1
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Rathore M, Das N, Ghosh N, Guha R. Insights on discovery, efficacy, safety and clinical applications of ghrelin receptor agonist capromorelin in veterinary medicine. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1-10. [PMID: 37493940 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone and insulin like growth factor-1 plays an important role in the regulation of body composition and metabolism. Growth Hormone is released from the pituitary through a specific G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) called growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a expressed in the hypothalamus. Ghrelin is a peptide hormone released from the cells in the stomach, which stimulates appetite and food intake in mammals, regulates gut motility, gastric acid secretion, taste sensation, circadian rhythm, learning and memory, oxidative stress, autophagy, glucose metabolism etc. When the release of the endogenous ligand GHSR-1a, i.e., ghrelin is malfunctioned or stopped, external substitutes are administrated to induce the stimulation of growth hormone and appetite. A class of compound known as ghrelin receptor agonists are developed as an external substitute of ghrelin for regulation and stimulation of growth hormone in frailty, for body weight gain, muscle mass gain, prevention of cachexia and for the treatment of chronic fatigue syndromes. Capromorelin [Entyce™ (Aratana Therapeutics, Leawood, KS, USA)] is the only FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approved (May 2016) drug used for stimulating appetite in dogs and was marketed in the fall of 2017. In 2020, USFDA approved Capromorelin [Elura™ (Elanco US Inc.)] for the management of weight loss in chronic kidney disease of cats. This article reviews the discovery of the ghrelin receptor agonist capromorelin, its efficacy, safety, clinical applications and aims to delineate its further scope of use in veterinary practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Rathore
- Laboratory Animal Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Nabanita Das
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - Nayan Ghosh
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajdeep Guha
- Laboratory Animal Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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2
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Cossy J. Biocatalyts: Catalysts of the future for organic synthesis and beyond? Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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3
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Bukhari SNA. An insight into the multifunctional role of ghrelin and structure activity relationship studies of ghrelin receptor ligands with clinical trials. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 235:114308. [PMID: 35344905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a multifunctional gastrointestinal acylated peptide, primarily synthesized in the stomach and regulates the secretion of growth hormone and energy homeostasis. It plays a central role in modulating the diverse biological, physiological and pathological functions in vertebrates. The synthesis of ghrelin receptor ligands after the finding of growth hormone secretagogue developed from Met-enkephalin led to reveal the endogenous ligand ghrelin and the receptors. Subsequently, many peptides, small molecules and peptidomimetics focusing on the ghrelin receptor, GHS-R1a, were derived. In this review, the key features of ghrelin's structure, forms, its bio-physiological functions, pathological roles and therapeutic potential have been highlighted. A few peptidomimetics and pseudo peptide synthetic perspectives have also been discussed to make ghrelin receptor ligands, clinical trials and their success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, 2014, Saudi Arabia.
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4
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Ma S. Stretchable chiral pockets for palladium-catalyzed highly chemo- and enantioselective allenylation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2416. [PMID: 33893276 PMCID: PMC8065118 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazolones are a vital class of heterocycles possessing various biological properties and much attention is paid to the diversified synthesis of enantiopure pyrazolone derivatives. We describe here the development of diphenylphosphinoalkanoic acid based chiral bisphosphine ligands, which are successfully applied to the palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allenylation of racemic pyrazol-5-ones. The reaction affords C-allenylation products, optically active pyrazol-5-ones bearing an allene unit, in high chemo- and enantioselectivity, with DACH-ZYC-Phos-C1 as the best ligand. The synthetic potential of the C-allenylation products is demonstrated. Furthermore, the enantioselectivity observed with DACH-ZYC-Phos-C1 is rationalized by density functional theory studies. Chiral pyrazolone derivatives show promising biological activity in commercial drugs. Here, the authors report an enantioselective allenylation of pyrazolones by fine tuning of Trost’s ligands, which leads to a chiral pocket featuring high efficiency and asymmetric induction in the catalytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Shengming Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China.
