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Abstract
IL-6 is involved both in immune responses and in inflammation, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism and embryonic development. IL-6 plays roles in chronic inflammation (closely related to chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer) and even in the cytokine storm of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Acute inflammation during the immune response and wound healing is a well-controlled response, whereas chronic inflammation and the cytokine storm are uncontrolled inflammatory responses. Non-immune and immune cells, cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and transcription factors nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) play central roles in inflammation. Synergistic interactions between NF-κB and STAT3 induce the hyper-activation of NF-κB followed by the production of various inflammatory cytokines. Because IL-6 is an NF-κB target, simultaneous activation of NF-κB and STAT3 in non-immune cells triggers a positive feedback loop of NF-κB activation by the IL-6-STAT3 axis. This positive feedback loop is called the IL-6 amplifier (IL-6 Amp) and is a key player in the local initiation model, which states that local initiators, such as senescence, obesity, stressors, infection, injury and smoking, trigger diseases by promoting interactions between non-immune cells and immune cells. This model counters dogma that holds that autoimmunity and oncogenesis are triggered by the breakdown of tissue-specific immune tolerance and oncogenic mutations, respectively. The IL-6 Amp is activated by a variety of local initiators, demonstrating that the IL-6-STAT3 axis is a critical target for treating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Hirano
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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2
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Mazzera L, Abeltino M, Lombardi G, Cantoni AM, Ria R, Ricca M, Saltarella I, Naponelli V, Rizzi FMA, Perris R, Corradi A, Vacca A, Bonati A, Lunghi P. Functional interplay between NF-κB-inducing kinase and c-Abl kinases limits response to Aurora inhibitors in multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2019; 104:2465-2481. [PMID: 30948493 PMCID: PMC6959191 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.208280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering that Aurora kinase inhibitors are currently under clinical investigation in hematologic cancers, the identification of molecular events that limit the response to such agents is essential for enhancing clinical outcomes. Here, we discover a NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK)-c-Abl-STAT3 signaling-centered feedback loop that restrains the efficacy of Aurora inhibitors in multiple myeloma. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Aurora inhibition promotes NIK protein stabilization via downregulation of its negative regulator TRAF2. Accumulated NIK converts c-Abl tyrosine kinase from a nuclear proapoptotic into a cytoplasmic antiapoptotic effector by inducing its phosphorylation at Thr735, Tyr245 and Tyr412 residues, and, by entering into a trimeric complex formation with c-Abl and STAT3, increases both the transcriptional activity of STAT3 and expression of the antiapoptotic STAT3 target genes PIM1 and PIM2. This consequently promotes cell survival and limits the response to Aurora inhibition. The functional disruption of any of the components of the trimer NIK-c-Abl-STAT3 or the PIM survival kinases consistently enhances the responsiveness of myeloma cells to Aurora inhibitors. Importantly, concurrent inhibition of NIK or c-Abl disrupts Aurora inhibitor-induced feedback activation of STAT3 and sensitizes myeloma cells to Aurora inhibitors, implicating a combined inhibition of Aurora and NIK or c-Abl kinases as potential therapies for multiple myeloma. Accordingly, pharmacological inhibition of c-Abl together with Aurora resulted in substantial cell death and tumor regression in vivo The findings reveal an important functional interaction between NIK, Abl and Aurora kinases, and identify the NIK, c-Abl and PIM survival kinases as potential pharmacological targets for improving the efficacy of Aurora inhibitors in myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mazzera
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini," Brescia
| | | | - Guerino Lombardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini," Brescia
| | | | - Roberto Ria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Bari
| | - Micaela Ricca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini," Brescia
| | - Ilaria Saltarella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Bari
| | | | - Federica Maria Angela Rizzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma
- Center for Molecular and Translational Oncology, University of Parma, Parma
| | - Roberto Perris
- Center for Molecular and Translational Oncology, University of Parma, Parma
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Attilio Corradi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Bari
| | - Antonio Bonati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma
- Center for Molecular and Translational Oncology, University of Parma, Parma
| | - Paolo Lunghi
- Center for Molecular and Translational Oncology, University of Parma, Parma
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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3
