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Liu Z, Xu D, Fang J, Xia Q, Zhong W, Li H, Huang Z, Cao N, Liu X, Chen HJ, Hu N. Intracellular Recording of Cardiomyocytes by Integrated Electrical Signal Recording and Electrical Pulse Regulating System. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:799312. [PMID: 34976989 PMCID: PMC8714743 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.799312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrophysiological signal can reflect the basic activity of cardiomyocytes, which is often used to study the working mechanism of heart. Intracellular recording is a powerful technique for studying transmembrane potential, proving a favorable strategy for electrophysiological research. To obtain high-quality and high-throughput intracellular electrical signals, an integrated electrical signal recording and electrical pulse regulating system based on nanopatterned microelectrode array (NPMEA) is developed in this work. Due to the large impedance of the electrode, a high-input impedance preamplifier is required. The high-frequency noise of the circuit and the baseline drift of the sensor are suppressed by a band-pass filter. After amplifying the signal, the data acquisition card (DAQ) is used to collect the signal. Meanwhile, the DAQ is utilized to generate pulses, achieving the electroporation of cells by NPMEA. Each channel uses a voltage follower to improve the pulse driving ability and isolates each electrode. The corresponding recording control software based on LabVIEW is developed to control the DAQ to collect, display and record electrical signals, and generate pulses. This integrated system can achieve high-throughput detection of intracellular electrical signals and provide a reliable recording tool for cell electro-physiological investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaru Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qijian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanyun Huang
- Laboratory Teaching Center of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Cao
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xingxing Liu, ; Hui-Jiuan Chen, ; Ning Hu, ,
| | - Hui-Jiuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xingxing Liu, ; Hui-Jiuan Chen, ; Ning Hu, ,
| | - Ning Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory Teaching Center of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xingxing Liu, ; Hui-Jiuan Chen, ; Ning Hu, ,
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Shen X, Yang Y, Tian S, Zhao Y, Chen T. Microfluidic array chip based on excimer laser processing technology for the construction of in vitro graphical neuronal network. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911520918395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To construct a graphical neural network in vitro and explore the morphological effects of neural network structural changes on neurons, this study aimed to introduce a method for fabricating microfluidic array chips with different graphical structures based on 248-nm excimer laser one-step etching. Through the comparative analysis of the graphical neural network cultured on our microfluidic array chip with the one on the glass slide, the morphological effects of the neural network on the morphology of the neurons were studied. First, the design of the chip was completed according to the specific structure of the neurons and the simulation of the flow field. The chips were fabricated by excimer laser processing combined with the casting technology. Neurons were cultured on the chip, and a graphical neural network was formed. The growth status of the neural network was analyzed by microscopy and immunofluorescence technology, and compared with the random neural network cultured on glass slides. The results showed that the neurons on the array chips grew in microchannels, and neurites grew along the direction of the channel, interlacing to form a neural network. Furthermore, when the structure of the neural network was graphically changed, the internal neuron morphology changed: on the same culture days, the maximum length of the neurites of the graphical neural network was higher than the average length of the neurites of the random neural network. This research can provide the foundation for the exploration of the neural network mechanism of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Shen
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Tian
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
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3
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Arya SK, Wong CC, Jeon YJ, Bansal T, Park MK. Advances in complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor-based integrated biosensor arrays. Chem Rev 2015; 115:5116-58. [PMID: 26017544 DOI: 10.1021/cr500554n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Arya
- Institute of Microelectronics, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117685
| | - Chee Chung Wong
- Institute of Microelectronics, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117685
| | - Yong Joon Jeon
- Institute of Microelectronics, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117685
| | - Tushar Bansal
- Institute of Microelectronics, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117685
| | - Mi Kyoung Park
- Institute of Microelectronics, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117685
