1
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Polyamine-based analogs and conjugates as antikinetoplastid agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:982-1015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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2
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Wang B, Pachaiyappan B, Gruber JD, Schmidt MG, Zhang YM, Woster PM. Antibacterial Diamines Targeting Bacterial Membranes. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3140-51. [PMID: 26964758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a growing threat to human health exacerbated by a lack of new antibiotics. We now describe a series of substituted diamines that produce rapid bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and stationary-phase bacteria. These compounds reduce biofilm formation and promote biofilm dispersal in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The most potent analogue, 3 (1,13-bis{[(2,2-diphenyl)-1-ethyl]thioureido}-4,10-diazatridecane), primarily acts by depolarization of the cytoplasmic membrane and permeabilization of the bacterial outer membrane. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that 3 disrupts membrane integrity rapidly. Compound 3 is also synergistic with kanamycin, demonstrated by the checkerboard method and by time-kill kinetic experiments. In human cell toxicity assays, 3 showed limited adverse effects against the HEK293T human kidney embryonic cells and A549 human adenocarcinoma cells. In addition, 3 produced no adverse effects on Caenorhabditis elegans development, survival, and reproduction. Collectively, diamines related to 3 represent a new class of broad-spectrum antibacterials against drug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States.,Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing, PR China
| | - Boobalan Pachaiyappan
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Jordon D Gruber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Michael G Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Yong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Patrick M Woster
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
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3
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Nowotarski SL, Pachaiyappan B, Holshouser SL, Kutz CJ, Li Y, Huang Y, Sharma SK, Casero RA, Woster PM. Structure-activity study for (bis)ureidopropyl- and (bis)thioureidopropyldiamine LSD1 inhibitors with 3-5-3 and 3-6-3 carbon backbone architectures. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1601-12. [PMID: 25725609 PMCID: PMC4396983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Methylation at specific histone lysine residues is a critical post-translational modification that alters chromatin architecture, and dysregulated lysine methylation/demethylation is associated with the silencing of tumor suppressor genes. The enzyme lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) complexed to specific transcription factors catalyzes the oxidative demethylation of mono- and dimethyllysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4me and H3K4me2, respectively). We have previously reported potent (bis)urea and (bis)thiourea LSD1 inhibitors that increase cellular levels of H3K4me and H3K4me2, promote the re-expression of silenced tumor suppressor genes and suppress tumor growth in vitro. Here we report the design additional (bis)urea and (bis)thiourea LSD1 inhibitors that feature 3-5-3 or 3-6-3 carbon backbone architectures. Three of these compounds displayed single-digit IC50 values in a recombinant LSD1 assay. In addition, compound 6d exhibited an IC50 of 4.2μM against the Calu-6 human lung adenocarcinoma line, and 4.8μM against the MCF7 breast tumor cell line, in an MTS cell viability assay. Following treatment with 6b-6d, Calu-6 cells exhibited a significant increase in the mRNA expression for the silenced tumor suppressor genes SFRP2, HCAD and p16, and modest increases in GATA4 message. The compounds described in this paper represent the most potent epigenetic modulators in this series, and have potential for use as antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Nowotarski
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Boobalan Pachaiyappan
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President St., Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Steven L Holshouser
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President St., Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Craig J Kutz
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President St., Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Youxuan Li
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President St., Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Yi Huang
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Shiv K Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Robert A Casero
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Patrick M Woster
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President St., Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
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4
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Interrogating alkyl and arylalkylpolyamino (bis)urea and (bis)thiourea isosteres as potent antimalarial chemotypes against multiple lifecycle forms of Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5131-43. [PMID: 25684422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A new series of potent potent aryl/alkylated (bis)urea- and (bis)thiourea polyamine analogues were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their antiplasmodial activity. Altering the carbon backbone and terminal substituents increased the potency of analogues in the compound library 3-fold, with the most active compounds, 15 and 16, showing half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50 values) of 28 and 30 nM, respectively, against various Plasmodium falciparum parasite strains without any cross-resistance. In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxicity of these analogues revealed marked selectivity towards targeting malaria parasites compared to mammalian HepG2 cells (>5000-fold lower IC50 against the parasite). Preliminary biological evaluation of the polyamine analogue antiplasmodial phenotype revealed that (bis)urea compounds target parasite asexual proliferation, whereas (bis)thiourea compounds of the same series have the unique ability to block transmissible gametocyte forms of the parasite, indicating pluripharmacology against proliferative and non-proliferative forms of the parasite. In this manuscript, we describe these results and postulate a refined structure-activity relationship (SAR) model for antiplasmodial polyamine analogues. The terminally aryl/alkylated (bis)urea- and (bis)thiourea-polyamine analogues featuring a 3-5-3 or 3-6-3 carbon backbone represent a structurally novel and distinct class of potential antiplasmodials with activities in the low nanomolar range, and high selectivity against various lifecycle forms of P. falciparum parasites.
