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Cong Z, Xiong Y, Lyu L, Fu B, Guo D, Sha Z, Yang B, Wu H. The relationship between Listeria infections and host immune responses: Listeriolysin O as a potential target. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116129. [PMID: 38194738 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), a foodborne bacterium, can infect people and has a high fatality rate in immunocompromised individuals. Listeriolysin O (LLO), the primary virulence factor of Lm, is critical in regulating the pathogenicity of Lm. This review concludes that LLO may either directly or indirectly activate a number of host cell viral pathophysiology processes, such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, necrosis and necroptosis. We describe the invasion of host cells by Lm and the subsequent removal of Lm by CD8 T cells and CD4 T cells upon receipt of the LLO epitopes from major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II). The development of several LLO-based vaccines that make use of the pore-forming capabilities of LLO and the immune response of the host cells is then described. Finally, we conclude by outlining the several natural substances that have been shown to alter the three-dimensional conformation of LLO by binding to particular amino acid residues of LLO, which reduces LLO pathogenicity and may be a possible pharmacological treatment for Lm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Cong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Lyu Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Beibei Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Dong Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zhou Sha
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China.
| | - Haibo Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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2
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Del Valle A, Acosta-Rivero N, Laborde RJ, Cruz-Leal Y, Cabezas S, Luzardo MC, Alvarez C, Labrada M, Rodríguez A, Rodríguez GL, Raymond J, Nogueira CV, Grubaugh D, Fernández LE, Higgins D, Lanio ME. Sticholysin II shows similar immunostimulatory properties to LLO stimulating dendritic cells and MHC-I restricted T cell responses of heterologous antigen. Toxicon 2021; 200:38-47. [PMID: 34237340 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Induction of CD8+ T cell responses against tumor cells and intracellular pathogens is an important goal of modern vaccinology. One approach of translational interest is the use of liposomes encapsulating pore-forming proteins (PFPs), such as Listeriolysin O (LLO), which has shown efficacy at priming strong and sustained CD8+ T cell responses. Recently, we have demonstrated that Sticholysin II (StII), a PFP from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus, co-encapsulated into liposomes with ovalbumin (OVA) was able to stimulate, antigen presenting cells, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and anti-tumor activity in mice. In the present study, we aimed to compare StII and LLO in terms of their abilities to stimulate dendritic cells and to induce major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I restricted T cell responses against OVA. Interestingly, StII exhibited similar abilities to LLO in vitro of inducing dendritic cells maturation, as measured by increased expression of CD40, CD80, CD86 and MHC-class II molecules, and of stimulating OVA cross-presentation to a CD8+ T cell line. Remarkably, using an ex vivo Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot Assay (ELISPOT) to monitor gamma interferon (INF-γ) producing effector memory CD8+ T cells, liposomal formulations containing either StII or LLO induced comparable frequencies of OVA-specific INF-γ producing CD8+ T cells in mice that were sustained in time. However, StII-containing liposomes stimulated antigen-specific memory CD8+ T cells with a higher potential to secrete IFN-γ than liposomes encapsulating LLO. This StII immunostimulatory property further supports its use for the rational design of T cell vaccines against cancers and intracellular pathogens. In summary, this study indicates that StII has immunostimulatory properties similar to LLO, despite being evolutionarily distant PFPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Del Valle
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University (UH) and Lab UH-CIM, Cuba
| | - N Acosta-Rivero
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University (UH) and Lab UH-CIM, Cuba.
| | - R J Laborde
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University (UH) and Lab UH-CIM, Cuba
| | - Y Cruz-Leal
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University (UH) and Lab UH-CIM, Cuba
| | - S Cabezas
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University (UH) and Lab UH-CIM, Cuba
| | - M C Luzardo
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University (UH) and Lab UH-CIM, Cuba
| | - C Alvarez
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University (UH) and Lab UH-CIM, Cuba
| | - M Labrada
- Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Playa, La Habana, Cuba
| | - A Rodríguez
- Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Playa, La Habana, Cuba
| | - G L Rodríguez
- Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Playa, La Habana, Cuba
| | - J Raymond
- Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Playa, La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - D Grubaugh
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, USA
| | - L E Fernández
- Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Playa, La Habana, Cuba
| | - D Higgins
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, USA
| | - M E Lanio
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University (UH) and Lab UH-CIM, Cuba.
