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Nair S, Rocha-Ferreira E, Fleiss B, Nijboer CH, Gressens P, Mallard C, Hagberg H. Neuroprotection offered by mesenchymal stem cells in perinatal brain injury: Role of mitochondria, inflammation, and reactive oxygen species. J Neurochem 2021; 158:59-73. [PMID: 33314066 PMCID: PMC8359360 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells have a positive effect in perinatal brain injury models. The mechanisms that cause these neurotherapeutic effects are not entirely intelligible. Mitochondrial damage, inflammation, and reactive oxygen species are considered to be critically involved in the development of injury. Mesenchymal stem cells have immunomodulatory action and exert mitoprotective effects which attenuate production of reactive oxygen species and promote restoration of tissue function and metabolism after perinatal insults. This review summarizes the present state, the underlying causes, challenges and possibilities for effective clinical translation of mesenchymal stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam Nair
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Cora H Nijboer
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Carina Mallard
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Zibara K, Ballout N, Mondello S, Karnib N, Ramadan N, Omais S, Nabbouh A, Caliz D, Clavijo A, Hu Z, Ghanem N, Gajavelli S, Kobeissy F. Combination of drug and stem cells neurotherapy: Potential interventions in neurotrauma and traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology 2018; 145:177-198. [PMID: 30267729 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been recognized as one of the major public health issues that leads to devastating neurological disability. As a consequence of primary and secondary injury phases, neuronal loss following brain trauma leads to pathophysiological alterations on the molecular and cellular levels that severely impact the neuropsycho-behavioral and motor outcomes. Thus, to mitigate the neuropathological sequelae post-TBI such as cerebral edema, inflammation and neural degeneration, several neurotherapeutic options have been investigated including drug intervention, stem cell use and combinational therapies. These treatments aim to ameliorate cellular degeneration, motor decline, cognitive and behavioral deficits. Recently, the use of neural stem cells (NSCs) coupled with selective drug therapy has emerged as an alternative treatment option for neural regeneration and behavioral rehabilitation post-neural injury. Given their neuroprotective abilities, NSC-based neurotherapy has been widely investigated and well-reported in numerous disease models, notably in trauma studies. In this review, we will elaborate on current updates in cell replacement therapy in the area of neurotrauma. In addition, we will discuss novel combination drug therapy treatments that have been investigated in conjunction with stem cells to overcome the limitations associated with stem cell transplantation. Understanding the regenerative capacities of stem cell and drug combination therapy will help improve functional recovery and brain repair post-TBI. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Novel Treatments for Traumatic Brain Injury".
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Zibara
- ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nissrine Ballout
- ER045, Laboratory of Stem Cells, PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nabil Karnib
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Naify Ramadan
- Department of Women's and Children's Health (KBH), Division of Clinical Pediatrics, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | - Saad Omais
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Nabbouh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Daniela Caliz
- Lois Pope LIFE Center, Neurosurgery, University of Miami, 33136, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Angelica Clavijo
- Lois Pope LIFE Center, Neurosurgery, University of Miami, 33136, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Zhen Hu
- Lois Pope LIFE Center, Neurosurgery, University of Miami, 33136, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Noël Ghanem
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Shyam Gajavelli
- Lois Pope LIFE Center, Neurosurgery, University of Miami, 33136, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon; Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Stevens HE, Smith KM, Rash BG, Vaccarino FM. Neural stem cell regulation, fibroblast growth factors, and the developmental origins of neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Neurosci 2010; 4. [PMID: 20877431 PMCID: PMC2944667 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2010.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing appreciation for the neurodevelopmental underpinnings of many psychiatric disorders. Disorders that begin in childhood such as autism, language disorders or mental retardation as well as adult-onset mental disorders may have origins early in neurodevelopment. Neural stem cells (NSCs) can be defined as self-renewing, multipotent cells that are present in both the embryonic and adult brain. Several recent research findings demonstrate that psychiatric illness may begin with abnormal specification, growth, expansion and differentiation of embryonic NSCs. For example, candidate susceptibility genes for schizophrenia, autism and major depression include the signaling molecule Disrupted In Schizophrenia-1 (DISC-1), the homeodomain gene engrailed-2 (EN-2), and several receptor tyrosine kinases, including brain-derived growth factor and fibroblast growth factors, all of which have been shown to play important roles in NSCs or neuronal precursors. We will discuss here stem cell biology, signaling factors that affect these cells, and the potential contribution of these processes to the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Hypotheses about how some of these factors relate to psychiatric disorders will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E Stevens
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
