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Folts L, Martinez AS, McKey J. Tissue clearing and imaging approaches for in toto analysis of the reproductive system. Biol Reprod 2023:ioad182. [PMID: 38159104 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
New microscopy techniques in combination with tissue clearing protocols and emerging analytical approaches have presented researchers with the tools to understand dynamic biological processes in a three-dimensional context. This paves the road for the exploration of new research questions in reproductive biology, for which previous techniques have provided only approximate resolution. These new methodologies now allow for contextualized analysis of far larger volumes than was previously possible. Tissue optical clearing and three-dimensional imaging techniques posit the bridging of molecular mechanisms, macroscopic morphogenic development, and maintenance of reproductive function into one cohesive and comprehensive understanding of the biology of the reproductive system. In this review, we present a survey of the various tissue clearing techniques and imaging systems, as they have been applied to the developing and adult reproductive system. We provide an overview of tools available for analysis of experimental data, giving particular attention to the emergence of AI-assisted methods and their applicability to image analysis. We conclude with an evaluation of how novel image analysis approaches which have been applied to other organ systems could be incorporated into future experimental evaluation of reproductive biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Folts
- Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO 80045
| | - Anthony S Martinez
- Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO 80045
| | - Jennifer McKey
- Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO 80045
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2
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Zhang X, Deng W, Ju J, Zhang S, Wang H, Geng K, Wang D, Zhang G, Le Y, Hou R. A Method to Visualize and Quantify the Intraosseous Arteries of the Femoral Head by Vascular Corrosion Casting. Orthop Surg 2022; 14:1864-1872. [PMID: 35818638 PMCID: PMC9363727 DOI: 10.1111/os.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a method to display the three-dimensional distribution of intraosseous arteries in the femoral head by vascular corrosion casting. METHODS An experimental study was done to expose the intraosseous arteries of the femoral head by a microperfusion corrosion method between January 2021 and May 2021. Specimens were 23 swine femoral heads (12 female specimens and 11 male specimens, where age of swine ranged from 8 to 12 months, and the weight was approximately 150 kg). The femoral heads were microperfused with the vascular casting resin through retinacular arteries, and the bone of the femoral head was dissolved with 50% sodium hydroxide and 10% hydrochloric acid and rinsed under the microscope until the vessel casts were completely exposed. The distribution and anastomosis of the arteries in the femoral head were observed under direct vision and microscopy. The diameter of the artery in the femoral head was measured at 0.5 cm after its entry into the bone of the femoral head with a microscale under the microscope. The number of internal arteries with diameter ≥0.05 mm was counted. The number and diameter of the main trunk of the epiphyseal arteries in the femoral head between male and female swine were compared. RESULTS The vascular casting specimen of the swine femoral head was successfully produced by using epoxy resin as a casting agent, and the three-dimensional intraosseous vascular structures were clearly visible. The number of epiphyseal arteries in male and female swine was 8.55 ± 2.15 and 8.83 ± 2.15 (t = -0.31, p = 0.38), respectively. The diameters of the superior epiphyseal arteries in male and female swine were 0.35 ± 0.09 and 0.31 ± 0.08 mm (t = 1.03, p = 0.16), the diameters of the inferior epiphyseal arteries were 0.47 ± 0.05 and 0.49 ± 0.09 mm (t = -0.57, p = 0.29), and the diameters of the anterior epiphyseal arteries were 0.34 ± 0.08 and 0.33 ± 0.13 mm (t = 0.32, p = 0.37). There was no significant difference in the number and diameter of the main trunk of intraosseous arteries between male and female swine (p > 0.05). The main trunk of intraosseous arteries formed an anastomosis in the center of the femoral head. Among 23 swine femoral head samples, three types of intraosseous anastomosis were observed, including 13 (57%) posterior superior-posterior inferior, seven (30%) posterior inferior-anterior, and three (13%) uniform intraosseous anastomosis. CONCLUSION The microperfusion corrosion method can produce the vascular casting specimen of swine femoral head revealing the three-dimensional structure of the intraosseous artery, which clearly shows the origin, course and branches, and diameter, as well as the anastomosis, of nutrient arteries in the femoral head. This method provides a simple and rapid technique for quantifying and visualizing intraosseous arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiangNan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopedic Hospital, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopedic Hospital, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - JiHui Ju
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopedic Hospital, Suzhou, China.,Teaching Hospital of Medical College of Yangzhou University, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopedic Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Songqiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopedic Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - HongYu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopedic Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - KaiLong Geng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopedic Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - DingSong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopedic Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - GuangLiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopedic Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - YingYing Le
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - RuiXing Hou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopedic Hospital, Suzhou, China.,Teaching Hospital of Medical College of Yangzhou University, Suzhou Ruihua Orthopedic Hospital, Suzhou, China
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Kosmidis S, Negrean A, Dranovsky A, Losonczy A, Kandel ER. A fast, aqueous, reversible three-day tissue clearing method for adult and embryonic mouse brain and whole body. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2021; 1:100090. [PMID: 34966901 PMCID: PMC8713566 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Optical clearing methods serve as powerful tools to study intact organs and neuronal circuits. We developed an aqueous clearing protocol, Fast 3D Clear, that relies on tetrahydrofuran for tissue delipidation and iohexol for clearing, such that tissues can be imaged under immersion oil in light-sheet imaging systems. Fast 3D Clear requires 3 days to achieve high transparency of adult and embryonic mouse tissues while maintaining their anatomical integrity and preserving a vast array of transgenic and viral/dye fluorophores. A unique advantage of Fast 3D Clear is its complete reversibility and thus compatibility with tissue sectioning and immunohistochemistry. Fast 3D Clear can be easily and quickly applied to a wide range of biomedical studies, facilitating the acquisition of high-resolution two- and three-dimensional images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Kosmidis
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Adrian Negrean
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Alex Dranovsky
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Attila Losonczy
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Eric R. Kandel
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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4
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Avoiding the blood supply to the femoral head during cannulated screw fixation: A comparison of two techniques. OTA Int 2021; 4:e135. [PMID: 34746667 PMCID: PMC8568450 DOI: 10.1097/oi9.0000000000000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To compare the strength of the inverted triangle (IT) versus the L-shaped cannulated screw fixation technique for stabilizing a Pauwels 2 femoral neck fracture. To demonstrate the risk to the blood supply to the femoral head from a posterior-superior screw. Methods The IT construct was compared with the L-shaped design in 10 composite femurs. A Pauwels 2 fracture was made with a 5 mm gap. Each specimen was loaded over 5000 cycles, measuring angular/shear displacement then loaded to failure. The data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test. Three separate fresh frozen cadavers were injected with low-viscosity epoxy. The intraosseous bloody supply was inspected in each femoral head (no fixation, IT, L-shaped). Results There was no difference in angular (P = .3) or shear displacement (P = .99) between either screw design after cyclical loading. Also, there was not statistical difference in load to failure testing between either construct (P = .99). The average load to failure in the IT group was 3204.4 N. The average was 3180.2 N in the L-shaped design. We demonstrated the presence of the intraosseous portion of the lateral epiphyseal vessel in the specimen without screw fixation. This was preserved in the specimen with the L-shaped design but absent in the specimen following IT fixation. Conclusions The strength of the L-shaped construct was not statistically different than the strength of the IT design. The posterior-superior screw may put the main blood supply to the femoral head at risk and should be avoided.