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3
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Laborde RJ, Ishimura ME, Abreu-Butin L, Nogueira CV, Grubaugh D, Cruz-Leal Y, Luzardo MC, Fernández A, Mesa C, Pazos F, Álvarez C, Alonso ME, Starnbach MN, Higgins DE, Fernández LE, Longo-Maugéri IM, Lanio ME. Sticholysins, pore-forming proteins from a marine anemone can induce maturation of dendritic cells through a TLR4 dependent-pathway. Mol Immunol 2021; 131:144-154. [PMID: 33422341 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sticholysins (Sts) I and II (StI and StII) are pore-forming proteins (PFPs), purified from the Caribbean Sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus. StII encapsulated into liposomes induces a robust antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL) response and in its free form the maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs). It is probable that the latter is partially supporting in part the immunomodulatory effect on the CTL response induced by StII-containing liposomes. In the present work, we demonstrate that the StII's ability of inducing maturation of BM-DCs is also shared by StI, an isoform of StII. Using heat-denatured Sts we observed a significant reduction in the up-regulation of maturation markers indicating that both PFP's ability to promote maturation of BM-DCs is dependent on their conformational characteristics. StII-mediated DC maturation was abrogated in BM-DCs from toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-knockout mice but not in cells from TLR2-knockout mice. Furthermore, the antigen-specific CTL response induced by StII-containing liposomes was reduced in TLR4-knockout mice. These results indicate that StII, and probably by extension StI, has the ability to induce maturation of DCs through a TLR4/MyD88-dependent pathway, and that this activation contributes to the CTL response generated by StII-containing liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rady J Laborde
- Laboratory of Toxins and Liposomes, Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Lab UH-CIM, Havana, 10400, Cuba.
| | - Mayari E Ishimura
- Discipline of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04023-062, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lianne Abreu-Butin
- Discipline of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04023-062, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Catarina V Nogueira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology of Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, MA, USA.
| | - Daniel Grubaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology of Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, MA, USA.
| | - Yoelys Cruz-Leal
- Laboratory of Toxins and Liposomes, Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Lab UH-CIM, Havana, 10400, Cuba.
| | - María C Luzardo
- Laboratory of Toxins and Liposomes, Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Lab UH-CIM, Havana, 10400, Cuba.
| | - Audry Fernández
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana, 11600, Cuba.
| | - Circe Mesa
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana, 11600, Cuba.
| | - Fabiola Pazos
- Laboratory of Toxins and Liposomes, Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Lab UH-CIM, Havana, 10400, Cuba.
| | - Carlos Álvarez
- Laboratory of Toxins and Liposomes, Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Lab UH-CIM, Havana, 10400, Cuba.
| | - María E Alonso
- Laboratory of Toxins and Liposomes, Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Lab UH-CIM, Havana, 10400, Cuba
| | - Michael N Starnbach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology of Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, MA, USA.
| | - Darren E Higgins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology of Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, MA, USA.
| | - Luis E Fernández
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana, 11600, Cuba.
| | - Ieda M Longo-Maugéri
- Discipline of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04023-062, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - María E Lanio
- Laboratory of Toxins and Liposomes, Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Lab UH-CIM, Havana, 10400, Cuba.
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4
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Rudenko N, Nagel A, Zamyatina A, Karatovskaya A, Salyamov V, Andreeva-Kovalevskaya Z, Siunov A, Kolesnikov A, Shepelyakovskaya A, Boziev K, Melnik B, Brovko F, Solonin A. A Monoclonal Antibody against the C-Terminal Domain of Bacillus cereus Hemolysin II Inhibits HlyII Cytolytic Activity. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E806. [PMID: 33352744 PMCID: PMC7767301 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is the fourth most common cause of foodborne illnesses that produces a variety of pore-forming proteins as the main pathogenic factors. B. cereus hemolysin II (HlyII), belonging to pore-forming β-barrel toxins, has a C-terminal extension of 94 amino acid residues designated as HlyIICTD. An analysis of a panel of monoclonal antibodies to the recombinant HlyIICTD protein revealed the ability of the antibody HlyIIC-20 to inhibit HlyII hemolysis. A conformational epitope recognized by HlyIIC-20 was found. by the method of peptide phage display and found that it is localized in the N-terminal part of HlyIICTD. The HlyIIC-20 interacted with a monomeric form of HlyII, thus suppressing maturation of the HlyII toxin. Protection efficiencies of various B. cereus strains against HlyII were different and depended on the epitope amino acid composition, as well as, insignificantly, on downstream amino acids. Substitution of L324P and P324L in the hemolysins ATCC14579T and B771, respectively, determined the role of leucine localized to the epitope in suppressing the hemolysis by the antibody. Pre-incubation of HlyIIC-20 with HlyII prevented the death of mice up to an equimolar ratio. A strategy of detecting and neutralizing the toxic activity of HlyII could provide a tool for monitoring and reducing B. cereus pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rudenko
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.Z.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (K.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Alexey Nagel
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.N.); (V.S.); (Z.A.-K.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Zamyatina
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.Z.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (K.B.); (F.B.)