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5
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Talele TT. Opportunities for Tapping into Three-Dimensional Chemical Space through a Quaternary Carbon. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13291-13315. [PMID: 32805118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A quaternary carbon bears four other carbon substituents or combination of four non-hydrogen substituents at four vertices of a tetrahedron. The spirocyclic quaternary carbon positioned at the center of a bioactive molecule offers conformational rigidity, which in turn reduces the penalty for conformational entropy. The quaternary carbon is a predominant feature of natural product structures and has been associated with more effective and selective binding to target proteins compared to planar compounds with a high sp2 count. The presence of a quaternary carbon stereocenter allows the exploration of novel chemical space to obtain new molecules with enhanced three-dimensionality. These characteristics, coupled to an increasing awareness to develop sp3-rich molecules, boosted utility of quaternary carbon stereocenters in bioactive compounds. It is hoped that this Perspective will inspire the chemist to utilize quaternary carbon stereocenters to enhance potency, selectivity, and other drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaji T Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439, United States
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Ji DW, Yang F, Chen BZ, Min XT, Kuai CS, Hu YC, Chen QA. Rhodium-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective allylic alkylation of pyrazol-5-ones with alkynes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8468-8471. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04002a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
An atom-economical, regio- and enantioselective allylic alkylation of pyrazol-5-ones with alkynes was developed under rhodium catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Wei Ji
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Fan Yang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Bing-Zhi Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiang-Ting Min
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Chang-Sheng Kuai
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Yan-Cheng Hu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Qing-An Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
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7
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Wang Y, Zhao S, Xue Q, Chen X. Enantioselective benzylation of methyl 4-oxo-3-piperidinecarboxylate with cinchona alkaloids phase-transfer catalysts. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2018.1496259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaomin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoyun Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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Gardelli C, Wada H, Ray A, Caffrey M, Llinas A, Shamovsky I, Tholander J, Larsson J, Sivars U, Hultin L, Andersson U, Sanganee HJ, Stenvall K, Leidvik B, Gedda K, Jinton L, Rydén Landergren M, Karabelas K. Identification and Pharmacological Profile of an Indane Based Series of Ghrelin Receptor Full Agonists. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5974-5987. [PMID: 29909635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cachexia and muscle wasting are very common among patients suffering from cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and other chronic diseases. Ghrelin stimulates growth hormone secretion via the ghrelin receptor, which subsequently leads to increase of IGF-1 plasma levels. The activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis leads to an increase of muscle mass and functional capacity. Ghrelin further acts on inflammation, appetite, and adipogenesis and for this reason was considered an important target to address catabolic conditions. We report the synthesis and properties of an indane based series of ghrelin receptor full agonists; they have been shown to generate a sustained increase of IGF-1 levels in dog and have been thoroughly investigated with respect to their functional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joakim Tholander
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 43183 Mölndal , Sweden
| | | | | | - Leif Hultin
- Precision Medicine Laboratories, Precision Medicine and Genomics IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 43183 Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Ulf Andersson
- Drug Safety and Metabolism IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 43183 Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Hitesh J Sanganee
- Scientific Partnering & Alliances IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , SK10 4TF Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | | | - Brith Leidvik
- Discovery Sciences IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 43183 Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Karin Gedda
- Discovery Sciences IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 43183 Mölndal , Sweden
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9
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Rhodes L, Zollers B, Wofford JA, Heinen E. Capromorelin: a ghrelin receptor agonist and novel therapy for stimulation of appetite in dogs. Vet Med Sci 2018; 4:3-16. [PMID: 29468076 PMCID: PMC5813110 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a hormone, secreted from cells in the stomach, which is important in the regulation of appetite and food intake in mammals. It exerts its action by binding to a specific G-protein-coupled receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) which is found in areas of the brain associated with the regulation of food intake. Ghrelin causes a release of growth hormone (GH) through binding to GHS-R1a in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. A class of compounds known as growth hormone secretagogues, or ghrelin receptor agonists, were developed for therapeutic use in humans for the stimulation of GH in the frail elderly, and have subsequently been studied for their effects on increasing appetite and food intake, increasing body weight, building lean muscle mass, and treating cachexia. Subsequent research has shown that ghrelin has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. This article reviews the basic physiology of ghrelin and the ghrelin receptor agonists, including the available evidence of these effects in vitro and in vivo in rodent models, humans, dogs and cats. One of these compounds, capromorelin, has been FDA-approved for the stimulation of appetite in dogs (ENTYCE ®). The data available on the safety and effectiveness of capromorelin is reviewed, along with a discussion of the potential clinical applications for ghrelin receptor agonists in both human and veterinary medicine.
