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Deluiz D, Delcroix GJR, Fraga SRG, D'Ippolito G, Grau-Monge C, Bonnin-Marquez A, Reiner T, Amadeu T, Tinoco EMB, Schiller PC. Viable cryopreserved human bone graft exhibit superior osteogenic properties in mandibular lateral augmentation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1422. [PMID: 36697485 PMCID: PMC9876935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of bone volume to place dental implants is frequently a problem in the reconstruction of edentulous patients. Even though autografts are the gold standard for jaw regeneration, morbidity associated with the harvesting site stimulates the demand for other substitutes. The aim of this study is to characterize the incorporation and the osteogenic ability of a viable cryopreserved human bone graft (VC-HBG) in the mandibular augmentation in rats. Bone chips from fresh human vertebrae cadaveric donors were processed, cryoprotected and deep-frozen at - 80 °C maintaining its cell viability. A jaw augmentation model was used in 20 athymic nude rats allocated into 2 groups to either receive the VC-HBG or an acellular graft as control (A-HBG). The assessment of the grafts' incorporation was performed at 4 and 8 weeks by micro-CT, histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry. Bone volume gain was significantly higher for the VC-HBG group at both time points. At 4 weeks, the A-HBG group presented significantly higher mineral density, but at 8 weeks, the VC-HBG group showed significantly higher values than the A-HBG. There was no statistical difference between VC-HBG and A-HBG groups at 4-weeks for remaining graft particles, while at 8 weeks, the VC-HBG group showed significantly less graft remnants. Collagen I, osteopontin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase expression were significantly higher in the VC-HBG group at both time points, while osteocalcin expression was significantly higher in the VC-HBG group at 8-weeks compared to the A-HBG group. This experimental research demonstrated that the VC-HBG shows positive osteogenic properties, greater bone formation, higher rate of bone remodeling and a better overall incorporation in rats' mandibles compared to the A-HBG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Deluiz
- Department of Periodontology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Boulevard 28 de Setembro, 157 - 2º andar - sala 10, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20551-030, Brazil. .,Department of Orthopedics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Gaëtan J-R Delcroix
- College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Samira R G Fraga
- Department of Periodontology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Boulevard 28 de Setembro, 157 - 2º andar - sala 10, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Gianluca D'Ippolito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Cristina Grau-Monge
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Andrea Bonnin-Marquez
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Teresita Reiner
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Thaís Amadeu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratories, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M B Tinoco
- Department of Periodontology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Boulevard 28 de Setembro, 157 - 2º andar - sala 10, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Paul Christian Schiller
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA.
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Song W, Li S, Tang Q, Chen L, Yuan Z. In vitro biocompatibility and bioactivity of calcium silicate‑based bioceramics in endodontics (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:128. [PMID: 34013376 PMCID: PMC8136140 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium silicate-based bioceramics have been applied in endodontics as advantageous materials for years. In addition to excellent physical and chemical properties, the biocompatibility and bioactivity of calcium silicate-based bioceramics also serve an important role in endodontics according to previous research reports. Firstly, bioceramics affect cellular behavior of cells such as stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, fibroblasts and immune cells. On the other hand, cell reaction to bioceramics determines the effect of wound healing and tissue repair following bioceramics implantation. The aim of the present review was to provide an overview of calcium silicate-based bioceramics currently applied in endodontics, including mineral trioxide aggregate, Bioaggregate, Biodentine and iRoot, focusing on their in vitro biocompatibility and bioactivity. Understanding their underlying mechanism may help to ensure these materials are applied appropriately in endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Song
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Shue Li
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Qingming Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Zhenglin Yuan
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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EZH2 Promotes Extracellular Matrix Degradation via Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) and p38 Signaling Pathways in Pulpitis. Inflammation 2021; 44:1927-1936. [PMID: 33884563 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pulpitis is a complicated chronic inflammatory process which can be in a dynamic balance between damage and repair. The extracellular matrix plays an important regulatory role in wound healing and tissue repair. The aim of this study was to explore the role of the epigenetic mark, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) on the degradation of extracellular matrix during pulpitis. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to assess the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and type I collagen in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) upon EZH2 and EI1 (EZH2 inhibitor) stimulation. The mechanism of EZH2 affecting extracellular matrix was explored through quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. A rat model of dental pulp inflammation was established, and the expression of type I collagen in dental pulp under EZH2 stimulation was detected by immunohistochemical staining. EZH2 upregulated the expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, and MMP-10 and decreased the production of type I collagen in HDPCs, while EI1 had the opposite effect. EZH2 activated the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and p38 signaling pathways in HDPCs, the inhibition of which reversed the induction of MMPs and the suppression of type I collagen. EZH2 can downregulate the type I collagen levels in an experimental model of dental pulpitis in rats. EZH2 promotes extracellular matrix degradation via nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and P38 signaling pathways in pulpitis. EZH2 can decrease the type I collagen levels in vivo and in vitro.