- Pushchino State Institute of Natural Sciences, 3 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Anna Karatovskaya
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.Z.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (K.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Vadim Salyamov
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.N.); (V.S.); (Z.A.-K.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Zhanna Andreeva-Kovalevskaya
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.N.); (V.S.); (Z.A.-K.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Alexander Siunov
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.N.); (V.S.); (Z.A.-K.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Alexander Kolesnikov
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.N.); (V.S.); (Z.A.-K.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Shepelyakovskaya
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.Z.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (K.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Khanafiy Boziev
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.Z.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (K.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Bogdan Melnik
- Protein Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia;
| | - Fedor Brovko
- Pushchino Branch, Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.Z.); (A.K.); (A.S.); (K.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Alexander Solonin
- FSBIS FRC Pushchino Scientific Centre of Biological Research, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospekt Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; (A.N.); (V.S.); (Z.A.-K.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (A.S.)
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5
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Laborde RJ, Sanchez-Ferras O, Luzardo MC, Cruz-Leal Y, Fernández A, Mesa C, Oliver L, Canet L, Abreu-Butin L, Nogueira CV, Tejuca M, Pazos F, Álvarez C, Alonso ME, Longo-Maugéri IM, Starnbach MN, Higgins DE, Fernández LE, Lanio ME. Novel Adjuvant Based on the Pore-Forming Protein Sticholysin II Encapsulated into Liposomes Effectively Enhances the Antigen-Specific CTL-Mediated Immune Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2772-2784. [PMID: 28258198 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine strategies to enhance CD8+ CTL responses remain a current challenge because they should overcome the plasmatic and endosomal membranes for favoring exogenous Ag access to the cytosol of APCs. As a way to avoid this hurdle, sticholysin (St) II, a pore-forming protein from the Caribbean Sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus, was encapsulated with OVA into liposomes (Lp/OVA/StII) to assess their efficacy to induce a CTL response. OVA-specific CD8+ T cells transferred to mice immunized with Lp/OVA/StII experienced a greater expansion than when the recipients were injected with the vesicles without St, mostly exhibiting a memory phenotype. Consequently, Lp/OVA/StII induced a more potent effector function, as shown by CTLs, in vivo assays. Furthermore, treatment of E.G7-OVA tumor-bearing mice with Lp/OVA/StII significantly reduced tumor growth being more noticeable in the preventive assay. The contribution of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to CTL and antitumor activity, respectively, was elucidated. Interestingly, the irreversibly inactive variant of the StI mutant StI W111C, encapsulated with OVA into Lp, elicited a similar OVA-specific CTL response to that observed with Lp/OVA/StII or vesicles encapsulating recombinant StI or the reversibly inactive StI W111C dimer. These findings suggest the relative independence between StII pore-forming activity and its immunomodulatory properties. In addition, StII-induced in vitro maturation of dendritic cells might be supporting these properties. These results are the first evidence, to our knowledge, that StII, a pore-forming protein from a marine eukaryotic organism, encapsulated into Lp functions as an adjuvant to induce a robust specific CTL response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rady J Laborde
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Oraly Sanchez-Ferras
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - María C Luzardo
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Yoelys Cruz-Leal
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Audry Fernández
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Circe Mesa
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Liliana Oliver
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Liem Canet
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Liane Abreu-Butin
- Discipline of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-900, Brazil; and
| | - Catarina V Nogueira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Mayra Tejuca
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Fabiola Pazos
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Carlos Álvarez
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - María E Alonso
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Ieda M Longo-Maugéri
- Discipline of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-900, Brazil; and
| | - Michael N Starnbach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Darren E Higgins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Luis E Fernández
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba;
| | - María E Lanio
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba;
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6
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Schwendener RA. Liposomes as vaccine delivery systems: a review of the recent advances. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2014; 2:159-82. [PMID: 25364509 DOI: 10.1177/2051013614541440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes and liposome-derived nanovesicles such as archaeosomes and virosomes have become important carrier systems in vaccine development and the interest for liposome-based vaccines has markedly increased. A key advantage of liposomes, archaeosomes and virosomes in general, and liposome-based vaccine delivery systems in particular, is their versatility and plasticity. Liposome composition and preparation can be chosen to achieve desired features such as selection of lipid, charge, size, size distribution, entrapment and location of antigens or adjuvants. Depending on the chemical properties, water-soluble antigens (proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, haptens) are entrapped within the aqueous inner space of liposomes, whereas lipophilic compounds (lipopeptides, antigens, adjuvants, linker molecules) are intercalated into the lipid bilayer and antigens or adjuvants can be attached to the liposome surface either by adsorption or stable chemical linking. Coformulations containing different types of antigens or adjuvants can be combined with the parameters mentioned to tailor liposomal vaccines for individual applications. Special emphasis is given in this review to cationic adjuvant liposome vaccine formulations. Examples of vaccines made with CAF01, an adjuvant composed of the synthetic immune-stimulating mycobacterial cordfactor glycolipid trehalose dibehenate as immunomodulator and the cationic membrane forming molecule dimethyl dioctadecylammonium are presented. Other vaccines such as cationic liposome-DNA complexes (CLDCs) and other adjuvants like muramyl dipeptide, monophosphoryl lipid A and listeriolysin O are mentioned as well. The field of liposomes and liposome-based vaccines is vast. Therefore, this review concentrates on recent and relevant studies emphasizing current reports dealing with the most studied antigens and adjuvants, and pertinent examples of vaccines. Studies on liposome-based veterinary vaccines and experimental therapeutic cancer vaccines are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto A Schwendener
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, Laboratory of Liposome Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
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7
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Lewis GK. Live-attenuatedSalmonellaas a prototype vaccine vector for passenger immunogens in humans: are we there yet? Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 6:431-40. [PMID: 17542757 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.3.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been nearly 20 years since the first Phase I clinical trial of a live-attenuated bacterial vaccine was created by recombinant DNA methods, opening the door to the use of these organisms as mucosal delivery vehicles for passenger antigens. Over this time, a number of animal studies have indicated the feasibility of this approach. These include studies showing that bacteria can deliver antigens expressed by the bacterium itself and that bacteria can deliver DNA vaccines to be expressed in target eukaryotic cells. Concomitant studies have identified a number of attenuating mutations that render the bacterial vectors both safe and immunogenic in humans. Both avenues of research indicate the significant promise of this approach to mucosal vaccine development; however, this promise remains largely unrealized at the level of human clinical trials. This review sketches the history of this problem and points toward possible solutions using Salmonella vaccine vectors as the prototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Lewis
- Division of Basic Science and Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute and University of Maryland Baltimore, 725 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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8
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Tabatabai LB, Zimmerli MK, Zehr ES, Briggs RE, Tatum FM. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale North American Field Isolates Express a Hemolysin-Like Protein. Avian Dis 2010; 54:994-1001. [DOI: 10.1637/9070-091409-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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9
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Bahey-El-Din M, Casey PG, Griffin BT, Gahan CGM. Expression of two Listeria monocytogenes antigens (P60 and LLO) in Lactococcus lactis and examination for use as live vaccine vectors. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59:904-912. [PMID: 20488938 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.018770-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne intracellular pathogen that mainly infects pregnant and immunocompromised individuals. The pore-forming haemolysin listeriolysin O (LLO), the main virulence factor of Listeria monocytogenes, allows bacteria to escape from the harsh environment of the phagosome to the cytoplasm of the infected cell. This leads to processing of bacterial antigens predominantly through the cytosolic MHC class I presentation pathway. We previously engineered the food-grade bacterium Lactococcus lactis to express LLO and demonstrated an LLO-specific CD8(+) response upon immunization of mice with the engineered L. lactis vaccine strains. In the present work, we examined the immune response and protective efficacy of an L. lactis strain co-expressing LLO and a truncated form of the listerial P60 antigen (tP60). Oral immunization revealed no significant protection against listeriosis with L. lactis expressing LLO, tP60 or the combined LLO/tP60. In contrast, intraperitoneal vaccination induced an LLO-specific CD8(+) immune response with LLO-expressing L. lactis but no significant improvement in protection was observed following vaccination with the combined LLO/tP60 expressing L. lactis strain. This may be due to the low level of tP60 expression in the LLO/tP60 strain. These results demonstrate the necessity for improved oral vaccination strategies using LLO-expressing L. lactis vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Bahey-El-Din
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Pat G Casey
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Cormac G M Gahan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Recombinant Listeria monocytogenes expressing a cell wall-associated listeriolysin O is weakly virulent but immunogenic. Infect Immun 2009; 77:4371-82. [PMID: 19667043 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00419-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeriolysin O (LLO) is an essential virulence factor for the gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. Our goal was to determine if altering the topology of LLO would alter the virulence and toxicity of L. monocytogenes in vivo. A recombinant strain was generated that expressed a surface-associated LLO (sLLO) variant secreted at 40-fold-lower levels than the wild type. In culture, the sLLO strain grew in macrophages, translocated to the cytosol, and induced cell death. However, the sLLO strain showed decreased infectivity, reduced lymphocyte apoptosis, and decreased virulence despite a normal in vitro phenotype. Thus, the topology of LLO in L. monocytogenes was a factor in the pathogenesis of the infection and points to a role of LLO secretion during in vivo infection. The sLLO strain was cleared by severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Despite the attenuation of virulence, the sLLO strain was immunogenic and capable of eliciting protective T-cell responses.