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The tumor microenvironment is the main source of IL-6 for plasma cell tumor development in mice. Leukemia 2014; 29:233-7. [PMID: 25257990 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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4
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Abstract
We report a 59-year-old acromegalic woman, who presented with generalized bone pain, weakness, fatigue and foamy urine, who was found to have multiple myeloma (MM); and a 60-year-old acromegalic woman with dizziness, vomiting and abdominal pain, high blood pressure and splenomegaly that was posteriorly diagnosed as having Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM). Acromegaly is an uncommon disease and epidemiological studies have provided increasingly debated evidence that elevated IGF-I levels might enhance the neoplastic risk, and that cancers constitute the third leading cause of mortality in acromegaly. It is known that GH and IGF-I can activate B cell lymphocytes, and that IGF-I receptor is universally expressed in MM cells. Although the complication of acromegaly with WM or MM in patients has rarely been reported until now, we described two case reports of acromegalic patients with those hematological neoplasias, which allow a discussion about this controversial issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Regina P Barbosa
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ipanema, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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5
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Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a malignancy characterized by clonal expansion of mature B cells that are resistant to apoptosis. This resistance to apoptosis partly results from Mcl-1 expression because high levels of this protein in CLL cells correlate with poor disease prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy. Thus, understanding the mechanism(s) regulating Mcl-1 expression in CLL cells may be useful in the development of new therapies for this incurable disease. In the present study, we show a strong relationship between c-Abl and Mcl-1 expression in CLL cells. We show that treatment of CLL cells with Abl-specific siRNA or with imatinib, to inhibit c-Abl activity, results in the down-regulation of Mcl-1 protein and mRNA. A major regulator of Mcl-1 gene expression is STAT3. Our data show that CLL cells expressing high levels of c-Abl also show elevated levels of phospho-STAT3, and that STAT3 phosphorylation in CLL cells is dependent on c-Abl activity. However, STAT3 phosphorylation by c-Abl requires activation of nuclear factor-κB, secretion of autocrine interleukin-6, and active protein kinase C. Taken together, our data demonstrate the mechanism involved in c-Abl regulation of Mcl-1 expression in CLL cells, and suggest that c-Abl inhibition has therapeutic application in the treatment of this disease.
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Iwakura Y, Nakae S, Saijo S, Ishigame H. The roles of IL-17A in inflammatory immune responses and host defense against pathogens. Immunol Rev 2009; 226:57-79. [PMID: 19161416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T-helper 17 (Th17) cells are a newly discovered CD4(+) helper T-cell subset that produces interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and IL-17F. IL-17A plays important roles in allergic responses such as delayed-type hypersensitivity, contact hypersensitivity, and allergic airway inflammation. IL-17A promotes inflammation by inducing various proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, recruiting neutrophils, enhancing antibody production, and activating T cells. IL-17A expression is also augmented in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Using mouse models of these diseases, we found that IL-17A plays a central role in their development. IL-6 is required for the development of Th17 cells and tumor necrosis factor functions downstream of IL-17A during the effector phase. IL-1 is important both for developing Th17 cells and eliciting inflammation. Th17 cells, like Th1 and Th2 cells, are involved in host defense against infections, but the contribution of these Th subsets to defense mechanisms differs among pathogens. The roles of IL-17F remain largely unknown. In this review, we introduce how IL-17A/IL-17F are involved in inflammatory immune responses and host defense mechanisms and discuss their relationship with other cytokines in the development of inflammatory and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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7
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Baughn LB, Di Liberto M, Niesvizky R, Cho HJ, Jayabalan D, Lane J, Liu F, Chen-Kiang S. CDK2 Phosphorylation of Smad2 Disrupts TGF-β Transcriptional Regulation in Resistant Primary Bone Marrow Myeloma Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:1810-7. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0713726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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8