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5
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Hazeldine S, Pachaiyappan B, Steinbergs N, Nowotarski S, Hanson AS, Casero RA, Woster PM. Low molecular weight amidoximes that act as potent inhibitors of lysine-specific demethylase 1. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7378-91. [PMID: 22876979 DOI: 10.1021/jm3002845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The recently discovered enzyme lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) plays an important role in the epigenetic control of gene expression, and aberrant gene silencing secondary to LSD1 dysregulation is thought to contribute to the development of cancer. We reported that (bis)guanidines, (bis)biguanides, and their urea- and thiourea isosteres are potent inhibitors of LSD1 and induce the re-expression of aberrantly silenced tumor suppressor genes in tumor cells in vitro. We now report a series of small molecule amidoximes that are moderate inhibitors of recombinant LSD1 but that produce dramatic changes in methylation at the histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) chromatin mark, a specific target of LSD1, in Calu-6 lung carcinoma cells. In addition, these analogues increase cellular levels of secreted frizzle-related protein (SFRP) 2, H-cadherin (HCAD), and the transcription factor GATA4. These compounds represent leads for an important new series of drug-like epigenetic modulators with the potential for use as antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Hazeldine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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6
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Hanfrey CC, Pearson BM, Hazeldine S, Lee J, Gaskin DJ, Woster PM, Phillips MA, Michael AJ. Alternative spermidine biosynthetic route is critical for growth of Campylobacter jejuni and is the dominant polyamine pathway in human gut microbiota. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:43301-12. [PMID: 22025614 PMCID: PMC3234850 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.307835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of fully sequenced bacterial genomes has revealed that many species known to synthesize the polyamine spermidine lack the spermidine biosynthetic enzymes S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase. We found that such species possess orthologues of the sym-norspermidine biosynthetic enzymes carboxynorspermidine dehydrogenase and carboxynorspermidine decarboxylase. By deleting these genes in the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, we found that the carboxynorspermidine decarboxylase orthologue is responsible for synthesizing spermidine and not sym-norspermidine in vivo. In polyamine auxotrophic gene deletion strains of C. jejuni, growth is highly compromised but can be restored by exogenous sym-homospermidine and to a lesser extent by sym-norspermidine. The alternative spermidine biosynthetic pathway is present in many bacterial phyla and is the dominant spermidine route in the human gut, stomach, and oral microbiomes, and it appears to have supplanted the S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase/spermidine synthase pathway in the gut microbiota. Approximately half of the gut Firmicutes species appear to be polyamine auxotrophs, but all encode the potABCD spermidine/putrescine transporter. Orthologues encoding carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase and carboxyspermidine decarboxylase are found clustered with an array of diverse putrescine biosynthetic genes in different bacterial genomes, consistent with a role in spermidine, rather than sym-norspermidine biosynthesis. Due to the pervasiveness of ε-proteobacteria in deep sea hydrothermal vents and to the ubiquity of the alternative spermidine biosynthetic pathway in that phylum, the carboxyspermidine route is also dominant in deep sea hydrothermal vents. The carboxyspermidine pathway for polyamine biosynthesis is found in diverse human pathogens, and this alternative spermidine biosynthetic route presents an attractive target for developing novel antimicrobial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin C. Hanfrey
- From the Institute of Food Research, Norwich, NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce M. Pearson
- From the Institute of Food Research, Norwich, NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Hazeldine
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Jeongmi Lee
- the School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-747, Korea
| | - Duncan J. Gaskin
- From the Institute of Food Research, Norwich, NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M. Woster
- the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, and
| | - Margaret A. Phillips
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 7539
| | - Anthony J. Michael
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 7539, To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park, Dallas, TX. Tel.: 214-645-6129; E-mail:
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7
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Verlinden BK, Niemand J, Snyman J, Sharma SK, Beattie RJ, Woster PM, Birkholtz LM. Discovery of novel alkylated (bis)urea and (bis)thiourea polyamine analogues with potent antimalarial activities. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6624-33. [PMID: 21882831 DOI: 10.1021/jm200463z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of alkylated (bis)urea and (bis)thiourea polyamine analogues were synthesized and screened for antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. All analogues showed growth inhibitory activity against P. falciparum at less than 3 μM, with the majority having effective IC(50) values in the 100-650 nM range. Analogues arrested parasitic growth within 24 h of exposure due to a block in nuclear division and therefore asexual development. Moreover, this effect appears to be cytotoxic and highly selective to malaria parasites (>7000-fold lower IC(50) against P. falciparum) and is not reversible by the exogenous addition of polyamines. With this first report of potent antimalarial activity of polyamine analogues containing 3-7-3 or 3-6-3 carbon backbones and substituted terminal urea- or thiourea moieties, we propose that these compounds represent a structurally novel class of antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca K Verlinden