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4
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Takeuchi A, Shimba K, Mori M, Takayama Y, Moriguchi H, Kotani K, Lee JK, Noshiro M, Jimbo Y. Sympathetic neurons modulate the beat rate of pluripotent cell-derived cardiomyocytes in vitro. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 4:1532-9. [PMID: 23080484 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20060k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes have great potential for the therapy of heart failure, it is unclear whether their function after grafting can be controlled by the host sympathetic nervous system, a component of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Here we demonstrate the formation of functional connections between rat sympathetic superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons and pluripotent (P19.CL6) cell-derived cardiomyocytes (P19CMs) in compartmentalized co-culture, achieved using photolithographic microfabrication techniques. Formation of synapses between sympathetic neurons and P19CMs was confirmed by immunostaining with antibodies against β-3 tubulin, synapsin I and cardiac troponin-I. Changes in the beat rate of P19CMs were triggered after electrical stimulation of the co-cultured SCG neurons, and were affected by the pulse frequency of the electrical stimulation. Such changes in the beat rate were prevented when propranolol, a β-adrenoreceptor antagonist, was added to the culture medium. These results suggest that the beat rate of differentiated cardiomyocytes can be modulated by electrical stimulation of connected sympathetic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akimasa Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
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Kim BN, Herbst AD, Kim SJ, Minch BA, Lindau M. Parallel recording of neurotransmitters release from chromaffin cells using a 10×10 CMOS IC potentiostat array with on-chip working electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 41:736-44. [PMID: 23084756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitter release is modulated by many drugs and molecular manipulations. We present an active CMOS-based electrochemical biosensor array with high throughput capability (100 electrodes) for on-chip amperometric measurement of neurotransmitter release. The high-throughput of the biosensor array will accelerate the data collection needed to determine statistical significance of changes produced under varying conditions, from several weeks to a few hours. The biosensor is designed and fabricated using a combination of CMOS integrated circuit (IC) technology and a photolithography process to incorporate platinum working electrodes on-chip. We demonstrate the operation of an electrode array with integrated high-gain potentiostats and output time-division multiplexing with minimum dead time for readout. The on-chip working electrodes are patterned by conformal deposition of Pt and lift-off photolithography. The conformal deposition method protects the underlying electronic circuits from contact with the electrolyte that covers the electrode array during measurement. The biosensor was validated by simultaneous measurement of amperometric currents from 100 electrodes in response to dopamine injection, which revealed the time course of dopamine diffusion along the surface of the biosensor array. The biosensor simultaneously recorded neurotransmitter release successfully from multiple individual living chromaffin cells. The biosensor was capable of resolving small and fast amperometric spikes reporting release from individual vesicle secretions. We anticipate that this device will accelerate the characterization of the modulation of neurotransmitter secretion from neuronal and endocrine cells by pharmacological and molecular manipulations of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian N Kim
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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6
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Tokuda T, Noda T, Sasagawa K, Ohta J. Optical and Electric Multifunctional CMOS Image Sensors for On-Chip Biosensing Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2010; 4:84-102. [PMID: 28879978 PMCID: PMC5448479 DOI: 10.3390/ma4010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the concept, design, performance, and a functional demonstration of multifunctional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors dedicated to on-chip biosensing applications are described. We developed a sensor architecture that allows flexible configuration of a sensing pixel array consisting of optical and electric sensing pixels, and designed multifunctional CMOS image sensors that can sense light intensity and electric potential or apply a voltage to an on-chip measurement target. We describe the sensors' architecture on the basis of the type of electric measurement or imaging functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tokuda
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 3-5 Sanba, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan.
| | - Toshihiko Noda
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan.
| | - Kiyotaka Sasagawa
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan.
| | - Jun Ohta
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan.