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Militi S, Chiapparino C, Testa U, Carminati P, De Santis R, Serlupi-Crescenzi O. Role of IL-6 and CD23 in the resistance to growth arrest and apoptosis in LCL41 B lymphoma cells. Cytokine 2005; 31:314-23. [PMID: 16009564 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2004] [Revised: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a growth and survival factor in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected B lymphoma cells and IL-6 antagonists have been used in clinical practice for this pathology. We thus wanted to investigate the effect of the IL-6 receptor antagonist Sant7 on proliferative and anti-apoptotic signals in the IL-6-secreting LCL41 B lymphoid cells, taken from a patient with EBV-induced lymphoproliferative disorder. Results show efficient inhibition of constitutive Stat3 activation by Sant7. However, this inhibition is associated with marginal induction of apoptosis and with minor decrease of cell proliferation, contrary to the effect of the Jak kinase inhibitor AG490, which down-regulates both proliferation and Stat3 activation. Anti-apoptotic markers such as Bcl-xL or Mcl-1 are constitutively expressed in these cells, and their expression is not affected by Sant7 treatment. Inhibition of Stat3 activation is therefore not sufficient to prevent proliferation and to induce apoptosis in these cells. In addition, low cell density is a condition favouring inhibition of cell clustering and anti-proliferative Sant7 activity. A marked inhibition of cell cluster formation and proliferation is achieved by antibody treatment against the CD23 mature B cell surface marker expressed in LCL41 cells. These findings may thus contribute to the identification of possible resistance mechanisms to growth arrest in B cell lymphoproliferative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Militi
- Department of Immunology, Sigma-Tau SpA R&D, Via Pontina Km 30400, Pomezia, 00040 Rome, Italy
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9
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Ohtani T, Ishihara K, Atsumi T, Yoshida Y, Nishida K, Narimatsu M, Shirogane T, Hibi M, Hirano T. gp130-mediated signalling as a therapeutic target. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.4.4.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Noronha EJ, Sterling KH, Calame KL. Increased Expression of Bcl-xL and c-Myc Is Associated with Transformation by Abelson Murine Leukemia Virus. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:50915-22. [PMID: 14559912 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306629200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformation mediated by the v-Abl oncoprotein, a tyrosine kinase encoded by the Abelson murine leukemia virus, is a multi-step process requiring genetic alterations in addition to expression of v-Abl. Loss of p53 or p19ARF was previously shown to be required for Abelson murine leukemia virus transformation of primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). By comparing gene expression patterns in primary p53-/- MEFs acutely infected with the v-Abl retrovirus, v-Abl-transformed MEF clones, and v-Abl-transformed MEF clones treated with Abl kinase inhibitor STI 571, we have identified additional genetic alterations associated with v-Abl transformation. Bcl-xL mRNA was elevated in three of five v-Abl-transformed MEF clones. In addition, elevated expression of c-Myc mRNA, caused either by c-myc gene amplification or by enhanced signaling via STAT3, was observed in five v-Abl-transformed MEF clones. The data suggest that increases in cell survival associated with Bcl-xL and increases in cell growth associated with c-Myc facilitate the transformation process dependent on constitutive mitogenic signaling by v-Abl.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jacintha Noronha
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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11
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Frank DA. StAT signaling in cancer: insights into pathogenesis and treatment strategies. Cancer Treat Res 2003; 115:267-91. [PMID: 12613201 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-48158-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David A Frank
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Crowder C, Kopantzev E, Williams K, Lengel C, Miki T, Rudikoff S. An unusual H-Ras mutant isolated from a human multiple myeloma line leads to transformation and factor-independent cell growth. Oncogene 2003; 22:649-59. [PMID: 12569357 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy. To investigate biochemical lesions associated with MM, we constructed an expression cDNA library from the OPM-2 human myeloma line. A highly transforming H-Ras mutant was identified by transfection analysis using NIH 3T3 cells. DNA sequencing demonstrated a single-point mutation at position 117 located in the guanine nucleotide-binding site resulting in a lysine-to-glutamic acid substitution. This mutant, H-Ras (K117E), was found to be constitutively activated in terms of GTP binding. We compared the biological effects of H-Ras (K117E) and H-Ras (G12V) in 32D murine hematopoietic progenitor cells. Whereas both Ras proteins are constitutively activated, 32D cells expressing H-Ras (G12V) are still dependent on IL-3 for survival and proliferation while cells carrying H-Ras (K117E) become IL-3 independent. Similar experiments conducted with the B9 line, an IL-6-dependent hybridoma, also demonstrated that B9/H-Ras (K117E) became IL-6-independent. Expression of H-Ras (K117E) in the human IL-6-dependent ANBL-6 myeloma line resulted in enhanced proliferation at suboptimal concentrations of IL-6. These observations suggest that H-Ras mutations at the binding site for the GTP nucleotide ring structure may also represent activating lesions and have additional biological effects when compared to previously described Ras mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Crowder
