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Niclou A, St-Martin P, Redman LM, Bergouignan A. New frontiers in the measurement of energy metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E239-E243. [PMID: 37493244 PMCID: PMC10642982 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00070.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
This perspective highlights three key areas of current and future energy metabolism research: intergenerational health, climate change, and interplanetary exploration. We describe the recent advances in determining estimated energy requirements for a large subset of the general population using the gold standard method for free-living total daily energy expenditure estimates, the doubly labeled water method. The global rise in overweight and obesity demands particular attention to energy requirements in pregnancy and early life, as accumulating evidence contributes to our understanding of intergenerational health transmission and the potential for epigenetic programming in utero. We also acknowledge some gaps in necessary guidelines and understandings of energy requirements for underrepresented populations (i.e., individuals from low and middle-income countries) or those who undergo major physiological changes in new environment (e.g., astronauts). The rising prevalence of excess weight gain, together with climate change, cumulate into a global syndemic exposing vulnerable populations to both malnutrition and the effects of unpredictable and severe weather events, emphasizing the need for varied energetic data accounting for rapid physiological and socioeconomic changes. Finally, we relate how specific estimated energy requirements are needed to account for the energetic challenges specific to extended space travel and ensure the success of interplanetary exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Niclou
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Women's Health Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Philippe St-Martin
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Research Centre on Aging, Université de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Women's Health Laboratory, Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Leanne M Redman
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Women's Health Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Women's Health Laboratory, Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Anschutz Health & Wellness Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
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Molz P, Dallemole DR, Molz WA, Priebe Steffens J, Wildner Maluf S, Baroni Cruz D, Rieger A, Salvador M, Prá D, Rech Franke SI. Iron supplementation does not aggravate impaired glucose tolerance and sugar overload-induced genotoxicity in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2022:10.1007/s11010-022-04625-8. [PMID: 36564575 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
High sugar intake is a major risk factor for metabolic disorders. Genotoxicity is an important factor in diabetes onset, and iron (Fe) may be an aggravating element. However, this relationship is still poorly established. Thus, this study evaluated whether Fe supplementation could aggravate obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, and sugar overload-induced genotoxicity in rats. A total of 24 rats were treated with different diets: standard diet (SD, n = 8), invert sugar overload (320 g/L, HSD, n = 8), or Fe plus invert sugar overload (2.56 mg/L of Fe2+, Fe-HSD, n = 8) for four months. After treatment, the Fe-HSD group showed no excessive weight gain or impaired glucose tolerance. DNA damage in blood, as assessed by comet assay, gradually increased in HSD during treatment (p < 0.001), whereas Fe-HSD showed a nonlinear increase in DNA damage. Moreover, Fe-HSD presented 0.6-fold more DNA damage compared with SD (p = 0.0055) in the 1st month of treatment. At months 2 and 3, results show a ≥ 1.4-fold increase in HSD and Fe-HSD DNA damage, respectively, compared with SD (p < 0.01). At the end of the experiment, only HSD DNA damage differed from SD (1.5-fold more, p = 0.0196). Fe supplementation did not aggravate the invert sugar-induced DNA damage (p > 0.05). In the pancreas, results showed no differences in DNA damage. Mutagenicity, evaluated by micronucleus testing, was not observed regardless of treatment (p = 0.428). Fe supplementation, in the evaluated concentration, did not aggravate weight gain, impaired glucose tolerance, and sugar overload-induced genotoxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Molz
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Danieli Rosane Dallemole
- Laboratory of Histology and Pathology, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
| | - Walter Augusto Molz
- Medicine Course, Department of Biology and Pharmacy, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juliana Priebe Steffens
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sharbel Wildner Maluf
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Genome Stability, Graduate Program in Pharmacy and University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Dennis Baroni Cruz
- Medicine Course, Department of Biology and Pharmacy, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Rieger
- Graduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Mirian Salvador
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniel Prá
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvia Isabel Rech Franke
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil. .,Graduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.
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3
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Effect of Exercise on Energy Expenditure and Body Composition in Astronauts Onboard the International Space Station: Considerations for Interplanetary Travel. Sports Med 2022; 52:3039-3053. [PMID: 35829995 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Body mass (BM) loss and body composition (BC) changes threaten astronauts' health and mission success. However, the energetic contribution of the exercise countermeasure to these changes has never been investigated during long-term missions. We studied energy balance and BC in astronauts during 6-month missions onboard the International Space Station. METHODS Before and after at least 3 months in space, BM, BC, total and activity energy expenditure (TEE and AEE) were measured using the doubly labeled water method in 11 astronauts (2011-2017). Physical activity (PA) was assessed by the SensewearPro® activity-device. RESULTS Three-month spaceflight decreased BM (- 1.20 kg [SE 0.5]; P = 0.04), mainly due to non-significant fat-free mass loss (FFM; - 0.94 kg [0.59]). The decrease in walking time (- 63.2 min/day [11.5]; P < 0.001) from preflight was compensated by increases in non-ambulatory activities (+ 64.8 min/day [18.8]; P < 0.01). Average TEE was unaffected but a large interindividual variability was noted. Astronauts were stratified into those who maintained (stable_TEE; n = 6) and those who decreased (decreased_TEE; n = 5) TEE and AEE compared to preflight data. Although both groups lost similar BM, FFM was maintained and FM reduced in stable_TEE astronauts, while FFM decreased and FM increased in decreased_TEE astronauts (estimated between-group-difference (EGD) in ΔFFMindex [FFMI] 0.87 kg/m2, 95% CI + 0.32 to + 1.41; P = 0.01, ΔFMindex [FMI] - 1.09 kg/m2, 95% CI - 2.06 to - 0.11 kg/m2; P = 0.03). The stable_TEE group had higher baseline FFMI, and greater baseline and inflight vigorous PA than the decreased_TEE group (P < 0.05 for all). ΔFMI and ΔFFMI were respectively negatively and positively associated with both ΔTEE and ΔAEE. CONCLUSION Both ground fitness and inflight overall PA are associated with spaceflight-induced TEE and BC changes and thus energy requirements. New instruments are needed to measure real-time individual changes in inflight energy balance components.