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7
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Desai SA, Rolston JD, Guo L, Potter SM. Improving impedance of implantable microwire multi-electrode arrays by ultrasonic electroplating of durable platinum black. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENGINEERING 2010; 3:5. [PMID: 20485478 PMCID: PMC2871717 DOI: 10.3389/fneng.2010.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Implantable microelectrode arrays (MEAs) have been a boon for neural stimulation and recording experiments. Commercially available MEAs have high impedances, due to their low surface area and small tip diameters, which are suitable for recording single unit activity. Lowering the electrode impedance, but preserving the small diameter, would provide a number of advantages, including reduced stimulation voltages, reduced stimulation artifacts and improved signal-to-noise ratio. Impedance reductions can be achieved by electroplating the MEAs with platinum (Pt) black, which increases the surface area but has little effect on the physical extent of the electrodes. However, because of the low durability of Pt black plating, this method has not been popular for chronic use. Sonicoplating (i.e. electroplating under ultrasonic agitation) has been shown to improve the durability of Pt black on the base metals of macro-electrodes used for cyclic voltammetry. This method has not previously been characterized for MEAs used in chronic neural implants. We show here that sonicoplating can lower the impedances of microwire multi-electrode arrays (MMEA) by an order of magnitude or more (depending on the time and voltage of electroplating), with better durability compared to pulsed plating or traditional DC methods. We also show the improved stimulation and recording performance that can be achieved in an in vivo implantation study with the sonicoplated low-impedance MMEAs, compared to high-impedance unplated electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanya Arcot Desai
- Laboratory for Neuroengineering, The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, USA
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8
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Banerjee P, Franz B, Bhunia AK. Mammalian cell-based sensor system. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 117:21-55. [PMID: 20091291 DOI: 10.1007/10_2009_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Use of living cells or cellular components in biosensors is receiving increased attention and opens a whole new area of functional diagnostics. The term "mammalian cell-based biosensor" is designated to biosensors utilizing mammalian cells as the biorecognition element. Cell-based assays, such as high-throughput screening (HTS) or cytotoxicity testing, have already emerged as dependable and promising approaches to measure the functionality or toxicity of a compound (in case of HTS); or to probe the presence of pathogenic or toxigenic entities in clinical, environmental, or food samples. External stimuli or changes in cellular microenvironment sometimes perturb the "normal" physiological activities of mammalian cells, thus allowing CBBs to screen, monitor, and measure the analyte-induced changes. The advantage of CBBs is that they can report the presence or absence of active components, such as live pathogens or active toxins. In some cases, mammalian cells or plasma membranes are used as electrical capacitors and cell-cell and cell-substrate contact is measured via conductivity or electrical impedance. In addition, cytopathogenicity or cytotoxicity induced by pathogens or toxins resulting in apoptosis or necrosis could be measured via optical devices using fluorescence or luminescence. This chapter focuses mainly on the type and applications of different mammalian cell-based sensor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Banerjee
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Department of Food & Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL, 35762, USA
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9
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Park J, Kim HS, Han A. Micropatterning of poly(dimethylsiloxane) using a photoresist lift-off technique for selective electrical insulation of microelectrode arrays. JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING : STRUCTURES, DEVICES, AND SYSTEMS 2009; 19:65016. [PMID: 19946385 PMCID: PMC2784694 DOI: 10.1088/0960-1317/19/6/065016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) patterning method based on a photoresist lift-off technique to make an electrical insulation layer with selective openings is presented. The method enables creating PDMS patterns with small features and various thicknesses without any limitation in the designs and without the need for complicated processes or expensive equipments. Patterned PDMS layers were created by spin-coating liquid phase PDMS on top of a substrate having sacrificial photoresist patterns, followed by a photoresist lift-off process. The thickness of the patterned PDMS layers could be accurately controlled (6.5-24 µm) by adjusting processing parameters such as PDMS spin-coating speeds, PDMS dilution ratios, and sacrificial photoresist thicknesses. PDMS features as small as 15 µm were successfully patterned and the effects of each processing parameter on the final patterns were investigated. Electrical resistance tests between adjacent electrodes with and without the insulation layer showed that the patterned PDMS layer functions properly as an electrical insulation layer. Biocompatibility of the patterned PDMS layer was confirmed by culturing primary neuron cells on top of the layer for up to two weeks. An extensive neuronal network was successfully formed, showing that this PDMS patterning method can be applied to various biosensing microdevices. The utility of this fabrication method was further demonstrated by successfully creating a patterned electrical insulation layer on flexible substrates containing multi-electrode arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arum Han
- Corresponding Author: Arum Han, . Tel: 1-979-845-9686
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10
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Jochum T, Denison T, Wolf P. Integrated circuit amplifiers for multi-electrode intracortical recording. J Neural Eng 2009; 6:012001. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/6/1/012001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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11
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Kmon P, Zoladz M, Grybos P, Szczygiel R. Design and measurements of 64-channel ASIC for neural signal recording. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2009; 2009:528-531. [PMID: 19964226 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2009.5333629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the design and measurements of a low noise multi-channel front-end electronics for recording extra-cellular neuronal signals using microelectrode arrays. The integrated circuit contains 64 readout channels and was fabricated in CMOS 0.18 microm technology. A single readout channel is built of an AC coupling circuit at the input, a low noise preamplifier, a band-pass filter and a second amplifier. In order to reduce the number of output lines, the 64 analog signals from readout channels are multiplexed to a single output by an analog multiplexer. The chip is optimized for low noise and matching performance with the possibility of cut-off frequencies tuning. The low cut-off frequency can be tuned in the 1 Hz-60 Hz range and the high cut-off frequency can be tuned in the 3.5 kHz-15 kHz range. For the nominal gain setting at 44 dB and power dissipation per single channel of 220 microW the equivalent input noise is in the range from 6 microV-11 microV rms depending on the band-pass filter settings. The chip has good uniformity concerning the spread of its electrical parameters from channel to channel. The spread of gain calculated as standard deviation to mean value is about 4.4% and the spread of the low cut-off frequency is on the same level. The chip occupies 5x2.3 mm(2) of silicon area.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kmon
- Department of Measurement and Instrumentation, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland.