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Makkar H, Verma SK, Panda PK, Jha E, Das B, Mukherjee K, Suar M. In Vivo Molecular Toxicity Profile of Dental Bioceramics in Embryonic Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:914-923. [PMID: 30058326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of the biocompatibility of potential and commercially available dental material is a major challenge in dental science. This study demonstrates that the zebrafish model is a novel in vivo model for investigating the biocompatibility of dental materials. Two commercially available dental materials, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine, were assessed for their biocompatibility. The biocompatibility analysis was performed in embryonic zebrafish with the help of standard toxicity assays measuring essential parameters such as survivability and hatching. The mechanistic and comparative analysis of toxicity was performed by oxidative stress analysis by measuring ROS induction and apoptosis in zebrafish exposed to dental materials at different concentrations. The molecular investigation at the protein level was done by a computational approach using in silico molecular docking and pathway analysis. The toxicity analysis showed a significant reduction in hatching and survivability rates along with morphological malformations with an increase in the concentration of exposed materials. ROS and apoptosis assay results revealed a greater biocompatibility of Biodentine as compared to that of MTA which was concentration-dependent. In silico analysis showed the significant role of the tricalcium silicate-protein ( Sod1, tp53, RUNX2B) interaction in an exhibition of toxicity. The study provides a new vision and standard in dental material sciences for assessing the biocompatibility of potential novel and commercially available dental materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pritam Kumar Panda
- Division of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology , University of Freiburg , Freiburg 79106 , Germany
| | - Ealisha Jha
- Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's , NL A1C 5S7 , Canada
| | | | - Kaushik Mukherjee
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
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Luo H, Wang C, Liu M, Yin B, A P, Huang D, Ye L. Inhibition of SOX9 Promotes Inflammatory and Immune Responses of Dental Pulp. J Endod 2018; 44:792-799. [PMID: 29571909 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The process of pulpitis is characterized by extracellular matrix imbalance and inflammatory cell infiltration. As an essential transcription factor, sex-determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9) is significantly inhibited by tumor necrosis factor alpha in inflammatory joint diseases. The aim of this study was to explore the role of SOX9 in extracellular matrix balance, cytokine expression, and the immune response in dental pulp. METHODS The expression of SOX9 in normal and inflamed pulp tissue/human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) was detected by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). SOX9 small interfering RNA was used to knock down SOX9 expression of dental cells in vitro; extracellular matrix imbalance was analyzed by qPCR, Western blot, and gelatin/collagen zymography, and the secretion of cytokines was scanned by antibody arrays. The immune response of THP-1 was investigated by cell migration assay, cell attachment assay, phagocytosis assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The interaction of SOX9 with target genes was explored by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). RESULTS SOX9 was strongly expressed in normal dental pulp tissue and HDPCs and reduced in inflamed pulp. SOX9 knockdown could inhibit the production of type I collagen, stimulate the enzymatic activities of MMP2 and MMP13, and regulate the production of interleukin (IL) 8 of HDPCs. SOX9 knockdown also effectively suppressed the differentiation and functional activities of THP-1. ChIP showed that the binding of the SOX9 protein with matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-13, and IL-8 gene promoters was reduced after being treated with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha. CONCLUSIONS SOX9 was inhibited in inflamed dental pulp and may participate in the regulation of extracellular matrix balance, the inflammatory process, and the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng A
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dingming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Nikfarjam F, Beyer K, König A, Hofmann M, Butting M, Valesky E, Kippenberger S, Kaufmann R, Heidemann D, Bernd A, Zöller NN. Influence of Biodentine® - A Dentine Substitute - On Collagen Type I Synthesis in Pulp Fibroblasts In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167633. [PMID: 27936042 PMCID: PMC5147936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Preserving a patient’s own teeth—even in a difficult situation—is nowadays preferable to surgical intervention and therefore promotes development of suitable dental repair materials. Biodentine®, a mineral trioxide aggregate substitute, has been used to replace dentine in a bioactive and biocompatible manner in both the dental crown and the root. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of Biodentine® on pulp fibroblasts in vitro. For this study, one to five Biodentine® discs with a diameter of 5.1mm were incubated in DMEM. To obtain Biodentine® suspensions the media were collected and replaced with fresh medium every 24h for 4 days. Primary pulp cells were isolated from freshly extracted wisdom teeth of 20–23 year old patients and incubated with the Biodentine® suspensions. Proliferation, cell morphology, cell integrity and cell viability were monitored. To evaluate the effect of Biodentine® on collagen type I synthesis, the secretion of the N-terminal domain of pro-collagen type I (P1NP) and the release of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were quantified. None of the Biodentine® suspensions tested influenced cell morphology, proliferation or cell integrity. The cell viability varied slightly depending on the suspension used. However, the concentrations of P1NP of all pulp fibroblast cultures treated for 24h with the moderate to high Biodentine® concentration containing suspensions of day 1 were reduced to 5% of the control. Furthermore, a significant TGF-β1 reduction was observed after treatment with these suspensions. It could be shown that Biodentine® is biocompatible. However, dissolved particles of the moderate to high concentrated Biodentine® suspensions 24h after mixing induce a significant reduction of TGF-β1 release and reduce the secretion of collagen type I of primary pulp fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frangis Nikfarjam
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Center for Dentistry and Oral Medicine (Carolinum), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Kim Beyer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Center for Dentistry and Oral Medicine (Carolinum), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Anke König
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Hofmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Manuel Butting
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Eva Valesky
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Kippenberger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Detlef Heidemann
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Center for Dentistry and Oral Medicine (Carolinum), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - August Bernd
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Nadja Nicole Zöller
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Öncel Torun Z, Torun D, Demirkaya K, Yavuz ST, Sarper M, Avcu F. Hypoxia inhibits mineralization ability of human dental pulp cells treated with TEGDMA but increases cell survival in accordance with the culture time. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 71:59-64. [PMID: 27447682 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cytotoxicity and mineralization effects of TEGDMA in human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) under hypoxic and normoxic culture conditions. DESIGN Cell viability was evaluated using XTT assay after incubation periods of 24, 48, or 72h. The expression of mineralization-related genes (osteonectin, osteopontin, dentin sialophosphoprotein, collagen type 1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction at 24 and 72h. RESULTS In XTT assay, viability was higher in 0.3, 1, 2, 4, and 5mM groups in the presence of 21% O2 after 24h (p<0.05). Additionally, while 0.3, 1, 2mM groups had higher cell viability in the presence of 21% O2 after 48h (p<0.05), in 3mM groups cell viability was higher under 3% O2 than 21% O2 after both 24 and 48h (p<0.05). 1-3mM groups had higher cell viability under 3% O2 after 72h (p<0.05). There was no difference between 4 and 5mM groups with regards to cell viability after 48 or 72h (p>0.05). In the gene expression study, TEGDMA-treated hDPCs showed lower mineralization potential in the presence of 3% than with 21% O2 (p<0.05). hDPCs revealed higher HO 1 expression in 0.3 and 1mM groups under hypoxic than under normoxic conditions after a 72-h time period (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Hypoxic conditions increased cell survival in accordance with the culture period but inhibited the odontoblastic differentiation of hDPCs treated with TEGDMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Öncel Torun