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Meyer AK, Maisel M, Hermann A, Stirl K, Storch A. Restorative approaches in Parkinson's Disease: Which cell type wins the race? J Neurol Sci 2010; 289:93-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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Global stem cell research trend: Bibliometric analysis as a tool for mapping of trends from 1991 to 2006. Scientometrics 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-008-1939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Isacson O, Kordower JH. Future of cell and gene therapies for Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2009; 64 Suppl 2:S122-38. [PMID: 19127583 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The experimental field of restorative neurology continues to advance with implantation of cells or transfer of genes to treat patients with neurological disease. Both strategies have generated a consensus that demonstrates their capacity for structural and molecular brain modification in the adult brain. However, both approaches have yet to successfully address the complexities to make such novel therapeutic modalities work in the clinic. Prior experimental cell transplantation to patients with PD utilized dissected pieces of fetal midbrain tissue, containing mixtures of cells and neuronal types, as donor cells. Stem cell and progenitor cell biology provide new opportunities for selection and development of large batches of specific therapeutic cells. This may allow for cell composition analysis and dosing to optimize the benefit to an individual patient. The biotechnology used for cell and gene therapy for treatment of neurological disease may eventually be as advanced as today's pharmaceutical drug-related design processes. Current gene therapy phase 1 safety trials for PD include the delivery of a growth factor (neurturin via the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor) and a transmitter enzyme (glutamic acid decarboxylase and aromatic acid decarboxylase). Many new insights from cell biological and molecular studies provide opportunities to selectively express or suppress factors relevant to neuroprotection and improved function of neurons involved in PD. Future gene and cell therapies are likely to coexist with classic pharmacological therapies because their use can be tailored to individual patients' underlying disease process and need for neuroprotective or restorative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Isacson
- Department of Neurology (Neuroscience), Center for Neuroregeneration Research and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
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Parish CL, Arenas E. Stem-cell-based strategies for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2007; 4:339-47. [PMID: 17627139 DOI: 10.1159/000101892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell transplantation to replace lost neurons in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) offers a hopeful prospect for many patients. Previously, fetal grafts have been shown to survive, integrate and induce functional recovery in PD patients. However, limited tissue availability has haltered the widespread use of this therapy and begs the demand for alternative tissue sources. In this regard, stem cells may constitute one such source. OBJECTIVE/METHODS In this review we outline various types of stem cells currently available and provide an overview of their possible application for PD. We address not only the obvious possibility of using stem cells in cell replacement therapy but also the benefits of stem cell lines in drug discovery. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Stem cells carrying reporters or mutations in genes linked to familial PD are likely to contribute to the identification of new drug targets and subsequent development of new drugs for PD. Thus, stem cells are, and will be more so in the future, invaluable tools in the quest for new therapies against neurodegenerative diseases such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Parish
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Alenina N, Bashammakh S, Bader M. Specification and differentiation of serotonergic neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 2:5-10. [PMID: 17142880 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-006-0002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is an important neurotransmitter with multiple functions in the whole central nervous system. Its synthesis, however, is restricted to a very limited number of cells in the brainstem raphe nuclei with a vast axonal network. These cells express markers of the serotonin lineage such as the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin synthesis, tryptophan hydroxylase 2, the serotonin transporter, and the transcription factor Pet1. Pet1 together with Lmx1b, Nkx2.2, Mash1, Gata2, Gata3, and Phox2b form a transcriptional network, which specifies the differentiation of serotonergic neurons around embryonic day 11 in the mouse. These cells are generated in rhombomeres r1-r3 and r5-r7 caudal to the midbrain- hindbrain organizer under the control of the fibroblast growth factors 4 and 8 and sonic hedgehog (SHH) from precursors, which have produced motoneurons before. Because serotonin is a relevant pathophysiological factor in several neurological diseases such as bipolar disorder and depression tools to generate or maintain serotonergic neurons might be of therapeutic value. Such tools can be assessed in embryonic stem cells, which can be differentiated in vitro to produce serotonergic neurons. Culture systems for these cells including embryoid bodies based and monolayer differentiation have been established, which allows the generation of up to 50% serotonergic neurons in all neurons developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
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KELLY BB, HEDLUND E, KIM C, ISHIGURO H, ISACSON O, CHIKARAISHI DM, KIM KS, FENG G. A tyrosine hydroxylase-yellow fluorescent protein knock-in reporter system labeling dopaminergic neurons reveals potential regulatory role for the first intron of the rodent tyrosine hydroxylase gene. Neuroscience 2006; 142:343-54. [PMID: 16876957 PMCID: PMC2610443 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease. To facilitate the study of the differentiation and maintenance of this population of dopaminergic neurons both in vivo and in vitro, we generated a knock-in reporter line in which the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) replaced the first exon and the first intron of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene in one allele by homologous recombination. Expression of YFP under the direct control of the entire endogenous 5' upstream region of the TH gene was predicted to closely match expression of TH from the wild type allele, thus marking functional dopaminergic neurons. We found that YFP was expressed in dopaminergic neurons differentiated in vitro from the knock-in mouse embryonic stem cell line and in dopaminergic brain regions in knock-in mice. Surprisingly, however, YFP expression did not overlap completely with TH expression, and the degree of overlap varied in different TH-expressing brain regions. Thus, the reporter gene did not identify functional TH-expressing cells with complete accuracy. A DNaseI hypersensitivity assay revealed a cluster of hypersensitivity sites in the first intron of the TH gene, which was deleted by insertion of the reporter gene, suggesting that this region may contain cis-acting regulatory sequences. Our results suggest that the first intron of the rodent TH gene may be important for accurate expression of TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. B. KELLY