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12
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Brown EA, Ross JD, Blum RA, Wheeler BC, Deweerth SP. Stimulus-artifact elimination in a multi-electrode system. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2008; 2:10-21. [PMID: 23852629 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2008.918285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To fully exploit the recording capabilities provided by current and future generations of multi-electrode arrays, some means to eliminate the residual charge and subsequent artifacts generated by stimulation protocols is required. Custom electronics can be used to achieve such goals, and by making them scalable, a large number of electrodes can be accessed in an experiment. In this work, we present a system built around a custom 16-channel IC that can stimulate and record, within 3 ms of the stimulus, on the stimulating channel, and within 500 mus on adjacent channels. This effectiveness is achieved by directly discharging the electrode through a novel feedback scheme, and by shaping such feedback to optimize electrode behavior. We characterize the different features of the system that makes such performance possible and present biological data that show the system in operation. To enable this characterization, we present a framework for measuring, classifying, and understanding the multiple sources of stimulus artifacts. This framework facilitates comparisons between artifact elimination methodologies and enables future artifact studies.
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13
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Gerhardt GA, Tresco PA. Sensor Technology. BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8705-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Berger TW, Gerhardt G, Liker MA, Soussou W. The Impact of Neurotechnology on Rehabilitation. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2008; 1:157-97. [PMID: 22274903 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2008.2008687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore W Berger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Neural Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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15
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Zhang X, Daly JC, Li Y, Cao Y, Chen Z, Nelson RD, LaRue JC. Integrated biosensor chip and microelectronic system for bioelectronic interface with neurons. Biomed Microdevices 2007; 10:919. [PMID: 17906852 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-007-9120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Electrical Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
- University of California, Irvine, 4100 CalIT2 Bldg. 3rd floor, Irvine, CA, 92697-2800, USA.
| | - James C Daly
- Department of Electrical Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Yingxin Li
- Biology Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Electrical Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Zuhui Chen
- Pen-Tung Sah MEMS Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard D Nelson
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - John C LaRue
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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16
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Functional Electrical Stimulation. Bioelectricity 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-48865-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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17
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Padigi SK, Reddy RKK, Prasad S. Carbon nanotube based aliphatic hydrocarbon sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 22:829-37. [PMID: 16638636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) based chemical sensor was designed and developed by integration of microfabrication techniques with nano-assembly. This integrated sensing mechanism on a chip, comprised of thiol functionalized MWCNTs that functioned as transducers which were integrated with micro-electrode array measurement sites. The detection of the four fundamental hydrocarbons belonging to the aliphatic hydrocarbon family--methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol was experimentally demonstrated. High degree of selectivity was demonstrated by repeated robust identification of individual hydro carbons belonging to the same family. The sensor demonstrated 1 ppm detection sensitivity. The detection mechanism was based on nano-scale transduction of the detection of the localized binding event between the functional binding sites and the chemical species of interest. Specific electrical signatures for each of these chemicals were identified using multiple levels of data analysis comprising of Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) and Power Spectral Density (PSD). The sensor demonstrated a rapid response time with portability, accuracy and versatility for the in situ detection of multiple chemical agents, with potential for automation.
