1
|
Zhang Y, Wu X, Li D, Huang R, Deng X, Li M, Du F, Zhao Y, Shen J, Chen Y, Zhang P, Hu C, Xiao Z, Wen Q. HPV-associated cervicovaginal microbiome and host metabolome characteristics. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:94. [PMID: 38519882 PMCID: PMC10958955 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervicovaginal microbiome plays an important role in the persistence of HPV infection and subsequent disease development. However, cervicovaginal microbiota varied cross populations with different habits and regions. Identification of population-specific biomarkers from cervicovaginal microbiota and host metabolome axis may support early detection or surveillance of HPV-induced cervical disease at all sites. Therefore, in the present study, to identify HPV-specific biomarkers, cervicovaginal secretion and serum samples from HPV-infected patients (HPV group, n = 25) and normal controls (normal group, n = 17) in Xichang, China were collected for microbiome (16S rRNA gene sequencing) and metabolome (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis, respectively. RESULTS The results showed that key altered metabolites of 9,10-DiHOME, α-linolenic acid, ethylparaben, glycocholic acid, pipecolic acid, and 9,12,13-trihydroxy-10(E),15(Z)-octadecadienoic acid, correlating with Sneathia (Sneathia_amnii), Lactobacillus (Lactobacillus_iners), Atopobium, Mycoplasma, and Gardnerella, may be potential biomarkers of HPV infection. CONCLUSION The results of current study would help to reveal the association of changes in cervicovaginal microbiota and serum metabolome with HPV infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiangyu Deng
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Fukuan Du
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Pingxiu Zhang
- Yanyuan County Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning Service Center, Xichang, Sichuan, China
| | - Congcui Hu
- Yanyuan County People's Hospital, Xichang, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qinglian Wen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun K, Zhang Z, Wang D, Huang Y, Zhang J, Lian C. Regulation of early diagnosis and prognostic markers of lung adenocarcinoma in immunity and hypoxia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6459. [PMID: 37081097 PMCID: PMC10119119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma is still cancer with the highest mortality. Hypoxia and immunity play an essential role in the occurrence and development of tumors. Therefore, this study is mainly to find new early diagnosis and prognosis markers and explore the relationship among the markers and immunity and hypoxia, to improve the prognosis of patients. Firstly, based on the clinical database in TCGA, we determined the most critical clinicopathological parameters affecting the prognosis of patients through a variety of analysis methods. According to pathological parameters, logistic most minor absolute contraction selection operator (lasso), univariate and multivariate regression analysis, the risk genes related to early prognosis were screened, and the risk model was established. Then, in different risk groups, GSEA and CIBERSORT algorithms were used to analyze the distribution and enrichment of the immune cells and hypoxia, to study the effects of early prognostic indicators on hypoxia and immunity. At the same time, we analyzed the different levels of risk genes in normal cells (BSEA-2B) and tumor cells (H1299, A549, PC9, and H1975). Finally, A549 and PC9 cells were induced by CoCl2 to establish a hypoxic environment, and the correlation between risk genes and HIF1A was analyzed. The risk model based on risk genes (CYP4B1, KRT6A, and FAM83A) was accurate and stable for the prognosis of patients. It is closely related to immunity and hypoxia. In BSEA-2B cells, the mRNA and protein expression of CYP4B1 was higher, while the expression of KRT6A and FAM83A was lower. Finally, we found that FAM83A and HIF1A showed a significant positive correlation when A549 and PC9 cells were exposed to hypoxia. The discovery of early diagnostic markers related to immunity, hypoxia, and prognosis, provides a new idea for early screening and prognostic treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Sun
- Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, China
| | - Dongqin Wang
- Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, China
| | - Yinlong Huang
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China.
| | - Chaoqun Lian
- Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Q, Shan Q. Associations of α-linolenic acid dietary intake with very short sleep duration in adults. Front Public Health 2022; 10:986424. [PMID: 36062128 PMCID: PMC9433568 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.986424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate the association of α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3 ω-3) dietary intake with very short sleep duration (<5 h) in adults based on the CDC's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Methods Multinomial logistic regression was used to explore the association of ALA intake with very short sleep. To make the estimation more robust, bootstrap methods of 1,000 replications were performed. Rolling window method was used to investigate the trend of the odds ratios of very short sleep with age. A Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to estimate the differences in the ORs of very short sleep between genders and different age groups. Results Compared with the first tertile, the ORs of very short sleep and the corresponding 95% CIs for the second and the third tertile of dietary ALA intake in males were 0.618 (0.612, 0.624) and 0.544 (0.538, 0.551), respectively, and in females were 0.575 (0.612, 0.624) and 0.432 (0.427, 0.437). In most cases, the differences between different ages were more significant than those between different sexes. Men's very short sleep odds ratios for the second tertile of ALA intake increased linearly with age before 60. Conclusions The risk of a very short sleep duration was negatively related to the dietary intake of ALA. The effect of ALA on very short sleep is significantly different among groups of different genders and ages.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The mechanistic target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is the central regulator of cell growth and proliferation by integrating growth factor and nutrient availability. Under healthy physiological conditions, this process is tightly coordinated and essential to maintain whole-body homeostasis. Not surprisingly, dysregulated mTOR signaling underpins several diseases with increasing incidence worldwide, including obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Consequently, there is significant clinical interest in developing therapeutic strategies that effectively target this pathway. The transition of mTOR inhibitors from the bench to bedside, however, has largely been marked with challenges and shortcomings, such as the development of therapy resistance and adverse side effects in patients. In this review, we discuss the current status of first-, second-, and third-generation mTOR inhibitors as a cancer therapy in both preclinical and clinical settings, with a particular emphasis on the mechanisms of drug resistance. We focus especially on the emerging role of diet as an important environmental determinant of therapy response, and posit a conceptual framework that links nutrient availability and whole-body metabolic states such as obesity with many of the previously defined processes that drive resistance to mTOR-targeted therapies. Given the role of mTOR as a central integrator of cell metabolism and function, we propose that modulating nutrient inputs through dietary interventions may influence the signaling dynamics of this pathway and compensatory nodes. In doing so, new opportunities for exploiting diet/drug synergies are highlighted that may unlock the therapeutic potential of mTOR inhibitors as a cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Koundouros
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021,USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Correspondence: Nikos Koundouros, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY, 10021 USA.