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11
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Noske N, Kämmerer U, Rohde M, Hammerschmidt S. Pneumococcal Interaction with Human Dendritic Cells: Phagocytosis, Survival, and Induced Adaptive Immune Response Are Manipulated by PavA. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1952-63. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Maciag PC, Seavey MM, Pan ZK, Ferrone S, Paterson Y. Cancer immunotherapy targeting the high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen protein results in a broad antitumor response and reduction of pericytes in the tumor vasculature. Cancer Res 2008; 68:8066-75. [PMID: 18829565 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen (HMW-MAA), also known as melanoma chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, has been used as a target for the immunotherapy of melanoma. This antigen is expressed on the cell surface and has a restricted distribution in normal tissues. Besides its expression in a broad range of transformed cells, this antigen is also found in pericytes, which are important for tumor angiogenesis. We generated a recombinant Listeria monocytogenes (Lm-LLO-HMW-MAA-C) that expresses and secretes a fragment of HMW-MAA (residues 2,160-2,258) fused to the first 441 residues of the listeriolysin O (LLO) protein. Immunization with Lm-LLO-HMW-MAA-C was able to impede the tumor growth of early established B16F10-HMW-MAA tumors in mice and both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were required for therapeutic efficacy. Immune responses to a known HLA-A2 epitope present in the HMW-MAA(2160-2258) fragment was detected in the HLA-A2/K(b) transgenic mice immunized with Lm-LLO-HMW-MAA-C. Surprisingly, this vaccine also significantly impaired the in vivo growth of other tumorigenic cell lines, such as melanoma, renal carcinoma, and breast tumors, which were not engineered to express HMW-MAA. One hypothesis is that the vaccine could be targeting pericytes, which are important for tumor angiogenesis. In a breast tumor model, immunization with Lm-LLO-HMW-MAA-C caused CD8(+) T-cell infiltration in the tumor stroma and a significant decrease in the number of pericytes in the tumor blood vessels. In conclusion, a Lm-based vaccine against HMW-MAA can trigger cell-mediated immune responses to this antigen that can target not only tumor cells but also pericytes in the tumor vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Cesar Maciag
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6076, USA
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13
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Reyes VE, Beswick EJ. Helicobacter pylorineutrophil activating protein's potential as tool in therapeutic immune modulation. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2007. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.17.10.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Abstract
Listeriolysin O (LLO) is a pore-forming toxin of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin family and a primary virulence factor of the gram-positive, facultative intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. During the intracellular life cycle of L. monocytogenes, LLO is largely responsible for mediating rupture of the phagosomal membrane, thereby allowing the bacterium access to the host cytosol, its replicative niche. In the host cytosol, LLO activity is controlled at numerous levels to prevent perforation of the plasma membrane and loss of the intracellular environment. In this review, we focus primarily on the role of LLO in phagosomal escape and the multiple regulatory mechanisms that control LLO activity in the host cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Schnupf
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202, USA
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15
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Abstract
The PrfA protein, a member of the Crp/Cap-Fnr family of bacterial transcription factors, controls the expression of key virulence determinants of the facultative intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Each of the steps of the listerial intracellular infection cycle-host cell invasion, phagosomal escape, cytosolic replication, and direct cell-to-cell spread-is mediated by products of the PrfA regulon. Only 10 of the 2853 genes of the L. monocytogenes EGDe genome have been confirmed as bona fide (directly regulated) members of this regulon, a number surprisingly small given the apparent complexity of listerial intracellular parasitism. PrfA activates transcription by binding as a dimer to a palindromic promoter element of canonical sequence tTAACanntGTtAa, with seven invariant nucleotides (in capitals) and a two-mismatch tolerance. PrfA integrates a number of environmental and bacteria-derived signals to ensure the correct spatio-temporal and niche-adapted expression of the regulon, with maximum induction in the host cell cytosol and repression in the environmental habitat. Regulation operates through changes in PrfA activity-presumably by cofactor-mediated allosteric shift-and concentration, and involves transcriptional, translational and post-translational control mechanisms. There is evidence that PrfA exerts a more global influence on L. monocytogenes physiology via indirect mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Scortti
- Bacterial Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Veterinary Molecular Microbiology Section, Faculty of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
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16
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Gupta UD, Katoch VM, McMurray DN. Current status of TB vaccines. Vaccine 2007; 25:3742-51. [PMID: 17321015 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During last 10 years, there has been extensive work for the development of potential tuberculosis vaccine candidates using the mice and guinea pig models. Though till date several promising candidates have been identified and at least eight vaccines have entered clinical evaluation. These recent advances in the clinical testing of new TB vaccines are very exciting and promising. However, there is a need to continue the search for additional vaccine candidates or vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Datta Gupta
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Disease (ICMR), P. Box No. 1101, Tajganj, Agra 282001, India.