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18
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Berdondini L, van der Wal PD, Guenat O, de Rooij NF, Koudelka-Hep M, Seitz P, Kaufmann R, Metzler P, Blanc N, Rohr S. High-density electrode array for imaging in vitro electrophysiological activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2005; 21:167-74. [PMID: 15967365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Revised: 07/29/2004] [Accepted: 08/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of a high-density active microelectrode array for in vitro electrophysiology is reported. Based on the Active Pixel Sensor (APS) concept, the array integrates 4096 gold microelectrodes (electrode separation 20 microm) on a surface of 2.5 mmx2.5 mm as well as a high-speed random addressing logic allowing the sequential selection of the measuring pixels. Following the electrical characterization in a phosphate solution, the functional evaluation has been carried out by recording the spontaneous electrical activity of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Signals with amplitudes from 130 microVp-p to 300 microVp-p could be recorded from different pixels. The results demonstrate the suitability of the APS concept for developing a new generation of high-resolution extracellular recording devices for in vitro electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Berdondini
- Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Laboratory, Institute of Microtechnology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Jaquet-Droz 1, CH-2007 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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19
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Prasad S, Zhang X, Ozkan CS, Ozkan M. Neuron-based microarray sensors for environmental sensing. Electrophoresis 2004; 25:3746-60. [PMID: 15565684 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel sensing scheme for detecting the effects of unburned fossil fuels by integrating microarray technology and dielectrophoresis to develop single-neuron arrays. These arrays have the capability to sense and identify the two fuels, at parts per billion (ppb) concentrations, as well to determine the associated physiological changes at the single-cell level. Identification is achieved through frequency domain analysis of the measured changes to the extracellular electrical activity due to the effect of the fossil fuels. This yields unique electrical identifiers known as "signature patterns". Simultaneous optical visualization to the physiological changes is obtained by specific fluorescent staining. The correlation between the signature patterns and the cellular biological behavior establishes the veracity of this identification technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Prasad
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA
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20
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Heer F, Franks W, Blau A, Taschini S, Ziegler C, Hierlemann A, Baltes H. CMOS microelectrode array for the monitoring of electrogenic cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2004; 20:358-66. [PMID: 15308242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2003] [Revised: 02/04/2004] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Signal degradation and an array size dictated by the number of available interconnects are the two main limitations inherent to standalone microelectrode arrays (MEAs). A new biochip consisting of an array of microelectrodes with fully-integrated analog and digital circuitry realized in an industrial CMOS process addresses these issues. The device is capable of on-chip signal filtering for improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), on-chip analog and digital conversion, and multiplexing, thereby facilitating simultaneous stimulation and recording of electrogenic cell activity. The designed electrode pitch of 250 microm significantly limits the space available for circuitry: a repeated unit of circuitry associated with each electrode comprises a stimulation buffer and a bandpass filter for readout. The bandpass filter has corner frequencies of 100 Hz and 50 kHz, and a gain of 1000. Stimulation voltages are generated from an 8-bit digital signal and converted to an analog signal at a frequency of 120 kHz. Functionality of the read-out circuitry is demonstrated by the measurement of cardiomyocyte activity. The microelectrode is realized in a shifted design for flexibility and biocompatibility. Several microelectrode materials (platinum, platinum black and titanium nitride) have been electrically characterized. An equivalent circuit model, where each parameter represents a macroscopic physical quantity contributing to the interface impedance, has been successfully fitted to experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Heer
- Physical Electronics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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21
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Mohseni P, Najafi K. A fully integrated neural recording amplifier with DC input stabilization. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2004; 51:832-7. [PMID: 15132510 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2004.824126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a low-power low-noise fully integrated bandpass operational amplifier for a variety of biomedical neural recording applications. A standard two-stage CMOS amplifier in a closed-loop resistive feedback configuration provides a stable ac gain of 39.3 dB at 1 kHz. A subthreshold PMOS input transistor is utilized to clamp the large and random dc open circuit potentials that normally exist at the electrode-electrolyte interface. The low cutoff frequency of the amplifier is programmable up to 50 Hz, while its high cutoff frequency is measured to be 9.1 kHz. The tolerable dc input range is measured to be at least +/- 0.25 V with a dc rejection factor of at least 29 dB. The amplifier occupies 0.107 mm2 in die area, and dissipates 115 microW from a 3 V power supply. The total measured input-referred noise voltage in the frequency range of 0.1-10 kHz is 7.8 microVrms. It is fabricated using AMI 1.5 microm double-poly double-metal n-well CMOS process. This paper presents full characterization of the dc, ac, and noise performance of this amplifier through in vitro measurements in saline using two different neural recording electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Mohseni