| | - John Blenis
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021,USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Correspondence: John Blenis, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY, 10021 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jin R, Hao J, Yi Y, Yin D, Hua Y, Li X, Bao H, Han X, Egilmez NK, Sauter ER, Li B. Dietary Fats High in Linoleic Acids Impair Antitumor T-cell Responses by Inducing E-FABP-Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Cancer Res 2021; 81:5296-5310. [PMID: 34400394 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The most recent American Dietary Guidelines (2020-2025) recommend shifting dietary fats from solid saturated fats to unsaturated oils. Dietary oils contain different compositions of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). Oleic acid (OA) and linoleic acid (LA) are the most common UFA in dietary oils. How individual UFA in oils regulate immune cell function and cancer risk remains unclear. Here we demonstrated that high-fat diets (HFD) rich either in OA or LA induced a similar degree of murine obesity, but the LA-rich HFD specifically promoted mammary tumor growth. LA impaired antitumor T-cell responses by promoting naïve T-cell apoptosis and inhibiting TNFα production. While exogenous OA and LA were taken up by T cells with similar efficacy, only LA induced significant mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation. Importantly, naïve T cells predominantly expressed epidermal fatty acid binding protein (E-FABP), which is central in facilitating LA mitochondrial transport and cardiolipin incorporation. Genetic depletion of E-FABP rescued LA-impaired T-cell responses and suppressed LA-rich HFD-associated mammary tumor growth. Collectively, these data suggest that dietary oils high in LA promote mammary tumors by inducing E-FABP-mediated T-cell dysfunction. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings suggest that modulation of dietary oil composition and inhibition of E-FABP activity may represent novel strategies to enhance T-cell function in the prevention and treatment of obesity-associated cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqing Hao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Yanmei Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, P.R. China
| | - Di Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Hua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Kentucky Biomedical Research Infrastructure Network Bioinformatics Core, Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Hanmei Bao
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Nejat K Egilmez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Bing Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Newell M, Ghosh S, Goruk S, Pakseresht M, Vena JE, Dummer TJB, Field CJ. A Prospective Analysis of Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acids and Breast Cancer Risk in 2 Provinces in Canada. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab022. [PMID: 33889794 PMCID: PMC8049855 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that fatty acid status influences breast cancer etiology, yet the roles of individual fatty acids in breast cancer risk are unclear, specifically when central adiposity and menopausal status are considered. OBJECTIVES This study examined the associations of fatty acid status with breast cancer risk including location, menopausal status, and waist-to-hip ratio as key variables. METHODS Prediagnostic plasma phospholipid fatty acids were measured in women with breast cancer (n = 393) and age-matched controls (n = 786) from a nested case-control prospective study within Alberta's Tomorrow Project (ATP) and British Columbia Generations Project (BCGP) cohorts. Binary logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations of fatty acids and breast cancer risk with subgroup analysis for menopausal status and waist-to-hip ratio. RESULTS Women from BCGP had a higher n-3 (ɷ-3) fatty acid status compared with the ATP (6.4% ± 0.08% vs. 5.3% ± 0.06%; P < 0.001), so subsequent analysis was blocked by cohort. Overall, fatty acids had inconsistent associations with risk. In the ATP among premenopausal women, total long-chain n-3 fatty acids (ORQ4vsQ1 = 1.78; 95% CI: 0.58, 5.43; P-trend = 0.007, P-interaction = 0.07) were positively associated with breast cancer risk, whereas in BCGP, DHA (ORQ4vsQ1 = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.28, 1.53; P-trend = 0.03, P-interaction = 0.05) and total long-chain n-3 fatty acids (ORQ4vsQ1 = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.28, 1.54; P-trend = 0.03) were associated with decreased cancer risk when the waist-to-hip ratio was <0.85. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that regional variations in fatty acid status influence breast cancer risk, resulting in positive associations of total long-chain n-3 fatty acids in premenopausal ATP women and negative associations of these fatty acids in BCGP women with a waist-to-hip ratio below guidelines. This study highlights the complexity and difficulty in using fatty acid status to predict breast cancer risk in diverse populations without the consideration of other risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marnie Newell
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sunita Ghosh
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Susan Goruk
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Mohammedreza Pakseresht
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jennifer E Vena
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Alberta's Tomorrow Project, CancerCare Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Trevor J B Dummer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li H, Yao Q, Min L, Huang S, Wu H, Yang H, Fan L, Wang J, Zheng N. The Combination of Two Bioactive Constituents, Lactoferrin and Linolenic Acid, Inhibits Mouse Xenograft Esophageal Tumor Growth by Downregulating Lithocholyltaurine and Inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3-Related Pathway. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20755-20764. [PMID: 32875209 PMCID: PMC7450510 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The addition of lactoferrin and three unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linolenic acid, to dairy products was approved in recent years. Research into the biological activities of lactoferrin and these three unsaturated fatty acids has revealed anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, antitumor, antiparasitic, and antibiotic effects. However, investigations and comparisons of lactoferrin + oleic acid/DHA/linolenic acid combinations in an esophageal cancer cell model and in xenograft tumor models have not been extensively reported, and the related mechanism of these combinations remains elusive. In the present study, the effects of lactoferrin and the three fatty acids on KYSE450 cell viability, migration, and invasion were investigated to choose the proper doses and effective combination in vitro. A tumor-bearing nude mouse model was established to investigate the role of selected combinations in inhibiting esophageal tumor formation in vivo. Metabonomics detection and data analysis were performed to screen special metabolites and related pathways, which were validated by western blotting. The results demonstrated that lactoferrin, the three unsaturated fatty acids, and their combinations inhibited the viability, migration, and invasion of KYSE450 cells and induced apoptosis and the lactoferrin + linolenic acid combination exhibited the strongest activity in suppressing KYSE450 tumor formation in vivo. The lactoferrin + linolenic acid combination inhibited phosphorylation in the JAK2/STAT3-related pathway by downregulating the special metabolite lithocholyltaurine, thereby suppressing formation of KYSE450 tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Li
- Laboratory
of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry
of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products
of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal
Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Yao
- Laboratory
of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry
of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products
of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal
Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Li Min
- State
Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal
Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Shengnan Huang
- Laboratory
of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry
of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products
of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal
Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Haoming Wu
- Laboratory
of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry
of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products
of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal
Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Huaigu Yang
- Laboratory
of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry
of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products
of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal
Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Fan
- Laboratory
of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry
of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products
of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal
Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Laboratory
of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry
of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products
of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal
Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Laboratory
of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry
of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products
of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal
Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Deep frying cooking oils promote the high risk of metastases in the breast-A critical review. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144:111648. [PMID: 32745572 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Deep-frying is the most common food preparation method, manifestations of color, taste, flavor, and fried consistency. The beneficial role of vegetable oils become deteriorate when repeatedly treated with higher temperature and air. Repeatedly heated cooking oils (RCO) produce various byproducts, containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aldehydes, well-known to be a carcinogenic, mutagenic, and tumorigenic properties. RCO is nowadays one of the often consumed media for cooking and frying, which intake can cause various unhealthy adverse effects including various cancer in the multiple organs. Hence, the present comprehensive study targets to provide the intake of RCO elevate the risks of human breast cancer. The data on RCO and its impacts were obtained via various electronic findings and library databases. Notable studies have confirmed that the effects of RCO have been attributed to their unfavorable effects, and underlying molecular mechanisms can also strongly promoting tumorigenic effects in the mammary organ.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang SC, Sun HL, Hsu YH, Liu SH, Lii CK, Tsai CH, Liu KL, Huang CS, Li CC. α-Linolenic acid inhibits the migration of human triple-negative breast cancer cells by attenuating Twist1 expression and suppressing Twist1-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114152. [PMID: 32679125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
α-Linolenic acid (ALA), an essential fatty acid, has anticancer activity in breast cancer, but the mechanism of its effects in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains unclear. We investigated the effect of ALA on Twist1, which is required to initiate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promotes tumor metastasis, and Twist1-mediated migration in MDA-MB231, MDA-MB468 and Hs578T cells. Twist1 protein was constitutively expressed in these TNBC cells, particularly MDA-MB-231 cells. Treatment with 100 μM ALA and Twist1 siRNA markedly decreased the Twist1 protein level and cell migration. Moreover, ALA transiently attenuated the nuclear accumulation of STAT3α as well as Twist1 mRNA expression. Treatment with ALA significantly attenuated the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK and Akt and decreased the phosphorylation of Twist1 at serine 68 in MDA-MB-231 cells. ALA accelerated Twist1 degradation in the presence of cycloheximide, whereas the ubiquitination and degradation of Twist1 by ALA was suppressed by MG-132. Pretreatment with ALA mimicked Twist1 siRNA, increased the protein expression of epithelial markers such as E-cadherin, and decreased the protein expression of mesenchymal markers including Twist1, Snail2, N-cadherin, vimentin, and fibronectin. Our findings suggest that ALA can be used not only to abolish EMT but also to suppress Twist1-mediated migration in TNBC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chung Wang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Changhua Christian Children's Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Lun Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Immunology Research Center, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Hsu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Kuei Lii
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Han Tsai
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Shiu Huang
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chun Li
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fontaine D, Figiel S, Félix R, Kouba S, Fromont G, Mahéo K, Potier-Cartereau M, Chantôme A, Vandier C. Roles of endogenous ether lipids and associated PUFAs in the regulation of ion channels and their relevance for disease. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:840-858. [PMID: 32265321 PMCID: PMC7269763 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ether lipids (ELs) are lipids characterized by the presence of either an ether linkage (alkyl lipids) or a vinyl ether linkage [i.e., plasmalogens (Pls)] at the sn1 position of the glycerol backbone, and they are enriched in PUFAs at the sn2 position. In this review, we highlight that ELs have various biological functions, act as a reservoir for second messengers (such as PUFAs) and have roles in many diseases. Some of the biological effects of ELs may be associated with their ability to regulate ion channels that control excitation-contraction/secretion/mobility coupling and therefore cell physiology. These channels are embedded in lipid membranes, and lipids can regulate their activities directly or indirectly as second messengers or by incorporating into membranes. Interestingly, ELs and EL-derived PUFAs have been reported to play a key role in several pathologies, including neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. Investigations leading to a better understanding of their mechanisms of action in pathologies have opened a new field in cancer research. In summary, newly identified lipid regulators of ion channels, such as ELs and PUFAs, may represent valuable targets to improve disease diagnosis and advance the development of new therapeutic strategies for managing a range of diseases and conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Fontaine
- Inserm N2C UMR1069, Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours CEDEX 1, France
| | - Sandy Figiel
- Inserm N2C UMR1069, Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours CEDEX 1, France
| | - Romain Félix
- Inserm N2C UMR1069, Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours CEDEX 1, France
| | - Sana Kouba
- Inserm N2C UMR1069, Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours CEDEX 1, France
| | - Gaëlle Fromont
- Inserm N2C UMR1069, Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours CEDEX 1, France; Department of Pathology, CHRU Bretonneau, F-37044 Tours CEDEX 9, France
| | - Karine Mahéo
- Inserm N2C UMR1069, Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours CEDEX 1, France; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, F-37200 Tours, France
| | | | - Aurélie Chantôme
- Inserm N2C UMR1069, Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours CEDEX 1, France; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, F-37200 Tours, France
| | - Christophe Vandier
- Inserm N2C UMR1069, Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours CEDEX 1, France. mailto:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fickler A, Staats S, Hasler M, Rimbach G, Schulz C. Dietary Buglossoides arvensis Oil as a Potential Candidate to Substitute Fish Oil in Rainbow Trout Diets. Lipids 2018; 53:809-823. [PMID: 30334262 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of vegetable oils in salmonid diets substantially decreased the body content of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA), and thus the product quality for human consumption. Therefore, new ingredients for aquaculture feeds are needed that maximize the deposition of health-promoting n-3 LC-PUFA. This study investigated Buglossoides arvensis (Ahiflower) oil, a plant oil rich in alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3, ALA) and stearidonic acid (18:4n-3, SDA), as a source of n-3 fatty acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) nutrition. Rainbow trout (87.4 ± 0.6 g) were fed for 56 days. The oils of the control diet (FV) were substituted by Ahiflower oil at 33%, 66%, and 100% (A33, A66, A100). Dietary Ahiflower oil increased the final body weights of fish. mRNA steady state levels of fatty acyl desaturase 2a (delta-6) (fads2a(d6)) and 2b (delta-5) (fads2b(d5)) as well as carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 a (cpt1a) were not altered by dietary treatments. In contrast, cpt1c mRNA steady state levels were significantly downregulated in samples of fish fed A66 and A100. Significantly higher eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) levels were found in the liver and significantly higher EPA levels in the fillet of rainbow trout of A66 and A100 compared to FV. The content of DHA in fillets of fish fed Ahiflower oil was not significantly different to fish fed FV. Thus, high dietary amounts of Ahiflower oil can compensate for reduced dietary EPA and DHA levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fickler
- GMA-Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur mbH, Hafentörn 3, 25761, Büsum, Germany.,Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefanie Staats
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 6, Kiel University, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mario Hasler
- Lehrfach Variationsstatistik, Kiel University, Hermann- Rodewald-Str. 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 6, Kiel University, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carsten Schulz
- GMA-Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur mbH, Hafentörn 3, 25761, Büsum, Germany.,Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang B, Ren XL, Wang ZY, Wang L, Zhao F, Guo XJ, Li D. Biomarker of long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake and breast cancer: Accumulative evidence from an updated meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:3152-3164. [PMID: 29902077 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1485133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to summarize the up-to-date epidemiology evidence on biomarkers of long-chain (LC) n-3 fatty acid (FA) intake in relation to breast cancer (BC).Methods: Epidemiology studies determining FA levels in biospecimen (circulating blood or adipose tissue (AT)) were identified from PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases until March 2018. Multivariate-adjusted risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using a random-effect model. Difference in biospecimen proportions of LC n-3 FA between BC cases and non-cases were analyzed as a standardized mean difference (SMD).Results: Thirteen cohort and eleven case-control studies were eligible for the present meta-analysis. The estimated SMD was -0.14 (95% CI: -0.27, -0.11) for LC n-3 FA and -0.27 (95% CI: -0.42, -0.11) for LC n-3/n-6 FA ratio. When comparing the top tertiles with the bottom baseline levels, circulating LC n-3 FA was significantly associated with a lower risk of BC (RR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.74, 0.96), but not AT (RR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.70, 1.48). Significant inverse dose-response associations were observed for each 1% increment of circulating 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3.Conclusion: This meta-analysis highlights that circulating LC n-3 FA as a biomarker of intake may be an independent predictive factor for BC, especially 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Institute of Lipids Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao L Ren
- Institute of Lipids Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhi Y Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Feng Zhao
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao J Guo
- Institute of Lipids Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Duo Li
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ganesan K, Sukalingam K, Xu B. Impact of consumption of repeatedly heated cooking oils on the incidence of various cancers- A critical review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:488-505. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1379470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Ganesan