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Soygur B, Laird DJ. Ovary Development: Insights From a Three-Dimensional Imaging Revolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:698315. [PMID: 34381780 PMCID: PMC8351467 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.698315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ovary is an indispensable unit of female reproduction and health. However, the study of ovarian function in mammals is hindered by unique challenges, which include the desynchronized development of oocytes, irregular distribution and vast size discrepancy of follicles, and dynamic tissue remodeling during each hormonal cycle. Overcoming the limitations of traditional histology, recent advances in optical tissue clearing and three-dimensional (3D) visualization offer an advanced platform to explore the architecture of intact organs at a single cell level and reveal new relationships and levels of organization. Here we summarize the development and function of ovarian compartments that have been delineated by conventional two-dimensional (2D) methods and the limits of what can be learned by these approaches. We compare types of optical tissue clearing, 3D analysis technologies, and their application to the mammalian ovary. We discuss how 3D modeling of the ovary has extended our knowledge and propose future directions to unravel ovarian structure toward therapeutic applications for ovarian disease and extending female reproductive lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana J. Laird
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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6
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Myers A, Ford J, Decker S, Crawford F, Tzekov R. Volumetric histological characterization of optic nerve degeneration using tissue clearing: literature review and practical study. J Histotechnol 2021; 44:206-216. [PMID: 34132156 DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2021.1938808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue clearing technologies can greatly improve the depth and accuracy with which the three-dimensional structure of tissues, especially those of the nervous system, can be visualized. A review of the present literature suggests that the growing diversity and sophistication of various approaches have contributed to the expansion of this method to a greater variety of tissue types, experimental conditions, and imaging modalities. In the proof-of-concept study presented in this paper, a simplified and modified version of the tissue clearing method CUBIC (clear, unobstructed brain imaging cocktails and computational analysis) was used in conjunction with fluorescent staining and immunohistochemistry to illustrate the three-dimensional structure and molecular characteristics of inflammatory and degenerative activity in the mouse optic nerve. Based on the studies summarized in this mini-review, and our impression from using the mCUBIC method, it appears that tissue clearing could be a viable approach revealing three-dimensional histological features of myelin-rich tissues under normal conditions and after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Myers
- Vision Research Program, The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, New College of Florida, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Vision Science Graduate Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Ford
- Department of Radiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Summer Decker
- Department of Radiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Fiona Crawford
- Vision Research Program, The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.,James A. Haley Veterans' Administration Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Radouil Tzekov
- Vision Research Program, The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.,James A. Haley Veterans' Administration Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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7
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Yu T, Li D, Zhu D. Tissue Optical Clearing for Biomedical Imaging: From In Vitro to In Vivo. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 3233:217-255. [PMID: 34053030 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7627-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue optical clearing technique provides a prospective solution for the application of advanced optical methods in life sciences. This chapter firstly gives a brief introduction to mechanisms of tissue optical clearing techniques, from the physical mechanism to chemical mechanism, which is the most important foundation to develop tissue optical clearing methods. During the past years, in vitro and in vivo tissue optical clearing methods were developed. In vitro tissue optical clearing techniques, including the solvent-based clearing methods and the hydrophilic reagents-based clearing methods, combined with labeling technique and advanced microscopy, can be applied to image 3D microstructure of tissue blocks or whole organs such as brain and spinal cord with high resolution. In vivo skin or skull optical clearing, promise various optical imaging techniques to detect cutaneous or cortical cell and vascular structure and function without surgical window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dongyu Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. .,MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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8
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Yao X, Dani C. A Simple Method for Generating, Clearing, and Imaging Pre-vascularized 3D Adipospheres Derived from Human iPS Cells. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2454:495-507. [PMID: 33982274 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Beige/brite/brown-like adipocytes (BAs), dispersed in white adipose tissue, represent promising cell targets to counteract obesity and associated diseases. However, there are major limitations for a BA-based treatment of obesity, among which the main ones are the rareness of BAs in adult humans and the lack of a relevant cell culture condition for modeling the development of BAs. We describe in this chapter the capacity of human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived BA progenitors (hiPSC-BAPs) to self-organize in spheroids and a method for their differentiation at a high efficiency in hiPSC-derived 3D adipospheres containing UCP1-expressing cells. Enrichment of adipospheres with human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) allows to better mimic native adipose tissue. To observe the accumulation of lipid droplets, organization of the extracellular matrix and expression of adipogenic markers on the surface of hiPSC-adipospheres, we detail how to combine Oil Red O staining with immunostaining both imaged by fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, to have a global view of pre-vascularized network formed by HDMECs inside of hiPSC-adipospheres, we describe a method which consists of the whole adipospheres fixation, multicolor immunostaining, clearing, and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yao
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, iBV, Nice, France
| | - Christian Dani
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, iBV, Nice, France.
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9
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Taranda J, Turcan S. 3D Whole-Brain Imaging Approaches to Study Brain Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081897. [PMID: 33920839 PMCID: PMC8071100 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Brain tumors integrate into the brain and consist of tumor cells with different molecular alterations. During brain tumor pathogenesis, a variety of cell types surround the tumors to either inhibit or promote tumor growth. These cells are collectively referred to as the tumor microenvironment. Three-dimensional and/or longitudinal visualization approaches are needed to understand the growth of these tumors in time and space. In this review, we present three imaging modalities that are suitable or that can be adapted to study the volumetric distribution of malignant or tumor-associated cells in the brain. In addition, we highlight the potential clinical utility of some of the microscopy approaches for brain tumors using exemplars from solid tumors. Abstract Although our understanding of the two-dimensional state of brain tumors has greatly expanded, relatively little is known about their spatial structures. The interactions between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) occur in a three-dimensional (3D) space. This volumetric distribution is important for elucidating tumor biology and predicting and monitoring response to therapy. While static 2D imaging modalities have been critical to our understanding of these tumors, studies using 3D imaging modalities are needed to understand how malignant cells co-opt the host brain. Here we summarize the preclinical utility of in vivo imaging using two-photon microscopy in brain tumors and present ex vivo approaches (light-sheet fluorescence microscopy and serial two-photon tomography) and highlight their current and potential utility in neuro-oncology using data from solid tumors or pathological brain as examples.