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Zollers B, Wofford JA, Heinen E, Huebner M, Rhodes L. A Prospective, Randomized, Masked, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study of Capromorelin in Dogs with Reduced Appetite. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 30:1851-1857. [PMID: 27859746 PMCID: PMC5115193 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced appetite is a common clinical sign in dogs. This study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of capromorelin oral solution, (ENTYCE® , Aratana Therapeutics, Leawood, KS) a new drug that is a ghrelin receptor agonist, for stimulation of appetite in dogs with reduced appetite. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Capromorelin will increase appetite, as measured by the owner's evaluation, over 4 days. An additional objective was to evaluate the safety of capromorelin at the labeled dose. ANIMALS A total of 244 client-owned dogs reported by owners to be inappetent for at least 2 days were enrolled, with 177 cases in the effectiveness analysis. METHODS In this prospective, randomized, masked, placebo-controlled study, dogs were treated daily with capromorelin (3 mg/kg) oral solution (n = 121) or placebo oral solution (n = 56). Owners completed an evaluation of appetite at days 0 and 3 ± 1. Success was defined as improvement in appetite at day 3. Safety was evaluated by physical examination, clinical pathology, and monitoring adverse events and owner observations. RESULTS Capromorelin treatment improved appetite compared to placebo (68.6% and 44.6% treatment successes with 95% CI 59.7, 76.3 and 32.2, 57.8, respectively, P = .008). Mean body weight in capromorelin-treated dogs increased compared to placebo-treated dogs (1.8% with 95% CI 1.3, 2.3, and 0.1% with 95% CI 0.9, 1.1, respectively, P < .001). Adverse reactions occurring in >5% of either group were diarrhea and vomiting. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Capromorelin oral solution is an effective treatment for stimulation of appetite in dogs and represents the first ghrelin receptor agonist shown to be effective for this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - E Heinen
- Aratana Therapeutics, Leawood, KS
| | | | - L Rhodes
- Aratana Therapeutics, Leawood, KS
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11
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Wofford JA, Zollers B, Rhodes L, Bell M, Heinen E. Evaluation of the safety of daily administration of capromorelin in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:324-333. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - B. Zollers
- Aratana Therapeutics, Inc.; Leawood KS USA
| | - L. Rhodes
- Aratana Therapeutics, Inc.; Leawood KS USA
| | - M. Bell
- ClinData Services, Inc.; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - E. Heinen
- Aratana Therapeutics, Inc.; Leawood KS USA
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12
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Rose CR, Zawistoski MP, Lefker BA, Mangano FM, Wright AS, Carpino PA. Practical synthesis of capromorelin, a growth hormone secretagogue, via a crystallization-induced dynamic resolution. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1000-1003. [PMID: 28012686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A practical synthesis of capromorelin (1), a growth hormone secretagogue, is described that utilizes as a key step a crystallization-induced dynamic resolution (CIDR) of (±)-3a-benzyl-2-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-3(3aH)-one [(±)-2] by L-tartaric acid salt formation, yielding (R)-2.L-tartaric acid in high chemical yield (>85%) and with diastereomeric excess (de) of ∼98%. Treatment of (R)-2.L-tartaric acid with ammonium hydroxide provided (R)-2 without loss of chiral purity. In situ generated (R)-2 was coupled with (R)-3-(benzyloxy)-2-(2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-methylpropanamido)propanoic acid [(R)-3] to give predominantly a single diastereomer of N-Boc-protected capromorelin [(1R,3aR)-4]. This process was used to prepare bulk quantities of capromorelin from (±)-2 to support preclinical toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Rose
- Department of Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael P Zawistoski
- Department of Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bruce A Lefker
- Department of Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - F Michael Mangano
- Department of Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ann S Wright
- Department of Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Philip A Carpino
- Department of Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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13
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From Belly to Brain: Targeting the Ghrelin Receptor in Appetite and Food Intake Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020273. [PMID: 28134808 PMCID: PMC5343809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is the only known peripherally-derived orexigenic hormone, increasing appetite and subsequent food intake. The ghrelinergic system has therefore received considerable attention as a therapeutic target to reduce appetite in obesity as well as to stimulate food intake in conditions of anorexia, malnutrition and cachexia. As the therapeutic potential of targeting this hormone becomes clearer, it is apparent that its pleiotropic actions span both the central nervous system and peripheral organs. Despite a wealth of research, a therapeutic compound specifically targeting the ghrelin system for appetite modulation remains elusive although some promising effects on metabolic function are emerging. This is due to many factors, ranging from the complexity of the ghrelin receptor (Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor, GHSR-1a) internalisation and heterodimerization, to biased ligand interactions and compensatory neuroendocrine outputs. Not least is the ubiquitous expression of the GHSR-1a, which makes it impossible to modulate centrally-mediated appetite regulation without encroaching on the various peripheral functions attributable to ghrelin. It is becoming clear that ghrelin’s central signalling is critical for its effects on appetite, body weight regulation and incentive salience of food. Improving the ability of ghrelin ligands to penetrate the blood brain barrier would enhance central delivery to GHSR-1a expressing brain regions, particularly within the mesolimbic reward circuitry.