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University – Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China
| | - Kumeshini Sukalingam
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University – Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University – Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li J, Gu Z, Pan Y, Wang S, Chen H, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen YQ. Dietary supplementation of α-linolenic acid induced conversion of n-3 LCPUFAs and reduced prostate cancer growth in a mouse model. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:136. [PMID: 28697730 PMCID: PMC5505143 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0529-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background α-linolenic acid (ALA) is an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and the substrate for long-chain n-3 PUFAs. The beneficial effects of ALA on chronic diseases are still in dispute, unlike those of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Methods The primary objective of this investigation was to evaluate the efficiency of ALA uptake from a vegetable oil source and its subsequent conversion to n-3 long-chain PUFAs (LCPUFAs) in the tissues of growing mice, and to investigate its protective role in a prostate cancer animal model. We carried out the investigation in prostate-specific Pten-knockout mice with specified low-ALA (L-ALA, 2.5%) and high-ALA (H-ALA, 7.5%) diets. Total fatty acids in blood, liver, epididymal fat pad, prostate were detected and prostate weight were adjusted for body weight (mg/25 g). Results We found that dietary ALA triggered significant increases in ALA, EPA, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and DHA levels and a significant decrease in arachidonic acid levels during the mice’s growth stage. A dose-dependent effect was observed for ALA, EPA and DPA, but not DHA. Furthermore, the average prostate weights in the L-ALA and H-ALA groups were lower than those in the control and n-6 groups, and similar to those in the EPA and n-3 groups. Conclusions Our data suggest that dietary supplementation with ALA is an efficient means of improving n-3 LCPUFAs in vivo, and it has a biologically effective role to play in prostate cancer, similar to that of fish oils. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0529-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kwan HY, Chao X, Su T, Fu X, Tse AKW, Fong WF, Yu ZL. The anticancer and antiobesity effects of Mediterranean diet. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:82-94. [PMID: 25831235 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.852510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancers have been the leading cause of death worldwide and the prevalence of obesity is also increasing in these few decades. Interestingly, there is a direct association between cancer and obesity. Each year, more than 90,000 cancer deaths are caused by obesity or overweight. The dietary pattern in Crete, referred as the traditional Mediterranean diet, is believed to confer Crete people the low mortality rates from cancers. Nevertheless, the antiobesity effect of the Mediterranean diet is less studied. Given the causal relationship between obesity and cancer, the antiobesity effect of traditional Mediterranean diet might contribute to its anticancer effects. In this regard, we will critically review the anticancer and antiobesity effects of this diet and its dietary factors. The possible mechanisms underlying these effects will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Yee Kwan
- a Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Xiaojuan Chao
- a Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Tao Su
- a Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Xiuqiong Fu
- a Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Anfernee Kai Wing Tse
- a Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Wang Fun Fong
- a Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- a Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong , China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Huerta-Yépez S, Tirado-Rodriguez AB, Hankinson O. Role of diets rich in omega-3 and omega-6 in the development of cancer. BOLETIN MEDICO DEL HOSPITAL INFANTIL DE MEXICO 2016; 73:446-456. [PMID: 29421289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmhimx.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, some studies have addressed the therapeutic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) and the opposite effects of omega-6 (ω-6) PUFAs on several diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Research demonstrates the safety of these naturally occurring ingredients. Of particular interest, several studies have shown that ω-3 PUFAs possess a therapeutic role against certain types of cancer. It is also known that ω-3 PUFAs can improve the efficacy and tolerability of chemotherapy. Previous reports have indicated that suppression of nuclear factor-κB, activation of AMPK/SIRT1, modulation of cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, and up-regulation of novel anti-inflammatory lipid mediators such as protectins, maresins, and resolvins, are the main mechanisms of the antineoplastic effect of ω-3 PUFAs. In contrast, several studies have demonstrated that ω-6 PUFAs induce progression in certain types of cancer. In this review, we discuss epidemiological and experimental studies addressing the relationship between the development of some types of cancer, including colon and colorectal carcinoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer and neuroblastoma, and the ingestion to ω-3 and ω-6 (PUFAs). We also discuss the clinical data, addressing the therapeutic role of omega-3 PUFA against different types of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Huerta-Yépez
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, United States; Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana B Tirado-Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Oliver Hankinson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huerta-Yépez S, Tirado-Rodriguez AB, Hankinson O. Role of diets rich in omega-3 and omega-6 in the development of cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmhime.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
18
|
Smith S, Hanson JL, Tewksbury LR, Christy C, Talib NJ, Harris MA, Beck GL, Wolf FM. Teaching Patient Communication Skills to Medical Students. Eval Health Prof 2016; 30:3-21. [PMID: 17293605 DOI: 10.1177/0163278706297333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tools to examine the effects of teaching interventions across a variety of studies are needed. The authors perform a meta-analysis of 24 randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of teaching on medical students’ patient communication skills. Study quality is rated using a modified Jadad score, and standardized mean difference effect size ( d) measures are calculated. Fifteen of 24 studies have sufficient data for analysis. Students’ ability to establish rapport improves after teaching. The effects are large when the teaching intervention was small group discussion ( n = 5) or giving structured feedback on a student-patient interview ( n = 6). A similar effect of teaching is seen on student data gathering skills ( n = 5). Teaching medical students patient communication skills using small group discussion or providing feedback on a student-patient interview results in improvement in student performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherilyn Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Box 356320, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Omega-3 free fatty acids inhibit tamoxifen-induced cell apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:294-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
20
|
Liu J, Ma DWL. The role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Nutrients 2014; 6:5184-223. [PMID: 25412153 PMCID: PMC4245586 DOI: 10.3390/nu6115184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Dietary fatty acids, especially n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), are believed to play a role in reducing BC risk. Evidence has shown that fish consumption or intake of long-chain n-3 PUFA, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are beneficial for inhibiting mammary carcinogenesis. The evidence regarding α-linolenic acid (ALA), however, remains equivocal. It is essential to clarify the relation between ALA and cancer since ALA is the principal source of n-3 PUFA in the Western diet and the conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is not efficient in humans. In addition, the specific anticancer roles of individual n-3 PUFA, alone, have not yet been identified. Therefore, the present review evaluates ALA, EPA and DHA consumed individually as well as in n-3 PUFA mixtures. Also, their role in the prevention of BC and potential anticancer mechanisms of action are examined. Overall, this review suggests that each n-3 PUFA has promising anticancer effects and warrants further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Liu
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - David W L Ma
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and mechanisms to mitigate inflammatory paracrine signaling in obesity-associated breast cancer. Nutrients 2014; 6:4760-93. [PMID: 25360510 PMCID: PMC4245562 DOI: 10.3390/nu6114760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, the prevalence of obesity is increasing which subsequently increases the risk of the development of obesity-related chronic diseases. Low-grade chronic inflammation and dysregulated adipose tissue inflammatory mediator/adipokine secretion are well-established in obesity, and these factors increase the risk of developing inflammation-associated cancer. Breast cancer is of particular interest given that increased inflammation within the subcutaneous mammary adipose tissue depot can alter the local tissue inflammatory microenvironment such that it resembles that of obese visceral adipose tissue. Therefore, in obese women with breast cancer, increased inflammatory mediators both locally and systemically can perpetuate inflammation-associated pro-carcinogenic signaling pathways, thereby increasing disease severity. Herein, we discuss some of these inflammation-associated pro-carcinogenic mechanisms of the combined obese breast cancer phenotype and offer evidence that dietary long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may have utility in mitigating the severity of obesity-associated inflammation and breast cancer.
