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Abstract
Recombinant nucleic acids are considered as promising next-generation vaccines. These vaccines express the native antigen upon delivery into tissue, thus mimicking live attenuated vaccines without having the risk of reversion to pathogenicity. They also stimulate the innate immune system, thus potentiating responses. Nucleic acid vaccines are easy to produce at reasonable cost and are stable. During the past years, focus has been on the use of plasmid DNA for vaccination. Now mRNA and replicon vaccines have come into focus as promising technology platforms for vaccine development. This review discusses self-replicating RNA vaccines developed from alphavirus expression vectors. These replicon vaccines can be delivered as RNA, DNA or as recombinant virus particles. All three platforms have been pre-clinically evaluated as vaccines against a number of infectious diseases and cancer. Results have been very encouraging and propelled the first human clinical trials, the results of which have been promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Ljungberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Chin'ombe N, Ruhanya V. Recombinant Salmonella Bacteria Vectoring HIV/AIDS Vaccines. Open Virol J 2013; 7:121-6. [PMID: 24478808 PMCID: PMC3905348 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901307010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV/AIDS is an important public health problem globally. An affordable, easy-to-deliver and protective HIV
vaccine is therefore required to curb the pandemic from spreading further. Recombinant Salmonella bacteria can be
harnessed to vector HIV antigens or DNA vaccines to the immune system for induction of specific protective immunity.
These are capable of activating the innate, humoral and cellular immune responses at both mucosal and systemic
compartments. Several studies have already demonstrated the utility of live recombinant Salmonella in delivering
expressed foreign antigens as well as DNA vaccines to the host immune system. This review gives an overview of the
studies in which recombinant Salmonella bacteria were used to vector HIV/AIDS antigens and DNA vaccines. Most of
the recombinant Salmonella-based HIV/AIDS vaccines developed so far have only been tested in animals (mainly mice)
and are yet to reach human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyasha Chin'ombe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe ; Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vurayai Ruhanya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Recombinant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as a vaccine vector for HIV-1 Gag. Viruses 2013; 5:2062-78. [PMID: 23989890 PMCID: PMC3798890 DOI: 10.3390/v5092062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV/AIDS epidemic remains a global health problem, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. An effective HIV-1 vaccine is therefore badly required to mitigate this ever-expanding problem. Since HIV-1 infects its host through the mucosal surface, a vaccine for the virus needs to trigger mucosal as well as systemic immune responses. Oral, attenuated recombinant Salmonella vaccines offer this potential of delivering HIV-1 antigens to both the mucosal and systemic compartments of the immune system. So far, a number of pre-clinical studies have been performed, in which HIV-1 Gag, a highly conserved viral antigen possessing both T- and B-cell epitopes, was successfully delivered by recombinant Salmonella vaccines and, in most cases, induced HIV-specific immune responses. In this review, the potential use of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as a live vaccine vector for HIV-1 Gag is explored.
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Engineering enhancement of the immune response to HBV DNA vaccine in mice by the use of LIGHT gene adjuvant. J Virol Methods 2008; 153:142-8. [PMID: 18722475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 07/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines could induce protective immune responses in several animal models. Many strategies have been employed to improve the effect of nucleic acid vaccines. LIGHT is a member of the TNF superfamily and functions as a co-stimulatory molecule for T cell proliferation. In the study, the immunogenicity in the induction of humoral and cellular immune responses by HBV DNA vaccine and the adjuvant effect of LIGHT were studied in a murine model. The eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA-L was constructed by inserting mouse LIGHT gene into the vector pcDNA3.1(+). In vitro expression of LIGHT was detected by RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence assay in transfected HeLa cells. MLR assay showed that LIGHT-transfected DCs induced markedly higher allogeneic lymphocyte proliferation than pcDNA-transfected DCs and untreated DCs at all dilutions. After BALB/c mice were immunized by three intramuscular injections of the HBV DNA vaccine plasmids alone or in combination with LIGHT expression plasmids, the different levels of anti-HBV immune responses were measured comparable to the control groups immunized with parent plasmid pcDNA or PBS. The HBsAg-specific splenocytes proliferation and specific cytotoxic activities of splenic CTLs in the coinoculation group were both significantly higher than those in the HBV DNA single inoculation group, and an enhancement of antibody response was also observed in the coinoculation group compared with the single inoculation group. Taken together, coimmunization of HBV DNA vaccine plasmids and LIGHT expression plasmids can elicit stronger humoral and cellular immune responses in mice than HBV DNA vaccine plasmids alone, and LIGHT may be an effective immunological adjuvant in HBV DNA vaccination.