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4
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Tang H, Rising HH, Majji M, Brown RD. Long-Term Space Nutrition: A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010194. [PMID: 35011072 PMCID: PMC8747021 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This scoping review aimed to identify current evidence and gaps in the field of long-term space nutrition. Specifically, the review targeted critical nutritional needs during long-term manned missions in outer space in addition to the essential components of a sustainable space nutrition system for meeting these needs. The search phrase "space food and the survival of astronauts in long-term missions" was used to collect the initial 5432 articles from seven Chinese and seven English databases. From these articles, two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts to identify 218 articles for full-text reviews based on three themes and 18 keyword combinations as eligibility criteria. The results suggest that it is possible to address short-term adverse environmental factors and nutritional deficiencies by adopting effective dietary measures, selecting the right types of foods and supplements, and engaging in specific sustainable food production and eating practices. However, to support self-sufficiency during long-term space exploration, the most optimal and sustainable space nutrition systems are likely to be supported primarily by fresh food production, natural unprocessed foods as diets, nutrient recycling of food scraps and cultivation systems, and the establishment of closed-loop biospheres or landscape-based space habitats as long-term life support systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Tang
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Hope Hui Rising
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Manoranjan Majji
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Robert D. Brown
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
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5
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Scott JPR, Kramer A, Petersen N, Green DA. The Role of Long-Term Head-Down Bed Rest in Understanding Inter-Individual Variation in Response to the Spaceflight Environment: A Perspective Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:614619. [PMID: 33643065 PMCID: PMC7904881 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.614619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to the spaceflight environment results in profound multi-system physiological adaptations in which there appears to be substantial inter-individual variability (IV) between crewmembers. However, performance of countermeasure exercise renders it impossible to separate the effects of the spaceflight environment alone from those associated with exercise, whilst differences in exercise programs, spaceflight operations constraints, and environmental factors further complicate the interpretation of IV. In contrast, long-term head-down bed rest (HDBR) studies isolate (by means of a control group) the effects of mechanical unloading from those associated with countermeasures and control many of the factors that may contribute to IV. In this perspective, we review the available evidence of IV in response to the spaceflight environment and discuss factors that complicate its interpretation. We present individual data from two 60-d HDBR studies that demonstrate that, despite the highly standardized experimental conditions, marked quantitative differences still exist in the response of the cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal systems between individuals. We also discuss the statistical concept of “true” and “false” individual differences and its potential application to HDBR data. We contend that it is currently not possible to evaluate IV in response to the spaceflight environment and countermeasure exercise. However, with highly standardized experimental conditions and the presence of a control group, HDBR is suitable for the investigation of IV in the physiological responses to gravitational unloading and countermeasures. Such investigations may provide valuable insights into the potential role of IV in adaptations to the spaceflight environment and the effectiveness of current and future countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P R Scott
- Space Medicine Team, ISS Operations and Astronaut Group, Directorate of Human and Robotic Exploration, European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany.,KBR GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Kramer
- Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nora Petersen
- Space Medicine Team, ISS Operations and Astronaut Group, Directorate of Human and Robotic Exploration, European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany.,KBR GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - David A Green
- Space Medicine Team, ISS Operations and Astronaut Group, Directorate of Human and Robotic Exploration, European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany.,KBR GmbH, Cologne, Germany.,Centre of Human and Applied Physiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Taylor AJ, Beauchamp JD, Briand L, Heer M, Hummel T, Margot C, McGrane S, Pieters S, Pittia P, Spence C. Factors affecting flavor perception in space: Does the spacecraft environment influence food intake by astronauts? Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:3439-3475. [PMID: 33337044 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The intention to send a crewed mission to Mars involves a huge amount of planning to ensure a safe and successful mission. Providing adequate amounts of food for the crew is a major task, but 20 years of feeding astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) have resulted in a good knowledge base. A crucial observation from the ISS is that astronauts typically consume only 80% of their daily calorie requirements when in space. This is despite daily exercise regimes that keep energy usage at very similar levels to those found on Earth. This calorie deficit seems to have little effect on astronauts who spend up to 12 months on the ISS, but given that a mission to Mars would take 30 to 36 months to complete, there is concern that a calorie deficit over this period may lead to adverse effects in crew members. The key question is why astronauts undereat when they have a supply of food designed to fully deliver their nutritional needs. This review focuses on evidence from astronauts that foods taste different in space, compared to on Earth. The underlying hypothesis is that conditions in space may change the perceived flavor of the food, and this flavor change may, in turn, lead to underconsumption by astronauts. The key areas investigated in this review for their potential impact on food intake are the effects of food shelf life, physiological changes, noise, air and water quality on the perception of food flavor, as well as the link between food flavor and food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan D Beauchamp
- Department of Sensory Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Loïc Briand
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Martina Heer
- International University of Applied Sciences, Bad Honnef, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Scott McGrane
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Waltham on the Wolds, UK
| | - Serge Pieters
- Haute Ecole Léonard de Vinci, Institut Paul Lambin, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paola Pittia
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Charles Spence
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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7