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, 06018, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Deniz Torun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, 06018, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kadriye Demirkaya
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, 06018, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Tolga Yavuz
- Department of Pediatric Allergy, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, 06018, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meral Sarper
- Department of Medical and Cancer Research Center, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, 06018, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ferit Avcu
- Department of Medical and Cancer Research Center, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, 06018, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Haematology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, 06018, Ankara, Turkey
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Öncel Torun Z, Torun D, Demirkaya K, Yavuz ST, Elçi MP, Sarper M, Avcu F. Effects of iRoot BP and white mineral trioxide aggregate on cell viability and the expression of genes associated with mineralization. Int Endod J 2014; 48:986-93. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Öncel Torun
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics; Gulhane Military Medical Academy; Ankara Turkey
| | - D. Torun
- Department of Medical Genetics; Gulhane Military Medical Academy; Ankara Turkey
| | - K. Demirkaya
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics; Gulhane Military Medical Academy; Ankara Turkey
| | - S. T. Yavuz
- Department of Pediatric Allergy; Gulhane Military Medical Academy; Ankara Turkey
| | - M. P. Elçi
- Medical and Cancer Research Center; Gulhane Military Medical Academy; Ankara Turkey
| | - M. Sarper
- Medical and Cancer Research Center; Gulhane Military Medical Academy; Ankara Turkey
| | - F. Avcu
- Medical and Cancer Research Center; Gulhane Military Medical Academy; Ankara Turkey
- Department of Haematology; Gulhane Military Medical Academy; Ankara Turkey
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Pérard M, Le Clerc J, Watrin T, Meary F, Pérez F, Tricot-Doleux S, Pellen-Mussi P. Spheroid model study comparing the biocompatibility of Biodentine and MTA. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2013; 24:1527-1534. [PMID: 23515903 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-4908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to assess the biological effects of a new dentine substitute based on Ca₃SiO₅ (Biodentine™) for use in pulp-capping treatment, on pseudo-odontoblastic (MDPC-23) and pulp (Od-21) cells. The secondary objective was to evaluate the effects of Biodentine and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) on gene expression in cultured spheroids. We used the acid phosphatase assay to compare the biocompatibility of Biodentine and MTA. Cell differentiation was investigated by RT-qPCR. We investigated the expression of genes involved in odontogenic differentiation (Runx2), matrix secretion (Col1a1, Spp1) and mineralisation (Alp). ANOVA and PLSD tests were used for data analysis. MDPC-23 cells cultured in the presence of MTA had higher levels of viability than those cultured in the presence of Biodentine and control cells on day 7 (P = 0.0065 and P = 0.0126, respectively). For Od-21 cells, proliferation rates on day 7 were significantly lower in the presence of Biodentine or MTA than for control (P < 0.0001). Col1a1 expression levels were slightly lower in cells cultured in the presence of MTA than in those cultured in the presence of Biodentine and in control cells. Biodentine and MTA may modify the proliferation of pulp cell lines. Their effects may fluctuate over time, depending on the cell line considered. The observed similarity between Biodentine and MTA validates the indication for direct pulp-capping claimed by the manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Pérard
- Faculté d'Odontologie, Univ Rennes1, UEB, Bât. 15, 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France.
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Eslaminejad MB, Taghiyar L. Study of the structure of canine mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic culture. Anat Histol Embryol 2012; 39:446-55. [PMID: 20594192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2010.01013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the morphological features of osteogenic cultures that were established from canine marrow derived-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Tripotent canine MSCs were plated in osteogenic conditions for 3 weeks, at the end of which the cultures were observed by light and transmission electron microscopy. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of the culture was determined during the differentiation period. To assess whether endochondral or intramembranous ossification was involved in MSC bone differentiation, the cultures were explored for cartilage-related gene expression. Multiple nodule-like cell aggregates appeared to form in the osteogenic cultures. These nodules were covered by a periosteum-like layer and osteocyte-like cells of varying morphology were located in lacuna-like cavities within the nodule mass. Furthermore, the bone nodules possessed an abundant matrix in which clearly striated collagen I fibres were arranged in perpendicular bundles. Matrix vesicles involving in matrix mineralization were evident in the nodules. This was in accordance with increased ALP activity in the culture. No expression of cartilage-related genes was observed, which suggested that osteogenesis might occur by intramembranous ossification. In conclusion, canine MSCs could be an appropriate model for studying in vitro bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Sager M, Ferrari D, Wieland M, Dard M, Becker J, Schwarz F. Immunohistochemical characterization of wound healing at two different bone graft substitutes. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 41:657-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Eslaminejad MB, Mirzadeh H, Nickmahzar A, Mohamadi Y, Mivehchi H. Type I collagen gel in seeding medium improves murine mesencymal stem cell loading onto the scaffold, increases their subsequent proliferation, and enhances culture mineralization. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2009; 90:659-67. [PMID: 19204919 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Collagen I as a major organic component of bone matrix may be important for establishment and maintenance of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in osteogenic 3D culture. To explore this subject, murine marrow-derived MSCs were seeded onto hybrid scaffolds of alginate/gelatin/beta-tricalcium phosphate in a medium either with or without collagen I gel. The cultures were then provided with osteogenic medium and incubated for three weeks during which loading efficiency, cell proliferation and the culture mineralization were quantified and statistically compared. According to the findings, in culture with collagen, although about 60% of the cells left the scaffolds, the remaining cells, however, proliferated extensively with a population doubling number (PDN) equivalent to 2.46 +/- 0.31 and organized as cell aggregations that were heavily mineralized (calcium concentration = 1.017 +/- 0.141 mM per scaffold), whereas in the culture without collagen, about 75% of the cells left the scaffolds, less cell proliferation occurred (PDN = 1.48 +/- 0.29) and no cell aggregation was observed. The calcium concentration in this culture was 0.185 +/- 0.029 mM per scaffold. All these differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Taken together, these data suggested that using the collagen I in seeding medium could help mMSCs loading into the scaffold, enhance their subsequent proliferation, and increase calcium deposition in 3D culture system.