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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13
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De Vos J, Thykjaer T, Tarte K, Ensslen M, Raynaud P, Requirand G, Pellet F, Pantesco V, Rème T, Jourdan M, Rossi JF, Ørntoft T, Klein B. Comparison of gene expression profiling between malignant and normal plasma cells with oligonucleotide arrays. Oncogene 2002; 21:6848-57. [PMID: 12360412 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2002] [Revised: 07/10/2002] [Accepted: 07/15/2002] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The DNA microarray technology enables the identification of the large number of genes involved in the complex deregulation of cell homeostasis taking place in cancer. Using Affymetrix microarrays, we have compared the gene expression profiles of highly purified malignant plasma cells from nine patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and eight myeloma cell lines to those of highly purified nonmalignant plasma cells (eight samples) obtained by in vitro differentiation of peripheral blood B cells. Two unsupervised clustering algorithms classified these 25 samples into two distinct clusters: a malignant plasma cell cluster and a normal plasma cell cluster. Two hundred and fifty genes were significantly up-regulated and 159 down-regulated in malignant plasma samples compared to normal plasma samples. For some of these genes, an overexpression or downregulation of the encoded protein was confirmed (cyclin D1, c-myc, BMI-1, cystatin c, SPARC, RB). Two genes overexpressed in myeloma cells (ABL and cystathionine beta synthase) code for enzymes that could be a therapeutic target with specific drugs. These data provide a new insight into the understanding of myeloma disease and prefigure that the development of DNA microarray could help to develop an 'à la carte' treatment in cancer disease.
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Kovalchuk AL, Kim JS, Park SS, Coleman AE, Ward JM, Morse HC, Kishimoto T, Potter M, Janz S. IL-6 transgenic mouse model for extraosseous plasmacytoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:1509-14. [PMID: 11805288 PMCID: PMC122221 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.022643999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cell neoplasms in humans comprise plasma cell myeloma, otherwise known as multiple myeloma, Ig deposition and heavy chain diseases, and plasmacytoma (PCT). A subset of PCT, designated extramedullary PCT, is distinguished from multiple myeloma and solitary PCT of bone by its distribution among various tissue sites but not the bone marrow. Extramedullary (extraosseus) PCT are rare spontaneous neoplasms of mice but are readily induced in a susceptible strain, BALB/c, by treatment with pristane. The tumors develop in peritoneal granulomas and are characterized by Myc-activating T(12;15) chromosomal translocations and, most frequently, by secretion of IgA. A uniting feature of human and mouse plasma cell neoplasms is the critical role played by IL-6, a B cell growth, differentiation, and survival factor. To directly test the contribution of IL-6 to PCT development, we generated BALB/c mice carrying a widely expressed IL-6 transgene. All mice exhibited lymphoproliferation and plasmacytosis. By 18 months of age, over half developed readily transplantable PCT in lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and sometimes spleen. These neoplasms also had T(12;15) translocations, but remarkably, none expressed IgA. Unexpectedly, approximately 30% of the mice developed follicular and diffuse large cell B cell lymphomas that often coexisted with PCT. These findings provide a unique model of extramedullary PCT for studies on pathogenesis and treatment and suggest a previously unappreciated role for IL-6 in the genesis of germinal center-derived lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Kovalchuk
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Skinnider BF, Elia AJ, Gascoyne RD, Patterson B, Trumper L, Kapp U, Mak TW. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 is frequently activated in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2002; 99:618-26. [PMID: 11781246 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.2.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique clinicopathologic features of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) are due to the multiple cytokines produced by its neoplastic cells, the Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells. Cytokine signaling is mediated through the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of transcription factors. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry were used to examine cell lines and tissue sections derived from patients with HL and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) for expression of activated STAT proteins. Constitutive phosphorylation of STAT6 and STAT3 was common in HL. STAT6 was constitutively phosphorylated in 5 of 5 HL cell lines and in HRS cells from 25 of 32 (78%) classical HL cases. STAT3 was constitutively phosphorylated in 4 of 5 HL cell lines and in HRS cells from 27 of 31 (87%) classical HL cases. Only 4 of 24 NHL cases demonstrated constitutive STAT6 activation, whereas STAT3 activation was observed in 6 of 13 (46%) cases of B-cell NHL and 8 of 11 (73%) cases of T-cell NHL. Constitutive STAT5 phosphorylation was not a common feature of HL or NHL. STAT6 mediates signaling by interleukin 13 (IL-13), a cytokine frequently expressed by HRS cells. Antibody-mediated neutralization of IL-13 resulted in significant decreases in both cellular proliferation and levels of phosphorylated STAT6 of HL cell lines. In conclusion, constitutive STAT6 phosphorylation is a common and distinctive feature of HRS cells in classical HL, whereas STAT3 activation was regularly present in both HL and NHL. These results suggest that IL-13 signaling is largely responsible for the constitutive STAT6 activation observed in HRS cells and further implicate IL-13 as an important growth factor in classical HL.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Apoptosis
- Autocrine Communication
- Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Cell Division
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytoskeletal Proteins
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Hodgkin Disease/genetics
- Hodgkin Disease/metabolism
- Hodgkin Disease/pathology
- Hodgkin Disease/virology
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Interleukin-13/physiology
- Interleukin-13 Receptor alpha1 Subunit
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- LIM Domain Proteins
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/genetics
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Milk Proteins
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Paracrine Communication
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-13
- Reed-Sternberg Cells/metabolism
- Reed-Sternberg Cells/pathology
- STAT3 Transcription Factor
- STAT5 Transcription Factor
- STAT6 Transcription Factor
- Signal Transduction
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F Skinnider
- Amgen Institute and Department of Oncologic Pathology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Canada
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16
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Zhang J, Shen B, Li Y, Sun Y. STAT3 exerts two-way regulation in the biological effects of IL-6 in M1 leukemia cells. Leuk Res 2001; 25:463-72. [PMID: 11337018 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(00)00157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins have been implicated in cytokine-regulated proliferation, differentiation and cell survival. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pleiotropic cytokine, induces a robust and sustained activation of STAT3 in M1 acute myeloid leukemia cells, which in turn undergo growth arrest, terminal differentiation and apoptosis in response to IL-6. The roles of STAT3 activation in IL-6-mediated responses in M1 cells are not fully understood. We introduced STAT3 antisense cDNA into M1 cells. STAT3 antisense cDNA blocked the expression and IL-6-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding of STAT3, and resulted in reduction of both IL-6-induced growth arrest at G(0)/G(1) phase and macrophage differentiation in the M1 transformants. This observation is in accordance with previous reports and confirms that STAT3 plays an essential role in IL-6-induced growth arrest and terminal differentiation in M1 leukemia cells. On the other hand, STAT3 antisense cDNA augmented IL-6-induced apoptosis of M1 cells, which was supported by the cell cycle assay, DNA fragmentation assay and detection of the p17 active fragment of Caspase 3. As proliferation inhibition and differentiation induction stands for a negative signal, while survival maintenance stands for a positive signal, we conclude that STAT3 exerts two-way regulation on the biological effects of IL-6 in M1 leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, PO Box 130 (3), 100850, Beijing, PR China.
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17
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Abstract
Abstract
Mouse plasma cell tumor (PCT) and human multiple myeloma (MM) are terminal B-cell malignancies sharing many similarities. Our recent work demonstrated that activation of the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR)/insulin receptor substrate (IRS)/phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase (PI 3′K) pathway was evident in the tumor lines derived from both species. Although PI 3′K activity was higher in mouse tumor lines than that in human tumors, activation of Akt serine/threonine kinase was markedly lower in mouse lines. This discrepancy prompted us to test the status of PTEN tumor suppressor gene, as it has been shown to be a negative regulator of PI 3′K activity. Although all the mouse lines expressed intact PTEN, 2 of the 4 human lines (Δ47 and OPM2) possessing the highest Akt activity lost PTEN expression. Sequencing analysis demonstrated that the PTEN gene contains a deletion spacing from exon 3 to exon 5 or 6 in the Δ47 line and from exon 3 to 7 in the OPM2 line. Restoration of PTEN expression suppressed IGF-I–induced Akt activity, suggesting that loss of PTEN is responsible for uncontrolled Akt activity in these 2 lines. Despite the expression of PTEN with the concomitant low Akt activity in all mouse PCT lines, their p70S6K activities were generally higher than those in 3 human MM lines, arguing for specific negative regulation of Akt, but not p70S6K by PTEN. These results suggest that p70S6K and Akt may be differentially used by the plasma cell tumors derived from mice and humans, respectively.