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSystems, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2122, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Over the last few decades, technology to record through ever increasing numbers of electrodes has become available to electrophysiologists. For the study of distributed neural processing, however, the ability to stimulate through equal numbers of electrodes, and thus to attain bidirectional communication, is of paramount importance. Here, we present a stimulation system for multi-electrode arrays which interfaces with existing commercial recording hardware, and allows stimulation through any electrode in the array, with rapid switching between channels. The system is controlled through real-time Linux, making it extremely flexible: stimulation sequences can be constructed on-the-fly, and arbitrary stimulus waveforms can be used if desired. A key feature of this design is that it can be readily and inexpensively reproduced in other labs, since it interfaces to standard PC parallel ports and uses only off-the-shelf components. Moreover, adaptation for use with in vivo multi-electrode probes would be straightforward. In combination with our freely available data-acquisition software, MeaBench, this system can provide feedback stimulation in response to recorded action potentials within 15 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Wagenaar
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Caltech 103-33, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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23
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Pancrazio JJ, Gray SA, Shubin YS, Kulagina N, Cuttino DS, Shaffer KM, Eisemann K, Curran A, Zim B, Gross GW, O'Shaughnessy TJ. A portable microelectrode array recording system incorporating cultured neuronal networks for neurotoxin detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2003; 18:1339-47. [PMID: 12896834 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(03)00092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cultured neuronal networks, which have the capacity to respond to a wide range of neuroactive compounds, have been suggested to be useful for both screening known analytes and unknown compounds for acute neuropharmacologic effects. Extracellular recording from cultured neuronal networks provides a means for extracting physiologically relevant activity, i.e. action potential firing, in a noninvasive manner conducive for long-term measurements. Previous work from our laboratory described prototype portable systems capable of high signal-to-noise extracellular recordings from cardiac myocytes. The present work describes a portable system tailored to monitoring neuronal extracellular potentials that readily incorporates standardized microelectrode arrays developed by and in use at the University of North Texas. This system utilizes low noise amplifier and filter boards, a two-stage thermal control system with integrated fluidics and a graphical user interface for data acquisition and control implemented on a personal computer. Wherever possible, off-the-shelf components have been utilized for system design and fabrication. During use with cultured neuronal networks, the system typically exhibits input referred noise levels of only 4-6 microVRMS, such that extracellular potentials exceeding 40 microV can be readily resolved. A flow rate of up to 1 ml/min was achieved while the cell recording chamber temperature was maintained within a range of 36-37 degrees C. To demonstrate the capability of this system to resolve small extracellular potentials, pharmacological experiments with cultured neuronal networks have been performed using ion channel blockers, tetrodotoxin and tityustoxin. The implications of the experiments for neurotoxin detection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Pancrazio
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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24
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Zieziulewicz TJ, Unfricht DW, Hadjout N, Lynes MA, Lawrence DA. Shrinking the biologic world--nanobiotechnologies for toxicology. Toxicol Sci 2003; 74:235-44. [PMID: 12832654 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfg108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although toxicologic effects need to be considered at the organismal level, the adverse events originate from interactions and alterations at the molecular level. Cellular structures and functions can be disrupted by modifications of the nanometer structure of critical molecules; therefore, devices used to assess biologic and toxicologic processes at the nanoscale will allow important new research pursuits. In order to properly assess alterations at these dimensions, nanofabricated tools are needed to detect, separate, analyze, and manipulate cells or biologic molecules of interest. The emergence of laser tweezers, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), laser capture microdissection (LCM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and multi-photon microscopes have allowed for these assessments. Micro- and nanobiotechnologies will further advance biologic, clinical, and toxicologic endeavors with the aid of miniaturized, more sensitive devices. Miniaturized table-top laboratory equipment incorporating additional innovative technologies can lead to new advances, including micro total analysis systems (microTAS) or "lab-on-a-chip" and "sentinel sensor" devices. This review will highlight several devices, which have been made possible by techniques originating in the microelectronics industry. These devices can be used for toxicologic assessment of cellular structures and functions, such as cellular adhesion, signal transduction, motility, deformability, metabolism, and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Zieziulewicz