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13
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Zhao C, Hosoya A, Kurita H, Hu T, Hiraga T, Ninomiya T, Yoshiba K, Yoshiba N, Takahashi M, Kurashina K, Ozawa H, Nakamura H. Immunohistochemical study of hard tissue formation in the rat pulp cavity after tooth replantation. Arch Oral Biol 2007; 52:945-53. [PMID: 17570339 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
While mineralized tissue is formed in the pulp cavity after tooth replantation or transplantation, little is known of this hard tissue formation. Therefore, we conducted histological and immunohistochemical evaluations of hard tissue formed in the pulp of rat maxillary molars after tooth replantation. At 5 days after replantation, degenerated odontoblasts were lining the pulp cavity. At 14 days, dentin- or bone-like tissue was present in the pulp cavity. Immunoreactivity for osteopontin (OPN) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) was strong in the bone-like tissue, but weak in the dentin-like tissue. Conversely, dentin sialoprotein (DSP) was localized in the dentin-like tissue, but not in the bone-like tissue. Cells positive for BMP4, Smad4, Runx2, and Osterix were found around the blood vessels of the root apex at 5 days. At 14 days, these cells were also localized around the bone-like tissue. Cells expressing alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) were seen around the newly formed bone-like tissue, whereas no such cells were found around the newly formed dentin-like tissue. In an experiment involving the transplantation of a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgenic rat tooth into a wild-type rat tooth socket, GFP-positive cells were detected on the surface of the bone-like tissue and over all dentin-like tissue. These results indicate that the original pulp cells had the ability to differentiate into osteoblast-like cells as well as into odontoblast-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- Department of Dental and Oral Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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14
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Honda MJ, Shinohara Y, Sumita Y, Tonomura A, Kagami H, Ueda M. Shear stress facilitates tissue-engineered odontogenesis. Bone 2006; 39:125-33. [PMID: 16469551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the effect of shear stress on osteoblasts, but its effect on odontogenic cells has never been reported. In this study, we focused on the effect of shear stress on facilitating tissue-engineered odontogenesis by dissociated single cells. Cells were harvested from the porcine third molar tooth at the early stage of crown formation, and the isolated heterogeneous cells were seeded on a biodegradable polyglycolic acid fiber mesh. Then, cell-polymer constructs with and without exposure to shear stress were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo studies. In in vitro studies, the expression of both epithelial and mesenchymal odontogenic-related mRNAs was significantly enhanced by shear stress for 2 h. At 12 h after exposure to shear stress, the expression of amelogenin, bone sialoprotein and vimentin protein was significantly enhanced compared with that of control. Moreover, after 7 days, alkaline phosphatase activity exhibited a significant increase without any significant effect on cell proliferation in vitro. In vivo, enamel and dentin tissues formed after 15 weeks of in vivo implantation in constructs exposure to in vitro shear stress for 12 h. Such was not the case in controls. We concluded that shear stress facilitates odontogenic cell differentiation in vitro as well as the process of tooth tissue engineering in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Honda
- Tooth Regeneration, The Division of Stem Cell Engineering, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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15
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Hosoya A, Hoshi K, Sahara N, Ninomiya T, Akahane S, Kawamoto T, Ozawa H. Effects of fixation and decalcification on the immunohistochemical localization of bone matrix proteins in fresh-frozen bone sections. Histochem Cell Biol 2005; 123:639-46. [PMID: 15940506 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-005-0791-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To examine the stability of bone matrix proteins for crystal dislocation, the immunolocalization of type I collagen, bone sialoprotein, and osteopontin was investigated during different stages of fixation and decalcification. Four-week-old rat femurs were rapidly frozen, and were sectioned without fixation or decalcification. Thereafter, following or bypassing fixation in 4% paraformaldehyde, these sections were decalcified in 5% EDTA for 0-5 min. Before decalcification, marked radiopacity of bone matrix was observed in contact microradiography (CMR) images, and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) demonstrated intense localization for phosphorus and calcium. In fixed and unfixed sections without decalcification, immunolocalization of bone matrix proteins were almost restricted to osteoid. After 1 min of decalcification, reduced radiopacity was apparent in the CMR images, and less phosphorus and calcium was observed by EPMA, which completely disappeared by 5 min decalcification. After 3-5 min of decalcification, unfixed sections showed that these proteins were immunolocalized in bone matrix, but were not detectable in osteoid. However, fixed sections demonstrated that these were found in both bone matrix and osteoid. The present findings suggest that bone matrix proteins are embedded in calcified matrix which is separated from the aqueous environment and that they hardly move, probably due to firm bonding with each other. In contrast, matrix proteins in osteoid are subject to loss after decalcification because they may be bound to scattered apatite crystals, not to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Hosoya
- Department of Oral Histology, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano, 399-0781, Japan.
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16
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Heng BC, Cao T, Stanton LW, Robson P, Olsen B. Strategies for directing the differentiation of stem cells into the osteogenic lineage in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19:1379-94. [PMID: 15312238 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.040714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2004] [Revised: 03/02/2004] [Accepted: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A major area in regenerative medicine is the application of stem cells in bone reconstruction and bone tissue engineering. This will require well-defined and efficient protocols for directing the differentiation of stem cells into the osteogenic lineage, followed by their selective purification and proliferation in vitro. The development of such protocols would reduce the likelihood of spontaneous differentiation of stem cells into divergent lineages on transplantation, as well as reduce the risk of teratoma formation in the case of embryonic stem cells. Additionally, such protocols could provide useful in vitro models for studying osteogenesis and bone development, and facilitate the genetic manipulation of stem cells for therapeutic applications. The development of pharmokinetic and cytotoxicity/genotoxicity screening tests for bone-related biomaterials and drugs could also use protocols developed for the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. This review critically examines the various strategies that could be used to direct the differentiation of stem cells into the osteogenic lineage in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chin Heng
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 119074 Singapore
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17