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Abstract
Mouse plasma cell tumor (PCT) and human multiple myeloma (MM) are terminal B-cell malignancies sharing many similarities. Our recent work demonstrated that activation of the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR)/insulin receptor substrate (IRS)/phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase (PI 3′K) pathway was evident in the tumor lines derived from both species. Although PI 3′K activity was higher in mouse tumor lines than that in human tumors, activation of Akt serine/threonine kinase was markedly lower in mouse lines. This discrepancy prompted us to test the status of PTEN tumor suppressor gene, as it has been shown to be a negative regulator of PI 3′K activity. Although all the mouse lines expressed intact PTEN, 2 of the 4 human lines (Δ47 and OPM2) possessing the highest Akt activity lost PTEN expression. Sequencing analysis demonstrated that the PTEN gene contains a deletion spacing from exon 3 to exon 5 or 6 in the Δ47 line and from exon 3 to 7 in the OPM2 line. Restoration of PTEN expression suppressed IGF-I–induced Akt activity, suggesting that loss of PTEN is responsible for uncontrolled Akt activity in these 2 lines. Despite the expression of PTEN with the concomitant low Akt activity in all mouse PCT lines, their p70S6K activities were generally higher than those in 3 human MM lines, arguing for specific negative regulation of Akt, but not p70S6K by PTEN. These results suggest that p70S6K and Akt may be differentially used by the plasma cell tumors derived from mice and humans, respectively.
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Abstract
AbstractMultiple myeloma (MM) is an invariably fatal disease that accounts for approximately 1% to 2% of all human cancers. Surprisingly little is known about the cellular pathways contributing to growth of these tumors. Although the cytokine interleukin-6 has been suggested to be the major stimulus for myeloma cell growth, the role of a second potential growth factor, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), has been less clearly defined. The IGF-I signaling cascade in 8 MM cell lines was examined. In 7 of these, the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) was expressed and autophosphorylated in response to ligand. Downstream of IGF-IR, insulin receptor substrate 1 was phosphorylated, leading to the activation of phosphatidylinositol-3′-kinase (PI-3K). PI-3K, in turn, regulated 2 distinct pathways. The first included Akt and Bad, leading to an inhibition of apoptosis; the second included the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), resulting in proliferation. Biologic relevance of this pathway was demonstrated because in vitro IGF-I induced both an antiapoptotic and a proliferative effect. Importantly, in vivo administration of IGF-I in SCID mice inoculated with the OPM-2 line led to approximately twice the growth rate of tumor cells as in controls. These results suggest that IGF-I activates at least 2 pathways effecting myeloma cell growth and contributes significantly to expansion of these cells in vivo.
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20
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an invariably fatal disease that accounts for approximately 1% to 2% of all human cancers. Surprisingly little is known about the cellular pathways contributing to growth of these tumors. Although the cytokine interleukin-6 has been suggested to be the major stimulus for myeloma cell growth, the role of a second potential growth factor, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), has been less clearly defined. The IGF-I signaling cascade in 8 MM cell lines was examined. In 7 of these, the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) was expressed and autophosphorylated in response to ligand. Downstream of IGF-IR, insulin receptor substrate 1 was phosphorylated, leading to the activation of phosphatidylinositol-3′-kinase (PI-3K). PI-3K, in turn, regulated 2 distinct pathways. The first included Akt and Bad, leading to an inhibition of apoptosis; the second included the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), resulting in proliferation. Biologic relevance of this pathway was demonstrated because in vitro IGF-I induced both an antiapoptotic and a proliferative effect. Importantly, in vivo administration of IGF-I in SCID mice inoculated with the OPM-2 line led to approximately twice the growth rate of tumor cells as in controls. These results suggest that IGF-I activates at least 2 pathways effecting myeloma cell growth and contributes significantly to expansion of these cells in vivo.