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Amereh F, Babaei M, Eslami A, Fazelipour S, Rafiee M. The emerging risk of exposure to nano(micro)plastics on endocrine disturbance and reproductive toxicity: From a hypothetical scenario to a global public health challenge. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114158. [PMID: 32088433 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Humans are potentially exposed to nano(micro)plastics, however their interaction with tissues and cells in humans remains largely unknown. This premise is particularly notable with nano-sized plastic particulates, a potentially most pernicious form of plastic pollution. In this study, even in a hypothetical scenario in terms of dose (1, 3, 6 and 10 mg/kg-day) and exposure time (five weeks), the potential endocrine disturbances with particular reference to reproductive toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NPs, average size = 38.92 nm) was studied in male rats considering biomarkers of semen quality, changes in hormonal milieu and molecular signatures of endocrine disruption. Sperm DNA integrity and its chromatin structure were also analyzed. There observed significant inverse associations between exposure to PS NPs and serum concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Tissue and cell impairments were also noticed even at the lowest tested dosage, though the severity of lesions followed a clear dose-response pattern. DNA damage as well as alterations in sperm morphology and viability were evident, again proportionally with the amount of exposure dosage. RT-qPCR data were in accordance with the results of physio-histological alterations and fluorescence imaging, as significant down-regulation of PLZF, DAZL, FSH and LH gene expressions were noticed in the testis of exposed animals, suggesting that exposure interferes with spermatogenesis and also with HPT-axis. However, among those with highest exposure dosage, expressions of FSH and LH were significantly increased. ABP modulation further revealed evidence of a nonlinear dose response. The association between PS NPs exposure and GnRH was indeed in an unexpected positive direction, though these end-points were less sensitive at higher doses. Although additional evidence is warranted, the present work provides new insights into the possible risks of plastic nanoparticles exposure in humans, especially since the problem is growing and will persist for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Amereh
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Babaei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University Hamedan, Iran
| | - Akbar Eslami
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Fazelipour
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Tehran Medical Science Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Narici M, Vito GD, Franchi M, Paoli A, Moro T, Marcolin G, Grassi B, Baldassarre G, Zuccarelli L, Biolo G, di Girolamo FG, Fiotti N, Dela F, Greenhaff P, Maganaris C. Impact of sedentarism due to the COVID-19 home confinement on neuromuscular, cardiovascular and metabolic health: Physiological and pathophysiological implications and recommendations for physical and nutritional countermeasures. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:614-635. [PMID: 32394816 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1761076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented health crisis as entire populations have been asked to self-isolate and live in home-confinement for several weeks to months, which in itself represents a physiological challenge with significant health risks. This paper describes the impact of sedentarism on the human body at the level of the muscular, cardiovascular, metabolic, endocrine and nervous systems and is based on evidence from several models of inactivity, including bed rest, unilateral limb suspension, and step-reduction. Data form these studies show that muscle wasting occurs rapidly, being detectable within two days of inactivity. This loss of muscle mass is associated with fibre denervation, neuromuscular junction damage and upregulation of protein breakdown, but is mostly explained by the suppression of muscle protein synthesis. Inactivity also affects glucose homeostasis as just few days of step reduction or bed rest, reduce insulin sensitivity, principally in muscle. Additionally, aerobic capacity is impaired at all levels of the O2 cascade, from the cardiovascular system, including peripheral circulation, to skeletal muscle oxidative function. Positive energy balance during physical inactivity is associated with fat deposition, associated with systemic inflammation and activation of antioxidant defences, exacerbating muscle loss. Importantly, these deleterious effects of inactivity can be diminished by routine exercise practice, but the exercise dose-response relationship is currently unknown. Nevertheless, low to medium-intensity high volume resistive exercise, easily implementable in home-settings, will have positive effects, particularly if combined with a 15-25% reduction in daily energy intake. This combined regimen seems ideal for preserving neuromuscular, metabolic and cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Narici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, CIR-MYO Myology Center, Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, CIR-MYO Myology Center, Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Martino Franchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nutrition and Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nutrition and Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marcolin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nutrition and Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Bruno Grassi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | - Gianni Biolo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Trieste, Ospedale di Cattinara, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Fiotti
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Trieste, Ospedale di Cattinara, Trieste, Italy
| | - Flemming Dela
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Greenhaff
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, The Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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9
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Laurens C, Simon C, Vernikos J, Gauquelin-Koch G, Blanc S, Bergouignan A. Revisiting the Role of Exercise Countermeasure on the Regulation of Energy Balance During Space Flight. Front Physiol 2019; 10:321. [PMID: 30984019 PMCID: PMC6449861 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A body mass loss has been consistently observed in astronauts. This loss is of medical concern since energy deficit can exacerbate some of the deleterious physiological changes observed during space flight including cardiovascular deconditioning, bone density, muscle mass and strength losses, impaired exercise capacity, and immune deficiency among others. These may jeopardize crew health and performance, a healthy return to Earth and mission’s overall success. In the context of planning for planetary exploration, achieving energy balance during long-term space flights becomes a research and operational priority. The regulation of energy balance and its components in current longer duration missions in space must be re-examined and fully understood. The purpose of this review is to summarize current understanding of how energy intake, energy expenditure, and hence energy balance are regulated in space compared to Earth. Data obtained in both actual and simulated microgravity thus far suggest that the obligatory exercise countermeasures program, rather than the microgravity per se, may be partly responsible for the chronic weight loss in space. Little is known of the energy intake, expenditure, and balance during the intense extravehicular activities which will become increasingly more frequent and difficult. The study of the impact of exercise on energy balance in space also provides further insights on lifestyle modalities such as intensity and frequency of exercise, metabolism, and the regulation of body weight on Earth, which is currently a topic of animated debate in the field of energy and obesity research. While not dismissing the significance of exercise as a countermeasure during space flight, data now challenge the current exercise countermeasure program promoted and adopted for many years by all the International Space Agencies. An alternative exercise approach that has a minimum impact on total energy expenditure in space, while preventing muscle mass loss and other physiological changes, is needed in order to better understand the in-flight regulation of energy balance and estimate daily energy requirements. A large body of data generated on Earth suggests that alternate approaches, such as high intensity interval training (HIIT), in combination or not with sessions of resistive exercise, might fulfill such needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Laurens