- Department of Neurobiology, Box 3209, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - E. HEDLUND
- Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, MA 02478, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
- Neuroregeneration Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - C. KIM
- Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, MA 02478, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - H. ISHIGURO
- Carna Bioscience, KIBC 511, 5-5-2, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Hyogo, Japan
| | - O. ISACSON
- Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, MA 02478, USA
- Neuroregeneration Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - D. M. CHIKARAISHI
- Department of Neurobiology, Box 3209, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - K.-S. KIM
- Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, MA 02478, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - G. FENG
- Department of Neurobiology, Box 3209, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Correspondence to: G. Feng, Department of Neurobiology, Box 3209, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Tel: +1-919-668-1657; fax: +1-919-668-1891. E-mail address: (G. Feng)
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Yamazoe H, Kobori M, Murakami Y, Yano K, Satoh M, Mizuseki K, Sasai Y, Iwata H. One-step induction of neurons from mouse embryonic stem cells in serum-free media containing vitamin B12 and heparin. Cell Transplant 2006; 15:135-45. [PMID: 16719047 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783982061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a simple method for neural cell fate specification directly from mouse embryonic stem cells (ES cells) in serum-free conditions in the absence of embryoid body formation. Dissociated ES cells were cultured in serum-free media supplemented with vitamin B12 and heparin, but without any expensive cytokines. After 14 days in culture, beta-tubulin type III (TuJ1) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive colonies were detected by immunocytochemical examinations. In addition, specific gene analyses by RT-PCR demonstrated expression of an early central nerve system, mature neuron, and midbrain dopaminergic neuron-specific molecules (i.e., nestin, middle molecular mass neurofilament protein, Nurr1, and TH, respectively). Dopamine was also detected in the culture media by reverse-phase HPLC analysis. These facts indicate that addition of vitamin B12/heparin to serum-free culture media induced neurons from ES cells, which included cells that released dopamine. Other supplements, such as putrescine, biotin, and Fe2+, could not induce neurons from ES cells by themselves, but produced synergistic effects with vitamin B12/heparin. The rate of TuJ1+/TH+ colony formation was increased threefold and the amounts of dopamine released increased 1.5-fold by the addition of a mixture of putrescine, biotin, and Fe2+ to vitamin B12/heparin culture media. Our method is a simple tool to differentiate ES cells to dopaminergic neurons for the preparation of dopamine-releasing cells for the cell transplantation therapy of Parkinson's disease. In addition, this method can facilitate the discovery of soluble factors and genes that can aid in the induction of the ES cell to its neural fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Yamazoe
- Department of Reparative Materials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Young HE, Duplaa C, Katz R, Thompson T, Hawkins KC, Boev AN, Henson NL, Heaton M, Sood R, Ashley D, Stout C, Morgan JH, Uchakin PN, Rimando M, Long GF, Thomas C, Yoon JI, Park JE, Hunt DJ, Walsh NM, Davis JC, Lightner JE, Hutchings AM, Murphy ML, Boswell E, McAbee JA, Gray BM, Piskurich J, Blake L, Collins JA, Moreau C, Hixson D, Bowyer FP, Black AC. Adult-derived stem cells and their potential for use in tissue repair and molecular medicine. J Cell Mol Med 2005; 9:753-69. [PMID: 16202227 PMCID: PMC6741352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2005.tb00510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This report reviews three categories of precursor cells present within adults. The first category of precursor cell, the epiblast-like stem cell, has the potential of forming cells from all three embryonic germ layer lineages, e.g., ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The second category of precursor cell, the germ layer lineage stem cell, consists of three separate cells. Each of the three cells is committed to form cells limited to a specific embryonic germ layer lineage. Thus the second category consists of germ layer lineage ectodermal stem cells, germ layer lineage mesodermal stem cells, and germ layer lineage endodermal stem cells. The third category of precursor cells, progenitor cells, contains a multitude of cells. These cells are committed to form specific cell and tissue types and are the immediate precursors to the differentiated cells and tissues of the adult. The three categories of precursor cells can be readily isolated from adult tissues. They can be distinguished from each other based on their size, growth in cell culture, expressed genes, cell surface markers, and potential for differentiation. This report also discusses new findings. These findings include the karyotypic analysis of germ layer lineage stem cells; the appearance of dopaminergic neurons after implantation of naive adult pluripotent stem cells into a 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned Parkinson's model; and the use of adult stem cells as transport mechanisms for exogenous genetic material. We conclude by discussing the potential roles of adult-derived precursor cells as building blocks for tissue repair and as delivery vehicles for molecular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry E Young
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, USA.