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10
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Nowzari F, Wang H, Khoradmehr A, Baghban M, Baghban N, Arandian A, Muhaddesi M, Nabipour I, Zibaii MI, Najarasl M, Taheri P, Latifi H, Tamadon A. Three-Dimensional Imaging in Stem Cell-Based Researches. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:657525. [PMID: 33937378 PMCID: PMC8079735 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.657525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have an important role in regenerative therapies, developmental biology studies and drug screening. Basic and translational research in stem cell technology needs more detailed imaging techniques. The possibility of cell-based therapeutic strategies has been validated in the stem cell field over recent years, a more detailed characterization of the properties of stem cells is needed for connectomics of large assemblies and structural analyses of these cells. The aim of stem cell imaging is the characterization of differentiation state, cellular function, purity and cell location. Recent progress in stem cell imaging field has included ultrasound-based technique to study living stem cells and florescence microscopy-based technique to investigate stem cell three-dimensional (3D) structures. Here, we summarized the fundamental characteristics of stem cells via 3D imaging methods and also discussed the emerging literatures on 3D imaging in stem cell research and the applications of both classical 2D imaging techniques and 3D methods on stem cells biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Nowzari
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Huimei Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Arezoo Khoradmehr
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mandana Baghban
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Neda Baghban
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Alireza Arandian
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Muhaddesi
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Iraj Nabipour
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohammad I. Zibaii
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Najarasl
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Taheri
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Latifi
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Tamadon
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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Lee TB, Lee J, Jun JH. Three-Dimensional Approaches in Histopathological Tissue Clearing System. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2020.52.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Bok Lee
- Confocal Core Facility, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaewang Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jin Hyun Jun
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School of Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea
- Eulji Medi-Bio Research Institute (EMBRI), Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea
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12
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Zhao S, Todorov MI, Cai R, -Maskari RA, Steinke H, Kemter E, Mai H, Rong Z, Warmer M, Stanic K, Schoppe O, Paetzold JC, Gesierich B, Wong MN, Huber TB, Duering M, Bruns OT, Menze B, Lipfert J, Puelles VG, Wolf E, Bechmann I, Ertürk A. Cellular and Molecular Probing of Intact Human Organs. Cell 2020; 180:796-812.e19. [PMID: 32059778 PMCID: PMC7557154 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Optical tissue transparency permits scalable cellular and molecular investigation of complex tissues in 3D. Adult human organs are particularly challenging to render transparent because of the accumulation of dense and sturdy molecules in decades-aged tissues. To overcome these challenges, we developed SHANEL, a method based on a new tissue permeabilization approach to clear and label stiff human organs. We used SHANEL to render the intact adult human brain and kidney transparent and perform 3D histology with antibodies and dyes in centimeters-depth. Thereby, we revealed structural details of the intact human eye, human thyroid, human kidney, and transgenic pig pancreas at the cellular resolution. Furthermore, we developed a deep learning pipeline to analyze millions of cells in cleared human brain tissues within hours with standard lab computers. Overall, SHANEL is a robust and unbiased technology to chart the cellular and molecular architecture of large intact mammalian organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhao
- Insititute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Medical Research School (MMRS), 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Mihail Ivilinov Todorov
- Insititute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Neuroscience (GSN), 82152 Munich, Germany
| | - Ruiyao Cai
- Insititute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Rami Ai -Maskari
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany; Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM) of the TUM, 80798 Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Munich, Germany
| | - Hanno Steinke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kemter
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany; Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hongcheng Mai
- Insititute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Zhouyi Rong
- Insititute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Warmer
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karen Stanic
- Insititute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Schoppe
- Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM) of the TUM, 80798 Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Christian Paetzold
- Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM) of the TUM, 80798 Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Munich, Germany
| | - Benno Gesierich
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Milagros N Wong
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marco Duering
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Thomas Bruns
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bjoern Menze
- Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM) of the TUM, 80798 Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Lipfert
- Department of Physics and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Victor G Puelles
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, and Center for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany; Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ali Ertürk
- Insititute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Porter DDL, Morton PD. Clearing techniques for visualizing the nervous system in development, injury, and disease. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 334:108594. [PMID: 31945400 PMCID: PMC10674098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Modern clearing techniques enable high resolution visualization and 3D reconstruction of cell populations and their structural details throughout large biological samples, including intact organs and even entire organisms. In the past decade, these methods have become more tractable and are now being utilized to provide unforeseen insights into the complexities of the nervous system. While several iterations of optical clearing techniques have been developed, some are more suitable for specific applications than others depending on the type of specimen under study. Here we review findings from select studies utilizing clearing methods to visualize the developing, injured, and diseased nervous system within numerous model systems and species. We note trends and imbalances in the types of research questions being addressed with clearing methods across these fields in neuroscience. In addition, we discuss restrictions in applying optical clearing methods for postmortem tissue from humans and large animals and emphasize the lack in continuity between studies of these species. We aim for this review to serve as a key outline of available tissue clearing methods used successfully to address issues across neuronal development, injury/repair, and aging/disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demisha D L Porter
- Virginia Tech Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Paul D Morton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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14
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Costantini I, Cicchi R, Silvestri L, Vanzi F, Pavone FS. In-vivo and ex-vivo optical clearing methods for biological tissues: review. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:5251-5267. [PMID: 31646045 PMCID: PMC6788593 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Every optical imaging technique is limited in its penetration depth by scattering occurring in biological tissues. Possible solutions to overcome this problem consist of limiting the detrimental effects of scattering by reducing optical inhomogeneities within the sample. This can be achieved either by using physical methods (such as refractive index matching solutions) or by chemical methods (such as the removal of scatterers), based on tissue transformation protocols. This review provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art methods used for both ex-vivo and in-vivo optical clearing of biological tissues. We start with a brief history of the development of the most widespread clearing methods across the new millennium, then we describe the working principles of both physical and chemical methods. Clearing methods are then reviewed, pointing the attention of the reader on both physical and chemical methods, classified based on the tissue size and type for each specific application. A small section is reserved for methods that have already found in-vivo applications at the research level. Finally, a detailed discussion highlighting both the most relevant results achieved and the new ongoing developments in this field is reported in the last part, together with future perspectives for the clearing methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Costantini
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cicchi
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Ludovico Silvestri
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Francesco Vanzi
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Pavone
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
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15
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On the importance of the innervation of the human cervical longitudinal ligaments at vertebral level. Surg Radiol Anat 2019; 42:127-136. [PMID: 31493007 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-019-02316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In our aging society, the prevalence of degenerative spinal diseases rose drastically within the last years. However, up till now, the origin of cervical pain is incompletely understood. While animal and small cadaver studies indicate that a complex system of sensory and nociceptive nerve fibers in the anterior (ALL) and posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) at the level of the intervertebral disc might be involved, there is a lack of data exploring whether such a network exists and is equally distributed within the cervical vertebrae (VB). We, therefore, aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of the mentioned nerve networks in human tissue. METHODS We performed macroscopic (Sihler staining, Spalteholz technique, and Plastination) and microscopic (immunohistochemistry for PGP 9.5 and CGRP) studies to characterize spatial differences in sensory and nociceptive innervation patterns. Therefore, 23 human body donors were dissected from level C3-C6. RESULTS We could show that there is a focal increase in sensory and nociceptive nerve fibers at the level of C4 and C5 for both ALL and PLL, while we observed less nerve fiber density at the level of C3 and C6. An anatomical vicinity between nerve and vessels was observed. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, these findings for the first time report spatial differences in sensory and nociceptive nerve fibers in the human cervical spine at VB level. The interconnection between nerves and vessels supports the importance of the perivascular plexus. These findings might be of special interest for clinical practice as many patients suffer from pain after cervical spine surgery.