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box x20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
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8
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Castagnolo D, Schenone S, Botta M. Guanylated Diamines, Triamines, and Polyamines: Chemistry and Biological Properties. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5247-300. [PMID: 21657224 DOI: 10.1021/cr100423x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Castagnolo
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Alcide de Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, I-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Alcide de Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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9
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Sharma SK, Wu Y, Steinbergs N, Crowley ML, Hanson AS, Casero RA, Woster PM. (Bis)urea and (bis)thiourea inhibitors of lysine-specific demethylase 1 as epigenetic modulators. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5197-212. [PMID: 20568780 DOI: 10.1021/jm100217a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The recently discovered enzyme lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) plays an important role in the epigenetic control of gene expression, and aberrant gene silencing secondary to LSD1 overexpression is thought to contribute to the development of cancer. We recently reported a series of (bis)guanidines and (bis)biguanides that are potent inhibitors of LSD1 and induce the re-expression of aberrantly silenced tumor suppressor genes in tumor cells in vitro. We now report a series of isosteric ureas and thioureas that are also potent inhibitors of LSD1. These compounds induce increases in methylation at the histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) chromatin mark, a specific target of LSD1, in Calu-6 lung carcinoma cells. In addition, these analogues increase cellular levels of secreted frizzle-related protein (SFRP) 2 and transcription factor GATA4. These compounds represent an important new series of epigenetic modulators with the potential for use as antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv K Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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10
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Abstract
Enzymes in the biosynthetic and catabolic polyamine pathway have long been considered targets for drug development, and early drug discovery efforts in the polyamine area focused on the design and development of specific inhibitors of the biosynthetic pathway, or polyamine analogues that specifically bind DNA. More recently, it has become clear that the natural polyamines are involved in numerous known and unknown cellular processes, and disruption of polyamine functions at their effector sites can potentially produce beneficial therapeutic effects. As new targets for polyamine drug discovery continue to evolve, the rational design of polyamine analogues will result in more structurally diverse agents. In addition, the physical linkage of polyamine-like structures to putative drug molecules can have beneficial effects resulting from increases in DNA affinity and selective cellular uptake. The present chapter will summarize recent advances in the development of alkylpolyamine analogues as antitumour agents, and describe subsequent advances that have resulted from incorporating polyamine character into more diverse drug molecules. Specifically, new polyamine analogues, and the role of polyamine fragments in the design of antiparasitic agents, antitumour metal complexes, histone deacetylase inhibitors and lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitors, will be described.
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11
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Casero RA, Woster PM. Recent advances in the development of polyamine analogues as antitumor agents. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4551-73. [PMID: 19534534 DOI: 10.1021/jm900187v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Casero
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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12
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Antiprotozoal activity of 1-phenethyl-4-aminopiperidine derivatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:3815-21. [PMID: 19564359 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00124-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of 44 4-aminopiperidine derivatives was screened in vitro against four protozoan parasites (Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani, and Plasmodium falciparum). This screening identified 29 molecules selectively active against bloodstream-form T. b. rhodesiense trypomastigotes, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) ranging from 0.12 to 10 microM, and 33 compounds active against the chloroquine- and pyrimethamine-resistant K1 strain of P. falciparum (IC50 range, 0.17 to 5 microM). In addition, seven compounds displayed activity against intracellular T. cruzi amastigotes in the same range as the reference drug benznidazole (IC50, 1.97 microM) but were also cytotoxic to L-6 cells, showing little selectivity for T. cruzi. None of the molecules tested showed interesting antileishmanial activity against axenic amastigotes of L. donovani. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the antitrypanosomal activity of molecules bearing the 4-aminopiperidine skeleton.