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France.,Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Simon
- Carmen INSERM U1060, Laboratoire de Recherche en Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Human Nutrition Research Centre of Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Stéphane Blanc
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France.,Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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10
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Cromer WE, Zawieja DC. Acute exposure to space flight results in evidence of reduced lymph Transport, tissue fluid Shifts, and immune alterations in the rat gastrointestinal system. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2018; 17:74-82. [PMID: 29753416 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Space flight causes a number of alterations in physiological systems, changes in the immunological status of subjects, and altered interactions of the host to environmental stimuli. We studied the effect of space flight on the lymphatic system of the gastrointestinal tract which is responsible for lipid transport and immune surveillance which includes the host interaction with the gut microbiome. We found that there were signs of tissue damage present in the space flown animals that was lacking in ground controls (epithelial damage, crypt morphological changes, etc.). Additionally, morphology of the lymphatic vessels in the tissue suggested a collapsed state at time of harvest and there was a profound change in the retention of lipid in the villi of the ileum. Contrary to our assumptions there was a reduction in tissue fluid volume likely associated with other fluid shifts described. The reduction of tissue fluid volume in the colon and ileum is a likely contributing factor to the state of the lymphatic vessels and lipid transport issues observed. There were also associated changes in the number of MHC-II+ immune cells in the colon tissue, which along with reduced lymphatic competence would favor immune dysfunction in the tissue. These findings help expand our understanding of the effects of space flight on various organ systems. It also points out potential issues that have not been closely examined and have to potential for the need of countermeasure development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Cromer
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, United States.
| | - D C Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, United States
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11
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Development of new experimental platform 'MARS'-Multiple Artificial-gravity Research System-to elucidate the impacts of micro/partial gravity on mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10837. [PMID: 28883615 PMCID: PMC5589811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency project focused on elucidating the impacts of partial gravity (partial g) and microgravity (μg) on mice using newly developed mouse habitat cage units (HCU) that can be installed in the Centrifuge-equipped Biological Experiment Facility in the International Space Station. In the first mission, 12 C57BL/6 J male mice were housed under μg or artificial earth-gravity (1 g). Mouse activity was monitored daily via downlinked videos; μg mice floated inside the HCU, whereas artificial 1 g mice were on their feet on the floor. After 35 days of habitation, all mice were returned to the Earth and processed. Significant decreases were evident in femur bone density and the soleus/gastrocnemius muscle weights of μg mice, whereas artificial 1 g mice maintained the same bone density and muscle weight as mice in the ground control experiment, in which housing conditions in the flight experiment were replicated. These data indicate that these changes were particularly because of gravity. They also present the first evidence that the addition of gravity can prevent decreases in bone density and muscle mass, and that the new platform ‘MARS’ may provide novel insights on the molecular-mechanisms regulating biological processes controlled by partial g/μg.
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MONORI-KISS A, KISS F, RESTIFO JM, MONOS E, NADASY GL. Chronic Administration of Quercetin Induces Biomechanical and Pharmacological Remodeling in the Rat Coronary Arteries. Physiol Res 2017; 66:591-599. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute dilation brought about by the dietary flavonoid quercetin in coronary arterioles has been described earlier, but no information is available on its chronic effects. Male Wistar rats (body weight about 190 g) were divided to two groups: the quercetin-treated group (n=22) had quercetin supplementation of approximately 30 mg/kg/day, whereas the control group (n=20) had none. After eight weeks of treatment, intramural coronary arterioles with identical passive diameters (178±14 µm and 171±9 µm) were prepared and their biomechanics and pharmacological reactivities were tested using pressure arteriography ex vivo. The spontaneous tone of quercetin-treated arteries was higher (16.5±1.9 % vs. 12.9±0.9 %), which resulted in a reduced lumen size (144±9 μm vs. 167±12 μm), thicker vascular wall (22.6±1.8 μm vs. 17.4±1.6 μm) and decreased tangential wall stress (16.8±1.1 kPa vs. 20.5±1.6 kPa) in supplemented animals (in spontaneous tone at 50 mm Hg, p<0.01 in all these comparisons). Elevated basal NO release resulted in increased endothelial dilation in quercetin-treated animals, especially at higher intraluminal pressures (10.8±2.5 % vs. 5.7±1.3 % at 70 mm Hg, p<0.01). We found remodeling of the geometry of coronary arterioles to ensure higher dilatory reserve and nitrogen monoxide production, as well as lowered elastic stress of the vessel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. MONORI-KISS
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Tascher G, Brioche T, Maes P, Chopard A, O'Gorman D, Gauquelin-Koch G, Blanc S, Bertile F. Proteome-wide Adaptations of Mouse Skeletal Muscles during a Full Month in Space. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:2623-2638. [PMID: 28590761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The safety of space flight is challenged by a severe loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and endurance that may compromise the health and performance of astronauts. The molecular mechanisms underpinning muscle atrophy and decreased performance have been studied mostly after short duration flights and are still not fully elucidated. By deciphering the muscle proteome changes elicited in mice after a full month aboard the BION-M1 biosatellite, we observed that the antigravity soleus incurred the greatest changes compared with locomotor muscles. Proteomics data notably suggested mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic and fiber type switching toward glycolytic type II fibers, structural alterations, and calcium signaling-related defects to be the main causes for decreased muscle performance in flown mice. Alterations of the protein balance, mTOR pathway, myogenesis, and apoptosis were expected to contribute to muscle atrophy. Moreover, several signs reflecting alteration of telomere maintenance, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance were found as possible additional deleterious effects. Finally, 8 days of recovery post flight were not sufficient to restore completely flight-induced changes. Thus in-depth proteomics analysis unraveled the complex and multifactorial remodeling of skeletal muscle structure and function during long-term space flight, which should help define combined sets of countermeasures before, during, and after the flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Tascher