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Takeda K, Akira S. STAT family of transcription factors in cytokine-mediated biological responses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2000; 11:199-207. [PMID: 10817963 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(00)00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) family, consisting of seven members, is involved in cytokine signal transduction. Biological roles of each STAT family protein have now been elucidated through studies of gene targeted mice. Stat1 knockout mice are defective in interferon-mediated functions. Stat4 and Stat6 knockout mice show defective responses to IL-12 and IL-4, respectively. Analyses of Stat5a and Stat5b knockout mice reveal important roles in prolactin-mediated mammary gland development and growth hormone-mediated induction of sexual dimorphism, respectively. Conditional knockout study of Stat3 demonstrates its critical roles in cytokine-mediated functions in several tissues, including T cells, macrophages, skin, and mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takeda
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, and CREST of Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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22
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Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that acts on a wide variety of cell types. It has important regulatory functions in the immune system, is a mediator of the acute-phase response, and is involved in the regulation of differentiation, proliferation, and survival of target cells. A major signal transduction pathway for IL-6 involves activation of JAK kinases and the transcription factor Stat3. In addition, a great many of other signalling pathways are induced. Stat3 has been shown to be a central player of IL-6 signalling in many systems whereas the functions of most other IL-6-activated pathways are not yet understood. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on IL-6 functions in the immune system, IL-6 signal transduction, and its significance for lymphocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Horn
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany.
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23
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Kovalchuk AL, Kishimoto T, Janz S. Lymph nodes and Peyer's patches of IL-6 transgenic BALB/c mice harbor T(12;15) translocated plasma cells that contain illegitimate exchanges between the immunoglobulin heavy-chain mu locus and c-myc. Leukemia 2000; 14:1127-35. [PMID: 10865979 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2401767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hyperplastic plasmacytotic lymph nodes and Peyer's patches of 12 of 25 (48%) BALB/c mice that carried a human IL-6 transgene under the transcriptional control of the histocompatibility H-2L(D) promoter (BALB/c.IL-6 mice) were found to harbor 15 cell clones that contained in their T(12;15) translocation breakpoint regions illegitimate genetic recombinations between the upstream flank of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain C mu locus (5'-C mu) and c-myc (5'-C mu/c-myc+ clones). Similar 5'-C mu/c-myc+ clones were also detected in pristane-induced peritoneal granulomata (a significant source of IL-6 in situ) of three of 13 (13%) conventional BALB/c mice, but not in lymphoid tissues of pristane-treated BALB/c mice, nor in any tissue of untreated BALB/c mice. These findings provided strong evidence that IL-6 may be able to promote the growth and/or survival of clones that contained rearrangements between 5'-C mu and c-myc. Taken in conjunction with our previous observation that 5'-C mu/c-myc+ clones are the precursors for pristane-induced BALB/c plasmacytomas, the findings further suggested that IL-6 may play a pivotal role in the early stage of plasmacytoma development, by promoting tumor precursor cells. The BALB/c.IL-6 model of plasmacytomagenesis may be superior to the conventional BALA/c model because the putative plasmacytoma precursors appear to be more prevalent and in their development independent of treating the mice with inflammation-inducing plasmacytomagenic agents, such as pristane or silicone polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Kovalchuk
- Laboratory of Genetics, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
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24
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Hirano T, Ishihara K, Hibi M. Roles of STAT3 in mediating the cell growth, differentiation and survival signals relayed through the IL-6 family of cytokine receptors. Oncogene 2000; 19:2548-56. [PMID: 10851053 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 911] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Members of the IL-6 cytokine family are involved in a variety of biological responses, including the immune response, inflammation, hematopoiesis, and oncogenesis by regulating cell growth, survival, and differentiation. These cytokines use gp130 as a common receptor subunit. The binding of ligand to gp130 activates the JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway, where STAT3 plays a central role in transmitting the signals from the membrane to the nucleus. STAT3 is essential for gp130-mediated cell survival and G1 to S cell-cycle-transition signals. Both c-myc and pim have been identified as target genes of STAT3 and together can compensate for STAT3 in cell survival and cell-cycle transition. STAT3 is also required for gp130-mediated maintenance of the pluripotential state of proliferating embryonic stem cells and for the gp130-induced macrophage differentiation of M1 cells. Furthermore, STAT3 regulates cell movement, such as leukocyte, epidermal cell, and keratinocyte migration. STAT3 also appears to regulate B cell differentiation into antibody-forming plasma cells. Since the IL-6/gp130/STAT3 signaling pathway is involved in both B cell growth and differentiation into plasma cells it is likely to play a central role in the generation of plasma cell neoplasias. Oncogene (2000).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hirano