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Soleimanjahi H, Roostaee MH, Rasaee MJ, Mahboudi F, Kazemnejad A, Bamdad T, Zandi K. The effect of DNA priming-protein boosting on enhancing humoral immunity and protecting mice against lethal HSV infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 46:100-6. [PMID: 16420602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2005.00015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus produces primary and latent infections with periodic recurrency. The prime-boost immunization strategies were studied using a DNA vaccine carrying the full-length glycoprotein D-1 gene and a baculovirus-derived recombinant glycoprotein D, both expressing herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D-1 protein. Immunization with recombinant DNAs encoding antigenic proteins could induce cellular and humoral responses by providing antigen expression in vivo. Higher immune response, however, occurred when the recombinant proteins followed DNA inoculation. While all groups of the immunized mice and positive control group could resist virus challenge, a higher virus neutralizing antibody level was detected in the animals receiving recombinant protein following DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoorieh Soleimanjahi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
Inoculation of naked DNA represents a novel approach to vaccine and immune therapeutic development. DNA vaccines or genetic immunization offers several advantages over the conventional vaccines for specific immune activation. Although a large number of vaccines have been made and are being used in the poultry industry, there have been no major advances in vaccine technology for this animal industry sector for decades. The potential advantages of DNA vaccines, such as over coming maternal immunity, in ovo delivery and absence of requirement for a cold-chain, combined with immunological efficacy make this new vaccine technology very attractive for the poultry industry. This review lists all of the published reports of experimental DNA vaccines developed for use in poultry and focuses on the trends, potentials and remaining barriers in the development of this new revolution in poultry vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Oshop
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-3711, USA
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Balasa B, Boehm BO, Fortnagel A, Karges W, Van Gunst K, Jung N, Camacho SA, Webb SR, Sarvetnick N. Vaccination with glutamic acid decarboxylase plasmid DNA protects mice from spontaneous autoimmune diabetes and B7/CD28 costimulation circumvents that protection. Clin Immunol 2001; 99:241-52. [PMID: 11318596 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2001.5012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse develops spontaneous T-cell-dependent autoimmune diabetes. We tested here whether vaccination of NOD mice with a plasmid DNA encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an initial target islet antigen of autoimmune T cell repertoire, would modulate their diabetes. Our results showed that vaccination of young or old female NOD mice with the GAD-plasmid DNA, but not control-plasmid DNA, effectively prevented their diabetes, demonstrating that GAD-plasmid DNA vaccination is quite effective in abrogating diabetes even after the development of insulitis. The prevention of diabetes did not follow the induction of immunoregulatory Th2 cells but was dependent upon CD28/B7 costimulation. Our results suggest a potential for treating spontaneous autoimmune diabetes via DNA vaccination with plasmids encoding self-Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Balasa
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Robinson
- Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Smahel M, Síma P, Ludvíková V, Vonka V. Modified HPV16 E7 Genes as DNA Vaccine against E7-Containing Oncogenic Cells. Virology 2001; 281:231-8. [PMID: 11277695 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccines against tumors associated with human papillomaviruses (HPV) should elicit cellular immune responses against early HPV antigens, primarily the oncoproteins E7 and E6. Because of safety concerns, the direct use of an unmodified oncogene is impossible in human DNA vaccination. Therefore, we introduced three point mutations into the pRb-binding site of HPV16 E7 oncogene to eliminate its transformation potential. The resultant gene was denoted E7GGG. The rates of expression and the cellular localization of E7 and E7GGG proteins were comparable. In immunization-challenge experiments, the efficacy of plasmids containing the E7, E7GGG, or fusion genes of HPV16 