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-670000 Strasbourg, France.,Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, CNES , 75039 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Brioche
- Université de Montpellier, INRA, UMR 866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier F-34060, France
| | - Pauline Maes
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-670000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Angèle Chopard
- Université de Montpellier, INRA, UMR 866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier F-34060, France
| | - Donal O'Gorman
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology and the School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University , Dublin 9, Ireland
| | | | - Stéphane Blanc
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-670000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Bertile
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-670000 Strasbourg, France
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MOLZ P, RAEL AN, FISCHER MDQ, LIMBERGER LB, PRÁ D, FRANKE SIR. Vitamin C decreases the obesogenic and hyperglycemic effect of invert sugar in prediabetic rats. REV NUTR 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-98652017000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate whether vitamin C can help to prevent obesity and hyperglycemia in Wistar rats treated with excess invert sugar to induce prediabetes. Methods: One hundred-day-old Male Wistar rats with a mean weight of 336.58±23.43g were randomly assigned to the following groups: (1) control, receiving water (C); (2) invert sugar control, receiving a 32% watery solution of invert sugar; (3) vitamin C control, receiving a watery solution of vitamin C (60mg/L), and (4) vitamin C plus invert sugar, receiving a watery solution of vitamin C and invert sugar. All animals had access to chow and water ad libitum and were treated for 17 weeks. Prediabetes was assessed according to two criteria: obesity (based on body mass indexand peritoneal fat content) and impaired glucose tolerance (assessed by the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and expressed as area under the curve) . Results: Group invert sugar control gained significantly more weight (p=0.035) and visceral fat (p<0.001) than groups vitamin C control and vitamin C plus invert sugar. Consequently, groups vitamin C control and vitamin C plus invert sugar had gained as little body mass index as group C by the end of the experiment. Vitamin C decreased the fasting glycemia of both groups supplemented with vitamin C and normalized the glucose tolerance of group vitamin C plus invert sugar, whose area under the curve matched that of group C. Conclusion: Vitamin C has anti-obesogenic and glycemia-lowering effects in Wistar rats, which might be promising to prediabetics. Future studies are needed to understand the anti-obesogenic and anti-hyperglycemic mechanisms of vitamin C in prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel PRÁ
- Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil; Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil; Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
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Bergouignan A, Stein TP, Habold C, Coxam V, O’ Gorman D, Blanc S. Towards human exploration of space: The THESEUS review series on nutrition and metabolism research priorities. NPJ Microgravity 2016; 2:16029. [PMID: 28725737 PMCID: PMC5515527 DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition has multiple roles during space flight from providing sufficient nutrients to meet the metabolic needs of the body and to maintain good health, to the beneficial psychosocial aspects related to the meals. Nutrition is central to the functioning of the body; poor nutrition compromises all the physiological systems. Nutrition is therefore likely to have a key role in counteracting the negative effects of space flight (e.g., radiation, immune deficits, oxidative stress, and bone and muscle loss). As missions increase in duration, any dietary/nutritional deficiencies will become progressively more detrimental. Moreover, it has been recognized that the human diet contains, in addition to essential macronutrients, a complex array of naturally occurring bioactive micronutrients that may confer significant long-term health benefits. It is therefore critical that astronauts be adequately nourished during missions. Problems of nutritional origin are often treatable by simply providing the appropriate nutrients and adequate recommendations. This review highlights six key issues that have been identified as space research priorities in nutrition field: in-flight energy balance; altered feeding behavior; development of metabolic stress; micronutrient deficiency; alteration of gut microflora; and altered fluid and electrolytes balance. For each of these topics, relevance for space exploration, knowledge gaps and proposed investigations are described. Finally, the nutritional questions related to bioastronautics research are very relevant to multiple ground-based-related health issues. The potential spin-offs are both interesting scientifically and potentially of great clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Bergouignan
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - T Peter Stein
- Department of Surgery, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Caroline Habold
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Veronique Coxam
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d’Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Donal O’ Gorman
- Department of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7178, Strasbourg, France
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Proshchina AE, Krivova YS, Saveliev SC. Pancreas of C57 black mice after long-term space flight (Bion-M1 Space Mission). LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2015; 7:22-26. [PMID: 26553634 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we analysed the pancreases of C57BL/6N mice in order to estimate the effects of long-term space flights. Mice were flown aboard the Bion-M1 biosatellite, or remained on ground in the control experiment that replicated environmental and housing conditions in the spacecraft. Vivarium control group was used to account for housing effects. Each of the groups included mice designated for recovery studies. Mice pancreases were dissected for histological and immunohistochemical examinations. Using a morphometry and statistical analysis, a strong correlation between the mean islet size and the mean body weight was revealed in all groups. Therefore, we propose that hypokinesia and an increase in nutrition play an important role in alterations of the endocrine pancreas, both in space flight and terrestrial conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Proshchina
- FSBSI Science Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Y S Krivova
- FSBSI Science Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - S C Saveliev
- FSBSI Science Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
