbauer A, Kalyanaraman B, Tordo P. Mito-DEPMPO synthesized from a novel NH2-reactive DEPMPO spin trap: a new and improved trap for the detection of superoxide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:1083-5. [PMID: 17325813 DOI: 10.1039/b616076j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mito-DEPMPO, a new DEPMPO analogue bearing a triphenylphosphonium group, was synthesized via a novel NH2-reactive DEPMPO. The half-life of the Mito-DEPMPO superoxide adduct was estimated to be ca. 40 min. Using Mito-DEPMPO, reactive oxygen species generated in intact mitochondria were detected and characterized by EPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micael Hardy
- SREP, UMR 6517 CNRS et Universités Aix-Marseille 1, 2 et 3, Centre de Saint Jérôme, 13013 Marseille, France
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Bacić G, Mojović M. EPR Spin Trapping of Oxygen Radicals in Plants: A Methodological Overview. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1048:230-43. [PMID: 16154936 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1342.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We present a brief account of the difficulties involved in detection of oxygen free radicals in plants and give a rationale for using the EPR spin trapping technique in such studies. Comparative analysis of characteristics of different spin traps is given, having in mind their suitability in trapping oxygen-centered free radicals. Certain technical aspects of EPR experiments related to successful trapping of free radicals are discussed. Previous studies of trapping of oxygen radicals in plants are reviewed in terms of how efficient the experimental approach employed has been in their detection and how this influences conclusions about the mechanisms of their production. In addition, we analyze the potential of spin labels in the analysis of free radical production in plants and demonstrate that the combination of EPR spin traps and spin labels is extremely efficient for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Bacić
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
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Kopáni M, Celec P, Danisovic L, Michalka P, Biró C. Oxidative stress and electron spin resonance. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 364:61-6. [PMID: 16125687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The body constantly reacts with oxygen as part of the energy producing processes of cells. Oxidative stress is a dysbalance between the production of free radicals as products of these reactions and antioxidant properties of cells. The factors influencing the production of free radicals are physical agents, chemical agents and biological agents. Free radicals are paramagnetic molecules with short time-period for their detection by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The free radical stabilization can be gained by freezing a solution of an organic radical or bonding to spin trapping agents. The spin trapping agents are diamagnetic compounds which rapidly scavenge transient radicals to form stable paramagnetic spin adducts radicals. Because this secondary radical retains an unpaired electron, it can often be detected by electron spin resonance. From ESR spectra can be obtained structural information and kinetic information, information about the formation and decay of the radicals. To study the process of free radical generation is an important step towards reducing the deteriorating effects of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kopáni
- Comenius University, School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Chang C, Ren J, Fung PCW, Hung YS, Shen JG, Chan FHY. Novel sparse component analysis approach to free radical EPR spectra decomposition. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2005; 175:242-55. [PMID: 15922638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2005.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Free radicals play important roles in many physiological and pathological pathways in biological systems. These free radicals can be detected and quantified by their EPR spectra. The measured EPR spectra are often mixtures of pure spectra of several different free radicals and other chemicals. Blind source separation can be applied to estimate the pure spectra of interested free radicals. However, since the pure EPR spectra are often not independent of each other, the approach based on independent component analysis (ICA) cannot accurately extract the required spectra. In this paper, a novel sparse component analysis method for blind source separation, which exploits the sparsity of the EPR spectra, is presented to reliably extract the pure source spectra from their mixtures with high accuracy. This method has been applied to the analysis of EPR spectra of superoxide, hydroxyl, and nitric oxide free radicals, for both simulated data and real world ex vivo experiment. Compared to the traditional self-modeling method and our previous ICA-based blind source separation method, the proposed sparse component analysis approach gives much better results and can give perfect separation for mixtures of superoxide spectrum and hydroxyl spectrum in the ideal noise-free case. This method can also be used in other similar applications of quantitative spectroscopy analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqi Chang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.
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37
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Kozlov AV, Szalay L, Umar F, Kropik K, Staniek K, Niedermüller H, Bahrami S, Nohl H. Skeletal muscles, heart, and lung are the main sources of oxygen radicals in old rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2005; 1740:382-9. [PMID: 15949706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Revised: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare rat tissues with respect to their reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) generating activities as a function of age. We quantified the RONS generation in vivo in young (6 months) and in old (30 months) male Sprague-Dawley rats using the recently developed spin trap 1-hydroxy-3-carboxy-pyrrolidine, applied intravenously. This spin trap reacts with superoxide radical and peroxynitrite yielding a stable spin adduct which is detectable by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in frozen tissues. In old rats RONS generation was significantly increased compared to their young counterparts in the following order: blood<skeletal muscle<lung<heart, but did not change in intestine, brain, liver, and kidney. Experiments with isolated heart mitochondria showed a significant rate of RONS generation in succinate-supplemented mitochondria from old rats while no RONS were detected in mitochondria from young rats. This study identifies heart, lung, and skeletal muscle as the tissues with increased RONS formation as a function of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.