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Wang S, Wang G, Zhang M, Zhuang L, Wan X, Xu J, Wang L, Zhu X, Gao P, Xi Q, Zhang Y, Shu G, Jiang Q. The dipeptide Pro-Asp promotes IGF-1 secretion and expression in hepatocytes by enhancing JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 436:204-10. [PMID: 27473671 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been implicated that IGF-1 secretion can be regulated by dietary protein. However, whether the dipeptides, one of digested products of dietary protein, have influence on IGF-1 secretion remain largely unknown. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of the dipeptide Pro-Asp on IGF-1 secretion and expression in hepatocytes and to explore the possible underlying mechanisms. Our findings demonstrated that Pro-Asp promoted the secretion and gene expression of IGF-1 in HepG2 cells and primary porcine hepatocytes. Meanwhile, Pro-Asp activated the ERK and Akt signaling pathways, downstream of IGF-1. In addition, Pro-Asp enhanced GH-mediated JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway, while inhibition of JAK2/STAT5 blocked the promotive effect of Pro-Asp on IGF-1 secretion and expression. Moreover, acute injection of Pro-Asp stimulated IGF-1 expression and activated JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway in mice liver. Together, these results suggested that the dipeptide Pro-Asp promoted IGF-1 secretion and expression in hepatocytes by enhancing GH-mediated JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbo Wang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Lu Zhuang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Wan
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Jingren Xu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Lina Wang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Ping Gao
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Qianyun Xi
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Gang Shu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
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15
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Zollers B, Huebner M, Armintrout G, Rausch-Derra LC, Rhodes L. Evaluation of the safety in dogs of long-term, daily oral administration of capromorelin, a novel drug for stimulation of appetite. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:248-255. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Huebner
- ClinData Services, Inc.; Ft. Collins CO USA
| | | | | | - L. Rhodes
- Independent Consultant; Durham NH USA
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16
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Pustovit RV, Furness JB, Rivera LR. A ghrelin receptor agonist is an effective colokinetic in rats with diet-induced constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:610-7. [PMID: 25616061 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite constipation being a common problem, the treatments that are available have side effects and are only partly effective. Recent studies show that centrally penetrant ghrelin receptor agonists cause defecation in humans and other species. Here, we describe some features of a rat model of low fiber-induced constipation, and investigate the effectiveness of the ghrelin agonist, capromorelin. METHODS Rats were given low-fiber diets for 5 weeks. Their colorectal responsiveness to distension and to a behavioral test, water avoidance and colon histology were compared to those of rats on a standard diet. KEY RESULTS After the low-fiber diet, distension of the colon produced fewer propulsive contractions, behaviorally induced defecation was reduced, and the lining of the colorectum was inflamed. However, capromorelin was similarly effective in causing defecation in constipated and non-constipated rats. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Low-fiber diet in rats produces a constipation phenotype, characterized by reduced responsiveness of the colorectum to distension and to a behavioral stimulus of defecation, water avoidance. The effectiveness of capromorelin suggests that centrally penetrant ghrelin receptor stimulants may be effective in treating constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Pustovit
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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17
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Orr STM, Beveridge R, Bhattacharya SK, Cameron KO, Coffey S, Fernando D, Hepworth D, Jackson MV, Khot V, Kosa R, Lapham K, Loria PM, McClure KF, Patel J, Rose C, Saenz J, Stock IA, Storer G, von Volkenburg M, Vrieze D, Wang G, Xiao J, Zhang Y. Evaluation and synthesis of polar aryl- and heteroaryl spiroazetidine-piperidine acetamides as ghrelin inverse agonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:156-61. [PMID: 25699143 DOI: 10.1021/ml500414n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Several polar heteroaromatic acetic acids and their piperidine amides were synthesized and evaluated as ghrelin or type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) inverse agonists. Efforts to improve pharmacokinetic and safety profile was achieved by modulating physicochemical properties and, more specifically, emphasizing increased polarity of our chemical series. ortho-Carboxamide containing compounds provided optimal physicochemical, pharmacologic, and safety profile. pH-dependent chemical stability was also assessed with our series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi T. M. Orr
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 10770
Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ramsay Beveridge
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Samit K. Bhattacharya
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610
Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kimberly O. Cameron
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610
Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Steven Coffey
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dilinie Fernando
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David Hepworth
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610
Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Margaret V. Jackson
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vishal Khot
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Rachel Kosa
- Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kimberly Lapham
- Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Paula M. Loria
- Primary
Pharmacology Group, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kim F. McClure
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610
Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jigna Patel
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Colin Rose
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610
Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - James Saenz
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ingrid A. Stock
- Primary
Pharmacology Group, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory Storer
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Maria von Volkenburg
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Derek Vrieze
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jun Xiao
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Callaghan B, Kosari S, Pustovit RV, Sartor DM, Ferens D, Ban K, Baell J, Nguyen TV, Rivera LR, Brock JA, Furness JB. Hypotensive effects of ghrelin receptor agonists mediated through a novel receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1275-86. [PMID: 24670149 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Some agonists of ghrelin receptors cause rapid decreases in BP. The mechanisms by which they cause hypotension and the pharmacology of the receptors are unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of ligands of ghrelin receptors were investigated in rats in vivo, on isolated blood vessels and on cells transfected with the only molecularly defined ghrelin receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a). KEY RESULTS Three agonists of GHSR1a receptors, ulimorelin, capromorelin and CP464709, caused a rapid decrease in BP in the anaesthetized rat. The effect was not reduced by either of two GHSR1a antagonists, JMV2959 or YIL781, at doses that blocked effects on colorectal motility, in vivo. The rapid hypotension was not mimicked by ghrelin, unacylated ghrelin or the unacylated ghrelin receptor agonist, AZP531. The early hypotension preceded a decrease in sympathetic nerve activity. Early hypotension was not reduced by hexamethonium or by baroreceptor (sino-aortic) denervation. Ulimorelin also relaxed isolated segments of rat mesenteric artery, and, less potently, relaxed aorta segments. The vascular relaxation was not reduced by JMV2959 or YIL781. Ulimorelin, capromorelin and CP464709 activated GHSR1a in transfected HEK293 cells at nanomolar concentrations. JMV2959 and YIL781 both antagonized effects in these cells, with their pA2 values at the GHSR1a receptor being 6.55 and 7.84. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results indicate a novel vascular receptor or receptors whose activation by ulimorelin, capromorelin and CP464709 lowered BP. This receptor is activated by low MW GHSR1a agonists, but is not activated by ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brid Callaghan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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Ju X, Tang Y, Liang X, Hou M, Wan Z, Tao J. Development of a Biocatalytic Process to Prepare (S)-N-Boc-3-hydroxypiperidine. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500022y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ju
- EnzymeWorks Inc., 603 GangCheng Road, Zhang-jia-gang, Suzhou 215600, China
- School
of Chemistry, Biology and Material Engineering, University of Science and Technology of Suzhou, 1 KeRui Rd., Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tang
- EnzymeWorks Inc., 603 GangCheng Road, Zhang-jia-gang, Suzhou 215600, China
| | - Xiaoliang Liang
- EnzymeWorks Inc., 603 GangCheng Road, Zhang-jia-gang, Suzhou 215600, China
| | - Maoqi Hou
- EnzymeWorks Inc., 603 GangCheng Road, Zhang-jia-gang, Suzhou 215600, China
| | - Zhonghui Wan
- EnzymeWorks Inc., 603 GangCheng Road, Zhang-jia-gang, Suzhou 215600, China
| | - Junhua Tao
- EnzymeWorks Inc., 603 GangCheng Road, Zhang-jia-gang, Suzhou 215600, China
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20
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Antiproliferative activity on human prostate carcinoma cell lines of new peptidomimetics containing the spiroazepinoindolinone scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5470-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Identification of spirocyclic piperidine-azetidine inverse agonists of the ghrelin receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4281-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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Portelli J, Thielemans L, Ver Donck L, Loyens E, Coppens J, Aourz N, Aerssens J, Vermoesen K, Clinckers R, Schallier A, Michotte Y, Moechars D, Collingridge GL, Bortolotto ZA, Smolders I. Inactivation of the constitutively active ghrelin receptor attenuates limbic seizure activity in rodents. Neurotherapeutics 2012; 9:658-72. [PMID: 22669710 PMCID: PMC3441926 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-012-0125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a pleiotropic neuropeptide that has been recently implicated in epilepsy. Animal studies performed to date indicate that ghrelin has anticonvulsant properties; however, its mechanism of anticonvulsant action is unknown. Here we show that the anticonvulsant effects of ghrelin are mediated via the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). To our surprise, however, we found that the GHSR knockout mice had a higher seizure threshold than their wild-type littermates when treated with pilocarpine. Using both in vivo and in vitro models, we further discovered that inverse agonism and desensitization/internalization of the GHSR attenuate limbic seizures in rats and epileptiform activity in hippocampal slices. This constitutes a novel mechanism of anticonvulsant action, whereby an endogenous agonist reduces the activity of a constitutively active receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanelle Portelli
- Center for Neurosciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leen Thielemans
- Janssen Research and Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Ver Donck
- Janssen Research and Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ellen Loyens
- Center for Neurosciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jessica Coppens
- Center for Neurosciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Najat Aourz
- Center for Neurosciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Aerssens