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Du F, Ding Y, Zou J, Li Z, Tian J, She R, Wang D, Wang H, Lv D, Chang L. Morphology and Molecular Mechanisms of Hepatic Injury in Rats under Simulated Weightlessness and the Protective Effects of Resistance Training. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127047. [PMID: 26000905 PMCID: PMC4441474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of long-term simulated weightlessness on liver morphology, enzymes, glycogen, and apoptosis related proteins by using two-month rat-tail suspension model (TS), and liver injury improvement by rat-tail suspension with resistance training model (TS&RT). Microscopically the livers of TS rats showed massive granular degeneration, chronic inflammation, and portal fibrosis. Mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum swelling and loss of membrane integrity were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The similar, but milder, morphological changes were observed in the livers of TS&RT rats. Serum biochemistry analysis revealed that the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly higher (p<0.05) in TS rats than in controls. The levels of ALT and AST in TS&RT rats were slightly lower than in RT rats, but they were insignificantly higher than in controls. However, both TS and TS&RT rats had significantly lower levels (p<0.05) of serum glucose and hepatic glycogen than in controls. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, and active caspase-3 were higher in TS rats than in TS&RT and control rats. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) showed that TS rats had higher mRNA levels (P < 0.05) of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and caspase-12 transcription than in control rats; whereas mRNA expressions of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were slightly higher in TS rats. TS&RT rats showed no significant differences of above 4 mRNAs compared with the control group. Our results demonstrated that long-term weightlessness caused hepatic injury, and may trigger hepatic apoptosis. Resistance training slightly improved hepatic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Du
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Ding
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zou
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Jijing Tian
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiping She
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (RS); (DW)
| | - Desheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Centre, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (RS); (DW)
| | - Huijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Dongqiang Lv
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Chang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Goswami N, Batzel JJ, Clément G, Stein TP, Hargens AR, Sharp MK, Blaber AP, Roma PG, Hinghofer-Szalkay HG. Maximizing information from space data resources: a case for expanding integration across research disciplines. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:1645-54. [PMID: 23073848 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory systems are affected in space by exposure to weightlessness, high-energy radiation or other spaceflight-induced changes. The impact of spaceflight occurs across multiple scales and systems. Exploring such interactions and interdependencies via an integrative approach provides new opportunities for elucidating these complex responses. This paper argues the case for increased emphasis on integration, systematically archiving, and the coordination of past, present and future space and ground-based analogue experiments. We also discuss possible mechanisms for such integration across disciplines and missions. This article then introduces several discipline-specific reviews that show how such integration can be implemented. Areas explored include: adaptation of the central nervous system to space; cerebral autoregulation and weightlessness; modelling of the cardiovascular system in space exploration; human metabolic response to spaceflight; and exercise, artificial gravity, and physiologic countermeasures for spaceflight. In summary, spaceflight physiology research needs a conceptual framework that extends problem solving beyond disciplinary barriers. Administrative commitment and a high degree of cooperation among investigators are needed to further such a process. Well-designed interdisciplinary research can expand opportunities for broad interpretation of results across multiple physiological systems, which may have applications on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandu Goswami
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz 8010, Austria.
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Abstract
As we approach the end of the first 50 years of human space travel, much has been learned about adaptation to microgravity and the risks associated with extended-duration space exploration. As the frequency and duration of flights grew, nutrition issues became more critical and the questions to be answered became more complex: What are the nutrient requirements for space travelers? Can nutrients be used as tools to mitigate the negative effects of space travel on humans? How does nutrition interrelate with other physiological systems (such as muscle, bone, and cardiovascular system) and their adaptation to microgravity? Much research has been done over the decades in both actual spaceflight and ground-based analogs. We review here much of what is known, and highlight areas of ongoing research and concerns for future exploration of the Moon, Mars, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Smith
- Human Adaptation and Countermeasures Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058, USA
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Biolo G, Ciocchi B, Stulle M, Bosutti A, Barazzoni R, Zanetti M, Antonione R, Lebenstedt M, Platen P, Heer M, Guarnieri G. Calorie restriction accelerates the catabolism of lean body mass during 2 wk of bed rest. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:366-72. [PMID: 17684207 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.2.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle inactivity and low energy intake commonly occur in persons with acute or chronic disease, in astronauts during space flight, and during aging. OBJECTIVE We used a crossover design to investigate the effects of the interactions of inactivity and calorie restriction on whole-body composition and protein kinetic regulation in 9 healthy volunteers. DESIGN Lean body mass (LBM) was measured by using dual-energy X-ray absorptionmetry before and at the end of 14-d periods of bed rest (B) and controlled ambulation (A) in patients receiving eucaloric (E) or hypocaloric (H) (approximately 80% of total energy expenditure) diets. Whole-body leucine kinetics were determined at the end of the 4 study periods by using a standard stable-isotope technique in the postabsorptive state and during a 3-h infusion of a 0.13 g x kg LBM(-1) x h(-1) amino acid mixture. RESULTS In the postabsorptive state, we found a significant (P = 0.04) bed rest x hypocaloric diet interaction for the rate of leucine oxidation, an index of net protein catabolism (A+E: 0.23 +/- 0.01; B+E: 25 +/- 0.01; A+H: 0.23 +/- 0.01; B+H: 0.28 +/- 0.01 micromol x min(-1) x kg LBM(-1)). Bed rest significantly (P < 0.01) decreased amino acid-mediated stimulation of nonoxidative leucine disappearance, an index of protein synthesis (A+E: 35 +/- 2%; B+E: 30 +/- 2%; A+H: 41 +/- 3%; B+H: 32 +/- 2%). B+H decreased LBM by 1.10 +/- 0.1 kg, which is significantly (P < 0.01) greater than the decrease seen with A+E, A+H, or B+E. CONCLUSION Calorie restriction enhanced the catabolic response to inactivity by combining greater protein catabolism in the postabsorptive state with an impaired postprandial anabolic utilization of free amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Biolo
- Department of Clinical, Technological and Morphological Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Trieste, Italy.