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17
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Sleator RD, Hill C. Patho-biotechnology: using bad bugs to do good things. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2006; 17:211-6. [PMID: 16459072 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria have evolved sophisticated strategies to overcome host defences, to interact with the immune system and to interfere with essential host systems. We coin the term 'patho-biotechnology' to describe the exploitation of these valuable traits in biotechnology, medicine and food. This approach shows promise for the development of novel vaccine and drug delivery systems, as well as for the design of more technologically robust and effective probiotic cultures with improved biotechnological and clinical applications. The genetic tractability of Listeria monocytogenes, the availability of the complete genome sequence of this intracellular pathogen, its ability to cope with stress, and its ability to traverse the gastrointestinal tract and induce a strong cellular immune response make L. monocytogenes an ideal model organism for demonstrating the patho-biotechnology concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy D Sleator
- Department of Microbiology & Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
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18
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Spreng S, Dietrich G, Weidinger G. Rational design of Salmonella-based vaccination strategies. Methods 2006; 38:133-43. [PMID: 16414270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2005.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Accepted: 09/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A permanently growing body of information is becoming available about the quality of protective immune responses induced by mucosal immunization. Attenuated live bacterial vaccines can be administered orally and induce long-lasting protective immunity in humans without causing major side effects. An attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain is registered as live oral vaccine against typhoid fever and has been in use for more than two decades. Recombinant attenuated Salmonella strains are also an attractive means of delivering heterologous antigens to the immune system, thereby, stimulating strong mucosal and systemic immune responses and consequently provide an efficient platform technology to design novel vaccination strategies. This includes the choice of heterologous protective antigens and their expression under the control of appropriate promoters within the carrier strain. The availability of well-characterized attenuated mutants of Salmonella concomitantly supports fine tuning of immune response triggered against heterologous antigens. Exploring different mucosal sites as a potential route of immunization has to be taken into account as an additional important way to modulate immune responses according to clinical requirements. This article focuses on the rational design of strategies to modulate appropriate immunological effector functions on the basis of selection of (i) attenuating mutations of the Salmonella strains, (ii) specific expression systems for the heterologous antigens, and (iii) route of mucosal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Spreng
- Berna Biotech Ltd., Bacterial Vaccine Research, Rehhagstr. 79, CH-3018 Berne, Switzerland.
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19
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Orme IM. Preclinical testing of new vaccines for tuberculosis: A comprehensive review. Vaccine 2006; 24:2-19. [PMID: 16139397 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen an explosive increase in the development of potential new tuberculosis vaccine candidates, as well as the establishment of at least two testing centers. Various animal models, but particularly the mouse and guinea pig models, have provided a lot information about how new vaccines can reduce disease progression and how this influences the pathology of the disease, but there is still much to learn at the immunological level, particularly in terms of the nature of the T cell response that is needed to confer long lived resistance. Several categories of vaccine candidates have been tried to date, and there are at least five individual vaccines moving towards clinical evaluation. There are still areas of the field that are poorly developed however. These include the fact that we have no models of post- exposure vaccination, or any models of latent disease. In addition, no standardized models of safety/toxicology exist as yet, which will be needed before extensive clinical development of the new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Orme
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Lake Street, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Strategies for gene delivery comprise a diverse range of live and synthetic approaches; DNA delivery for the purposes of immunisation in turn comprises a large part of this research. This review mainly discusses synthetic systems for application in the delivery of plasmid DNA vaccines, outlining polylactide-co-glycolide, liposome, chitosan and complex combination delivery systems. Areas of promise for DNA vaccine candidates include immune modulation of allergic responses and veterinarian application. The potential for realistic consideration of DNA vaccines as an alternative to existing approaches is dependent on the development of efficient DNA vaccine vectors and improved systems for DNA vaccine delivery. DNA vaccine technology may yet prove to be an important asset in an environment where there is a critical need for therapeutic and prophylactic strategies to combat a wide range of disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Oya Alpar
- University of London, School of Pharmacy, UK.