- Janssen Research and Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Katia Vermoesen
- Center for Neurosciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ralph Clinckers
- Center for Neurosciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anneleen Schallier
- Center for Neurosciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yvette Michotte
- Center for Neurosciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dieder Moechars
- Janssen Research and Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Graham L. Collingridge
- MRC Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 151-746 Seoul, Gwanakgu Korea
| | - Zuner A. Bortolotto
- MRC Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Center for Neurosciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Chollet C, Meyer K, Beck-Sickinger AG. Ghrelin-a novel generation of anti-obesity drug: design, pharmacomodulation and biological activity of ghrelin analogues. J Pept Sci 2009; 15:711-30. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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24
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White HK, Petrie CD, Landschulz W, MacLean D, Taylor A, Lyles K, Wei JY, Hoffman AR, Salvatori R, Ettinger MP, Morey MC, Blackman MR, Merriam GR. Effects of an oral growth hormone secretagogue in older adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:1198-206. [PMID: 19174493 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT GH secretion declines with age, possibly contributing to reduced muscle mass, strength, and function. GH secretagogues (GHS) may increase muscle mass and physical performance. OBJECTIVES/DESIGN We conducted a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, multicenter study to investigate the hormonal, body composition, and physical performance effects and the safety of the orally active GHS capromorelin in older adults with mild functional limitation. INTERVENTION/PARTICIPANTS: A total of 395 men and women aged 65-84 yr were randomized for an intended 2 yr of treatment to four dosing groups (10 mg three times/week, 3 mg twice a day, 10 mg each night, and 10 mg twice a day) or placebo. Although the study was terminated early according to predetermined treatment effect criteria, 315 subjects completed 6 months of treatment, and 284 completed 12 months. RESULTS A sustained dose-related rise in IGF-I concentrations occurred in all active treatment groups. Each capromorelin dose prompted a rise in peak nocturnal GH, which was greatest with the least frequent dosing. At 6 months, body weight increased 1.4 kg in subjects receiving capromorelin and decreased 0.2 kg in those receiving placebo (P = 0.006). Lean body mass increased 1.4 vs. 0.3 kg (P = 0.001), and tandem walk improved by 0.9 sec (P = 0.02) in the pooled treatment vs. placebo groups. By 12 months, stair climb also improved (P = 0.04). Adverse events included fatigue, insomnia, and small increases in fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and indices of insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS In healthy older adults at risk for functional decline, administration of the oral GHS capromorelin may improve body composition and physical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi K White
- Duke University School of Medicine and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Lacheretz R, Pardo DG, Cossy J. Daucus carota Mediated-Reduction of Cyclic 3-Oxo-amines. Org Lett 2009; 11:1245-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ol8029214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Lacheretz
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231-Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Domingo Gomez Pardo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231-Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Janine Cossy
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231-Paris Cedex 05, France
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26
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Moulin A, Demange L, Ryan J, M’Kadmi C, Galleyrand JC, Martinez J, Fehrentz JA. Trisubstituted 1,2,4-triazoles as ligands for the ghrelin receptor: On the significance of the orientation and substitution at position 3. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:164-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Lanz TA, Salatto CT, Semproni AR, Marconi M, Brown TM, Richter KEG, Schmidt K, Nelson FR, Schachter JB. Peripheral elevation of IGF-1 fails to alter Abeta clearance in multiple in vivo models. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 75:1093-103. [PMID: 18076866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Increasing beta-amyloid (Abeta) clearance may alter the course of Alzheimer's disease progression and attenuate amyloid plaque pathology. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) augmentation has been suggested to increase Abeta clearance by facilitating transport of Abeta out of the brain. The availability of safe agents that increase IGF-1 levels therefore makes IGF-1 elevation an attractive target for disease modifying therapy in AD. The present series of studies sought to replicate published paradigms in which peripheral IGF-1 administration lowered brain Abeta acutely, with reduction in plaque pathology after chronic treatment. Thus Abeta levels were measured in several animal models following treatments that elevated IGF-1. Administration of IGF-1 to young or old rats for up to 3 days had no effect on Abeta levels in brain, CSF, or plasma. In adult beagles, 4 days of dosing with the growth hormone secretagogue, CP-424391, doubled baseline plasma IGF-1 levels, yet failed to alter CSF or plasma Abeta. 5-day treatment of young Tg2576 mice with IGF-1 produced robust elevations of IGF-1 levels in plasma, but no effects on Abeta were detected in brain, CSF, or plasma. Finally, 11-month-old Tg2576 mice were implanted with subcutaneous minipumps delivering IGF-1 for 1 month. No significant changes in Abeta (by ELISA or Western blot), plaque pathology, or phospho-tau epitopes were detected. These results do not demonstrate acute or chronic actions of peripherally administered IGF-1 on Abeta levels or the phosphorylation state of tau and therefore do not suggest any disease-modifying benefits of IGF-1 restorative therapy for AD through these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Lanz
- CNS Discovery, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States.