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16
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Alsheri M, Bali K, Railton P, Ponjevic D, Matyas J, Powell J. Anatomic study on the blood supply to the femoral head following hip resurfacing using the posterior approach. Hip Int 2019; 29:558-563. [PMID: 31109180 DOI: 10.1177/1120700019850765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate femoral head perfusion following cadaveric hip resurfacing using the posterior approach. METHODS This cadaveric study involved injecting Higgins India ink into the common iliac arteries and evaluating the distribution of ink in the resurfaced heads using the modified Spalteholz technique. The study consisted of 2 parts. The 1st part involved utilisation of 22 cadaveric hips for establishing the injection and histological technique. The 2nd part of the study included 4 control cadaveric hips and 12 cadaveric hips with posterior approach hip resurfacing. Each specimen was divided into 15 zones (12 head zones and 3 neck zones) to evaluate detailed geographic distribution of dye-containing blood vessels. RESULTS All 4 controls had good flow of ink to all head zones and the neck region. In all the resurfaced heads, there was good flow to all the neck zones. 6 resurfaced specimens had no dye flow to any of the head zones. In the remaining 6, dye-stained vessels were seen variably in the anterior and middle zones but were consistently absent in the posterior zones of the head. Zones representing the antero-inferior parts of femoral head had the maximum flow of ink, followed by zones representing middle-inferior parts. CONCLUSIONS Posterior approach for hip resurfacing arthroplasty results in vascular insult to the femoral head, with posterior zones more affected than the anterior zones. The persistence of the dye in the intraosseous blood vessels of the neck and in anteroinferior head may be a source of revascularisation of the femoral head after posterior approach hip resurfacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alsheri
- 1 Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Pamela Railton
- 1 Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dragana Ponjevic
- 1 Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John Matyas
- 1 Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - James Powell
- 1 Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Optimisation and validation of hydrogel-based brain tissue clearing shows uniform expansion across anatomical regions and spatial scales. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12084. [PMID: 31427619 PMCID: PMC6700094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging of fixed tissue is routine in experimental neuroscience, but is limited by the depth of tissue that can be imaged using conventional methods. Optical clearing of brain tissue using hydrogel-based methods (e.g. CLARITY) allows imaging of large volumes of tissue and is rapidly becoming commonplace in the field. However, these methods suffer from a lack of standardized protocols and validation of the effect they have upon tissue morphology. We present a simple and reliable protocol for tissue clearing along with a quantitative assessment of the effect of tissue clearing upon morphology. Tissue clearing caused tissue swelling (compared to conventional methods), but this swelling was shown to be similar across spatial scales and the variation was within limits acceptable to the field. The results of many studies rely upon an assumption of uniformity in tissue swelling, and by demonstrating this quantitatively, research using these methods can be interpreted more reliably.
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18
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Costa EC, Silva DN, Moreira AF, Correia IJ. Optical clearing methods: An overview of the techniques used for the imaging of 3D spheroids. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2742-2763. [PMID: 31282993 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spheroids have emerged as in vitro models that reproduce in a great extent the architectural microenvironment found in human tissues. However, the imaging of 3D cell cultures is highly challenging due to its high thickness, which results in a light-scattering phenomenon that limits light penetration. Therefore, several optical clearing methods, widely used in the imaging of animal tissues, have been recently explored to render spheroids with enhanced transparency. These methods are aimed to homogenize the microtissue refractive index (RI) and can be grouped into four different categories, namely (a) simple immersion in an aqueous solution with high RI; (b) delipidation and dehydration followed by RI matching; (c) delipidation and hyperhydration followed by RI matching; and (d) hydrogel embedding followed by delipidation and RI matching. In this review, the main optical clearing methods, their mechanism of action, advantages, and disadvantages are described. Furthermore, the practical examples of the optical clearing methods application for the imaging of 3D spheroids are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete C Costa
- CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - Daniel N Silva
- CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - André F Moreira
- CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - Ilídio J Correia
- CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal.,CIEPQF, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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19
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Jing D, Yi Y, Luo W, Zhang S, Yuan Q, Wang J, Lachika E, Zhao Z, Zhao H. Tissue Clearing and Its Application to Bone and Dental Tissues. J Dent Res 2019; 98:621-631. [PMID: 31009584 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519844510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Opaqueness of animal tissue can be attributed mostly to light absorption and light scattering. In most noncleared tissue samples, confocal images can be acquired at no more than a 100-µm depth. Tissue-clearing techniques have emerged in recent years in the neuroscience field. Many tissue-clearing methods have been developed, and they all follow similar working principles. During the tissue-clearing process, chemical or physical treatments are applied to remove components blocking or scattering the light. Finally, samples are immersed in a designated clearing medium to achieve a uniform refractive index and to gain transparency. Once the transparency is reached, images can be acquired even at several millimeters of depth with high resolution. Tissue clearing has become an essential tool for neuroscientists to investigate the neural connectome or to analyze spatial information of various types of brain cells. Other than neural science research, tissue-clearing techniques also have applications for bone research. Several methods have been developed for clearing bones. Clearing treatment enables 3-dimensional imaging of bones without sectioning and provides important new insights that are difficult or impossible to acquire with conventional approaches. Application of tissue-clearing technique on dental research remains limited. This review will provide an overview of the recent literature related to the methods and application of various tissue-clearing methods. The following aspects will be covered: general principles for the tissue-clearing technique, current available methods for clearing bones and teeth, general principles of 3-dimensional imaging acquisition and data processing, applications of tissue clearing on studying biological processes within bones and teeth, and future directions for 3-dimensional imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jing
- 1 Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, USA.,2 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Y Yi
- 1 Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, USA.,2 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - W Luo
- 1 Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - S Zhang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Q Yuan
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - J Wang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - E Lachika
- 3 Intelligent Imaging Innovations (3i), Denver, CO, USA
| | - Z Zhao
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - H Zhao
- 1 Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, USA
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20