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Hill CA, Harris RC, Kim HJ, Harris BD, Sale C, Boobis LH, Kim CK, Wise JA. Influence of β-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity. Amino Acids 2006; 32:225-33. [PMID: 16868650 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Muscle carnosine synthesis is limited by the availability of beta-alanine. Thirteen male subjects were supplemented with beta-alanine (CarnoSyn) for 4 wks, 8 of these for 10 wks. A biopsy of the vastus lateralis was obtained from 6 of the 8 at 0, 4 and 10 wks. Subjects undertook a cycle capacity test to determine total work done (TWD) at 110% (CCT(110%)) of their maximum power (Wmax). Twelve matched subjects received a placebo. Eleven of these completed the CCT(110%) at 0 and 4 wks, and 8, 10 wks. Muscle biopsies were obtained from 5 of the 8 and one additional subject. Muscle carnosine was significantly increased by +58.8% and +80.1% after 4 and 10 wks beta-alanine supplementation. Carnosine, initially 1.71 times higher in type IIa fibres, increased equally in both type I and IIa fibres. No increase was seen in control subjects. Taurine was unchanged by 10 wks of supplementation. 4 wks beta-alanine supplementation resulted in a significant increase in TWD (+13.0%); with a further +3.2% increase at 10 wks. TWD was unchanged at 4 and 10 wks in the control subjects. The increase in TWD with supplementation followed the increase in muscle carnosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Hill
- School of Sports, Exercise & Health Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
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Wade CE, Stanford KI, Stein TP, Greenleaf JE. Intensive exercise training suppresses testosterone during bed rest. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 99:59-63. [PMID: 15705732 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00332.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight and prolonged bed rest (BR) alter plasma hormone levels inconsistently. This may be due, in part, to prescription of heavy exercise as a countermeasure for ameliorating the adverse effects of disuse. The initial project was to assess exercise programs to maintain aerobic performance and leg strength during BR. The present study evaluates the effect of BR and the performance of the prescribed exercise countermeasures on plasma steroid levels. In a 30-day BR study of male subjects, the efficacy of isotonic (ITE, n = 7) or isokinetic exercise (IKE, n = 7) training was evaluated in contrast to no exercise ( n = 5). These exercise countermeasures protected aerobic performance and leg strength successfully. BR alone (no-exercise group) did not change steroidogenesis, as assessed by the plasma concentrations of cortisol, progesterone, aldosterone, and free (FT) and total testosterone (TT). In the exercise groups, both FT and TT were decreased ( P < 0.05): FT during IKE from 24 ± 1.7 to 18 ± 2.0 pg/ml and during ITE from 21 ± 1.5 to 18 ± 1 pg/ml, and TT during IKE from 748 ± 68 to 534 ± 46 ng/dl and during ITE from 565 ± 36 to 496 ± 38 ng/dl. The effect of intensive exercise countermeasures on plasma testosterone was not associated with indexes of overtraining. The reduction in plasma testosterone associated with both the IKE and ITE countermeasures during BR supports our hypothesis that intensive exercise countermeasures may, in part, contribute to changes in plasma steroid concentrations during spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Wade
- Life Sciences Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA.
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Wade CE. Responses across the Gravity Continuum: Hypergravity to Microgravity. EXPERIMENTATION WITH ANIMAL MODELS IN SPACE 2005; 10:225-45. [PMID: 16101110 DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2574(05)10009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In response to hypergravity, it appears that the larger the animal, the greater the response, if present. Therefore, the response of a rat exceeds that of a mouse in the same hypergravity environment. When investigated in the microgravity environment of space flight, this appears to hold true. The lack of definitive data obtained in space for either species makes the extrapolation of the continuum to levels below Earth-gravity problematic. However, in systems where responses are detected for both space flight and acceleration by centrifugation, a gravitational continuum is present supporting the "principle of continuity". For those and similar systems, it appears that the use of hypergravity could be used to predict responses to space flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Wade
- Life Sciences Division, NASA - Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
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Abstract
Gravity is a force that acts on mass. Biological effects of gravity and their magnitude depend on scale of mass and difference in density. One significant contribution of space biology is confirmation of direct action of gravity even at the cellular level. Since cell is the elementary unit of life, existence of primary effects of gravity on cells leads to establish the firm basis of gravitational biology. However, gravity is not limited to produce its biological effects on molecules and their reaction networks that compose living cells. Biological system has hierarchical structure with layers of organism, group, and ecological system, which emerge from the system one layer down. Influence of gravity is higher at larger mass. In addition to this, actions of gravity in each layer are caused by process and mechanism that is subjected and different in each layer of the hierarchy. Because of this feature, summing up gravitational action on cells does not explain gravity for biological system at upper layers. Gravity at ecological system or organismal level can not reduced to cellular mechanism. Size of cells and organisms is one of fundamental characters of them and a determinant in their design of form and function. Size closely relates to other physical quantities, such as mass, volume, and surface area. Gravity produces weight of mass. Organisms are required to equip components to support weight and to resist against force that arise at movement of body or a part of it. Volume and surface area associate with mass and heat transport process at body. Gravity dominates those processes by inducing natural convection around organisms. This review covers various elements and process, with which gravity make influence on living systems, chosen on the basis of biology of size. Cells and biochemical networks are under the control of organism to integrate a consolidated form. How cells adjust metabolic rate to meet to the size of the composed organism, whether is gravity responsible for this feature, are subject we discuss in this article. Three major topics in gravitational and space biology are; how living systems have been adapted to terrestrial gravity and evolved, how living systems respond to exotic gravitational environment, and whether living systems could respond and adapt to microgravity. Biology of size can contribute to find a way to answer these question, and answer why gravity is important in biology, at explaining why gravity has been a dominant factor through the evolutional history on the earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Yamashita