Collapse
|
22
|
Batal M, Makvandi E, Imbeault P, Gagnon-Arpin I, Grenier J, Chomienne MH, Bouchard L. Comparison of dietary intake between Francophones and Anglophones in Canada: data from CCHS 2.2. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2013; 104:S31-8. [PMID: 24300318 PMCID: PMC6973893 DOI: 10.17269/cjph.104.3501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the dietary intake and food choices between Francophone Canadians in a state of linguistic minority (outside of Quebec) and the English-speaking majority. METHODS We used the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) cycle 2.2 (general health and 24-hour dietary recalls) to describe dietary intake of Francophone Canadians (excluding Quebec) and compare them to the English-speaking majority. The linguistic variable was determined by languages spoken at home, first language learned and still understood, language of interview, and language of preference. The mean differences in daily nutrient and food intake were assessed by t and chi-square tests. RESULTS Differences in total energy and daily food intakes by language groups were not observed in the sample; however, significant differences in weekly consumption were found in different age and sex categories: lower fruits and vegetables consumption, and vitamins and macronutrients intakes for older Francophone men and higher intakes of energy and saturated fat from "unhealthy" foods for Francophone men 19-30 years of age. Based on the Acceptable Macronutrients Distribution Range (AMDR), approximately 50% of the sample exceeded their acceptable energy intake from saturated fats, and 80% were below their required intake of linoleic fatty acid. CONCLUSION We confirmed that belonging to Francophone minorities in Canada affects food choices and nutritional well-being of this population. The most vulnerable groups identified by our study were Francophone men in the youngest (19-30) and older (50 and over) age categories. The extent to which the cultural setting influences the diet and, in turn, the health of the minority population needs further examination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malek Batal
- University of Ottawa Réseau de recherche appliquée sur la santé des francophones de l'Ontario (RRASFO).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Baracos VE, Mazurak VC, Ma DWL. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids throughout the cancer trajectory: influence on disease incidence, progression, response to therapy and cancer-associated cachexia. Nutr Res Rev 2012; 17:177-92. [PMID: 19079925 DOI: 10.1079/nrr200488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that diets rich in n-3 PUFA may be associated with reduced cancer risk. These observations have formed the rationale for exploring the mechanisms by which n-3 PUFA may be chemoprotective and have resulted in significant advances in our mechanistic understanding of n-3 PUFA action on tumour growth. Various interrelated and integrated mechanisms may be at work by which n-3 PUFA influence cancer at all stages of initiation, promotion, progression, and neoplastic transformation. More recently, experimental studies have reported enhanced tumour cell death with chemotherapy when fish oil is provided while toxic side effects to the host are reduced. Furthermore, cancer-associated wasting has been shown to be attenuated by fish oil supplementation. Clinical evidence suggests that the n-3 PUFA status of newly diagnosed cancer patients and individuals undergoing chemotherapy is low. Therefore, both the disease itself and therapeutic treatments may be contributing factors in the decline of n-3 PUFA status. Dietary supplementation to maintain and replenish n-3 PUFA status at key points in the cancer disease trajectory may provide additional health benefits and an enhanced quality of life. The present review will focus on and critically examine current research efforts related to the putative anti-cancer effects of n-3 PUFA and their suggested ability to palliate cancer-associated and treatment-associated symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vickie E Baracos
- Department of Oncology, Division of Palliative Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vanden Heuvel JP. Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics of ω3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 108:75-112. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398397-8.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
26
|
Investigation into the cancer protective effect of flaxseed in Tg.NK (MMTV/c-neu) mice, a murine mammary tumor model. GENES AND NUTRITION 2011; 6:403-11. [PMID: 21484161 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-011-0214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether low flaxseed doses relevant to human dietary exposure can prevent mammary tumors in transgenic Tg.NK mice, a model of breast cancer. Animals were exposed to flaxseed through the diet at human relevant levels. Tumor-related parameters and tumor development were evaluated. Hepatic cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase activities were significantly reduced in animals receiving low flaxseed doses. An incidence of palpable tumors before sacrifice, a number of tumors per mouse, and a number of large tumors (>6 mm diameter) at necropsy were statistically significantly lower in the high flaxseed group compared to controls, suggesting a beneficial effect on tumor progression of small dietary doses of flaxseed. However, the number of tumor-bearing mice and multiplicity of tumors at necropsy were not statistically significantly lower compared to the controls. Thus, the effect of small dietary doses of flaxseed on mammary tumor development in Tg.NK mice remains to be established.
Collapse
|
27
|
New hypotheses for the health-protective mechanisms of whole-grain cereals: what is beyond fibre? Nutr Res Rev 2010; 23:65-134. [PMID: 20565994 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422410000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have clearly shown that whole-grain cereals can protect against obesity, diabetes, CVD and cancers. The specific effects of food structure (increased satiety, reduced transit time and glycaemic response), fibre (improved faecal bulking and satiety, viscosity and SCFA production, and/or reduced glycaemic response) and Mg (better glycaemic homeostasis through increased insulin secretion), together with the antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic properties of numerous bioactive compounds, especially those in the bran and germ (minerals, trace elements, vitamins, carotenoids, polyphenols and alkylresorcinols), are today well-recognised mechanisms in this protection. Recent findings, the exhaustive listing of bioactive compounds found in whole-grain wheat, their content in whole-grain, bran and germ fractions and their estimated bioavailability, have led to new hypotheses. The involvement of polyphenols in cell signalling and gene regulation, and of sulfur compounds, lignin and phytic acid should be considered in antioxidant protection. Whole-grain wheat is also a rich source of methyl donors and lipotropes (methionine, betaine, choline, inositol and folates) that may be involved in cardiovascular and/or hepatic protection, lipid metabolism and DNA methylation. Potential protective effects of bound phenolic acids within the colon, of the B-complex vitamins on the nervous system and mental health, of oligosaccharides as prebiotics, of compounds associated with skeleton health, and of other compounds such as alpha-linolenic acid, policosanol, melatonin, phytosterols and para-aminobenzoic acid also deserve to be studied in more depth. Finally, benefits of nutrigenomics to study complex physiological effects of the 'whole-grain package', and the most promising ways for improving the nutritional quality of cereal products are discussed.
Collapse
|
28
|
Ousager J, Johannessen H. Humanities in undergraduate medical education: a literature review. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2010; 85:988-98. [PMID: 20505399 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0b013e3181dd226b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Humanities form an integral part of undergraduate medical curricula at numerous medical schools all over the world, and medical journals publish a considerable quantity of articles in this field. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which the literature on humanities in undergraduate medical education seeks to provide evidence of a long-term impact of this integration of humanities in undergraduate medical education. METHOD Medline was searched for publications concerning the humanities in undergraduate medical education appearing from January 2000 to December 2008. All articles were manually sorted by the authors. Two hundred forty-five articles were included in the study. Following a qualitative analysis, the references included were categorized as "pleading the case," "course descriptions and evaluations," "seeking evidence of long-term impact," or "holding the horses." RESULTS Two hundred twenty-four articles out of 245 either praised the (potential) effects of humanities on medical education or described existing or planned courses without offering substantial evidence of any long-term impact of these curricular activities on medical proficiency. Only 9 articles provided evidence of attempts to document long-term impacts using diverse test tools, and 10 articles presented relatively reserved attitudes toward humanities in undergraduate medical education. CONCLUSIONS Evidence on the positive long-term impacts of integrating humanities into undergraduate medical education is sparse. This may pose a threat to the continued development of humanities-related activities in undergraduate medical education in the context of current demands for evidence to demonstrate educational effectiveness.
Collapse
|
29
|
Barros L, Carvalho AM, Ferreira IC. The nutritional composition of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare): Shoots, leaves, stems and inflorescences. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
30
|
Anderson BM, Ma DWL. Are all n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids created equal? Lipids Health Dis 2009; 8:33. [PMID: 19664246 PMCID: PMC3224740 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-8-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
N-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to have potential beneficial effects for chronic diseases including cancer, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in particular have been studied extensively, whereas substantive evidence for a biological role for the precursor, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), is lacking. It is not enough to assume that ALA exerts effects through conversion to EPA and DHA, as the process is highly inefficient in humans. Thus, clarification of ALA's involvement in health and disease is essential, as it is the principle n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumed in the North American diet and intakes of EPA and DHA are typically very low. There is evidence suggesting that ALA, EPA and DHA have specific and potentially independent effects on chronic disease. Therefore, this review will assess our current understanding of the differential effects of ALA, EPA and DHA on cancer, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. Potential mechanisms of action will also be reviewed. Overall, a better understanding of the individual role for ALA, EPA and DHA is needed in order to make appropriate dietary recommendations regarding n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breanne M Anderson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1 Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tyrovolas S, Panagiotakos DB. The role of Mediterranean type of diet on the development of cancer and cardiovascular disease, in the elderly: a systematic review. Maturitas 2009; 65:122-30. [PMID: 19656644 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proportion of elderly worldwide is increasing. This increase in life expectancy, is staggering posing tremendous challenges in disease burden, especially, in chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Limited studies investigate the effect of Mediterranean diet on cardiovascular risk and cancer in older populations. In this review, findings from observational studies are summarized to evaluate the effect of Mediterranean diet on cancer and cardiovascular disease risk in elderly people. METHODS Published results from observational studies that assessed food habits on cancer and cardiovascular disease risk in elderly were retrieved and summarized. RESULTS In all studies diet had an effect on cardiovascular disease risk. The Mediterranean diet, a high-quality diet and increased fruit and vegetable consumption were all found to be cardioprotective. CONCLUSION The systematically reviewed studies reveal that a high adherence to a Mediterranean type of diet or "prudent diet" is associated with reduced risk of CVD and some types of cancer, even in the elderly. Also dietary intervention strategies can prevent morbidity, premature mortality and improve quality of life in older persons worldwide.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE This paper presents research results regarding disclosure of traumatic brain injury (TBI) diagnosis and resulting deficits of a study aiming to investigate the experiences of individuals who had sustained a TBI, their families, the physicians and health professionals involved, from the critical care episodes and subsequent rehabilitation. RESEARCH DESIGN Semi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals who had sustained a TBI (n = 8) and their families (n = 8) as well as with the health professionals (or service providers) (n = 22) and physicians (n = 9) who provided them care. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Results revealed that the quality of the disclosure is strongly influenced by the medical uncertainty surrounding the TBI and the difficulties of healthcare professionals in dealing with the family's emotions. CONCLUSIONS Delivering bad news is always difficult, but it is possible to make this harrowing experience easier and, in so doing, enhance patient and family resilience.