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Rashid F, Shiba H, Mizuno N, Mouri Y, Fujita T, Shinohara H, Ogawa T, Kawaguchi H, Kurihara H. The effect of extracellular calcium ion on gene expression of bone-related proteins in human pulp cells. J Endod 2003; 29:104-7. [PMID: 12597707 DOI: 10.1097/00004770-200302000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Calcium hydroxide is often used for induction of reparative dentin formation in endodontic treatment. However, little is known about the mechanism by which calcium hydroxide works. The calcium ion (Ca2+) is an important regulator of cell functions. In this study, we examined the effect of extracellular Ca2+ on gene expression of bone-related proteins in human cultured pulp cells in serum-free conditions. A Ca2+ level elevated by 0.7 mM induced an increase in mRNA expression of osteopontin and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2. However, mRNA levels of BMP-4 and alkaline phosphatase decreased under the elevated Ca2+ culture condition. The same concentration of additional magnesium ions had little effect on expressions of the examined bone-related protein mRNAs. These findings suggest that Ca2+ in Ca(OH)2 specifically modulates osteopontin and BMP-2 levels during calcification in pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmida Rashid
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hiroshima University Faculty of Dentistry, Japan
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18
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Hosoya A, Yoshiba K, Yoshiba N, Hoshi K, Iwaku M, Ozawa H. An immunohistochemical study on hard tissue formation in a subcutaneously transplanted rat molar. Histochem Cell Biol 2003; 119:27-35. [PMID: 12548403 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-002-0478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2002] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
While dental pulp undergoes calcification following tooth replantation or transplantation, we actually know little about these mechanisms. We therefore conducted histological and immunohistochemical evaluations of mineralized tissue that formed in the pulp of rat maxillary molar transplanted into abdominal subcutaneous tissue. One, 2, 3, and 4 weeks post-transplantation, the teeth were investigated immunohistochemically using antibodies to osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), dentin sialoprotein (DSP), and tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). In the 1st week after transplantation, cell-rich hard tissue was formed at the root apex. At 2 weeks, formations of hard tissue, with few cells in the root canals and bone-like tissue in the coronal pulp chamber, were noted. After 3 and 4 weeks, the amounts of these hard tissues were increased. The immunolocalization of OCN, OPN, and BSP was seen strongly in coronal and apical hard tissues, but weakly in the root hard tissue. Conversely, DSP localized in the root hard tissue, but not in other newly formed hard tissues. At 1 week, TNAP localized along the periphery of the apical hard tissue and the lower surfaces of root predentin. These results demonstrate that the newly formed hard tissues in the pulp cavity of subcutaneously transplanted molars could be classified into three types, suggesting that these might be formed by type-specific cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Hosoya
- Division of Cariology, Department of Oral Health Science, Course for Oral Life Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho, 951-8514 Niigata, Japan
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19
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Arana-Chavez VE, Nanci A. High-resolution immunocytochemistry of noncollagenous matrix proteins in rat mandibles processed with microwave irradiation. J Histochem Cytochem 2001; 49:1099-109. [PMID: 11511679 DOI: 10.1177/002215540104900904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mineral phase in calcified tissues represents an additional factor to be considered during their preservation for ultrastructural analyses. Microwave (MW) irradiation has been shown to facilitate fixative penetration and to improve structural preservation and immunolabeling in a variety of soft tissues. The aim of the present study was to determine whether MW processing could offer similar advantages for hard tissues. Rat hemimandibles were immersed in 4% formaldehyde + 0.1% glutaraldehyde buffered with 0.1 M sodium cacodylate, pH 7.2, and exposed to MWs for three periods of 5 min at temperatures not exceeding 37C. They were then decalcified in 4.13% EDTA, pH 7.2, for 15 hr, also under MW irradiation. Osmicated and non-osmicated samples were dehydrated in graded concentrations of ethanol and embedded in LR White resin. Sections of incisor, molars, and alveolar bone were processed for postembedding colloidal gold immunolabeling using antibodies against ameloblastin, amelogenin, bone sialoprotein, or osteopontin. Ultrastructural preservation of tissues was in most cases comparable to that obtained by perfusion-fixation, and there was no difference in distribution of labeling with those previously reported for the antibodies used. However, the immunoreactivities obtained were generally more intense, particularly at early stages of tooth formation. Amelogenin was abundant between differentiating ameloblasts and labeling for osteopontin appeared over the Golgi apparatus of odontoblasts after initiation of dentine mineralization. We conclude that MW irradiation represents a simple method that can accelerate the processing of calcified tissues while yielding good structural preservation and antigen retention. (J Histochem Cytochem 49:1099-1109, 2001)
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Arana-Chavez
- Laboratory of Mineralized Tissue Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Bartold PM. From histoalchemy to molecular marvels: a sojourn through periodontal connective tissue research. J Dent Res 2001; 80:305-8. [PMID: 11269720 DOI: 10.1177/00220345010800010201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P M Bartold
- Department of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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21
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VandenBos T, Bronckers AL, Goldberg HA, Beertsen W. Blood circulation as source for osteopontin in acellular extrinsic fiber cementum and other mineralizing tissues. J Dent Res 1999; 78:1688-95. [PMID: 10576164 DOI: 10.1177/00220345990780110501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is one of the major non-collagenous proteins in root cementum and other mineralized tissues. Although most of this mineral-seeking protein is thought to be produced by local tissue cells, some of it might enter the mineralizing matrix from the blood. To test this hypothesis, we followed the distribution of a single dose of purified porcine or rat 125I-labeled OPN injected i.v. in rats, in mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues and in subcutaneously implanted collagenous implants. The animals were killed 30 or 48 hrs after injection. Tissues (calvaria, tibia, lower and upper jaws) were harvested and processed for radioautography and biochemical analysis. Tissues as well as calcifying collagenous implants proved to have taken up radiolabel. In EDTA extracts of long bones, the majority of the radiolabel was demonstrated to be associated with intact OPN. The iodinated protein was also found in the acellular extrinsic fiber cementum (acellular cementum) layer investing the continuously growing incisors, in laminae limitantes, cement lines, and in forming bone near the mineralization front. Further, the label was present in the circumpulpal dentin of the incisors, and some of it appeared to have been incorporated into developing enamel. It is concluded that OPN in acellular cementum and other mineralizing tissues may-at least partially-originate from sources outside the direct environment following its transportation via serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- T VandenBos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Brandsten C, Lundmark C, Christersson C, Hammarström L, Wurtz T. Expression of collagen alpha1(I) mRNA variants during tooth and bone formation in the rat. J Dent Res 1999; 78:11-9. [PMID: 10065941 DOI: 10.1177/00220345990780010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen alpha1(I) mRNA is composed of two variants of 5 and 6 kb, differing in the length of the 3' untranslated region. In this work, the nucleotide sequences of the two rat mRNA variants were compared, and their expression pattern in cells forming bone, dentin, and cementum were analyzed. The sequences were determined from cDNA inserts of tooth and bone libraries plus directly from PCR fragments, obtained from bone. A total of 5721 bases of the rat collagen alpha1(I) sequence from cDNA of tooth and bone was determined. All sequences of the short variant were represented in the long variant. Only the alternatively poly-A additions gave rise to the variants in hard tissue. Two oligonucleotides were chosen as probes, one of which recognized, on Northern blots, the two bands of 5 and 6 kb, and the other the 6-kb variant only. The oligonucleotides were used in in situ hybridization experiments, for study of the distribution of the variants in different extracellular matrix-forming cells. Osteoblasts, odontoblasts, and cementum-associated cells were closely examined in sections from rat maxillae from 2 to 25 days of age. A similar or identical pattern of mRNA expression was observed with both oligonucleotides, indicating that the two mRNA variants were co-expressed in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brandsten