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Marquez YD, Wang MY, Liu CY. Cellular signaling in neural stem cells: implications for restorative neurosurgery. Neurosurg Focus 2005; 19:E2. [PMID: 16190601 DOI: 10.3171/foc.2005.19.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Over the course of the past few decades, it has become apparent that in contrast to previously held beliefs, the adult central nervous system (CNS) may have the capability of regeneration and repair. This greatly expands the possibilities for the future treatment of CNS disorders, with the potential strategies of treatment targeting the entire scope of neurological diseases. Indeed, there is now ample evidence that stem cells exist in the CNS throughout life, and the progeny of these stem cells may have the ability to assume the functional role of neural cells that have been lost. The existence of stem cells is no longer in dispute. In addition, once transplanted, stem cells have been shown to survive, migrate, and differentiate. Nevertheless, the clinical utility of stem cell therapy for neurorestoration remains elusive. Without question, the control of the behavior of stem cells for therapeutic advantage poses considerable challenges. In this paper, the authors discuss the cellular signaling processes that influence the behavior of stem cells. These signaling processes take place in the microenvironment of the stem cell known as the niche. Also considered are the implications attending the replication and manipulation of elements of the stem cell niche to restore function in the CNS by using stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette D Marquez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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13
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Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells have the potential to proliferate indefinitely in culture and can differentiate into any cell type. The emergence of ES cell lines from human embryos in the past 5 years has attracted profound public and scientific interest, given the far-reaching potential applications of these cells in regenerative medicine. In the future, it is possible that human ES (hES) cells might serve as an unlimited source of cells for transplantation therapy under conditions that result from cell degeneration or malfunction, and that genetically manipulated hES cells might serve as vectors to carry and express genes in target organs following transplantation in the course of gene therapy. This chapter reviews the properties of hES cells and their potential advantages and limitations for cell-based therapies. We also describe various approaches that might be utilized with hES cells to avoid potential immune rejection after allogeneic transplantation and hence circumvent the need for systemic immune suppression. Up-to-date research in establishing committed tissue-specific progenitors from ES cells and evidence of their function after transplantation in various animal disease models is also reviewed. The chapter concludes that hES cells show great promise for regenerative medicine although significant developments are still required to exploit their potential for cell and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoel Shufaro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, The Hadassah Human ES Cell Research Center, Hadassah (Ein Kerem) University Hospital, P.O. Box 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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14
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury results from a sudden and external physical insult to the head, which is often accompanied by motor and cognitive impairment. Neurotrauma is characterized not only by focal abnormalities, but rather by multifocal, or even global structural and functional disturbances of the brain network. The impact initially causes necrotic cell death in the underlying tissue, followed by apoptotic cell death in the surrounding tissue due to multiple subsequent events, such as ischemia, excitotoxicity and altered gene expression. These pathological conditions are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite the high medical and economical relevance of neurotrauma there are currently no sufficient treatments. Supplementary therapeutic strategies have to be established. Many types of stem cells have the ability to engraft diffusely and become integral members of structures throughout the host CNS. Intrinsic factors appear to derive spontaneously from stem cells and seem to be capable of neuroprotective and/or neuroregenerative functions. Furthermore stem cells can be readily engineered to express specific genes. Such observations suggest that stem cells might participate in reconstructing the molecular and cellular milieu of traumatized brains. In this paper, the state of stem cell research is reviewed and its possible application in neurotrauma will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brodhun
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich Schiller University, Bachstrasse 18, Jena 07740, Germany.