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Jing D, Zhang S, Luo W, Gao X, Men Y, Ma C, Liu X, Yi Y, Bugde A, Zhou BO, Zhao Z, Yuan Q, Feng JQ, Gao L, Ge WP, Zhao H. Tissue clearing of both hard and soft tissue organs with the PEGASOS method. Cell Res 2018; 28:803-818. [PMID: 29844583 PMCID: PMC6082844 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-018-0049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue clearing technique enables visualization of opaque organs and tissues in 3-dimensions (3-D) by turning tissue transparent. Current tissue clearing methods are restricted by limited types of tissues that can be cleared with each individual protocol, which inevitably led to the presence of blind-spots within whole body or body parts imaging. Hard tissues including bones and teeth are still the most difficult organs to be cleared. In addition, loss of endogenous fluorescence remains a major concern for solvent-based clearing methods. Here, we developed a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-associated solvent system (PEGASOS), which rendered nearly all types of tissues transparent and preserved endogenous fluorescence. Bones and teeth could be turned nearly invisible after clearing. The PEGASOS method turned the whole adult mouse body transparent and we were able to image an adult mouse head composed of bones, teeth, brain, muscles, and other tissues with no blind areas. Hard tissue transparency enabled us to reconstruct intact mandible, teeth, femur, or knee joint in 3-D. In addition, we managed to image intact mouse brain at sub-cellular resolution and to trace individual neurons and axons over a long distance. We also visualized dorsal root ganglions directly through vertebrae. Finally, we revealed the distribution pattern of neural network in 3-D within the marrow space of long bone. These results suggest that the PEGASOS method is a useful tool for general biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Jing
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenjing Luo
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Xiaofei Gao
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, Neuroscience, Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yi Men
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Chi Ma
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Yating Yi
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Abhijit Bugde
- Live Cell Imaging Core Facility, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Bo O Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Liang Gao
- Intelligent Imaging Innovations (3i) Inc., 3509 Ringsby Court, Denver, CO, 80216, USA
| | - Woo-Ping Ge
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, Neuroscience, Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Hu Zhao
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.
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21
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Kassem MS, Fok SY, Smith KL, Kuligowski M, Balleine BW. A novel, modernized Golgi-Cox stain optimized for CLARITY cleared tissue. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 294:102-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Casal D, Pais D, Iria I, Videira PA, Mota-Silva E, Alves S, Mascarenhas-Lemos L, Pen C, Vassilenko V, Goyri-O’Neill J. Blood Supply to the Integument of the Abdomen of the Rat: A Surgical Perspective. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2017; 5:e1454. [PMID: 29062636 PMCID: PMC5640333 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many fundamental questions regarding the blood supply to the integument of the rat remain to be clarified, namely the degree of homology between rat and humans. The aim of this work was to characterize in detail the macro and microvascular blood supply to the integument covering the ventrolateral aspect of the abdominal wall of the rat. METHODS Two hundred five Wistar male rats weighing 250-350 g were used. They were submitted to gross anatomical dissection after intravascular colored latex injection (n = 30); conversion in modified Spalteholz cleared specimens (n=10); intravascular injection of a Perspex solution, and then corroded, in order to produce vascular corrosion casts of the vessels in the region (n = 5); histological studies (n = 20); scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts (n = 10); surgical dissection of the superficial caudal epigastric vessels (n = 100); and to thermographic evaluation (n = 30). RESULTS The ventrolateral abdominal wall presented a dominant superficial vascular system, which was composed mainly of branches from the superficial caudal epigastric artery and vein in the caudal half. The cranial half still received significant arterial contributions from the lateral thoracic artery in all cases and from large perforators coming from the intercostal arteries and from the deep cranial epigastric artery. CONCLUSIONS These data show that rats and humans present a great deal of homology regarding the blood supply to the ventrolateral aspect of the abdominal integument. However, there are also significant differences that must be taken into consideration when performing and interpreting experimental procedures in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Casal
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Glycoimmunology Group, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, iMed—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; CDG & Allies—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies—PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo Pais
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Glycoimmunology Group, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, iMed—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; CDG & Allies—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies—PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Iria
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Glycoimmunology Group, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, iMed—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; CDG & Allies—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies—PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula A. Videira
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Glycoimmunology Group, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, iMed—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; CDG & Allies—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies—PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Mota-Silva
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Glycoimmunology Group, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, iMed—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; CDG & Allies—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies—PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Alves
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Glycoimmunology Group, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, iMed—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; CDG & Allies—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies—PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Mascarenhas-Lemos
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Glycoimmunology Group, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, iMed—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; CDG & Allies—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies—PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Pen
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Glycoimmunology Group, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, iMed—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; CDG & Allies—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies—PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Valentina Vassilenko
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Glycoimmunology Group, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, iMed—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; CDG & Allies—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies—PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Goyri-O’Neill
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department and Burn Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal; Anatomy Department, Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal; Glycoimmunology Group, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, iMed—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; CDG & Allies—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies—PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal; LIBPhys, Physics Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; and Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
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Vascular Structures of the Lateral Wall of the Maxillary Sinus: A Vascular Labeling Technique. IMPLANT DENT 2017; 26:153-157. [PMID: 28067755 DOI: 10.1097/id.0000000000000529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sinus floor augmentation is a common procedure in implant dentistry. However, several intraoperative complications can occur during this procedure, such as bleeding from the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus. The aim of this study was to describe the vascular structures of the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus using a vascular labeling technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten cadaveric specimens were prepared by the vascular labeling technique. Liquid latex was injected into the large vessels of the head, and the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus was exposed by dissection. The diameter of the vessels and their distance from the alveolar ridge (AR) were recorded. RESULTS Blood vessels could be observed in all the dissected specimens (100%). The mean distance from the lower edge of the blood vessels to the AR was 18.5 mm (SD 3.31 mm). CONCLUSIONS The vascular labeling technique detects maxillary sinus vessels in a predictable and effective way. These structures are clinically relevant because they are located in the area where the lateral window is usually created in sinus augmentation procedures and can cause profuse bleeding.