- Center for Oral Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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23
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Evans GL, Morey-Holton E, Turner RT. Spaceflight has compartment- and gene-specific effects on mRNA levels for bone matrix proteins in rat femur. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998; 84:2132-7. [PMID: 9609809 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1998.84.6.2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the possibility that the abnormal bone matrix produced during spaceflight may be associated with reduced expression of bone matrix protein genes. To test this possibility, we investigated the effects of a 14-day spaceflight (SLS-2 experiment) on steady-state mRNA levels for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), osteocalcin, osteonectin, and prepro-alpha(1) subunit of type I collagen in the major bone compartments of rat femur. There were pronounced site-specific differences in the steady-state levels of expression of the mRNAs for the three bone matrix proteins and GAPDH in normal weight-bearing rats, and these relationships were altered after spaceflight. Specifically, spaceflight resulted in decreases in mRNA levels for GAPDH (decreased in proximal metaphysis), osteocalcin (decreased in proximal metaphysis), osteonectin (decreased in proximal and distal metaphysis), and collagen (decreased in proximal and distal metaphysis) compared with ground controls. There were no changes in mRNA levels for matrix proteins or GAPDH in the shaft and distal epiphysis. These results demonstrate that spaceflight leads to site- and gene-specific decreases in mRNA levels for bone matrix proteins. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that spaceflight-induced decreases in bone formation are caused by concomitant decreases in expression of genes for bone matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Evans
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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24
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Derkx P, Nigg AL, Bosman FT, Birkenhäger-Frenkel DH, Houtsmuller AB, Pols HA, van Leeuwen JP. Immunolocalization and quantification of noncollagenous bone matrix proteins in methylmethacrylate-embedded adult human bone in combination with histomorphometry. Bone 1998; 22:367-73. [PMID: 9556137 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(97)00299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The noncollagenous proteins (NCPs) in the bone matrix comprise growth factors with distinct cellular effects and a series of proteins with less clear biological actions. In order to understand the role of these proteins in bone metabolism and in bone diseases, it is crucial to determine their localization and quantity in normal and pathological bone. We have developed an immunohistochemical method to detect osteopontin, osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, osteonectin, decorin, biglycan, and the growth factors transforming growth factor-beta, insulin-like growth factor-I, and bone morphogenetic protein-2 both in bone matrix and in bone cells of adult human bone embedded in methylmethacrylate. Immunohistochemistry and standard bone histomorphometry in adjacent sections allows the localization of the proteins to metabolically active sites in bone. The protocol works with several fixatives and with bone specimens obtained and embedded to over 20 years ago. Most importantly, we developed a procedure to specifically stain the mineralized matrix green in combination with a red staining of the NCPs. Using digital image analysis it is possible to quantify the relative amounts of NCPs (microm2 NCP area/microm2 mineralized matrix area). Within one biopsy of normal bone cut at four different heights (at a distance of 100 microm), two adjacent sections were stained either for osteopontin or osteonectin. Thirty trabecular and 20 cortical microscopic fields were measured, and the NCP:mineralized matrix ratio was calculated. Stepwise analysis of the standard error of the mean of the NCP:mineralized matrix ratios showed that measuring about 50 microscopic fields is sufficient to obtain representative data with a small confidence interval. In conclusion, the present procedure enables to quantify NCPs and to relate their presence to metabolically active sites in bone. The quantification provides the opportunity to monitor differences in distribution (e.g., cortical vs. trabecular) and differences between normal and pathological conditions and to assess changes in matrix composition during treatment. This can be done by reanalyzing bone biopsies obtained in the past, e.g., during clinical trials. Therefore, the present technique will be a valuable tool for the study of noncollagenous bone matrix proteins in human bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Derkx
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Erasmus University Medical School, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Klein-Nulend J, Roelofsen J, Semeins CM, Bronckers AL, Burger EH. Mechanical stimulation of osteopontin mRNA expression and synthesis in bone cell cultures. J Cell Physiol 1997; 170:174-81. [PMID: 9009146 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199702)170:2<174::aid-jcp9>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We have shown earlier that mechanical stimulation by intermittent hydrostatic compression (IHC) promotes alkaline phosphatase and procollagen type I gene expression in calvarial bone cells. The bone matrix glycoprotein osteopontin (OPN) is considered to be important in bone matrix metabolism and cell-matrix interactions, but its role is unknown. Here we examined the effects of IHC (13 kPa) on OPN mRNA expression and synthesis in primary calvarial cell cultures and the osteoblast-like cell line MC3T3-E1. OPN mRNA expression declined during control culture of primary calvarial cells, but not MC3T3-E1 cells. IHC upregulated OPN mRNA expression in late released osteoblastic cell cultures, but not in early released osteoprogenitor-like cells. Also, in both proliferating and differentiating MC3T3-E1 cells, OPN mRNA expression and synthesis were enhanced by IHC, differentiating cells being more responsive than proliferating cells. These results suggest a role for OPN in the reaction of bone cells to mechanical stimuli. The severe loss of OPN expression in primary bone cells cultured without mechanical stimulation suggests that disuse conditions down-regulate the differentiated osteoblastic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Klein-Nulend