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13
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Bacchi CJ, Yarlett N, Faciane E, Bi X, Rattendi D, Weiss LM, Woster PM. Metabolism of an alkyl polyamine analog by a polyamine oxidase from the microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:2599-604. [PMID: 19223636 PMCID: PMC2687184 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00267-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a microsporidium responsible for systemic illness in mammals. In the course of developing leads to new therapy for microsporidiosis, we found that a bis(phenylbenzyl)3-7-3 analog of spermine, 1,15-bis{N-[o-(phenyl)benzylamino}-4,12-diazapentadecane (BW-1), was a substrate for an E. cuniculi amine oxidase activity. The primary natural substrate for this oxidase activity was N'-acetylspermine, but BW-1 had activity comparable to that of the substrate. As the sole substrate, BW-1 gave linear reaction rates over 15 min and K(m) of 2 microM. In the presence of N'-acetylspermine, BW-1 acted as a competitive inhibitor of oxidase activity and may be a subversive substrate, resulting in increased peroxide production. By use of (13)C-labeled BW-1 as a substrate and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, two products were determined to be oxidative metabolites, a hydrated aldehyde or dicarboxylate and 2(phenyl)benzylamine. These products were detected after exposure of (13)C-labeled BW-1 to E. cuniculi preemergent spore preparations and to uninfected host cells. In previous studies, BW-1 was curative in a rodent model of infection with E. cuniculi. The results in this study demonstrate competitive inhibition of oxidase activity by BW-1 and support further studies of this oxidase activity by the parasite and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus J Bacchi
- Haskins Laboratories, Pace University, 41 Park Row, New York, NY 10038, USA.
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14
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Boncher T, Bi X, Varghese S, Casero RA, Woster PM. Polyamine-based analogues as biochemical probes and potential therapeutics. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:356-63. [PMID: 17371278 DOI: 10.1042/bst0350356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are ubiquitous polycationic compounds that are found in nearly every cell type, and are required to support a wide variety of cellular functions. The existence of multiple cellular effector sites for naturally occurring polyamines implies that there are numerous targets for polyamine-based therapeutic agents. Through a programme aimed at the synthesis and evaluation of biologically active polyamine analogues, our laboratory has identified three distinct structural classes of polyamine derivatives that exhibit promising biological activity in vitro. We have synthesized more than 200 symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted alkylpolyamines that possess potent antitumour or antiparasitic activity, depending on their backbone architecture and terminal alkyl substituents. Along similar lines, we have developed novel polyamino(bis)guanidines and polyaminobiguanides that are promising antitrypanosomal agents and that interfere with biofilm formation in the pathogenic bacterium Yersinia pestis. Finally, we recently reported a series of PAHAs (polyaminohydroxamic acids) and PABAs (polyaminobenzamides) that inhibit HDACs (histone deacetylases), and in some cases are selective for individual HDAC isoforms. These studies support the hypothesis that polyamine-based small molecules can be developed for use as biochemical probes and as potential therapies for multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Boncher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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15
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Wallace HM, Niiranen K. Polyamine analogues – an update. Amino Acids 2007; 33:261-5. [PMID: 17443267 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0534-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The polyamines are growth factors in both normal and cancer cells. As the intracellular polyamine content correlates positively with the growth potential of that cell, the idea that depletion of polyamine content will result in inhibition of cell growth and, particularly tumour cell growth, has been developed over the last 15 years. The polyamine pathway is therefore a target for development of rationally designed, antiproliferative agents. Following the lessons from the single enzyme inhibitors (alpha-difluoromethylornithine DFMO), three generations of polyamine analogues have been synthesised and tested in vitro and in vivo. The analogues are multi-site inhibitors affecting multiple reactions in the pathway and thus prevent the up-regulation of compensatory reactions that have been the downfall of DFMO in anticancer chemotherapy. Although the initial concept was that the analogues may provide novel anticancer drugs, it now seems likely that the analogues will have wider applications in diseases involving hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Wallace
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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16
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Bi X, Lopez C, Bacchi CJ, Rattendi D, Woster PM. Novel alkylpolyaminoguanidines and alkylpolyaminobiguanides with potent antitrypanosomal activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3229-32. [PMID: 16616495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A series of polyaminoguanidines and polyaminobiguanides were synthesized and evaluated as potential antitrypanosomal agents. These analogues inhibit trypanothione reductase (TR) with IC50 values as low as 0.95 microM, but do not inhibit the closely related human enzyme glutathione reductase (GR). The most effective analogues, 7a, 7b and 8d, inhibited parasitic growth in vitro with IC50 values of 0.18, 0.09 and 0.18 microM, respectively. These agents represent a promising new class of potential antitrypanosomal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Bi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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17