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Pecaut MJ, Miller GM, Nelson GA, Gridley DS. Hypergravity-induced immunomodulation in a rodent model: hematological and lymphocyte function analyses. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 97:29-38. [PMID: 14978009 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01304.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The major purpose of this study was to quantify hypergravity-induced changes in erythrocyte and thrombocyte characteristics, spontaneous and mitogen-induced lymphoblastogenesis, and capacity of splenocytes to secrete immunoregulatory cytokines. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to chronic 1, 2, and 3 G; subsets were euthanized after 1, 4, 7, 10, and 21 days of centrifugation. Erythrocyte counts, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were significantly reduced by day 21 in both centrifuged groups. Hemoglobin concentration and volume per red blood cell were generally low, but an early, transient spike above normal was noted in thrombocyte counts in the 3-G group. Fluctuations above and below normal in blood and spleen cell spontaneous blastogenesis were dependent on the length of centrifugation time and not on the level of gravity. Depression in splenocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide due to gravity were noted when the data were expressed as stimulation indexes. Cytokine production by spleen cells was primarily affected during the first week of centrifugation: IL-2, IL-4, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha increased, whereas interferon-gamma decreased. These findings, although not identical to those reported for spaceflight, indicate that altered gravity can influence both hematological and functional variables that may translate into serious health consequences during extended missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Pecaut
- Department of Radiation Medicina, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Tou J, Grindeland R, Barrett J, Dalton B, Mandel A, Wade C. Evaluation of NASA Foodbars as a standard diet for use in Short-Term rodent space flight studies. Nutrition 2003; 19:947-54. [PMID: 14624944 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2003.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES [corrected] A standard rodent diet for space flight must meet the unique conditions imposed by the space environment and must be nutritionally adequate because diet can influence the outcome of experiments. We evaluated the use of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Foodbars as a standard space flight diet for rats. METHODS The Foodbar's semi-purified formulation permitted criteria such as nutrient consistency, high nutrient bioavailability, and flexibility of formulation to be met. Extrusion of the semi-purified diet produced Foodbars with the proper texture and a non-crumbing solid form for use in space. Treatment of Foodbar with 0.1% potassium sorbate prevented mold growth. Irradiation (15 to 25 kGy) prevented bacterial growth and, in combination with sorbate treatment, added protection against mold for shelf stability. RESULTS During the development process, nutrient analyses indicated that extrusion and irradiation produces nutrient losses. Nutrients were adjusted accordingly to compensate for processing losses. Nutrient analysis of Foodbars continues to be performed routinely to monitor nutrient levels. It is important that the standard rodent diet provide nutrients that will prevent deficiency but also avoid excess that may mask physiologic changes produced by space flight. All vitamin levels in the Foodbars, except for vitamin K, conformed to or exceeded the current National Research Council (NRC) 1995 recommendations. All indispensable amino acids in Foodbar conformed to or exceeded the NRC nutrient recommendation for mouse growth and rat maintenance. However, some indispensable amino acids were slightly below recommendations for rat reproduction and growth. Short-term (18 to 20 d) animal feeding studies indicated that Foodbars are palatable, support growth, and maintain health in rats. CONCLUSIONS Results indicated that NASA Rodent Foodbars meet the physical and nutritional criteria required to support rodents in the space environment and thus may be used successfully as a standard diet for short-term space flight studies. However, the nutritional adequacy of NASA Rodent Foodbars as a standard diet on longer-duration (>20 d) space flight missions remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Tou
- Lockheed Martin Space Operations, Life Sciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94043, USA.
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Abstract
Space flight is associated with an increase in oxidative stress after return to 1g. The effect is more pronounced after long-duration space flight. The effects lasts for several weeks after landing. In humans there is increased lipid peroxidation in erythrocyte membranes, reduction in some blood antioxidants, and increased urinary excretion of 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) and 8-oxo-7,8 dihydro-2 deoxyguanosine. Isoprostane 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) and 8-oxo-7,8 dihydro-2 deoxyguanosine are markers for oxidative damage to lipids and DNA, respectively. The changes have been attributed to a combination of the energy deficiency that occurs during flight and substrate competition for amino acids occurring between repleting muscle and other tissues during the recovery phase. The observations in humans have been complemented by rodent studies. Most rodent studies showed increased production of lipid peroxidation products postflight and decreased antioxidant enzyme activity postflight. The rodent observations were attributed to the stress associated with reentry into Earth's gravity. Decreasing the imbalance between the production of endogenous oxidant defenses and oxidant production by increasing the supply of dietary antioxidants may lessen the severity of the postflight increase in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Stein
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, New Jersey 08084, USA.
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