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, ACTA-Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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MacNeil RL, Berry J, Strayhorn C, Somerman MJ. Expression of bone sialoprotein mRNA by cells lining the mouse tooth root during cementogenesis. Arch Oral Biol 1996; 41:827-35. [PMID: 9022920 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(96)00051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion molecules are considered to have an active role in controlling cell differentiation, although the mechanisms involved have yet to be determined. The developing tooth provides an excellent model to use for determining the factors/processes regulating cell differentiation. The studies presented here focused specifically on the timed and spatial expression of a bone-associated adhesion molecule, bone sialoprotein, during tooth root development. Mandibular tissues in the first molar region of CD-1 mice, at sequential stages of development, were analysed by in situ hybridization. The results demonstrate distinct expression of bone sialoprotein in surrounding bone at early stages of tooth development. At stages of active cementogenesis, bone sialoprotein transcripts were specific to cells lining the root surface, with limited expression in the surrounding connective tissue (periodontal ligament) region. The strong expression of bone sialoprotein, a mineral-specific protein having the capacity to act as a nucleator of hydroxyapatite in vitro, by cells lining the root surface at early stages of cementogenesis suggests that this molecule is operative in the cell/matrix events that accompany cementum formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L MacNeil
- Department of Periodontics/Prevention/Geriatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1078, USA
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27
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Berdal A, Hotton D, Saffar JL, Thomasset M, Nanci A. Calbindin-D9k and calbindin-D28k expression in rat mineralized tissues in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 1996; 11:768-79. [PMID: 8725174 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650110608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Following their terminal differentiation, highly specialized cells, ameloblasts, odontoblasts, and osteoblasts sequentially elaborate mineralized tissues. While the developmental expression pattern of matrix proteins has been studied extensively, less attention has been paid to the molecules involved in calcium handling, such as calcium-binding proteins. This shortcoming, as well as previous conflicting data, led us to conduct studies on calbindin-D9k and calbindin-D28k in rat mandibular bone and incisor based on several methods established on rat ameloblasts in vivo. Radioimmunoassays showed that calbindin-D28k accounts for approximately 0.1% of cytosolic proteins in the ectomesenchymal fraction and 1% in the epithelial fraction of the rat incisor and is 100-fold more concentrated than calbindin-D9k in both tissue types. Western blot analysis confirmed that the anticalbindin-D28k reactive species corresponded to the well characterized renal calbindin-D28k in the ectomesenchyme. In this tissue, calbindin-D28k was ultrastructurally immunolocalized in the odontoblasts. Quantitative immunocytochemistry showed that labeling was distributed throughout their nucleus and cytoplasm. The similar cytoplasmic distribution of both calbindin-D proteins and mRNAs suggests that their expression is regulated at the subcellular level. In particular, immunoreactive calbindin-D28k appeared to be associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum. Calbindin-D9k antisense probe showed negligible labeling in odontoblasts, in parallel with the protein quantities measured (approximately 10 ng/mg of total protein). Finally, in situ hybridization showed transcripts for both calbindins-D in ameloblasts and also in osteoblasts. In summary, the present results support the concept that an elevated expression of these vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding proteins may characterize the phenotype of cells directly involved in the elaboration of mineralized tissues, enamel, dentine, and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berdal
- INSERM U120, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
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28
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McKee MD, Nanci A. Osteopontin at mineralized tissue interfaces in bone, teeth, and osseointegrated implants: ultrastructural distribution and implications for mineralized tissue formation, turnover, and repair. Microsc Res Tech 1996; 33:141-64. [PMID: 8845514 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19960201)33:2<141::aid-jemt5>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Currently available data describing the gene expression and regulation, secretion, distribution, and protein chemistry of osteopontin (OPN) all are consistent with the notions of this protein functioning as an inhibitor of mineralization and/or as a mediator of cell-matrix and matrix-matrix/mineral adhesion (cohesion) during the formation, turnover, and repair of normal and pathological mineralized tissues. The properties and overall integrity of mineralized tissues are in part dictated by the nature of their interfaces--sites where organic and inorganic components of the extracellular matrix interact to provide biomechanical strength, regulate mineral ion homeostasis, and influence cellular events involved in mineralized tissue modeling, remodeling, and repair. High-resolution, colloidal-gold immunocytochemistry has been used to characterize the proteinaceous composition of these interfaces and to establish that the phosphorylated sialoprotein, OPN, is a major component found at these sites where it accumulates as a dense, planar "coating" of organic material termed either a cement line or a lamina limitans. Structural/functional features of OPN predict an ability of this protein to regulate calcification in the matrix proper of mineralized tissues and to participate, more specifically, in cell-matrix and matrix-matrix/mineral adhesion in laminae limitantes and cement lines, respectively. From the ultrastructural immunocytochemical data presented herein for OPN illustrating the cellular expression and extracellular matrix distribution of this protein, it is demonstrated that the production of OPN is one of the earliest, and latest, secretory activities of the osteoblast lineage and that this activity manifests itself morphologically as a cement line or a lamina limitans, respectively, at bone matrix interfaces. In laminae limitantes at bone surfaces, OPN appears to be involved in osteoclast adhesion and possibly haptotaxis. An OPN-containing cement line is also present at hard tissue interfaces in rat tooth, against osseointegrated titanium and hydroxyapatite implants and at the margins of surgically created bone defects--and there may influence biological adhesion in a manner similar to that proposed for normal bone. It is suggested, therefore, that in addition to its potential for influencing cell adhesion/dynamics in bones and teeth, OPN in cement lines may act as an interfacial adhesion promoter between apposing substrates, therein maintaining the overall integrity of bone during the bone remodeling sequence and "bonding" dissimilar tissues (or biocompatible materials) together in biological composites such as teeth and osseointegrated implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D McKee
- Department of Stomatology, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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McKee MD, Nanci A. Postembedding colloidal-gold immunocytochemistry of noncollagenous extracellular matrix proteins in mineralized tissues. Microsc Res Tech 1995; 31:44-62. [PMID: 7626799 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1070310105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Immunocytochemistry is a powerful tool for investigating protein secretion, extracellular matrix assembly, and cell-matrix and matrix-matrix/mineral relationships. When applied to the tissues of bones (bone and calcified cartilage) and teeth (dentin, cementum, and enamel), where calcium phosphate-containing extracellular matrices are the predominant structural component related to their weight-bearing and masticatory roles, respectively, data from immunocytochemical studies have been prominent in advancing our understanding of mineralized tissue modeling and remodeling. The present review on the application of postembedding, colloidal-gold immunocytochemistry to mineralized tissues focuses on the advantages of this approach and relates them to conceptual, theoretical, and experimental data currently available discussing matrix-mineral interactions and extracellular matrix formation and turnover in these tissues. More specifically, data are summarized regarding the distribution and role of noncollagenous proteins in different mineralized tissues, particularly in the context of how they interface with mineral, and how this relationship might be affected by the various tissue-processing steps and immunocytochemical strategies commonly implemented to examine the distribution and function of tissue proteins. Furthermore, a technical discussion is presented that outlines several different possibilities for epitope exposure in mineralized tissues during preparation of thin sections for transmission electron microscopy. Cell biological concepts of protein secretion by cells of the mineralized tissues, and subsequent extracellular matrix assembly and organization, are illustrated by examples of high-resolution, colloidal-gold immunolabeling for osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin in the collagen-based mineralized tissues and for enamel protein (amelogenin) in enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D McKee