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15
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Armstrong RJE, Jain M, Barker RA. Stem cell transplantation as an approach to brain repair. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.11.10.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Xu H, Fan X, Wu X, Tang J, Yang H. Neural precursor cells differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cells relieve symptomatic motor behavior in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 326:115-22. [PMID: 15567160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells are the most versatile cells, with the potential to differentiate into all types of cell lineages including neural precursor cells (NPCs), which can be expanded in large numbers for significant periods of time to provide a reliable cell source for transplantation in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present study, we used the MESPU35 mouse ES cell line, which expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein that enables one to distinguish between transplanted cells and cells of host origin. Embryoid bodies (EBs) were formed and were induced to NPCs in N2 selection medium plus fibronectin. Praxiology and immunohistochemistry methods were used to observe the survival, differentiation, and therapeutic effect of NPCs after grafted into the striatum of PD rats. We found that mouse ESc were differentiated into nestin-positive NPCs 6 days after the EBs formed and cultured in the N2 selection medium. The number of survival NPCs was increased significantly by fibronectin. About 23.76+/-2.29% of remaining cells were tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive 12 days after NPCs were cultured in N2 selective medium. The survival rates of NPCs were 2.10+/-0.41% and about 90.90+/-3.00% of the engrafted NPCs were TH-positive 6 weeks after transplantation into the striatum of PD rats. The rotation of PD rats was relieved 3 weeks after the NPCs transplantation and this effect was kept for at least 6 weeks. It suggests that most of the survival NPCs derived from ES cells differentiated into TH-positive neurons after grafted into the striatum of PD rats, which produces therapeutic effect on PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Xu
- Department of Physiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
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17
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Pei Y, He X, Xie Z. Survival and differentiation of dopaminergic neurons can be regulated by soluble factors from cortex in vitro. Neuroreport 2004; 15:1847-50. [PMID: 15305122 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200408260-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The transplantation of dopaminergic (DA) neurons is used for treating Parkinson's disease. However, their actual application is restricted by a limited source of DA cells. Here we report that DA cells can be increased 5- to 10-fold in vitro by the soluble factors from cortex in early developmental stages, which is much more than any previously identified growth factors such as BDNF, GDNF and NT3. We also show that the effect of the soluble factors from cortex is stronger than those of midbrain at embryonic early developmental ages. In contrast, at middle ages the soluble factors from midbrain present a much stronger effect. These findings suggest that the development of DA cells may be regulated by growth factors in a complex spatial and temporal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Pei
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084
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18
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Sayles M, Jain M, Barker RA. The cellular repair of the brain in Parkinson's disease—past, present and future. Transpl Immunol 2004; 12:321-42. [PMID: 15157925 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2003.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Damage to the central nervous system was once considered irreparable. However, there is now growing optimism that neural transplant therapies may one day enable complete circuit reconstruction and thus functional benefit for patients with neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson's disease (PD), and perhaps even those with more widespread damage such as stroke patients. Indeed, since the late 1980s hundreds of patients with Parkinson's disease have received allografts of dopamine-rich embryonic human neural tissue. The grafted tissue has been shown to survive and ameliorate many of the symptoms of the disease, both in the clinical setting and in animal models of the disease. However, practical problems associated with tissue procurement and storage, and ethical concerns over using aborted human fetal tissue have fuelled a search for alternative sources of suitable material for grafting. In particular, stem cells and xenogeneic embryonic dopamine-rich neural tissue are being explored, both of which bring their own practical and ethical dilemmas. Here we review the progress made in neural transplantation, both in the laboratory and in the clinic with particular attention to the development of stem cell and xenogeneic tissue based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sayles
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 2PY, UK
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19