E7, viz. L1DeltaCE7(1-60) (M. Muller et al., 1997, Virology 234, 93-111), and Sig/E7/LAMP-1 (T. C. Wu et al., 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 11671-11675), was compared. While tumors developed in all animals immunized with the wild-type E7 gene, a significant proportion of mice remained tumor-free after vaccination with the E7GGG gene. The fusion gene L1DeltaCE7(1-60) induced negligible protection, but Sig/E7/LAMP-1 conferred the highest protection. Intradermal immunization by gene gun proved superior to i.m. inoculation. In "therapeutic" experiments, a 1-day delay between inoculation of oncogenic cells and the start of DNA immunization resulted in partial therapeutic effect, but a 3-day delay produced a substantially lower immunization effect. A combination of Sig/E7/LAMP-1 and E7GGG genes did not enhance the immune response. These results demonstrate a significant enhancement of HPV16 E7 immunogenicity after mutagenesis of the pRb-binding site, but the mutated E7 gene did not excel the Sig/E7/LAMP-1 fusion gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Smahel
- Department of Experimental Virology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Tuteja R, Li TC, Takeda N, Jameel S. Augmentation of immune responses to hepatitis E virus ORF2 DNA vaccination by codelivery of cytokine genes. Viral Immunol 2001; 13:169-78. [PMID: 10892997 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2000.13.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines encoding a viral structural protein have been shown to induce antiviral immune responses and provide protection against subsequent viral challenge. In the present study we show that DNA immunization with a plasmid expressing the hepatitis E virus ORF2 structural protein (pcDNA-ORF2) induced low levels of long-lasting antibody responses in the murine model. The use of plasmids expressing interleukin-2 (IL-2) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating-factor (GM-CSF) in conjunction with pcDNA-ORF2 enhanced the antibody responses generated by pORF-2. We further show that the immune responses generated by plasmid pcDNA-ORF2 can be boosted with virus-like particles composed of the ORF2 protein expressed through a baculovirus expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tuteja
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India.
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Weiner GJ. The immunobiology and clinical potential of immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. J Leukoc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.68.4.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- George J. Weiner
- University of Iowa Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
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Egan MA, Charini WA, Kuroda MJ, Schmitz JE, Racz P, Tenner-Racz K, Manson K, Wyand M, Lifton MA, Nickerson CE, Fu T, Shiver JW, Letvin NL. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) gag DNA-vaccinated rhesus monkeys develop secondary cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses and control viral replication after pathogenic SIV infection. J Virol 2000; 74:7485-95. [PMID: 10906202 PMCID: PMC112269 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.16.7485-7495.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential contribution of a plasmid DNA construct to vaccine-elicited protective immunity was explored in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/macaque model of AIDS. Making use of soluble major histocompatibility class I/peptide tetramers and peptide-specific killing assays to monitor CD8(+) T-lymphocyte responses to a dominant SIV Gag epitope in genetically selected rhesus monkeys, a codon-optimized SIV gag DNA vaccine construct was shown to elicit a high-frequency SIV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response. This CTL response was demonstrable in both peripheral blood and lymph node lymphocytes. Following an intravenous challenge with the highly pathogenic viral isolate SIVsm E660, these vaccinated monkeys developed a secondary CTL response that arose with more rapid kinetics and reached a higher frequency than did the postchallenge CTL response in control plasmid-vaccinated monkeys. While peak plasma SIV RNA levels were comparable in the experimentally and control-vaccinated monkeys during the period of primary infection, the gag plasmid DNA-vaccinated monkeys demonstrated better containment of viral replication by 50 days following SIV challenge. These findings indicate that a plasmid DNA vaccine can elicit SIV-specific CTL responses in rhesus monkeys, and this vaccine-elicited immunity can facilitate the generation of secondary CTL responses and control of viral replication following a pathogenic SIV challenge. These observations suggest that plasmid DNA may prove a useful component of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Egan