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Optical clearing of the eye using the See Deep Brain technique. Eye (Lond) 2017; 31:1496-1502. [PMID: 28574496 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2017.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeTissue clearing has been used in anatomy for the first time in Germany over a century ago. Neuronal tissue, like cortex, was investigated in mice using a water-based optical clearing method termed See Deep Brain (SeeDB). However, although the eye belongs to the central nervous system, this histological technique was not applied in the eye up to date. We applied SeeDB for the visualization of intraocular structures.Patients and methodsFour eyes of cornea donors (two male, two female: 73-84 years) obtained from the Cornea Bank of the Department of Ophthalmology Erlangen, four chicken eyes and two mices' optic nerve were used. Bulbi were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline and treated with increasing concentrations of aqueous fructose solution with 0.5% α-thioglycerol. After SeeDB, transscleral macrophotographs of the choroid were performed.ResultsComplete transparency of the sclera was obtained in enucleated human and chicken eyes after SeeDB treatment. Macroscopical anatomy of the choroid (partially transparent due to the remaining retinal pigment epithelium and melanocytes) showing vessels and other related structures was possible without preparing slides. Mice optic nerves were also transparent after SeeDB treatment.ConclusionThe SeeDB method allows visualization of intraocular structures through a completely translucent sclera. This innovative processing technique could facilitate comprehensive qualitative and quantitative topographical anatomical studies of human and animal eyes, preserving their 3D architecture. Supra- and intrachoroidal ganglionic plexus could potentially be visualized transsclerally. Finally, clinical-pathological correlations of intraocular diseases-for example, retinal tumors-will be possible in non-dissected eyes.
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25
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Gálvez A, Caraballo JL, Manzanares-Céspedes MC, Valdivia-Gandur I, Figueiredo R, Valmaseda-Castellón E. Vascular labeling of the head and neck vessels: Technique, advantages and limitations. J Clin Exp Dent 2017; 9:e682-e687. [PMID: 28512547 PMCID: PMC5429482 DOI: 10.4317/jced.53832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular staining techniques have been used to describe the vascular structures of several anatomic areas. However, few reports have described this procedure in the head and neck region. This paper describes a head and neck vascular labeling procedure, and describes some of the technical complications that may occur. Material and Methods Fifteen specimen cadaver heads were prepared. After drying the vascular system, the internal carotid arteries were ligated and a solution with latex and a gelling agent was injected into the internal carotid arteries and external jugular veins. Two different colors were employed to differentiate arteries from veins. A total of 60ml latex was injected into each blood vessel. Subsequently, the specimens were refrigerated at 5°C for a minimum of 24 hours. Finally, a dissection was performed to identify the venous and arterial systems of the maxillofacial region. Results In most specimens, correct identification of the vascular structures (lingual artery, pterigoyd plexus, and the major palatal arteries, among others) was possible. However, in three heads a major technical problem occurred (the latex remained liquid), making the dissection unfeasible. Other minor complications such as latex obstruction due to the presence of atheromas were found in two further specimens. Conclusions The vascular labeling technique is a predictable, effective and simple method for analyzing the vascular system of the maxillofacial area in cadaveric studies, including vessels of reduced diameter or with an intraosseous course. This procedure can be especially useful to teach vascular anatomy to dental students and postgraduate residents. Key words:Blood vessels, vascular casting, vascular labeling, head and neck arteries, carotid arteries, jugular veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Gálvez
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Master degree program; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - José-Leonardo Caraballo
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Master degree program; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - María-Cristina Manzanares-Céspedes
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Unit. Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Dpt, University of Barcelona (Spain). Facultat de Medicina. C/ Feixa Llarga, s/n; Pavelló Govern, 5ª planta, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iván Valdivia-Gandur
- Human Anatomy Unit, Biomedical department and Odontology department, University of Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Rui Figueiredo
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Master degree program; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Valmaseda-Castellón
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Master degree program; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Gutierre RC, Vannucci Campos D, Mortara RA, Coppi AA, Arida RM. Reflection imaging of China ink-perfused brain vasculature using confocal laser-scanning microscopy after clarification of brain tissue by the Spalteholz method. J Anat 2017; 230:601-606. [PMID: 28054714 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Confocal laser-scanning microscopy is a useful tool for visualizing neurons and glia in transparent preparations of brain tissue from laboratory animals. Currently, imaging capillaries and venules in transparent brain tissues requires the use of fluorescent proteins. Here, we show that vessels can be imaged by confocal laser-scanning microscopy in transparent cortical, hippocampal and cerebellar preparations after clarification of China ink-injected specimens by the Spalteholz method. This method may be suitable for global, three-dimensional, quantitative analyses of vessels, including stereological estimations of total volume and length and of surface area of vessels, which constitute indirect approaches to investigate angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Gutierre
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Braz
| | - D Vannucci Campos
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Braz
| | - R A Mortara
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A A Coppi
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - R M Arida
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Tainaka K, Kuno A, Kubota SI, Murakami T, Ueda HR. Chemical Principles in Tissue Clearing and Staining Protocols for Whole-Body Cell Profiling. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2016; 32:713-741. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111315-125001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Tainaka
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kuno
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- PhD Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shimpei I. Kubota
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatzya Murakami
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroki R. Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
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Azaripour A, Lagerweij T, Scharfbillig C, Jadczak AE, Willershausen B, Van Noorden CJF. A survey of clearing techniques for 3D imaging of tissues with special reference to connective tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 51:9-23. [PMID: 27142295 DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For 3-dimensional (3D) imaging of a tissue, 3 methodological steps are essential and their successful application depends on specific characteristics of the type of tissue. The steps are 1° clearing of the opaque tissue to render it transparent for microscopy, 2° fluorescence labeling of the tissues and 3° 3D imaging. In the past decades, new methodologies were introduced for the clearing steps with their specific advantages and disadvantages. Most clearing techniques have been applied to the central nervous system and other organs that contain relatively low amounts of connective tissue including extracellular matrix. However, tissues that contain large amounts of extracellular matrix such as dermis in skin or gingiva are difficult to clear. The present survey lists methodologies that are available for clearing of tissues for 3D imaging. We report here that the BABB method using a mixture of benzyl alcohol and benzyl benzoate and iDISCO using dibenzylether (DBE) are the most successful methods for clearing connective tissue-rich gingiva and dermis of skin for 3D histochemistry and imaging of fluorescence using light-sheet microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Azaripour
- Department of Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, Mainz 55131, Germany; Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tonny Lagerweij
- Neuro-Oncology Research Group, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Room 3.20, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Scharfbillig
- Department of Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Anna Elisabeth Jadczak
- Department of Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Brita Willershausen
- Department of Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Cornelis J F Van Noorden
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Susaki E, Ueda H. Whole-body and Whole-Organ Clearing and Imaging Techniques with Single-Cell Resolution: Toward Organism-Level Systems Biology in Mammals. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:137-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
Here we describe a protocol for advanced CUBIC (Clear, Unobstructed Brain/Body Imaging Cocktails and Computational analysis). The CUBIC protocol enables simple and efficient organ clearing, rapid imaging by light-sheet microscopy and quantitative imaging analysis of multiple samples. The organ or body is cleared by immersion for 1-14 d, with the exact time required dependent on the sample type and the experimental purposes. A single imaging set can be completed in 30-60 min. Image processing and analysis can take <1 d, but it is dependent on the number of samples in the data set. The CUBIC clearing protocol can process multiple samples simultaneously. We previously used CUBIC to image whole-brain neural activities at single-cell resolution using Arc-dVenus transgenic (Tg) mice. CUBIC informatics calculated the Venus signal subtraction, comparing different brains at a whole-organ scale. These protocols provide a platform for organism-level systems biology by comprehensively detecting cells in a whole organ or body.