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Abstract
The 28-amino acid peptide ghrelin is a neuroendocrine hormone synthesized primarily in the stomach. It stimulates growth hormone secretion and appetite, thus promoting food intake and body-weight gain. The pharmacological properties of this peptide are mediated by the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a). Given its wide spectrum of biological activities, it is evident that the discovery of ghrelin and its receptor has opened up many perspectives in the fields of neuroendocrine and metabolic research and has had an influence on such fields of internal medicine as gastroenterology, oncology, and cardiology. It is therefore increasingly likely that synthetic, peptidyl, and nonpeptidyl GHS-R1a ligands, acting as agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, or inverse agonists, could have both clinical and therapeutic potential. This review summarizes the various types of GHS-R1a ligands that have been described in the literature and discusses the recent progress made in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Moulin
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 1441, 34093 Montpellier Cedex, France
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29
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Blakeney JS, Reid RC, Le GT, Fairlie DP. Nonpeptidic Ligands for Peptide-Activated G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Chem Rev 2007; 107:2960-3041. [PMID: 17622179 DOI: 10.1021/cr050984g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade S Blakeney
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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30
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Pedretti A, Vistoli G. Modeling of human ghrelin receptor (hGHS-R1a) in its close state and validation by molecular docking. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:3054-64. [PMID: 17329109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to generate a reliable model of human ghrelin receptor (hGHS-R1a) in its close state by means of a hybrid fragmental approach in which the transmembrane bundle was modeled using the rhodopsin as the template to assure a marked closeness among the transmembrane helices, while the remaining segments (i.e., loops plus terminal domains) were modeled searching different templates to favor the local homologies. The reliability of this model was assessed docking both a tetrapeptide, which represents the ghrelin's active core, and a set of 50 peptidomimetic secretagogues taken from the literature. The analysis of obtained complexes unveils a set of stabilizing interactions with crucial hGHS-R1a residues in remarkable agreement with both mutational analyses and pharmacophore hypotheses. Also the significant correlation between docking scores and biological activities affords an encouraging validation for such hGHS-R1a model, suggesting that also the receptor in its close state (similarly to the hGHS-R1a in its open state which was modeled in our previous study, Pedretti A, Villa M, Pallavicini M, Valoti E, Vistoli G. J. Med. Chem.2006, 49, p 3077.) may be involved in ligand binding and could find fertile applications in ligand design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pedretti
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica Pietro Pratesi, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Viale Abruzzi 42, I-20131 Milano, Italy
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31
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Am Ende MT, Miller LA. Mechanistic investigation of drug release from asymmetric membrane tablets: effect of media gradients (osmotic pressure and concentration), and potential coating failures on in vitro release. Pharm Res 2006; 24:288-97. [PMID: 17180730 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An asymmetric membrane (AM) tablet was developed for a soluble model compound to study the in vitro drug release mechanisms in challenge conditions, including osmotic gradients, concentration gradients, and under potential coating failure modes. Porous, semipermable membrane integrity may be compromised by a high fat meal or by the presence of a defect in the coating that could cause a safety concern about dose-dumping. METHODS The osmotic and diffusional release mechanisms of the AM tablet were independently shut down such that their individual contribution to the overall drug release was measured. Shut off of osmotic and diffusional release was accomplished by performing dissolution studies into receptor solutions with osmotic pressure above the internal core osmotic pressure and into receptor solutions saturated with drug, respectively. The effect of coating failure modes on in vitro drug release from the AM tablet was assessed through a simulated high-fat meal and by intentionally compromising the coating integrity. RESULTS The predominant drug release mechanism for the AM tablet was osmotic and accounted for approximately 90-95% of the total release. Osmotic release was shutoff when the receptor media osmotic pressure exceeded 76 atm. Diffusional release of the soluble drug amounted to 5-10% of the total release mechanism. The observed negative in vitro food effect was attributed to the increased osmotic pressure from the high fat meal when compared to the predicted release rates in sucrose media with the same osmotic pressure. This suppression in drug release rate due to a high fat meal is not anticipated to affect in vivo performance of the dosage form, as the rise in pressure is short-lived. CONCLUSIONS Drug release from the AM system studied was determined to be robust to varying and extreme challenge conditions. The conditions investigated included varying pH, agitation rate, media osmotic pressure, media saturated with drug to eliminate the concentration gradient, simulated high fat meal, and intentionally placed film coating defects. Osmotic and diffusional shut off experiments suggest that the mechanism governing drug release is a combination of osmotic and diffusional at approximately 90-95% and 5-10%, respectively. In addition, the coating failure mode studies revealed this formulation and design is not significantly affected by a high fat meal or by an intentionally placed defect in the film coating, and more specifically, did not result in a burst of drug release.