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Weiner
- University of Iowa Cancer Center, Iowa City 52242, USA. george-weiner@uiowa-edu
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Li X, Sambhara S, Li CX, Ettorre L, Switzer I, Cates G, James O, Parrington M, Oomen R, Du RP, Klein M. Plasmid DNA encoding the respiratory syncytial virus G protein is a promising vaccine candidate. Virology 2000; 269:54-65. [PMID: 10725198 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains a major cause of severe respiratory diseases in infants, young children, and the elderly. However, development of a RSV vaccine has been hampered by the outcome of the infant trials in the 1960s with a formalin-inactivated RSV preparation. Enhanced lung disease was induced by the vaccination post-RSV exposure. Previous studies in mice primed with RSV G protein either formulated in adjuvants or delivered by recombinant vaccinia viruses have indicated that enhanced lung pathology resulted from a Th2-type host immune response against the viral G protein. However, in the present report, we have demonstrated that vaccination with plasmid vectors encoding either a full-length or a secreted G protein (DNA-G) clearly elicited balanced systemic and pulmonary Th1/Th2 cytokine responses in mice and did not induce an atypical pulmonary inflammatory reaction post-RSV challenge in cotton rats. DNA-G immunization also induced marked virus neutralizing antibody responses and protection against RSV infection of the lower respiratory tract of both mice and cotton rats. So far, only genetic immunization has been able to induce a balanced Th1/Th2 response with the RSV G protein, reminiscent of that induced by live RSV. Therefore, DNA-G is a promising immunogen for inclusion in a nucleic acid RSV vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cytokines/analysis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- HN Protein
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmids/administration & dosage
- Plasmids/genetics
- Plasmids/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/pathology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/immunology
- Sigmodontinae
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/adverse effects
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/adverse effects
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Research Center, Pasteur Mérieux Connaught Canada, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, North York, Ontario, M2R 3T4, Canada
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18
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Weiner GJ. Immunostimulatory DNA sequences and cancer therapy. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 2000; 22:107-16. [PMID: 10944805 DOI: 10.1007/s002810000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G J Weiner
- University of Iowa Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Liljeqvist S, Ståhl S. Production of recombinant subunit vaccines: protein immunogens, live delivery systems and nucleic acid vaccines. J Biotechnol 1999; 73:1-33. [PMID: 10483112 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The first scientific attempts to control an infectious disease can be attributed to Edward Jenner, who, in 1796 inoculated an 8-year-old boy with cowpox (vaccinia), giving the boy protection against subsequent challenge with virulent smallpox. Thanks to the successful development of vaccines, many major diseases, such as diphtheria, poliomyelitis and measles, are nowadays kept under control, and in the case of smallpox, the dream of eradication has been fulfilled. Yet, there is a growing need for improvements of existing vaccines in terms of increased efficacy and improved safety, besides the development of completely new vaccines. Better technological possibilities, combined with increased knowledge in related fields, such as immunology and molecular biology, allow for new vaccination strategies. Besides the classical whole-cell vaccines, consisting of killed or attenuated pathogens, new vaccines based on the subunit principle, have been developed, e.g. the Hepatitis B surface protein vaccine and the Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine. Recombinant techniques are now dominating in the strive for an ideal vaccine, being safe and cheap, heat-stable and easy to administer, preferably single-dose, and capable of inducing broad immune response with life-long memory both in adults and in infants. This review will describe different recombinant approaches used in the development of novel subunit vaccines, including design and production of protein immunogens, the development of live delivery systems and the state-of-the-art for nucleic acids vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liljeqvist