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Abstract
Biological specimens are intrinsically three dimensional; however, because of the obscuring effects of light scatter, imaging deep into a tissue volume is problematic. Although efforts to eliminate the scatter by "clearing" the tissue have been ongoing for over a century, there have been a large number of recent innovations. This Review introduces the physical basis for light scatter in tissue, describes the mechanisms underlying various clearing techniques, and discusses several of the major advances in light microscopy for imaging cleared tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Richardson
- Harvard Center for Biological Imaging, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Jeff W Lichtman
- Harvard Center for Biological Imaging, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Tainaka K, Kubota S, Suyama T, Susaki E, Perrin D, Ukai-Tadenuma M, Ukai H, Ueda H. Whole-Body Imaging with Single-Cell Resolution by Tissue Decolorization. Cell 2014; 159:911-24. [PMID: 25417165 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Yang B, Treweek JB, Kulkarni RP, Deverman BE, Chen CK, Lubeck E, Shah S, Cai L, Gradinaru V. Single-cell phenotyping within transparent intact tissue through whole-body clearing. Cell 2014; 158:945-958. [PMID: 25088144 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 651] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the structure-function relationships at cellular, circuit, and organ-wide scale requires 3D anatomical and phenotypical maps, currently unavailable for many organs across species. At the root of this knowledge gap is the absence of a method that enables whole-organ imaging. Herein, we present techniques for tissue clearing in which whole organs and bodies are rendered macromolecule-permeable and optically transparent, thereby exposing their cellular structure with intact connectivity. We describe PACT (passive clarity technique), a protocol for passive tissue clearing and immunostaining of intact organs; RIMS (refractive index matching solution), a mounting media for imaging thick tissue; and PARS (perfusion-assisted agent release in situ), a method for whole-body clearing and immunolabeling. We show that in rodents PACT, RIMS, and PARS are compatible with endogenous-fluorescence, immunohistochemistry, RNA single-molecule FISH, long-term storage, and microscopy with cellular and subcellular resolution. These methods are applicable for high-resolution, high-content mapping and phenotyping of normal and pathological elements within intact organs and bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jennifer B Treweek
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Rajan P Kulkarni
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Benjamin E Deverman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Chun-Kan Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Eric Lubeck
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sheel Shah
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Long Cai
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Papakonstantinou MK, Pan WR, le Roux CM, Richardson MD. New approach to the study of intraosseous vasculature. ANZ J Surg 2012; 82:704-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2012.06142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maritsa K. Papakonstantinou
- Jack Brockhoff Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Research Unit, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne; Victoria; Australia
| | - Wei-Ren Pan
- Jack Brockhoff Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Research Unit, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne; Victoria; Australia
| | - Cara Michelle le Roux
- Jack Brockhoff Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Research Unit, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne; Victoria; Australia
| | - Martin D. Richardson
- Jack Brockhoff Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Research Unit, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne; Victoria; Australia
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35
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Subgross breast pathology in the twenty-first century. Virchows Arch 2012; 460:489-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kopecky B, Johnson S, Schmitz H, Santi P, Fritzsch B. Scanning thin-sheet laser imaging microscopy elucidates details on mouse ear development. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:465-80. [PMID: 22271591 PMCID: PMC5010664 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian inner ear is transformed from a flat placode into a three-dimensional (3D) structure with six sensory epithelia that allow for the perception of sound and both linear and angular acceleration. While hearing and balance problems are typically considered to be adult onset diseases, they may arise as a developmental perturbation to the developing ear. Future prevention of hearing or balance loss requires an understanding of how closely genetic mutations in model organisms reflect the human case, necessitating an objective multidimensional comparison of mouse ears with human ears that have comparable mutations in the same gene. RESULTS Here, we present improved 3D analyses of normal murine ears during embryonic development using optical sections obtained through Thin-Sheet Laser Imaging Microscopy. We chronicle the transformation of an undifferentiated otic vesicle between mouse embryonic day 11.5 to a fully differentiated inner ear at postnatal day 15. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis of ear development provides new insights into ear development, enables unique perspectives into the complex development of the ear, and allows for the first full quantification of volumetric and linear aspects of ear growth. Our data provide the framework for future analysis of mutant phenotypes that are currently under-appreciated using only two dimensional renderings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kopecky
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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37
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Keller PJ, Dodt HU. Light sheet microscopy of living or cleared specimens. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012; 22:138-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Posterausstellung P21-P40. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2011. [DOI: 10.1515/bmt.2011.858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bone lengthening osteogenesis, a combination of intramembranous and endochondral ossification: an experimental study in sheep. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr 2010; 5:71-8. [PMID: 21811902 PMCID: PMC2918740 DOI: 10.1007/s11751-010-0083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the morphological features of the newly formed tissue in an experimental model of tibial callotasis lengthening on 24 lambs, aged from 2 to 3 months at the time of operation. A unilateral external fixator prototype Monotube Triax® (Stryker Howmedica Osteonics, New Jersey) was applied to the left tibia. A percutaneous osteotomy was performed in a minimally traumatic manner using a chisel. Lengthening was started 7 days after surgery and was continued to 30 mm. The 24 animals were randomly divided into three groups of 8 animals each: in Group 1, lengthening took place at a rate of 1 mm/day for 30 days; in Group 2, at a rate of 2 mm/day for 15 days; in Group 3, at a rate of 3 mm/day for 10 days. In each group, 4 animals were killed 2 weeks after end of lengthening, and the other 4 animals at 4 weeks after end of lengthening. To assess bony formation in the distraction area, radiographs were taken every 2 weeks from the day of surgery. To study the process of vascularization, we used Spalteholz’s technique. After killing, the tibia of each animal was harvested, and sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson’s trichrome, and Safranin-O. Immunohistochemistry was performed, using specific antibodies to detect collagens I and II, S100 protein, and fibronectin. A combination of intramembranous and endochondral ossification occurred together at the site of distraction. Our study provides a detailed structural characterization of the newly formed tissue in an experimental model of tibial lengthening in sheep and may be useful for further investigations on callotasis.