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Khan N, Grinberg O, Wilmot C, Kiefer H, Swartz HM. “Distant spin trapping”: a method for expanding the availability of spin trapping measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 62:125-30. [PMID: 15680282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2004] [Revised: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 10/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The technique of spin trapping is used to study a wide range of free radicals in various systems, including those generated in vitro and in vivo. But unfortunately, EPR spectrometers are not always immediately accessible at the site of experimentation, and therefore it is important to find a method that can preserve a radical adduct over longer periods of time. We describe here an alternative method in which the samples can be frozen and transported for EPR measurements at another site. Various spin adducts of DEPMPO were frozen and measured at 0 degrees C at various intervals after freezing to determine their stability in the frozen state. The radical adducts were generated by established methods and stored at two different temperatures; -196 degrees C (liquid nitrogen) and -80 degrees C (dry ice). The experiments were carried out in an aqueous solution with and without a model of reducing environment (2 mM ascorbate). The results indicate that it is feasible to store and transport spin adducts for subsequent analysis. We conclude that this approach, which we term "distant spin trapping", makes it feasible to transport samples to another site for EPR measurements. This should significantly expand the ability to use spin trapping in biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Khan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, 7785 Vail, Room 702, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Free Radicals and Medicine. BIOMEDICAL EPR, PART A: FREE RADICALS, METALS, MEDICINE, AND PHYSIOLOGY 2005. [PMCID: PMC7121688 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-26741-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Vincent AS, Lim BG, Tan J, Whiteman M, Cheung NS, Halliwell B, Wong KP. Sulfite-mediated oxidative stress in kidney cells. Kidney Int 2004; 65:393-402. [PMID: 14717909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic renal failure has been associated with oxidative stress. Serum sulfite, sulfate, cysteine, homocysteine, cysteine sulfinic acid, and gamma-glutamylcysteine are elevated in patients on hemodialysis, suggesting an accelerated catabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids or a reduced elimination of sulfite/sulfate, or both. Administration of metabisulfite has also been shown to damage kidney cells. METHODS Measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was performed with the fluorescence of dichlorofluorescein (DCF), and that of intracellular ATP was by the luciferin-luciferase reaction. Oxidation of sulfite and succinate by isolated mitochondria from rat kidney was monitored polarographically. The fluorescent probe, 5, 5', 6, 6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) was employed to assess any loss in membrane potential in energized respiring mitochondria. Activities of glutamate and malate dehydrogenases (GDH, MDH, respectively) were assayed by the spectrophotometric measurement of NADH. Sulfite was determined by HPLC-fluorimetric measurement of monochlorobimane-sulfite and cell viability was by the MTT procedure. RESULTS An immediate increase in ROS followed exposure of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK), type II, and opossum kidney (OK) cells to 5-500 micromol/L sulfite. Depletion of intracellular ATP was also observed. A low rate of oxidation of 100 micromol/L sulfite was observed polarographically in isolated kidney mitochondria, but ADP-stimulated State 3 respiration was not apparent. ATP biosynthesis from the oxidation of glutamate in rat kidney mitochondria was significantly inhibited by coincubation with 100 micromol/L sulfite; this was not the case with malate, succinate, and TMPD/ascorbate. However, activities of both GDH and MDH in kidney mitochondrial extract were inhibited. The mitochondrial membrane potential and cell viability were not compromised. CONCLUSION Micromolar sulfite elicited an immediate increase in ROS in MDCK, type II, and OK cells. This was accompanied by a depletion of intracellular ATP, which could be explained by its inhibitory effect on mitochondrial GDH. Although MDH was similarly inhibited, the impact was buffered by the high level of this enzyme in kidney mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette S Vincent
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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41
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Takeshita K, Ozawa T. Recent progress in in vivo ESR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2004; 45:373-384. [PMID: 15613782 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.45.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The generation of free radicals and redox status is related to various diseases and injuries that are related to radiation, aging, ischemia-reperfusion, and other oxidative factors. In vivo electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is noninvasive and detects durable free radicals in live animals. ESR spectrometers for in vivo measurements operate at a lower frequency (approximately 3.5 GHz, approximately 1 GHz, 700 MHz, and approximately 300 MHz) than usual (9-10 GHz). Several types of resonators have been designed to minimize the dielectric loss of electromagnetic waves caused by water in animal bodies. In vivo ESR spectroscopy and its imaging have been used to analyze radical generation, redox status, partial pressure of oxygen and other conditions in various disease and injury models related to oxidative stress with probes, such as nitroxyl radicals. Through these applications, the clarification of the mechanisms related to oxidative diseases (injuries) and the accumulation of basic data for radiological cancer therapy are now ongoing. In vivo ESR measurement is performed in about 10 laboratories worldwide, including ours. To introduce in vivo ESR spectroscopy to life scientists, this article reviews the recent progress of in vivo ESR spectroscopy in instrumentation and its application to the life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Takeshita