Collapse
|
33
|
Kaur B, Jørgensen A, Duttaroy AK. Fatty acid uptake by breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231): effects of insulin, leptin, adiponectin, and TNFalpha. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009; 80:93-9. [PMID: 19217762 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to exert metabolic effects, fatty acids must be taken up by cells and metabolize effectively to different classes of cellular lipids (triacylglycerols, phospholipids, etc.) for incorporation into different cellular and intracellular compartments. Therefore, the main aim of the present study is to investigate the uptake and metabolism of fatty acids representing three different series of fatty acids such as oleic acid, 18:1n-9 (OA), arachidonic acid, 20:4n-6 (AA), and eicosapentaneoic acid, 20:5n-3 (EPA) by breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231. Moreover, we investigated the effects of insulin and several adipokines on the fatty acid uptake by these cells as obesity and insulin resistance syndrome have been suggested to affect breast cancer risk. We report for the first time that AA was predominantly taken up by these cells compared with EPA and OA. Pre-incubation of these cells with TNFalpha stimulated most of the uptake of EPA (30%), whereas uptake of OA and AA was stimulated only 10-15% compared with the controls. Insulin, leptin, and adiponectin had no effect on fatty acid uptake by these cells. Together these results demonstrate that preferential uptake of AA in MDA-MB-231 cells, and the fatty acid uptake activity of these cells is influenced by TNFalpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baljit Kaur
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Garden R. Expanding clinical empathy: an activist perspective. J Gen Intern Med 2009; 24:122-5. [PMID: 19015926 PMCID: PMC2607518 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-008-0849-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discussions of empathy in health care offer important ways of enabling communication and interpersonal connection that are therapeutic for the patient and satisfying for the physician. While the best of these discussions offer valuable insights into the patient-physician relationship, many of them lack an action component for alleviating the patient's suffering and emphasize the physician's experience of empathy rather than the patient's experience of illness. METHODS By examining educational methods, such as reflective writing exercises and the study of literary texts, and by analyzing theoretical approaches to empathy and suggestions for clinical practice, this article considers how to mindfully keep the focus on what the patient is going through. CONCLUSION Clinical empathy can be improved by strategies that address (1) the patient's authority in providing first-person accounts of illness and disability, (2) expanding the concept of empathy to include an action component geared toward relieving patients' suffering, and (3) the potential value of extending empathy to include the social context of illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Garden
- Center for Bioethics and Humanities, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Liu YE, Pu W, Wang J, Kang JX, Shi YE. Activation of Stat5 and induction of a pregnancy-like mammary gland differentiation by eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic omega-3 fatty acids. FEBS J 2007; 274:3351-62. [PMID: 17547694 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of early pregnancy against breast cancer can be attributed to the transition from undifferentiated cells in the nulliparous to the differentiated mature cells during pregnancy. Considerable evidence suggests strongly that the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of adipose breast tissue is inversely associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Here, we report that there was a decrease in the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio and a significant increase in concentration of n-3 PUFA docosapentaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the pregnant gland. The functional role of n-3 PUFAs on differentiation was supported by the studies in the fat-1 transgenic mouse, which converts endogenous n-6 to n-3 PUFAs. Alternation of the n-6/n-3 ratio in favor of n-3 PUFA, and particularly docosapentaenoic acid, in the mammary gland of fat-1 mouse resulted in development of lobulo-alveolar-like structure and milk protein beta-casein expression, mimicking the differentiated state of the pregnant gland. Docosapentaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid activated the Jak2/Stat5 signaling pathway and induced a functional differentiation with production of beta-casein. Expression of brain type fatty acid binding protein brain type fatty acid binding protein in virgin transgenic mice also resulted in a reduced ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA, a robust increase in docosapentaenoic acid accumulation, and mammary differentiation. These data indicate a role of mammary derived growth inhibitor related gene for preferential accumulation of n-3 docosapentaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the differentiated gland during pregnancy. Thus, alternation of n-6/n-3 fatty acid compositional ratio in favor of n-3 PUFA, and particularly docosapentaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, is one of the underlying mechanisms of pregnancy-induced mammary differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang E Liu
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New Hyde Park, NY 11040, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shannon J, King IB, Moshofsky R, Lampe JW, Gao DL, Ray RM, Thomas DB. Erythrocyte fatty acids and breast cancer risk: a case-control study in Shanghai, China. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85:1090-7. [PMID: 17413110 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of individual fatty acids in the development and progression of breast cancer is unclear. Although in vitro and animal experiments have supported an inverse association between intake of long chain n-3 fatty acids [primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid] and breast cancer risk, findings from population studies are inconsistent. Recent studies have also shown associations between the ratio of saturated to monounsaturated fatty acids (SI) and breast cancer risk. The SI reflects the activity of several genes involved in lipid metabolism, including fatty acid synthase and steroyl coenzyme-A desaturase, that have been shown to be overexpressed in breast cancer. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this analysis was to determine the association between erythrocyte fatty acid concentrations and breast cancer risk among women participating in a randomized trial of breast self-examination in Shanghai, China. DESIGN We conducted a case-control study. Erythrocyte fatty acid concentrations were determined in specimens from 322 women with histologically confirmed breast cancer and 1030 frequency age-matched control women. RESULTS We report a significant direct association among palmitic, gamma-linolenic, palmitoleic, and vaccenic acids and risk of breast cancer. Total n-3 fatty acids, EPA, and the SI for palmitic to palmitoleic acid were associated with significantly lower risk of breast cancer. CONCLUSION Our results support a protective effect of n-3 fatty acids on breast cancer risk and provide additional evidence for the importance of evaluating the ratio of fatty acids when evaluating diet and breast cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackilen Shannon
- Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Khan G, Penttinen P, Cabanes A, Foxworth A, Chezek A, Masterpole K, Yu B, Smeds A, Halttunen T, Good C, Mäkelä S, Hilakivi-Clarke L. Maternal flaxseed diet during pregnancy or lactation increases female rat offspring's susceptibility to carcinogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis. Reprod Toxicol 2007; 23:397-406. [PMID: 17398067 PMCID: PMC3615982 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Flaxseed contains several dietary components that have been linked to low breast cancer risk; i.e., n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), lignans and fiber, but it also contains detectable levels of cadmium, a heavy metal that activates the estrogen receptor (ER). Since estrogenic exposures early in life modify susceptibility to develop breast cancer, we wondered whether maternal dietary intake of 5% or 10% flaxseed during pregnancy or lactation (between postpartum days 5 and 25) might affect 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumorigenesis in the rat offspring. Our data indicated that both in utero and postnatal 5% and 10% flaxseed exposures shortened mammary tumor latency, and 10% flaxseed exposure increased tumor multiplicity, compared to the controls. Further, when assessed in 8-week-old rats, in utero 10% flaxseed exposure increased lobular ER-alpha protein levels, and both in utero and postnatal flaxseed exposures dose-dependently reduced ER-beta protein levels in the terminal end buds (TEBs) lobules and ducts. Exposures to flaxseed did not alter the number of TEBs or affect cell proliferation within the epithelial structures. In a separate group of immature rats that were fed 5% defatted flaxseed diet (flaxseed source different than in the diets fed to pregnant or lactating rats) for 7 days, cadmium exposure through the diet was six-fold higher than allowed for humans by World Health Organization, and cadmium significantly accumulated in the liver and kidneys of the rats. It remains to be determined whether the increased mammary cancer in rats exposed to flaxseed through a maternal diet in utero or lactation was caused by cadmium present in flaxseed, and whether the reduced mammary ER-beta content was causally linked to increased mammary cancer risk among the offspring.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 4-Butyrolactone/analogs & derivatives