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
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Uchijima M, Yoshida A, Nagata T, Koide Y. Optimization of Codon Usage of Plasmid DNA Vaccine Is Required for the Effective MHC Class I-Restricted T Cell Responses Against an Intracellular Bacterium. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.10.5594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In an attempt to study codon usage effects of DNA vaccines on the induction of MHC class I-restricted T cell responses against an intracellular bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes, we designed two plasmid DNA vaccines encoding an H-2Kd-restricted epitope of listeriolysin O (LLO) of L. monocytogenes, LLO 91–99. One DNA vaccine, p91wt, carries the wild-type DNA sequence encoding LLO 91–99, and the other one, p91mam, possesses the altered DNA sequence in which the codon usage was optimized for murine system. Our read-through analyses with LLO 91–99/luciferase fusion genes confirmed that the optimized 91mam DNA sequence showed extremely higher translation efficiency than the wild-type sequence in murine cells. Consistent with this, i.m. injections of p91mam, but not of p91wt, into BALB/c mice were capable of inducing specific CTL- and IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells able to confer partial protection against listerial challenge. Taken together, these observations suggest that optimization of codon should be taken into consideration in the construction of DNA vaccines against nonviral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Uchijima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Toshi Nagata
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yukio Koide
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Abstract
An important new approach to vaccination is plasmid DNA injection in vivo that can elicit an immune response against protein(s) encoded. Antigen that is expressed from the in vivo transfected cells induces both humoral and cellular immune response. DNA immunization is generally applicable for a wide range of proteins. It can provide an organism with immunity against viruses, bacteria, parasites, and tumors. DNA vaccines can overcome the disadvantages of vaccines presently used as well as provide various new vaccines that are currently not available. This minireview provides an overview of evaluated DNA vaccine candidates against infectious agents and certain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kucerova
- Department of Molecular Virology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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22
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McCluskie MJ, Chu Y, Xia JL, Jessee J, Gebyehu G, Davis HL. Direct gene transfer to the respiratory tract of mice with pure plasmid and lipid-formulated DNA. ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT 1998; 8:401-14. [PMID: 9826267 DOI: 10.1089/oli.1.1998.8.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Direct gene transfer into the respiratory system could be carried out for either therapeutic or immunization purposes. Here we demonstrate that cells in the lung can take up and express plasmid DNA encoding a luciferase reporter gene whether it is administered in naked form or formulated with cationic liposomes. Depending on the lipid used, the transfection efficiency with liposome-formulated DNA may be higher, the same as, or less than that with pure plasmid DNA. Tetramethyltetraalkylspermine analogs with alkyl groups of 16 or 18 carbons and DMRIE/cholesterol formulations proved particularly effective. Similar results for reporter gene expression in the lung were obtained whether the DNA (naked or lipid formulated) was administered by indirect, noninvasive intranasal delivery (inhaled or instilled) or by invasive, direct intratracheal delivery (injected or via a cannula). Reporter gene expression peaks around 4 days, then falls off dramatically by 9 days. The dose-response is linear, at least up to 100 microg plasmid DNA, suggesting better transfection efficiencies might be realized if there was not a volume limitation. For a given dose of DNA, the best results are obtained when the DNA is mixed with the minimum amount of lipid that can complex it completely. These results are discussed in the context of direct gene transfer for either gene therapy or delivery of a mucosal DNA vaccine.