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology and Immunology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, USA
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25
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Still KR, Jederberg WW, Ritchie GD, Rossi J. Exposure assessment and the health of deployed forces. Drug Chem Toxicol 2002; 25:383-401. [PMID: 12378949 DOI: 10.1081/dct-120014791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The risk assessment process is a critical function for military Deployment Toxicology research objectives, emphasizing improved health protection of deployed forces. Reliable risk assessment methodology is essential for decision making related to risk reduction procedures during combat deployment, as well as during routine occupational activities. Such decision making must be based upon quality science that both guides sound judgments in risk characterization and management, and provides necessary health protection tools. The health and fitness of deployed forces must be considered for both acute and long-term issues. Exposure assessment specifies populations that might be exposed to injurious agents, identifies routes of exposure, and estimates the magnitude, duration, and timing of the doses that personnel may receive as a result of their exposure. Acute or short-term catastrophic risks for deployed forces are of immediate concern and must be addressed on a risk prioritization basis using Operational Risk Management (ORM) procedures. However, long-term effects of exposure to the same agents must be considered as part of the overall health concerns for deployed forces. In response to these needs, a number of military, federal government, academic and private sector organizations are currently developing new classes of biologically-based biosensors with the programmed capacity to detect the presence of virtually any environmental chemical or biological stressor with the capacity to induce health consequences in deployed personnel. A major objective of this engineering effort is development of biosensor systems that detect novel (previously unresearched) chemical or biological agents that might be used during international combat or terrorist attacks to induce acute or long-term health effects on military or civilian populations. A large portion of the discussion in this paper is devoted to describing the development, testing, and implementation of tissue-based biosensors (TBBs) that utilize small samples of living tissue from laboratory small animals for a wide range of human risk assessment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Still
- Naval Health Research Center-Detachment Toxicology (NHRC-TD), Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA.
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26
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Wagenaar DA, Potter SM. Real-time multi-channel stimulus artifact suppression by local curve fitting. J Neurosci Methods 2002; 120:113-20. [PMID: 12385761 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(02)00149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe an algorithm for suppression of stimulation artifacts in extracellular micro-electrode array (MEA) recordings. A model of the artifact based on locally fitted cubic polynomials is subtracted from the recording, yielding a flat baseline amenable to spike detection by voltage thresholding. The algorithm, SALPA, reduces the period after stimulation during which action potentials cannot be detected by an order of magnitude, to less than 2 ms. Our implementation is fast enough to process 60-channel data sampled at 25 kHz in real-time on an inexpensive desktop PC. It performs well on a wide range of artifact shapes without re-tuning any parameters, because it accounts for amplifier saturation explicitly and uses a statistic to verify successful artifact suppression immediately after the amplifiers become operational. We demonstrate the algorithm's effectiveness on recordings from dense monolayer cultures of cortical neurons obtained from rat embryos. SALPA opens up a previously inaccessible window for studying transient neural oscillations and precisely timed dynamics in short-latency responses to electric stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Wagenaar
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Caltech 103-33, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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27
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Jung DR, Kapur R, Adams T, Giuliano KA, Mrksich M, Craighead HG, Taylor DL. Topographical and physicochemical modification of material surface to enable patterning of living cells. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2002; 21:111-54. [PMID: 11451046 DOI: 10.1080/20013891081700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Precise control of the architecture of multiple cells in culture and in vivo via precise engineering of the material surface properties is described as cell patterning. Substrate patterning by control of the surface physicochemical and topographic features enables selective localization and phenotypic and genotypic control of living cells. In culture, control over spatial and temporal dynamics of cells and heterotypic interactions draws inspiration from in vivo embryogenesis and haptotaxis. Patterned arrays of single or multiple cell types in culture serve as model systems for exploration of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. More recently, the patterned arrays and assemblies of tissues have found practical applications in the fields of Biosensors and cell-based assays for Drug Discovery. Although the field of cell patterning has its origins early in this century, an improved understanding of cell-substrate interactions and the use of microfabrication techniques borrowed from the microelectronics industry have enabled significant recent progress. This review presents the important early discoveries and emphasizes results of recent state-of-the-art cell patterning methods. The review concludes by illustrating the growing impact of cell patterning in the areas of bioelectronic devices and cell-based assays for drug discovery.