- 4-Butyrolactone/metabolism
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/administration & dosage
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/toxicity
- Adenocarcinoma/chemically induced
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Butylene Glycols/metabolism
- Cadmium/administration & dosage
- Cadmium/toxicity
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Flax/chemistry
- Kidney/drug effects
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/pathology
- Lactation
- Lignans/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/drug effects
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/chemically induced
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Plant Preparations/administration & dosage
- Plant Preparations/chemistry
- Plant Preparations/toxicity
- Pregnancy
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galam Khan
- Lombardi Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Pauliina Penttinen
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Anna Cabanes
- Lombardi Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Aaron Foxworth
- Lombardi Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Antonia Chezek
- Lombardi Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kristen Masterpole
- Lombardi Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Bin Yu
- Lombardi Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Annika Smeds
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Teemu Halttunen
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Carolyn Good
- Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, General Mills Inc., 9000 Plymouth Ave, N Minneapolis, MN 55427
| | - Sari Mäkelä
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Leena Hilakivi-Clarke
- Lombardi Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Montbriand MJ. Herbs or Natural Products That Protect Against Cancer Growth: Part Three of a Four-Part Series. Oncol Nurs Forum 2007; 31:E127-46. [PMID: 15547627 DOI: 10.1188/04.onf.e127-e146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To provide evidence-based research information about 47 herbs and natural products that have the potential to protect against the development of cancer. DATA SOURCES Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database and Lawrence Review of Natural Products-Monograph System. Information about these herbs has been found in evidence-based studies cited in the references. DATA SYNTHESIS Early research shows that some herbs and natural products appear to have the potential to prevent cancer growth. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary evidence may be useful to healthcare professionals or patients who are concerned about cancer. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Oncology nurses who receive this information can become resources for patients or other healthcare professionals.
Collapse
|
40
|
Tavakol M, Murphy R, Torabi S. Medical Education in Iran: An Exploration of Some Curriculum Issues. MEDICAL EDUCATION ONLINE 2006; 11:4585. [PMID: 28253782 DOI: 10.3402/meo.v11i.4585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Iran is a large and populous country, the state of medical education is poorly understood and under researched. However, it is apparent that, in recent years, calls for reform in medical education have not tended to lead to major changes. As a result, the curricula used are in danger of being perceived as dated and less effective than they should be. PURPOSE This exploratory study is designed to investigate the perspectives and experiences of a group of the most influential medical education course planners in Iran. Its aim is to investigate their views about the nature of the undergraduate medical curriculum in Iran and explore with them ways in which such curricula could be modernized and improved. METHODS In-depth, semi-structured interviews were used to explore the perceptions of an elite group of medical education course planners who all work in prestigious universities in Tehran. Each of these 10 individuals was interviewed twice, over a period of several months, in order that an in-depth view of their perceptions could be unraveled. RESULTS A deep concern about the lack of an innovative medical education curriculum in Iran emerged as the strongest theme from the interviews. There is widespread agreement that the current curriculum is too oriented towards the students passively learning facts. There is also a perceived lack of integration between the two-year basic science courses and clinical learning. Furthermore, participants feel that poor teaching facilities and overcrowding of students has provided an unsuitable learning environment. Both positive and negative attitudes toward educational strategies in curriculum development were demonstrated. Some of the barriers to curriculum change were also discussed. CONCLUSIONS There is a real need for major changes in the medical education curriculum in Iran. The results of this study suggest that a move towards a curriculum that engages students as active participants in a process of lifelong learning would be highly beneficial. As clinically qualified doctors they will face many challenges in the years ahead, and a modernized curriculum should help them to acquire the necessary knowledge and develop the clinical skills and problem solving abilities they will need.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger Murphy
- b School of Education Nottingham University , UK
| | - Sima Torabi
- c Ministry of Science , Research and Technology Institute for Research, and Planning in Higher Education , Tehran , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Karamouzis MV, Ifanti AA, Iconomou G, Vagenakis AG, Kalofonos HP. Medical students' views of undergraduate Oncology education: A comparative study. EDUCATION FOR HEALTH (ABINGDON, ENGLAND) 2006; 19:61-70. [PMID: 16531303 DOI: 10.1080/13576280500534552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT An ongoing concern of undergraduate medical education regarding oncology has been intensified in Patras Medical School, Greece, aiming at a more comprehensive teaching approach. OBJECTIVE A second-step research project was conducted to examine medical students' views of their undergraduate education in oncology, six years after the first investigation, and to assess the impact of the changes on the curriculum. METHODS The same questionnaire used in the previous study was again distributed to 210 different medical students. FINDINGS Our study revealed that although the quality of education in Oncology has been improved, it has not as yet reached high standards. The improvements over the last six years were mainly attributed to the increased presence of specialized oncology staff and their coordination with other basic and clinical scientists, as well as to the increased focus on research issues. Most of the students suggested putting more emphasis on psychosocial aspects of cancer care and ethical topics. DISCUSSION Despite the progress made in the curriculum, there is still a need for further improvements in the students' undergraduate education so as to meet current demands. Medical education in Greece still pays lip service to communication and ethical issues while remaining disease-oriented in its approach. Therefore, the target of undergraduate education in Oncology should not only be the provision of updated medical knowledge, but also the development of a proper attitude towards all cancer-related issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihalis V Karamouzis
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras Medical School, University Hospital, Rion, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Vardavas C, Majchrzak D, Wagner K, Elmadfa I, Kafatos A. Lipid concentrations of wild edible greens in Crete. Food Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
43
|
Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Hall
- Department of Cereal and Food Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Walker LG. Hypnotherapeutic insights and interventions: a cancer odyssey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ch.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
45
|
|
46
|
Binukumar B, Mathew A. Dietary fat and risk of breast cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2005; 3:45. [PMID: 16022739 PMCID: PMC1199629 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-3-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is one of the major public health problems among women worldwide. A number of epidemiological studies have been carried out to find the role of dietary fat and the risk of breast cancer. The main objective of the present communication is to summarize the evidence from various case-control and cohort studies on the consumption of fat and its subtypes and their effect on the development of breast cancer. METHODS A Pubmed search for literature on the consumption of dietary fat and risk of breast cancer published from January 1990 through December 2003 was carried out. RESULTS Increased consumption of total fat and saturated fat were found to be positively associated with the development of breast cancer. Even though an equivocal association was observed for the consumption of total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and the risk of breast cancer, there exists an inverse association in the case of oleic acid, the most abundant MUFA. A moderate inverse association between consumption of n-3 fatty acids and breast cancer risk and a moderate positive association between n-6 fatty acids and breast cancer risk were observed. CONCLUSION Even though all epidemiological studies do not provide a strong positive association between the consumption of certain types of dietary fat and breast cancer risk, at least a moderate association does seem to exist and this has a number of implications in view of the fact that breast cancer is an increasing public health concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskarapillai Binukumar