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Canada
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MacNeil RL, Berry J, D'Errico J, Strayhorn C, Somerman MJ. Localization and expression of osteopontin in mineralized and nonmineralized tissues of the periodontium. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 760:166-76. [PMID: 7785893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To summarize results from various studies focusing on determining the expression/localization of BSP and OPN during tooth root development, there is general agreement that OPN is expressed/localized to the root surface during cementogenesis and is also seen throughout the PDL region. The expression/localization of OPN to odontoblasts and its role in dentinogenesis is less apparent. Recent studies directed at establishing odontoblast cell lines should help to resolve this conflict. Studies on BSP expression during tooth root formation indicate a very precise expression and localization of this molecule during cementogenesis indicating that this molecule may play an important role in the formation of this mineralized tissue. However, as with OPN, the expression of BSP and its role in dentin formation is not clearly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L MacNeil
- Department of Periodontics/Prevention and Geriatrics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1078, USA
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George A, Silberstein R, Veis A. In situ hybridization shows Dmp1 (AG1) to be a developmentally regulated dentin-specific protein produced by mature odontoblasts. Connect Tissue Res 1995; 33:67-72. [PMID: 7554964 DOI: 10.3109/03008209509016984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Acidic phosphorylated proteins are prominent constituents of the extracellular matrix of bone and dentin. It has been postulated that they may have important structural and regulatory roles in the process of tissue mineralization. Studies of a cDNA library, prepared from cells of the rat incisor odontoblast-pulp complex of 3 week old Sprague-Dawley rats, led to the identification of a serine-rich acidic protein, designated AG1, which appeared to be a dentin matrix component. In order to determine which cells of the odontoblast-pulp complex were responsible for the making of AG1, in situ hybridization was carried out using digoxigenin-labeled probes. The full length AG1 cDNA was subcloned into the pBluescript vector, which contains two strong promoters, T3 and T7. The sense and antisense complementary RNA (cRNA) hybridization probes were prepared by in vitro transcription using T3 and T7 polymerases in the presence of 11-dUTP. Incisor sections were obtained from rat embryos at days 16, and 20, and newborns at days 2 and 5. No AG1 mRNA was detected in the embryonic sections, but digoxigenin labeling was evident in odontoblasts secreting mineralizing dentin at postnatal days 2 and 5. Sense probes showed no hybridization. Pulp cells, Meckel's cartilage, and alveolar bone were free of hybridization with the antisense probe. Unexpectedly, a low level of digoxigenin staining was seen in the cytoplasm of secretory ameloblasts, but not in the preameloblasts, stratum intermedium or stellate reticulum of the enamel organ. These data show that AG1 expression is regulated developmentally and is restricted to secretory stage mature odontoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A George
- Division of Oral Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Nagata T, Yokota M, Ohishi K, Nishikawa S, Shinohara H, Wakano Y, Ishida H. 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulation of osteopontin expression in rat clonal dental pulp cells. Arch Oral Biol 1994; 39:775-82. [PMID: 7802613 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(94)90007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a major phosphorylated non-collagenous protein isolated from bone. Rat clonal dental-pulp cell lines RPC-C2A and RDP4-1 produce and secrete OPN as a principal phosphoprotein. 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] is a potent calcitropic hormone which regulates calcified tissue metabolism including the synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins. The effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the expression of OPN mRNA and the synthesis of OPN protein by pulp cells in vitro were investigated. In RPC-C2A cells, 1,25(OH)2D3 markedly stimulated synthesis of both [32PO4]- and [35S]-methionine-labelled OPN. Phosphorylated OPN synthesis increased dose-dependently and showed a maximum level at 48 h after addition of 10(-11)-10(-7) M 1,25(OH)2D3. Similar stimulation was also observed in RDP4-1 cells. Northern hybridization analysis revealed that 1,25(OH)2D3 greatly increased the level of OPN mRNA in both pulp cell lines. Examination of the time course of the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the level of OPN mRNA in RPC-C2A cells by dot-blot analysis showed that stimulation was detectable at 24 h and reached a maximum at 48 h after exposure to 10(-7)M 1,25(OH)2D3. These findings indicate that 1,25(OH)2D3 stimulates the production of dental-pulp OPN by a mechanism that involves de novo synthesis and transcriptional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagata
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tokushima University School of Dentistry, Japan
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Bronckers AL, Farach-Carson MC, Van Waveren E, Butler WT. Immunolocalization of osteopontin, osteocalcin, and dentin sialoprotein during dental root formation and early cementogenesis in the rat. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9:833-41. [PMID: 8079659 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650090609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Using immunohistochemical methods we studied the tissue localization of the extracellular matrix proteins osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OC), and dentin sialoprotein (DSP) during the formation of acellular and cellular cementum in newly born rats. In the layer of acellular cementum of developing incisor and molar teeth we found a very strong staining for OPN but not for DSP or OC. Many cells immediately adjacent to acellular cementum and PDL cells were also positive for OPN but not for DSP or for OC. In contrast, cellular cementum in molar teeth stained strongly for OPN and OC but not for DSP. Consistent with these observations, the cells engaged in the formation of cellular cementum (cementoblasts and cementocytes) reacted strongly for OPN and OC but not for DSP. In advanced stages of dentinogenesis, both crown and root odontoblasts and dentin stained for OPN, OC, and DSP. Cells and matrices of surrounding alveolar bone stained for OPN and OC but not for DSP. We conclude that cementoblasts and cementocytes of cellular cementum produce OPN and OC but not DSP and thus express an osteoblast-like, not an odontoblast-like, phenotype. The cells responsible for the production of acellular cementum are likely cells of the PDL in close contact with the dental root surface. These fibroblast-like cells express OPN but not OC or DSP and accordingly express only a partial osteoblastic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Bronckers
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center for Dentistry in Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands
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