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Bhatti SFM, Duchateau L, Van Ham LML, De Vliegher SP, Mol JA, Rijnberk A, Kooistra HS. Effects of growth hormone secretagogues on the release of adenohypophyseal hormones in young and old healthy dogs. Vet J 2006; 172:515-25. [PMID: 15951209 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of three growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs), ghrelin, growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6), and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), on the release of adenohypophyseal hormones, growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinising hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL) and on cortisol were investigated in young and old healthy Beagle dogs. Ghrelin proved to be the most potent GHS in young dogs, whereas in old dogs GHRH administration was associated with the highest plasma GH concentrations. The mean plasma GH response after administration of ghrelin was significantly lower in the old dogs compared with the young dogs. The mean plasma GH concentration after GHRH and GHRP-6 administration was lower in the old dogs compared with the young dogs, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. In both age groups, the GHSs were specific for GH release as they did not cause significant elevations in the plasma concentrations of ACTH, cortisol, TSH, LH, and PRL. It is concluded that in young dogs, ghrelin is a more powerful stimulator of GH release than either GHRH or GHRP-6. Ageing is associated with a decrease in GH-releasing capacity of ghrelin, whereas this decline is considerably lower for GHRH or GHRP-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie F M Bhatti
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Pedretti A, Villa M, Pallavicini M, Valoti E, Vistoli G. Construction of human ghrelin receptor (hGHS-R1a) model using a fragmental prediction approach and validation through docking analysis. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3077-85. [PMID: 16722627 DOI: 10.1021/jm058053k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the reliability of a fragmental approach to build a full-length model of the human ghrelin receptor (hGHS-R1a) in its open state. The soundness of the model was verified by docking the tetrapeptide Gly-Ser-Ser(n-octanoyl)-Phe-NH2, which represents the ghrelin active core, and a dataset of 35 peptidomimetic GH secretagogues taken from literature. Docking results confirm the relevance of two distinct subpockets: a polar cavity bearing the key residues involved in receptor activation and an aromatic/apolar subpocket, which plays a crucial role in determining the high constitutive activity of hGHS-R1a. The docking scores of both subpockets are in remarkable agreement with biological data, emphasizing that the model can be used to predict the activity of novel ligands. Moreover, the subpocket selectivity of peptidomimetic GHSs suggests a cooperative role of the aromatic/apolar subpocket. Taken globally, the results highlight the potential of the fragmental approach to build improved models for any GPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pedretti
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Milano, Viale Abruzzi 42, I-20131 Milano, Italy
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Wos JA, Lundy MW. Patent developments in anabolic agents for treatment of bone diseases. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.13.8.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Shah RR. Drug development and use in the elderly: search for the right dose and dosing regimen (Parts I and II). Br J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 58:452-69. [PMID: 15521892 PMCID: PMC1884629 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02228.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi R Shah
- Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Market Towers, 1 Nine Elms Lane, Vauxhall, London, UK.
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Blanchard A, Lee C, Nickerson B, Lohr LL, Jensen AJ, Alsante KM, Sharp TR, Santafianos DP, Morris R, Snyder KD. Identification of low-level degradants from low dose tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 36:265-75. [PMID: 15496319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2003] [Revised: 05/04/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A multifaceted approach was successfully used to identify three of four unknown degradants in degraded low dose tablets. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was found to be an invaluable tool in this multifaceted approach. ASE was capable of extracting four individual degradants of an active pharmaceutical component from 10 tablets into 15 mL of solvent with approximately 100% recovery for each degradant. Using ASE instead of manual extraction led to the extraction and isolation of the degradants in 1 day instead of 7 days. One of the degradants was extracted by ASE, isolated by semi-prep HPLC, and identified by LC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. The structures of two of the remaining three degradants were confirmed by synthesis of authentic samples, while the fourth degradant is yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Blanchard
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Pt. Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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Shoda M, Harada T, Kogami Y, Tsujita R, Akashi H, Kouji H, Stahura FL, Xue L, Bajorath J. Identification of Structurally Diverse Growth Hormone Secretagogue Agonists by Virtual Screening and Structure−Activity Relationship Analysis of 2-Formylaminoacetamide Derivatives. J Med Chem 2004; 47:4286-90. [PMID: 15294000 DOI: 10.1021/jm040103i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two molecules with known growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) agonist activity were used as templates to computationally screen approximately 80000 compounds. A total of 108 candidate compounds were selected, and five of them were found to be active in the low-micromolar range in both cell-based and direct binding assays. These compounds were structurally diverse and significantly differed from known GHS agonists. The most active compound was subjected to SAR evaluation, which slightly increased its potency and identified molecular regions important for specific GHS agonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Shoda
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Life Science Research, Asahi Kasei Pharma, 632-1 Mifuku, Ohito, Tagata, Shizuoka, Japan
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