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram – 695011 Kerala, India
| | - Aleyamma Mathew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram – 695011 Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Olivo SE, Hilakivi-Clarke L. Opposing effects of prepubertal low- and high-fat n -3 polyunsaturated fatty acid diets on rat mammary tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:1563-72. [PMID: 15888492 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether dietary fat intake during childhood affects the later risk of developing breast cancer, we fed prepubertal rats between post-natal days 5 and 25 a low (16% energy) or high-fat (39% energy) diet composed mainly of n-6 or n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) originating either from corn oil or menhaden oil, respectively, in the ratios of 16-17:1 (n-6 PUFA diets) or 2-3:1 (n-3 PUFA diets). We also examined whether changes in risk are associated with perturbations in biological processes previously linked to fatty acid intake and breast cancer. Mammary tumorigenesis was induced by treating 50-day-old rats with the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. When compared with the reference low-fat n-6 PUFA diet, prepubertal exposure to the low-fat n-3 PUFA diet decreased, whereas a high-fat n-3 PUFA diet increased mammary tumor incidence; the high-fat n-6 PUFA diet had no effect. Both the low and high-fat n-3 PUFA diets induced mammary epithelial differentiation by reducing the number of terminal end buds (TEBs) and increasing the presence of lobulo-alveolar structures. They also increased lipid peroxidation and reduced cyclooxygenase-2 activity. Prepubertal exposure to the low-fat n-3 PUFA diet increased apoptosis, determined using TUNEL assay, and reduced cell proliferation, determined using PCNA staining. In marked contrast, prepubertal exposure to the high-fat n-3 PUFA diet induced cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in the TEBs and lobular structures. The latter is consistent with the finding that pAkt, a survival factor that inhibits apoptosis, was elevated in their mammary glands. In summary, although prepubertal exposure to a low-fat n-3 PUFA diet reduced later mammary tumorigenesis in rats, high levels of this fatty acid can have adverse effects on the prepubertal mammary gland and increase subsequent breast cancer risk.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
- Animals
- Anticarcinogenic Agents/pharmacology
- Diet
- Diet, Fat-Restricted
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/pharmacology
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6/pharmacology
- Female
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Sexual Maturation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Olivo
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Menendez JA, Colomer R, Lupu R. Why does tumor-associated fatty acid synthase (oncogenic antigen-519) ignore dietary fatty acids? Med Hypotheses 2005; 64:342-9. [PMID: 15607569 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 07/09/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hyperactivation of fatty acid synthase (FAS)-catalyzed de novo biosynthesis of fatty acids is a molecular marker linked to tumor virulence in population studies of human malignancies. This activation appears to be linked to neoplastic transformation, since high levels of FAS have also been identified in pre-malignant lesions. This dependence of cancer upon accelerated lipogenesis differs from normal human tissues, in which FAS is suppressed by the presence of small amounts of fatty acids in the diet. The molecular mechanisms by which cancer cells constitutively exhibit FAS overexpression and hyperactivity have begun to emerge. The active involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK ERK1/2) and phosphatidylinositol-3'-kinase (PI-3'K)/protein kinase B (AKT) transduction cascades in the overexpression of FAS has been recently demonstrated in several cancer cell models. Strikingly, insulin-regulated stimulation of FAS expression in adipose cells is also mediated by the PI-3'K pathway with AKT being involved as a downstream effector. Moreover, FAS overexpression in tumor cells has been demonstrated to occur through a modification of the transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), the major regulatory factor of FAS in liver and adipose tissues, which, in turn, is known to be regulated by MAPK ERK1/2 and PI-3'K/AKT pathways. Therefore, the signal transduction pathways regulating FAS expression in normal and cancer cells seem to share several downstream elements. However, the upstream mechanisms controlling FAS expression in cancer cells must be different from those in normal tissues, since tumor-associated FAS expression seems to be insensitive to nutritional signals. In pre-neoplastic lesions, we hypothesize that the early activation of FAS in pre-malignant cells represents a survival strategy which occurs to compensate for an insufficiency of both oxygen and dietary fatty acids due to, e.g., lack of angiogenesis. Thus, FAS activation reflects an epigenetic dysregulation of the lipogenic pathway in response to the microenvironment of tumors containing regions of poor oxygenation. Upon this unusual metabolic situation, FAS up-regulation also represent a metabolic strategy to maintain high proliferation rates of surviving cells in the absence of exogenous dietary fatty acids. Concomitantly, a variety of oncogenic changes (H-ras, erb B-2, etc.) may result in the constitutive activation of MAPK and PI-3'K/AKT signaling cascades, which, in turn, can activate SREBP-1c and, subsequently, tumor-associated FAS-catalyzed endogenous lipogenesis. Thereafter, high levels of FAS are maintained in coordination with increased demand for fatty acid metabolism and/or membrane synthesis in response to cancer-related overexpression of growth factors (e.g., EGF, heregulin) and/or growth factor receptors (e.g., EGFR, Her-2/neu). The aberrant MAPK and PI-3'K/AKT cascades driven by these oncogenic changes subvert the downregulatory effects of physiological concentrations of dietary fatty acids, resulting in a cancer-associated FAS insensitivity to nutritional signals. This model does not exclude that fundamental differences in the ability of FAS gene to respond to normal fatty acid's downregulatory actions may also synergistically interact with oncogenic signals to constitutively maintain an elevated FAS-dependent de novo endogenous fatty acid biogenesis in cancer cells in spite of high levels of circulating dietary fatty acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- Department of Medicine, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare Research Institute, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Carlson LE, Feldman-Stewart D, Tishelman C, Brundage MD. Patient-professional communication research in cancer: an integrative review of research methods in the context of a conceptual framework. Psychooncology 2005; 14:812-28; discussion 829-30. [PMID: 16200512 DOI: 10.1002/pon.951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper uses the conceptual framework of Feldman-Stewart et al. to organize and review the types of research methodologies used to investigate various aspects of patient-health care professional communication in the context of cancer. Research methods employed are classified as either non-experimental or experimental. Non-experimental designs include naturalistic observational studies (e.g. participant observation, audio- or videotaping of interactions) and retrospective introspective descriptions (e.g. self-report questionnaires, qualitative interview methods). Experimental designs often involve interventions aimed at improving communication, such as physician or patient training, and the use of technology to enhance communication (e.g. audiotapes, computers). Using the conceptualization of the communication framework description, we argue that the outcome measures used in these studies address either primary goals, enabling goals, or secondary communication outcomes. Outcomes that are related to primary goals of the communication exchange include assessing the level of understanding of information conveyed, aspects of decision making, planning around treatments, or general provision of care. Outcomes related to enabling goals focus on elements that affect the ability to achieve primary goals. Outcomes secondary to the communication do not relate directly to what the communication is attempting to achieve. We conclude by identifying priority areas for further research, such as identifying the goals of both participants, understanding how particular aspects of the communication process affect their ability to achieve their goals, and examining the external environment in which communication takes place.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda E Carlson
- Department of Psychosocial Resources, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Alberta Cancer Board, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|