- Redox Regulation Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
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42
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Nsanzumuhire C, Clément JL, Ouari O, Karoui H, Finet JP, Tordo P. Synthesis of the cis diastereoisomer of 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-3-phenyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DEPMPPOc) and ESR study of its superoxide spin adduct. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zhang X, Vincent AS, Halliwell B, Wong KP. A mechanism of sulfite neurotoxicity: direct inhibition of glutamate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:43035-45. [PMID: 15273247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m402759200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of Neuro-2a and PC12 cells to micromolar concentrations of sulfite caused an increase in reactive oxygen species and a decrease in ATP. Likewise, the biosynthesis of ATP in intact rat brain mitochondria from the oxidation of glutamate was inhibited by micromolar sulfite. Glutamate-driven respiration increased the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and this was abolished by sulfite but the MMP generated by oxidation of malate and succinate was not affected. The increased rate of production of NADH from exogenous NAD+ and glutamate added to rat brain mitochondrial extracts was inhibited by sulfite, and mitochondria preincubated with sulfite failed to reduce NAD+. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in rat brain mitochondrial extract was inhibited dose-dependently by sulfite as was the activity of a purified enzyme. An increase in the Km (glutamate) and a decrease in Vmax resulting in an attenuation in Vmax/Km (glutamate) at 100 microm sulfite suggest a mixed type of inhibition. However, uncompetitive inhibition was noted with decreases in both Km (NAD+) and Vmax, whereas Vmax/Km (NAD+) remained relatively constant. We propose that GDH is one target of action of sulfite, leading to a decrease in alpha-ketoglutarate and a diminished flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle accompanied by a decrease in NADH through the mitochondrial electron transport chain, a decreased MMP, and a decrease in ATP synthesis. Because glutamate is a major metabolite in the brain, inhibition of GDH by sulfite could contribute to the severe phenotype of sulfite oxidase deficiency in human infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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44
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Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping has become an indispensable tool for the specific detection of reactive oxygen free radicals in biological systems. In this review we describe some of the advantages as well as some experimental considerations of this technique and how it can be applied to biological systems to measure oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A Villamena
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, and The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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45
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Halliwell B, Whiteman M. Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean? Br J Pharmacol 2004; 142:231-55. [PMID: 15155533 PMCID: PMC1574951 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1499] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Revised: 03/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Free radicals and other reactive species (RS) are thought to play an important role in many human diseases. Establishing their precise role requires the ability to measure them and the oxidative damage that they cause. This article first reviews what is meant by the terms free radical, RS, antioxidant, oxidative damage and oxidative stress. It then critically examines methods used to trap RS, including spin trapping and aromatic hydroxylation, with a particular emphasis on those methods applicable to human studies. Methods used to measure oxidative damage to DNA, lipids and proteins and methods used to detect RS in cell culture, especially the various fluorescent "probes" of RS, are also critically reviewed. The emphasis throughout is on the caution that is needed in applying these methods in view of possible errors and artifacts in interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD 7 #03-08, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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46
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Ren JY, Chang CQ, Fung PCW, Shen JG, Chan FHY. Free radical EPR spectroscopy analysis using blind source separation. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2004; 166:82-91. [PMID: 14675823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2003.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a novel approach for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) mixture spectra analysis based on blind source separation (BSS) technique. EPR spectrum of a free radical is often superimposed by overlapping spectra of other species. It is important and challenging to accurately identify and quantify the 'pure' spectra from such mixtures. In this study, an automated BSS method implementing independent component analysis is used to extract the components from mixed EPR spectra that contain overlapping components of different paramagnetic centers. To apply this method, there is no requirement to know the component spectra or the number of components in advance. The method is applied to analyze free radical EPR spectra which are collected from standard chemical system, cultured cell suspense, and ex vivo rat kidneys by spin trapping EPR technique. Results show that the BSS method proposed here is capable of identifying the component EPR spectra from mixtures with unknown compositions. The BSS technique can offer powerful aids in resolving spectral overlapping problems in general EPR spectroscopy analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Ren