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Petrova PS, Raibekas A, Pevsner J, Vigo N, Anafi M, Moore MK, Peaire A, Shridhar V, Smith DI, Kelly J, Durocher Y, Commissiong JW. Discovering novel phenotype-selective neurotrophic factors to treat neurodegenerative diseases. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 146:168-83. [PMID: 14699964 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(03)46012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes and neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) interact functionally to mediate processes as diverse as neuroprotection, neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. Moreover, the interaction can be homotypic, implying that astrocyte-derived secreted molecules affect their adjacent neurons optimally vs remote neurons. Astrocytes produce neurotrophic and extracellular matrix molecules that affect neuronal growth, development and survival, synaptic development, stabilization and functioning, and neurogenesis. This new knowledge offers the opportunity of developing astrocyte-derived, secreted proteins as a new class of therapeutics specifically to treat diseases of the CNS. However, primary astrocytes proliferate slowly in vitro, and when induced to immortalize by genetic manipulation, tend to lose their phenotype. These problems have limited the development of astrocytes as sources of potential drug candidates. We have successfully developed a method to induce spontaneous immortalization of astrocytes. Gene expression analysis, karyotyping and activity profiling data show that these spontaneously immortalized type-1 astrocyte cell lines retain the properties of their primary parents. The method is generic, such that cell lines can be prepared from any region of the CNS. To date, a library of 70 cell lines from four regions of the CNS: ventral mesencephalon, striatum, cerebral cortex and hippocampus, has been created. A phenotype-selective neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic neurons has been discovered from one of the cell lines (VMCL1). This mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is a 20 kD, glycosylated, human secreted protein. Homologs of this protein have been identified in 16 other species including C. elegans. These new developments offer the opportunity of creating a library of astrocyte-derived molecules, and developing the ones with the best therapeutic indices for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penka S Petrova
- Prescient NeuroPharma Inc., Laboratories of Protein Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Toronto, ON, Canada
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20
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Liu CY, Westerlund U, Svensson M, Moe MC, Varghese M, Berg-Johnsen J, Apuzzo MLJ, Tirrell DA, Langmoen IA. Artificial Niches for Human Adult Neural Stem Cells: Possibility for Autologous Transplantation Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 12:689-99. [PMID: 14977478 DOI: 10.1089/15258160360732713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular transplantation therapy is thought to play a central role in the concept of restorative neurosurgery, which aims to restore function to the damaged nervous system. Stem cells represent a potentially renewable source of transplantable cells. However, control of the behavior of these cells, both in the process of clonogenic expansion and post-transplantation, represents formidable challenges. Stem cell behavior is thought to be directed by extracellular signals in their in vivo niches, many of which are protein or peptide based. As only one example, activation of Notch plays an important role in normal development and is the strongest known signal for stem cells to choose glial over neuronal fates. Therefore, artificial extracellular matrix proteins represent a potentially powerful tool to custom design artificial niches to strategically control stem cell behavior. We have developed a family of aECM proteins that incorporate the active domains of the DSL ligands to the Notch receptor into an elastin-based backbone. The development of our DSL-elastin artificial proteins demonstrates the design strategy and methodology for the production of bioactive artificial extracellular matrix proteins aimed at modulating stem cell behavior, and this method can be used to design other bioactive aECM proteins. In addition, we have developed a method for the isolation and characterization of adult human neural stem cells from periventricular tissue harvested from living patients. This paper reviews cellular transplantation therapy from the clinical perspective and summarizes ongoing work aimed at exploring the intriguing possibility of autologous transplantation, whereby neural stem cells can be harvested from adult patients, expanded or modified in vitro in artificial niches, and retransplanted into the original patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Y Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90033, USA.
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21
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Genetic analysis of the roles of Hh, FGF8, and nodal signaling during catecholaminergic system development in the zebrafish brain. J Neurosci 2003. [PMID: 12843251 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-13-05507.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CNS catecholaminergic neurons can be distinguished by their neurotransmitters as dopaminergic or noradrenergic and form in distinct regions at characteristic embryonic stages. This raises the question of whether all catecholaminergic neurons of one transmitter type are specified by the same set of factors. Therefore, we performed genetic analyses to define signaling requirements for the specification of distinct clusters of catecholaminergic neurons in zebrafish. In mutants affecting midbrain- hindbrain boundary (MHB) organizer formation, the earliest ventral diencephalic dopaminergic neurons appear normal. However, after 2 d of development, we observed fewer cells than in wild types, which suggests that the MHB provides proliferation or survival factors rather than specifying ventral diencephalic dopaminergic clusters. In hedgehog (Hh) pathway mutants, the formation of catecholaminergic neurons is affected only in the pretectal cluster. Surprisingly, neither fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) alone nor in combination with Hh signaling is required for specification of early developing dopaminergic neurons. We analyzed the formation of prosomeric territories in the forebrain of Hh and Nodal pathway mutants to determine whether the absence of specific dopaminergic clusters may be caused by early patterning defects ablating corresponding parts of the CNS. In Nodal pathway mutants, ventral diencephalic and pretectal catecholaminergic neurons fail to develop, whereas both anatomical structures form at least in part. This suggests that Nodal signaling is required for catecholaminergic neuron specification. In summary, our results do not support the previously suggested dominant roles for sonic hedgehog and Fgf8 in specification of the first catecholaminergic neurons, but instead indicate a novel role for Nodal signaling in this process.