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21
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Abstract
Tuberculosis continues to be a major cause of disease and death throughout the developing world. Chemotherapy is the current method of control but with the continuing emergence of drug resistance, coupled with the reticence of major drug companies to invest in drug discovery, the identification of new vaccines to combat tuberculosis is a pressing need. Rational vaccine design requires knowledge of the protective immune response and, while this is not fully understood, it is clear that induction of a T-helper-1 type of immunity is critical to host resistance. A variety of animal models, but especially the mouse and guinea pig, can be used to determine the protective efficacy of new vaccines. These mostly consist of relatively short-term prophylactic models in which animals are vaccinated and then challenged by the aerosol infection route to determine their capacity to reduce the lung bacterial load. Several promising vaccine types have emerged, including subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines and vaccines based upon living vectors, such as recombinant bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines and auxotrophic or gene disrupted mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A few of these have already entered early stage clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Orme
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
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23
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Mandal M, Mathew E, Provoda C, Dall-Lee K. Delivery of macromolecules into cytosol using liposomes containing hemolysin. Methods Enzymol 2003; 372:319-39. [PMID: 14610821 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)72018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manas Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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24
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Ye L, Bu Z, Skeen MJ, Ziegler HK, Compans RW, Yang C. Enhanced immunogenicity of SIV Gag DNA vaccines encoding chimeric proteins containing a C-terminal segment of Listeriolysin O. Virus Res 2003; 97:7-16. [PMID: 14550583 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(03)00216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the potential of the C-terminal 59-amino acid segment of Listeriolysin O (LLO) in enhancing immune responses against the SIV Gag antigen in the context of DNA immunization. Genes with codons optimized for mammalian expression were synthesized for the SIVmac239 Gag, a secreted SIV Gag protein with the tissue plasminogen antigen (tPA) signal fused to its N-terminus (tPA/Gag), as well as their corresponding chimeric proteins Gag/LLO and tPA/Gag/LLO containing the C-terminal 59 amino acids of LLO. Analysis of immune responses to these DNA constructs in a Balb/c mouse model showed that the Gag/LLO construct induced higher levels of both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses against SIV Gag, whereas the tPA/Gag construct induced higher levels of CD4 T cell responses. Moreover, immunization with the tPA/Gag/LLO construct further enhanced both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. DNA constructs encoding secreted Gag proteins (tPA/Gag and tPA/Gag/LLO) were also more effective in eliciting antibody responses against SIV Gag. Our results demonstrate that the C-terminal segment of LLO can be effectively employed to enhance both cellular and humoral immune responses in the context of a DNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ye
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Rollins Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Room 3086, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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25
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Provoda CJ, Stier EM, Lee KD. Tumor cell killing enabled by listeriolysin O-liposome-mediated delivery of the protein toxin gelonin. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:35102-8. [PMID: 12832408 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305411200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelonin is a type I plant toxin that has potential as an effective anti-tumor agent by virtue of its enzymatic capacity to inactivate ribosomes and arrest protein synthesis, thereby effectively limiting the growth of cancer cells. Being a hydrophilic macromolecule, however, gelonin has limited access to its target subcellular compartment, the cytosol; it is effectively plasma membrane-impermeant and subject to rapid degradation within endosomes and lysosomes upon cellular uptake as it lacks the membrane-translocating capability that is typically provided by a disulfide-linked B polypeptide found in the type II toxins (e.g. ricin). These inherent characteristics generate the need for the development of a specialized cytosolic delivery strategy for gelonin as an effective anti-tumor therapeutic agent. Here we describe an efficient means of delivering gelonin to the cytosol of B16 melanoma cells. Gelonin was co-encapsulated inside pH-sensitive liposomes with listeriolysin O, the pore-forming protein that mediates escape of the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes from the endosome into the cytosol. In in vitro experiments, co-encapsulated listeriolysin O enabled liposomal gelonin-mediated B16 cell killing with a gelonin IC50 of approximately 0.1 nM with an extreme efficiency requiring an incubation time of only 1 h. By contrast, cells treated with equivalent concentrations of unencapsulated gelonin or gelonin encapsulated alone in pH-sensitive liposomes exhibited no detectable cytotoxicity. Moreover, treatment by direct intratumor injection into subcutaneous solid tumors of B16 melanoma in a mouse model showed that pH-sensitive liposomes containing both listeriolysin O and gelonin were more effective than control formulations in curtailing tumor growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester J Provoda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA
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26
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Radford KJ, Jackson AM, Wang JH, Vassaux G, Lemoine NR. Recombinant E. coli efficiently delivers antigen and maturation signals to human dendritic cells: presentation of MART1 to CD8+ T cells. Int J Cancer 2003; 105:811-9. [PMID: 12767067 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The generation of tumour-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses is the primary focus in the design of immunotherapeutic cancer vaccines. We have recently demonstrated generation of ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CTLs and tumour-protection in a murine tumour model using vaccination with dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with E. coli expressing listeriolysin O (LLO) and OVA as a model antigen. In this system paraformaldehyde fixation of E. coli/LLO provided an additional safety feature without compromising vaccine efficacy. We therefore reasoned that paraformaldehyde-fixed recombinant E. coli expressing LLO would be an efficient vehicle for the delivery of human tumour antigens to human DCs. In the present study, we demonstrate that fixed E. coli expressing LLO are taken up efficiently by human monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) with minimal toxicity. As a consequence of the interaction with bacteria, human DCs undergo marked phenotypic and functional maturation. Furthermore, we show that fixed E. coli/LLO expressing the well-characterised human melanoma antigen, MART1, efficiently deliver the HLA-A2-restricted MART1(27-35) epitope for processing and presentation on human MoDCs, suggesting the potential of this system as a novel strategy for human tumour immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Radford
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Unit, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Dietrich G, Viret JF, Gentschev I. Haemolysin A and listeriolysin--two vaccine delivery tools for the induction of cell-mediated immunity. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:495-505. [PMID: 12782050 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Haemolysin A of Escherichia coli and listeriolysin of Listeria monocytogenes represent important bacterial virulence factors. While such cytolysins are usually the reason for morbidity and even mortality, vaccine researchers have turned haemolysin A and listeriolysin into tools for vaccine delivery. Both cytolysins have found widespread application in vaccine research and are highly suitable for the elicitation of cell-mediated immunity. In this paper, we will review vaccine delivery mediated by the haemolysin A secretion system and listeriolysin and will highlight their use in vaccination approaches against protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Dietrich
- Vaccine Research, Berna Biotech AG, Rehhagstr. 79, CH-3018, Bern, Switzerland.