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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47
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Jurkovič P, Šentjurc M, Kristl J, Pečar S, Gašperlin M. Comparison of two ascorbic acid derivatives effectiveness for scavenging ultraviolet-induced free radicals in the skin. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(04)50105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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48
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Jurkovic P, Sentjurc M, Gasperlin M, Kristl J, Pecar S. Skin protection against ultraviolet induced free radicals with ascorbyl palmitate in microemulsions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2003; 56:59-66. [PMID: 12837482 DOI: 10.1016/s0939-6411(03)00062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UV irradiation induces free radical formation in the skin. UV filters and antioxidants can be used for protection. In the present work, the amphiphilic antioxidant ascorbyl palmitate has been investigated and its effectiveness against free radical formation in porcine skin determined with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy with a spin trapping technique. 5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DEPMPO) was used as spin trap. In this study, three different radicals were identified in UV irradiated porcine ear skin: two originated from sulphur centred radicals (SO(3)*), while the third was the carbon-centred acyl (C=O*) radical. Ascorbyl palmitate applied on the skin decreased the level of formation of free radicals. Its effectiveness depended significantly on the carrier system - the type of microemulsion and its concentration, while the time of application had no influence on its effectiveness. Oil in water microemulsions delivered ascorbyl palmitate to the skin significantly better than water in oil microemulsions. In both types of microemulsions, the effectiveness increases at higher concentrations of ascorbyl palmitate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polona Jurkovic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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49
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Kozlov AV, Szalay L, Umar F, Fink B, Kropik K, Nohl H, Redl H, Bahrami S. Epr analysis reveals three tissues responding to endotoxin by increased formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34:1555-62. [PMID: 12788475 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The excessive formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in tissue has been implicated in the development of various diseases. In this study we adopted ex vivo low temperature EPR spectroscopy combined with spin trapping technique to measure local RONS levels in frozen tissue samples. CP-H (1-hydroxy-3-carboxy-pyrrolidine), a new nontoxic spin probe, was used to analyze RONS in vivo. In addition, nitrosyl complexes of hemoglobin were determined to trace nitric oxide released into blood. By this technique we found that RONS formation in tissue of control animals increased in the following order: liver < heart < brain < cerebellum < lung < muscle < blood < ileum < kidney < duodenum < jejunum. We also found that endotoxin challenge, which represents the most common model of septic shock, increased the formation of RONS in rat liver, heart, lung, and blood, but decreased RONS formation in jejunum. We did not find changes in RONS levels in other parts of gut, brain, skeletal muscles, and kidney. Scavenging of RONS by CP-H was accompanied by an increase in blood pressure, indicating that LPS-induced vasodilatation may be due to RONS, but not due to nitric oxide. Experiments with tissue homogenates incubated in vitro with CP-H showed that ONOO(-) and O(2)(*)(-), as well as other not identified RONS, are detectable by CP-H in tissue. In summary, low-temperature EPR combined with CP-H infusion allowed detection of local RONS formation in tissues. Increased formation of RONS in response to endotoxin challenge is organ specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria.
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Khan N, Wilmot CM, Rosen GM, Demidenko E, Sun J, Joseph J, O'Hara J, Kalyanaraman B, Swartz HM. Spin traps: in vitro toxicity and stability of radical adducts. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34:1473-81. [PMID: 12757857 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated the effects of DMPO, CMPO, EMPO, BMPO, and DEPMPO on functioning CHO cells and the stability of the radical adducts in the presence of cells. The potential toxic effects of the spin traps were measured by two estimates of cell viability (trypan blue exclusion and colony formation) and one of cell function (rate of oxygen consumption). We also studied the effects of the spin traps on colony formation in a second cell line, 9L tumor cells. Toxicity varied with the type of cell line and the parameter that was measured. In aqueous solutions the order of stability for all spin adducts was SO(3) > OH > CH(3), while in cell suspensions it was SO(3) > OH approximately CH(3). The radical adducts of the new spin traps have significantly increased stability as compared to DMPO. These results indicate that the new spin traps potentially offer increased stability of spin adducts in functioning cells. It also is clear that it is necessary to carry out appropriate studies of the stability and toxicity in the system that is to be studied for any particular use of these spin traps. It then should be feasible to select the spin trap(s) best suited for the proposed study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Khan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, EPR Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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