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Abstract
Although progressive neurodegenerative diseases have very different and highly specific causes, the dysfunction or loss of a vulnerable group of neurons is common to all these disorders and may allow the development of similar therapeutic approaches to the treatment of diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. When a disease is diagnosed, the first step is to instigate protective measures to prevent further degeneration. However, most patients are symptom-free until almost all of the vulnerable cells have become dysfunctional or have died. There are known molecular mechanisms and processes in stem cells and progenitor cells that may be of use in the future design and selection of cell-based replacement therapies for neurological diseases. This review provides examples of conceptual and clinical problems that have been encountered in the development of cell-based treatments, and specific criteria for the effective use of cells in the future treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Abstract
Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain are critically involved in several neurological-psychiatric illnesses and are specifically lost in Parkinson's disease. The DA neurons are generated through the interactions of multiple extrinsic and intrinsic factors during the embryogenesis. The identities and mechanisms of actions of a subset of these factors have recently been elucidated. The same factors have also been successfully used to induce efficient differentiation of DA neurons in vitro from embryonic stem cells or neural progenitors. These advances have far reaching scientific and medical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Lin
- Rinat Neuroscience Corp., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Liu CY, Apuzzo ML, Tirrell DA. Engineering of the Extracellular Matrix: Working toward Neural Stem Cell Programming and Neurorestoration— Concept and Progress Report. Neurosurgery 2003. [DOI: 10.1093/neurosurgery/52.5.1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Liu CY, Apuzzo ML, Tirrell DA. Engineering of the Extracellular Matrix: Working toward Neural Stem Cell Programming and Neurorestoration— Concept and Progress Report. Neurosurgery 2003. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000057747.93237.8f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Watson DJ, Longhi L, Lee EB, Fulp CT, Fujimoto S, Royo NC, Passini MA, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, McIntosh TK, Wolfe JH. Genetically modified NT2N human neuronal cells mediate long-term gene expression as CNS grafts in vivo and improve functional cognitive outcome following experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2003; 62:368-80. [PMID: 12722829 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/62.4.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Ntera-2 (NT2) cells can be differentiated in vitro into well-characterized populations of NT2N neurons that engraft and mature when transplanted into the adult CNS of rodents and humans. They have shown promise as treatments for neurologic disease, trauma, and ischemic stroke. Although these features suggest that NT2N neurons would be an excellent platform for ex vivo gene therapy in the CNS, stable gene expression has been surprisingly difficult to achieve in these cells. In this report we demonstrate stable, efficient, and nontoxic gene transfer into undifferentiated NT2 cells using a pseudotyped lentiviral vector encoding the human elongation factor 1-alpha promoter and the reporter gene eGFP. Expression of eGFP was maintained when the NT2 cells were differentiated into NT2N neurons after treatment with retinoic acid. When transplanted into the striatum of adult nude mice, transduced NT2N neurons survived, engrafted, and continued to express the reporter gene for long-term time points in vivo. Furthermore, transplantation of NT2N neurons genetically modified to express nerve growth factor significantly attenuated cognitive dysfunction following traumatic brain injury in mice. These results demonstrate that defined populations of genetically modified human NT2N neurons are a practical and effective platform for stable ex vivo gene delivery into the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Watson
- Department of Pathobiology, Center for Comparative Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Although stem cells have held the fascination of scientists for years, the attention of the general public has recently been captured by the derivation of human embryonic stem cells. In this review we describe the historical experiments leading up to the isolation of human embryonic stem cells and discuss recent advances in our understanding of both embryonic and somatic stem cells. Select examples are used to illustrate the potential of stem cells, both in the sense of their ability to differentiate into specific cell types and in the sense of their power to treat various diseases and conditions. Also discussed are recent studies describing current progress toward the treatment of Parkinson disease, spinal cord injuries, diabetes, and cardiac disease. TARGET AUDIENCE Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians LEARNING OBJECTIVES After completion of this article, the reader will be able to describe the various types of stem cells, outline potential clinical uses of stem cells, and summarize the somatic cell transdifferentiation debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina C Pfendler
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Chung S, Sonntag KC, Andersson T, Bjorklund LM, Park JJ, Kim DW, Kang UJ, Isacson O, Kim KS. Genetic engineering of mouse embryonic stem cells by Nurr1 enhances differentiation and maturation into dopaminergic neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 16:1829-38. [PMID: 12453046 PMCID: PMC2610444 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nurr1 is a transcription factor critical for the development of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons. This study modified mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells to constitutively express Nurr1 under the elongation factor-1alpha promoter. The Nurr1-expression in ES cells lead to up-regulation of all DA neuronal markers tested, resulting in about a 4- to 5-fold increase in the proportion of DA neurons. In contrast, other neuronal and glial markers were not significantly changed by Nurr1 expression. It was also observed that there was an additional 4-fold increase in the number of DA neurons in Nurr1-expressing clones following treatment with Shh, FGF8 and ascorbic acid. Several lines of evidence suggest that these neurons may represent midbrain DA neuronal phenotypes; firstly, they coexpress midbrain DA markers such as aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, calretinin, and dopamine transporter, in addition to tyrosine hydroxylase and secondly, they do not coexpress other neurotransmitters such as GABA or serotonin. Finally, consistent with an increased number of DA neurons, the Nurr1 transduction enhanced the ability of these neurons to produce and release DA in response to membrane depolarization. This study demonstrates an efficient genetic manipulation of ES cells that facilitates differentiation to midbrain DA neurons, and it will serve as a framework of genetic engineering of ES cells by key transcription factor to regulate their cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmi Chung
- Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratories; McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Kai-C. Sonntag
- Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratories; McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Therese Andersson
- Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratories; McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Lars M. Bjorklund
- Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Jae-Joon Park
- Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratories; McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratories; McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Un Jung Kang
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Ole Isacson
- Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratories; McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease is one of the most likely neurological disorders to be fully treatable by drugs and new therapeutic modalities. The age-dependent and multifactorial nature of its pathogenesis allows for many strategies of intervention and repair. Most data indicate that the selectively vulnerable dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of patients that have developed Parkinson's disease can be modified by protective and reparative therapies. First, the oxidative stress, protein abnormalities, and cellular inclusions typically seen could be dealt with by anti-oxidants, trophic factors, and proteolytic enhancements. Secondly, if the delay of degeneration is not sufficient, then immature dopamine neurons can be placed in the parkinsonian brain by transplantation. Such neurons can be derived from stem cell sources or even stimulated to repair from endogenous stem cells. Novel molecular and cellular treatments provide new tools to prevent and alleviate Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Stem cells undergo self-renewal and differentiate into multiple lineages of mature cells. The identification of stem cells in diverse adult tissues and the findings that human embryonic stem cells can be proliferated and differentiated has kindled the imagination of both scientists and the public regarding future stem cell technology. These cells could constitute an unlimited supply of diverse cell types that can be used for cell transplantation or drug discovery. The new options raise several fundamental ethical issues. This review gives an overview of the scientific basis underlying the hope generated by stem cell research and discusses current ethical and funding regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Paul
- Section for Neuronal Survival, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC A10, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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32
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Bjorklund LM, Sánchez-Pernaute R, Chung S, Andersson T, Chen IYC, McNaught KSP, Brownell AL, Jenkins BG, Wahlestedt C, Kim KS, Isacson O. Embryonic stem cells develop into functional dopaminergic neurons after transplantation in a Parkinson rat model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:2344-9. [PMID: 11782534 PMCID: PMC122367 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.022438099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 804] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although implantation of fetal dopamine (DA) neurons can reduce parkinsonism in patients, current methods are rudimentary, and a reliable donor cell source is lacking. We show that transplanting low doses of undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells into the rat striatum results in a proliferation of ES cells into fully differentiated DA neurons. ES cell-derived DA neurons caused gradual and sustained behavioral restoration of DA-mediated motor asymmetry. Behavioral recovery paralleled in vivo positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging data demonstrating DA-mediated hemodynamic changes in the striatum and associated brain circuitry. These results demonstrate that transplanted ES cells can develop spontaneously into DA neurons. Such DA neurons can restore cerebral function and behavior in an animal model of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars M Bjorklund
- Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Neuroregeneration Laboratories, and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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33
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Kawasaki H, Suemori H, Mizuseki K, Watanabe K, Urano F, Ichinose H, Haruta M, Takahashi M, Yoshikawa K, Nishikawa SI, Nakatsuji N, Sasai Y. Generation of dopaminergic neurons and pigmented epithelia from primate ES cells by stromal cell-derived inducing activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:1580-5. [PMID: 11818560 PMCID: PMC122233 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.032662199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a stromal cell-derived inducing activity (SDIA), which induces differentiation of neural cells, including midbrain tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH(+)) dopaminergic neurons, from mouse embryonic stem cells. We report here that SDIA induces efficient neural differentiation also in primate embryonic stem cells. Induced neurons contain TH(+) neurons at a frequency of 35% and produce a significant amount of dopamine. Interestingly, differentiation of TH(+) neurons from undifferentiated embryonic cells occurs much faster in vitro (10 days) than it does in the embryo (approximately 5 weeks). In addition, 8% of the colonies contain large patches of Pax6(+)-pigmented epithelium of the retina. The SDIA method provides an unlimited source of primate cells for the study of pathogenesis, drug development, and transplantation in degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and retinitis pigmentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Embryology and Neurobiology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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34
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Luyten FP, Dell'Accio F, De Bari C. Skeletal tissue engineering: opportunities and challenges. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2001; 15:759-69. [PMID: 11812020 DOI: 10.1053/berh.2001.0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a field of biomedicine that is growing rapidly and is critically driven by scientific advances in the areas of developmental and cell biology and biomaterial sciences. Regeneration of skeletal tissues is among the most promising areas of biological tissue repair and is providing a broad spectrum of potential clinical applications, including joint resurfacing. The availability of novel tools such as pluripotent stem cells, morphogens, smart biomaterials and gene transfer technologies, makes us dream of many exciting novel therapeutic approaches. Despite these opportunities in regenerative medicine, good clinical practice requires the clinician to question the consistency, reproducibility, validation and appropriate regulation of these new biological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Luyten
- Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Onderwijs & Navorsing, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals, Herestraat 49, KU, Leuven, Belgium
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Blau
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Anderson
- Division of Biology 216-76, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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