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Varghese S, Gupta D, Baran T, Jiemjit A, Gore SD, Casero RA, Woster PM. Alkyl-substituted polyaminohydroxamic acids: a novel class of targeted histone deacetylase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6350-65. [PMID: 16190761 PMCID: PMC3554812 DOI: 10.1021/jm0505009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reversible acetylation of histones is critical for regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. The histone deacetylase inhibitors trichostatin (TSA, 1), MS-275 (2) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA, 3) arrest growth in transformed cells and in human tumor xenografts. However, 1-3 suffer from lack of specificity among the various HDAC isoforms, prompting us to design and synthesize polyaminohydroxamic acid (PAHA) derivatives 6-21. We felt that PAHAs would be selectively directed to chromatin and associated histones by the positively charged polyamine side chain. At 1 microM, compounds 12, 15 and 20 inhibited HDAC by 74.86, 59.99 and 73.85%, respectively. Although 20 was a less potent HDAC inhibitor than 1, it was more potent than 2, more effective as an initiator of histone hyperacetylation, and significantly more effective than 2 at re-expressing p21Waf1 in ML-1 leukemia cells. On the basis of these results, PAHAs 6-21 represent an important new chemical class of HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Varghese
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Deepak Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Tiffany Baran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Anchalee Jiemjit
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Steven D. Gore
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Robert A. Casero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Patrick M. Woster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
- To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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Zou Y, Wu Z, Sirisoma N, Woster PM, Casero RA, Weiss LM, Rattendi D, Lane S, Bacchi CJ. Novel alkylpolyamine analogues that possess both antitrypanosomal and antimicrosporidial activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1613-7. [PMID: 11412992 PMCID: PMC3109676 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of alkyl- or aralkyl-substituted polyamine analogues was synthesized containing a 3-7-3 polyamine backbone. These analogues were evaluated in vitro, and in one case in vivo, for activity as antitrypanosomal agents, and for activity against opportunistic infection caused by Microsporidia. Compound 21 inhibits trypanosomal growth with an IC(50) as low as 31nM, while compound 24 shows promising activity in vitro against trypanosomes, and against Microsporidia in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Zhiqian Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Nilantha Sirisoma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Patrick M. Woster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.:+1-313-577-1525; fax: +1-313-577-2033;
| | - Robert A. Casero
- The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, 424 N. Bond St., Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Donna Rattendi
- Haskins Laboratories and Department of Biology, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USA
| | - Schennella Lane
- Haskins Laboratories and Department of Biology, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USA
| | - Cyrus J. Bacchi
- Haskins Laboratories and Department of Biology, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Casero
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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20
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Chapter 10. New therapies for parasitic infection. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(01)36050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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21
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22
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Iyer R, Wu Z, Woster PM, Delcour AH. Molecular basis for the polyamine-ompF porin interactions: inhibitor and mutant studies. J Mol Biol 2000; 297:933-45. [PMID: 10736228 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.3599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
By testing the sensitivity of Escherichia coli OmpF porin to various natural and synthetic polyamines of different lengths, charge and other molecular characteristics, we were able to identify the molecular properties required for compounds to act as inhibitors of OmpF in the nanomolar range. Inhibitors require at least two amine groups to be effective. For diamines, the optimum length of the hydrocarbon spacer was found to be of eight to ten methylene groups. Triamine molecules based on a 12-carbon motif were found to be more effective that spermidine, an eight-carbon trivalent derivative. But differences in inhibition efficiencies were also found for trivalent compounds depending on the relative position of the internal secondary amine group with respect to the terminal groups. Finally, quaternary ammonium derivatives had no effect, suggesting that the nature of the terminal amine is important for the interaction. From these observations, we deduce that inhibition efficiency in the nanomolar range requires a 12-carbon chain triamine with terminal primary amine groups and replacement of the eighth methylene by a secondary amine. The need for this type of molecular architecture suggests that inhibition is governed by interactions between specific amine groups and protein residues, and that this is not simply due to the accumulation of charges into the pore. Together with previous observations from site-directed mutagenesis studies and inspection of the crystal structure of OmpF, these results allowed us to propose three residues (D113, D121 and Y294) as putative sites of interaction between the channel and spermine. Alanine substitution at each of these three residues resulted in a loss of inhibition by spermine, while mutations of only D113 and D121 affected inhibition by spermidine. Based on these observations, we suggest a model for the molecular determinants involved in the porin-polyamine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Iyer
- Department of Biology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5513, USA
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Tye CK, Kasinathan G, Barrett MP, Brun R, Doyle VE, Fairlamb AH, Weaver R, Gilbert IH. An approach to use an unusual adenosine transporter to selectively deliver polyamine analogues to trypanosomes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:811-6. [PMID: 9871546 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we describe an approach to selectively deliver compounds to trypanosomes using an adenosine transporter which is unique to the trypanosome. Various polyamine analogues have been attached to known substrates of this adenosine transporter. The compounds prepared interact specifically with the adenosine transporter, some with a similar efficiency to berenil, a known substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Tye
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales Cardiff, UK
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