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Chow YH, Chiang BL, Lee YL, Chi WK, Lin WC, Chen YT, Tao MH. Development of Th1 and Th2 Populations and the Nature of Immune Responses to Hepatitis B Virus DNA Vaccines Can Be Modulated by Codelivery of Various Cytokine Genes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.3.1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, we provide direct evidence that the magnitude and nature of the immune response to a DNA vaccine can be differentially regulated by codelivery of various mouse cytokine genes. Mice immunized with a hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA vaccine and the IL-12 or IFN-γ gene exhibited a significant enhancement of Th1 cells and increased production of anti-HBV surface IgG2a Ab, as well as a marked inhibition of Th2 cells and decreased production of IgG1 Ab. In contrast, coinjection of the IL-4 gene significantly enhanced the development of specific Th2 cells and increased production of IgG1 Ab, whereas Th1 differentiation and IgG2a production were suppressed. Coinjection of the IL-2 or the granulocyte-macrophage-CSF gene enhanced the development of Th1 cells, while the development of Th2 cells was not affected, and the production of IgG1 and IgG2a Ab were both increased. The CTL activity induced by HBV DNA vaccination was most significantly enhanced by codelivery of the IL-12 or IFN-γ gene, followed by the IL-2 or granulocyte-macrophage-CSF gene, whereas codelivery of the IL-4 gene suppressed the activity. When challenged with HBV surface Ag (HBsAg)-expressing syngeneic tumors, significant reduction of tumor growth was observed in mice that were coadministered the IL-12 gene but not the IL-4 gene. Taken together, these results demonstrate that application of a cytokine gene in a DNA vaccine formulation can influence the differentiation of Th cells as well as the nature of an immune response and may thus provide a strategy to improve its prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hung Chow
- *Division of Cancer Research and
- ‡Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center
| | | | - Yueh-Lun Lee
- ¶Graduate Institute of Microbiology, National Taiwan University; and
| | - Wei-Kuang Chi
- ∥Development Center for Biotechnology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Lin
- †Division of Clinical Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica
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Hariharan MJ, Driver DA, Townsend K, Brumm D, Polo JM, Belli BA, Catton DJ, Hsu D, Mittelstaedt D, McCormack JE, Karavodin L, Dubensky TW, Chang SM, Banks TA. DNA immunization against herpes simplex virus: enhanced efficacy using a Sindbis virus-based vector. J Virol 1998; 72:950-8. [PMID: 9444987 PMCID: PMC124565 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.2.950-958.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we reported the development of a plasmid DNA expression vector system derived from Sindbis virus (T. W. Dubensky, Jr., et al., J. Virol. 70:508-519, 1996). In vitro, such vectors exhibit high-level heterologous gene expression via self-amplifying cytoplasmic RNA replication. In the present study, we demonstrated the in vivo efficacy of the Sindbis virus-based pSIN vectors as DNA vaccines. A single intramuscular immunization of BALB/c mice with pSIN vectors expressing the glycoprotein B of herpes simplex virus type 1 induced a broad spectrum of immune responses, including virus-specific antibodies, cytotoxic T cells, and protection from lethal virus challenge in two different murine models. In addition, dosing studies demonstrated that the pSIN vectors were superior to a conventional plasmid DNA vector in the induction of all immune parameters tested. In general, 100- to 1,000-fold-lower doses of pSIN were needed to induce the same level of responsiveness as that achieved with the conventional plasmid DNA vector. In some instances, significant immune responses were induced with a single dose of pSIN as low as 10 ng/mouse. These results indicate the potential usefulness of alphavirus-based vectors for DNA immunization in general and more specifically as a herpes simplex virus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hariharan
- Department of Viral Therapeutics, Center for Gene Therapy, Chiron Technologies, San Diego, California 92121-1204, USA
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Patten PA, Howard RJ, Stemmer WP. Applications of DNA shuffling to pharmaceuticals and vaccines. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1997; 8:724-33. [PMID: 9425664 DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(97)80127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA shuffling is a practical process for directed molecular evolution which uses recombination to dramatically accelerate the rate at which one can evolve genes. Single and multigene traits that require many mutations for improved phenotypes can be evolved rapidly. DNA shuffling technology has been significantly enhanced in the past year, extending its range of applications to small molecule pharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical proteins, gene therapy vehicles and transgenes, vaccines and evolved viruses for vaccines, and laboratory animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Patten
- Maxygen, Inc., Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA.
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