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28
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Abstract
The protection afforded by the currently available tuberculosis vaccine, bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is insufficient and new vaccine strategies are urgently needed. Progress in our understanding of the immunological deficits of BCG combined with novel knowledge on genetics of mycobacteria has paved the way for promising new vaccine strategies. These include recombinant modified BCG vaccines, attenuated strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and various non-live candidates such as DNA and subunit vaccines. Decisive for transforming technical progress into a novel tuberculosis (TB) vaccine strategy is the recent advance in our understanding of the failure of BCG in the third world and the interaction between this vaccine and environmental mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
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29
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Schulz O, Reis e Sousa C. Cross-presentation of cell-associated antigens by CD8alpha+ dendritic cells is attributable to their ability to internalize dead cells. Immunology 2002; 107:183-9. [PMID: 12383197 PMCID: PMC1782783 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2002.01513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mouse, cross-presentation is an exclusive property of the CD8alpha+ subset of dendritic cells (DC) but the basis for this selectivity remains unclear. Here we report that splenic CD8alpha+ DC are much superior to other DC subsets in internalizing dying cells in vitro. In contrast, CD8alpha+, CD8alpha- CD4+ and CD8alpha- CD4- DC subsets phagocytose bacteria or latex beads to a similar extent. Although CD8alpha+ DC are better than CD4+ DC at presenting ovalbumin (OVA)-loaded splenocytes to naïve OT-I T lymphocytes, CD4+ DC are better at presenting OVA-expressing Escherichia coli to the same T cells. In both cases, presentation is abrogated by lactacystin. These results show that both splenic CD8alpha+ and CD8alpha- DC can present exogenous antigens on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I via a proteasome-dependent pathway and suggest that the specialized cross-presenting function of CD8alpha+ DC is a result of their ability to endocytose dying cells rather than a unique pathway for handling endosomal contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schulz
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
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30
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Mandal M, Lee KD. Listeriolysin O-liposome-mediated cytosolic delivery of macromolecule antigen in vivo: enhancement of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte frequency, activity, and tumor protection. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1563:7-17. [PMID: 12007619 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(02)00368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are primed by peptide antigens that are endogenously processed in the cytosol and presented in the context of major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) molecules of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Exogenous soluble protein antigens do not gain efficient entry into the cytosol of APCs, and therefore requires a special cytosolic delivery method. We have developed such a delivery strategy adopting the well-elucidated cytosol-invading listerial endosomal escape mechanism, and report here an efficient delivery of exogenous whole protein antigen into the cytosol in a mouse model. Co-encapsulation of listeriolysin O (LLO) inside liposome (LLO-liposome) was required for delivery of ovalbumin (OVA) into the cytosol of APCs in primary cultures. LLO-liposome-mediated OVA immunization in mice engendered significantly higher OVA-specific CTL activity and increased antigenic peptide-specific CTL precursor (CTLp) frequency as compared to non-LLO-liposome or soluble OVA immunizations. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production upon specific stimulation by MHC I-restricted peptide was also significantly stronger by the inclusion of LLO in the liposomes. Rerouting of antigen into the cytosol by LLO-liposomes, however, did not reduce the extent of anti-OVA antibody responses. Moreover, LLO-liposome-antigen vaccination was robust in conferring protection to mice from lethal challenges with antigen-expressing tumor cells. Our study demonstrates a novel delivery system for efficient introduction of exogenous protein into the cytosol in vivo, priming cellular immune responses, which are protective in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor 48109-1065, USA
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, 11794-8703, USA.
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32
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33
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Dietrich G, Gentschev I, Goebel W, Hess J, H.E. Kaufmann S. Listeriolysin – a useful cytolysin. Trends Microbiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0966-842x(01)02007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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