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Demonstration of three injection methods for the analysis of extrinsic and intrinsic blood supply of the peripheral nerve. Surg Radiol Anat 2009; 31:567-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-009-0480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ignatiadis IA, Mavrogenis AF, Avram AM, Georgescu AV, Perez ML, Gerostathopoulos NE, Soucacos PN. Treatment of complex hand trauma using the distal ulnar and radial artery perforator-based flaps. Injury 2008; 39 Suppl 3:S116-24. [PMID: 18692185 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The clinical value of distal ulnar or radial artery adipofascial perforator flaps is shown in a series of 30 patients with severe hand and wrist injuries and major soft tissue defects requiring coverage. There were 22 men and 8 women, aged 16-73 years. The defects were dorsal and/or palmar, with or without transpalmar or transcarpal amputation, or amputation of the thumb and/or the digits. Tendon injuries have been treated primarily or secondarily, or reconstructed using silicon rods. In all cases, after surgical debridement of the wound, reconstruction of the defect was done using distal ulnar (21 patients, in 3 patients primary reconstruction) and distal radial artery (11 patients; in 2 patients primary reconstruction and in 2 patients after necrosis of distal ulnar perforator flap) adipofascial perforator flaps. Minimum follow-up was 6 months. Two ulnar flap showed partial necrosis and were revised successfully by distal radial adipofascial perforator flaps. One radial and one ulnar flap showed 50% and 60% necrosis, respectively, and were revised by groin flaps. All donor sites healed uneventfully. Functional and cosmetic result was very good in 15 patients and good or satisfactory in the remaining. Range of motion of the wrist and hand joints was almost within normal limits (less than 25 degrees extension or flexion deficits). Distal ulnar and radial artery adipofascial perforator flaps for traumatic defects of the hand and wrist offer several advantages compared to other local flaps; they are easy to obtain and cover effectively both dorsal and palmar defects without significant functional deficits or donor site complications to the upper limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Ignatiadis
- Department of Upper Limb and Hand Surgery and Microsurgery, KAT Hospital, Kifissia, Athens, Greece.
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Bergeron L, Tang M, Morris SF. A review of vascular injection techniques for the study of perforator flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 117:2050-7. [PMID: 16651983 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000218321.36450.9b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With a new era of flap surgery, additional anatomical information is required. The relatively recent interest in musculocutaneous perforator flaps has once again sparked interest in the vascular anatomy of surgical flaps. There are a variety of anatomical techniques available to define the vascular anatomy of tissues of interest. In this article, the authors review vascular injection techniques available and describe the technique currently used in their laboratory. METHODS A comprehensive review of vascular injection techniques is summarized. Barium sulfate and lead oxide in particular are reviewed in detail. RESULTS This article reviews the historical development of vascular injection techniques, outlines current investigative methods, and expands on a radiopaque lead oxide and gelatin injection method that provides high-quality angiograms. CONCLUSIONS The standard method for the study of perforator flap is the lead oxide-gelatin technique. However, other methods can provide complementary information on vascular anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Bergeron
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Saito T, Yoshimoto M, Yamamoto Y, Miyaki T, Itoh M, Shimizu S, Oi Y, Schmidt W, Steinke H. The medial branch of the lateral branch of the posterior ramus of the spinal nerve. Surg Radiol Anat 2006; 28:228-34. [PMID: 16612554 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-006-0090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In the needle insertion of epidural anesthesia with the paramedian approach, the needle can pass through the longissimus muscle in the dorsum of the patients. When the needle touches a nerve in the muscles, the patients may experience pain in the back. Obviously, the needle should avoid the nerve tract. To provide better anesthetic service, analysis of the structure and where the concerned nerves lie in that region is inevitable. MATERIAL AND METHOD We studied five cadavers in this study. Two cadavers were fixed with Thiel's method. With these cadavers, we studied the nerve running of the posterior rami of the spinal nerve from the nerve root to the distal portion. Three of them were used for the study of transparent specimen, with which we studied the course and size of the nerve inside the longissimus muscle. RESULTS We observed there were three branches at the stem of the posterior rami of the spinal nerves between the body segment T3 and L5, i.e. medial branch, medial branch of the lateral branch and lateral branch of the lateral branch. The medial branch of the lateral branch supplied to the longissimus muscle. With the transparent specimen, we found that there were different nerve layouts between the upper thoracic, lower thoracic, upper lumbar, and lower lumbar segments in the medial branch of the lateral branch in the longissimus muscle. In the lower thoracic and upper lumbar segments, the medial branch of the lateral branch of the upper lumbar segments produced layers nerve network in the longissimus muscle. L1 and L2 nerves were large in size in the muscle. CONCLUSION In the upper lumbar segments the medial branch of the lateral branch of the posterior rami of the spinal nerve produced dense network in the longissimus muscle, where the epidural needle has high possibility to touch the nerve. Anesthetists have to consider the existence of the medial branch of the lateral branch of the posterior rami of the spinal nerve when they insert the needle in the paramedical approach to the spinal column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Saito
- Department of Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, 6-8-33 Kagawa, 253-0082, Chigasaki-City, Kanagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
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Heitmann C, Guerra A, Metzinger SW, Levin LS, Allen RJ. The thoracodorsal artery perforator flap: anatomic basis and clinical application. Ann Plast Surg 2003; 51:23-9. [PMID: 12838121 DOI: 10.1097/01.sap.0000054189.14799.f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on the dissection of 20 fresh cadavers, the authors have detailed further the vascular anatomy of the thoracodorsal artery and its cutaneous perforator vessels. The thoracodorsal artery showed a constant bifurcation into a horizontal branch and a lateral branch, located on the deep surface of the latissimus dorsi muscle 4 cm (range, 3-6 cm) distal to the inferior scapular border and 2.5 cm (range, 1-4 cm) medial to the lateral free margin of the muscle. In 20 specimens there was a total of 64 musculocutaneous perforators larger than 0.5 mm. Thirty-six perforators (56%) originated from the lateral branch and 28 perforators (44%) originated from the horizontal branch. All perforators originated within a distance of 8 cm from the neurovascular hilus and ran in proximity with the horizontal or lateral branches. In 11 dissections (55%) there was also a direct cutaneous branch originating from the extramuscular course of the thoracodorsal artery before the neurovascular hilus. This cutaneous branch did not pierce the latissimus muscle but rounded the lateral muscle edge and supplied the overlying subcutaneous tissue and skin. It is hoped that the constant anatomy will encourage surgeons in the future to use the thoracodorsal artery perforator flap more often.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Heitmann
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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