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28
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Gray SA, Kusel JK, Shaffer KM, Shubin YS, Stenger DA, Pancrazio JJ. Design and demonstration of an automated cell-based biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2001; 16:535-42. [PMID: 11544047 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(01)00167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based biosensors have the capacity to respond to a wide range of analytes in a physiologically relevant manner and appear well-suited for toxicity monitoring of both known and unknown analytes. One means of acquiring cellular functional information for biosensor applications involves extracellular recording from excitable cells, which can generate noninvasive and long-term measurements. Previous work from our laboratory described a prototype portable system capable of high signal-to-noise extracellular recordings, in spite of deficiencies in thermal control, fluidics handling, and absence of data acquisition (DAQ) capability. The present work describes a cell-based biosensor system that incorporates low noise amplifier and filter boards, a two-stage thermal control system with integrated fluidics and a flexible graphical user interface for DAQ and control implemented on a personal computer. Wherever possible, commercial off-the-shelf components have been utilized for system design and fabrication. The system exhibits input-referred noise levels of 5-10 microV(RMS), such that extracellular potentials exceeding 50-60 microV can be readily resolved. In addition, the biosensor system is capable of automated temperature and fluidics control. Flow rates can range from 0-2.5 ml/min, while the cell recording chamber temperature is maintained within a range of 36-37 degrees C. To demonstrate the capability of this system to resolve small extracellular potentials, recordings from embryonic chick cardiac myocytes have been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Gray
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Potter
- Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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30
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Stenger DA, Gross GW, Keefer EW, Shaffer KM, Andreadis JD, Ma W, Pancrazio JJ. Detection of physiologically active compounds using cell-based biosensors. Trends Biotechnol 2001; 19:304-9. [PMID: 11451472 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(01)01690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based biosensors are portable devices that contain living biological cells that monitor physiological changes induced by exposure to environmental perturbations such as toxicants, pathogens or other agents. Methods of detecting physiological changes include extracellular electrical recordings, optical measurements, and, in the future, functional genomics and proteomics. Several technical developments are occurring that will increase the feasibility of cell-based biosensors for field applications; these developments include stem cell and 3D culture technologies. Possible scenarios for the use of cell-based biosensors include broad-range detectors of unknown threat agents and functional assessment of identified agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Stenger
- Center for BioMolecular Science and Engineering, Code 6910, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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31
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Manos P, Pancrazio JJ, Coulombe MG, Ma W, Stenger DA. Characterization of rat spinal cord neurons cultured in defined media on microelectrode arrays. Neurosci Lett 1999; 271:179-82. [PMID: 10507698 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous efforts to utilize mammalian spinal cord neurons as biosensor elements have relied on neuronal: glial co-cultures maintained in serum-containing media. We have examined the feasibility of culturing primary spinal cord neurons in serum-free medium, modified for neuronal longevity, on fabricated microelectrode arrays. Embryonic day 15 rat spinal cord cells were plated on trimethoxysilyl-propyldiethylenetriamine coated microelectrode arrays comprised of gold recording sites passivated with silicon nitride. Immunocytochemistry was performed to verify the presence of neurons and quantitatively assess astrocytes using antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein on the silicon nitride substrates. Modifications to culture media enabled viable neuronal culture to extend from approximately 14 days in vitro (DIV) to 40 DIV on the arrays containing only 1.1 +/- 0.5% (mean +/- SEM) astrocytes. Extracellular recording revealed tetrodotoxin-sensitive spontaneous electrical activity from the enriched neuronal culture. Threshold detection of extracellular potentials showed an increase in spike rate as a function of glutamate concentration with neurotoxicity at elevated levels. This approach suggests that functional measures related to biosensor applications, pharmacological screening, or the evaluation of neurological disease models can be implemented in a defined culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Manos
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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32
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Abstract
Microsensors have traditionally been made as one-off, hand-crafted probes. Recently, however, there has been a concerted drive to exploit the microfabrication methods developed within the semiconductor industry in order to mass produce cheap, planar microsensing arrays. Such devices might be 'electronic Petri dishes' for the direct stimulation of, and measurement from, a variety of single cells, including neurones. In addition, micromachining has been used to construct picolitre-scale analytical sensors to extend the range of single-cell analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cooper
- Bioelectronics Research Centre, Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK G12 8QQ
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