- Division of Molecular Oncology C-7, Biomedical Research Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oko, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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25
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Duarte RF, Frank DA. [The JAK-STAT signaling pathway and its role in oncogenesis, immunomodulation and development]. Med Clin (Barc) 2000; 114:227-34. [PMID: 10757107 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(00)71252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R F Duarte
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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26
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Shirogane T, Fukada T, Muller JM, Shima DT, Hibi M, Hirano T. Synergistic roles for Pim-1 and c-Myc in STAT3-mediated cell cycle progression and antiapoptosis. Immunity 1999; 11:709-19. [PMID: 10626893 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The activation of STAT3 by the cytokine receptor gp130 is required for both the G1 to S cell cycle transition and antiapoptosis. We found that Pim-1 and Pim-2 are targets for the gp130-mediated STAT3 signal. Expression of a kinase-defective Pim-1 mutant attenuated gp130-mediated cell proliferation. Constitutive expression of Pim-1 together with c-myc, another STAT3 target, fully compensated for loss of the STAT3-mediated cell cycle progression, antiapoptosis, and bcl-2 expression. We also identified valosine-containing protein (VCP) as a target gene for the Pim-1-mediated signal. Expression of a mutant VCP led cells to undergo apoptosis. These results indicate that Pim-family proteins play crucial roles in gp130-mediated cell proliferation and explain the synergy between Pim and c-Myc proteins in cell proliferation and lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shirogane
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Research Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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27
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28
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Zou X, Calame K. Signaling pathways activated by oncogenic forms of Abl tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:18141-4. [PMID: 10373409 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.26.18141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- X Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Microbiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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29
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Abstract
STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) proteins are activated in response to a large number of cytokines, growth factors, and hormones. Upon activation following the binding of ligands to their receptors, STAT proteins dimerize, translocate to the nucleus, and bind to the promoters of specific target genes. To date, seven mammalian members of the STAT family have been identified. Although some cytokines and growth factors can activate multiple STAT proteins, some STATs are activated with considerable specificity. The physiological role of each individual STAT protein is now being examined through the study of "knockout" mice, harboring a null allele for the particular gene. STAT1-deficient mice exhibit a selective signaling defect in response to interferons. STAT4 and STAT6 are essential for Thl-and Th2-responses, respectively. STAT5a-deficient mice exhibit defective mammary gland development. A study of STAT5b-deficient mice indicates that STAT5b mediates the sexually dimorphic effects of growth hormone in the liver. STAT5a and 5b also play different biological roles in the immune system. STAT3-deficient mice die during early embryogenesis, but the role of STAT3 in adult tissues can be assessed by utilizing the CreloxP recombination system to ablate the gene later in life. Analyses of tissue-specific STAT3-deficient mice indicate that STAT3 plays a crucial role in a variety of biological functions, including cell growth, suppression of apoptosis, and cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Akira
- Department of Biochemistry, CREST of Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya
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30
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Abstract
Cytokines and interferons are molecules that play central roles in the regulation of a wide array of cellular functions in the lympho-hematopoietic system. These factors stimulate proliferation, differentiation, and survival signals, as well as specialized functions in host resistance to pathogens. Although cytokines are known to activate multiple signaling pathways that together mediate these important functions, one of these pathways, the Jak-STAT pathway, is the focus of this chapter. This pathway is triggered by both cytokines and interferons, and it very rapidly allows the transduction of an extracellular signal into the nucleus. The pathway uses a novel mechanism in which cytosolic latent transcription factors, known as signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs), are tyrosine phosphorylated by Janus family tyrosine kinases (Jaks), allowing STAT protein dimerization and nuclear translocation. STATs then can modulate the expression of target genes. The basic biology of this system, including the range of known Jaks and STATs, is discussed, as are the defects in animals and humans lacking some of these signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674, USA. ;
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31
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Zhang Z, Jones S, Hagood JS, Fuentes NL, Fuller GM. STAT3 acts as a co-activator of glucocorticoid receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:30607-10. [PMID: 9388192 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.49.30607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and glucocorticoids are important mediators of inflammatory and immunological responses. Glucocorticoids are known to synergistically enhance IL-6-mediated cellular responses. We now show that IL-6 also has a synergistic effect upon glucocorticoid signaling. In particular, IL-6-activated STAT3 associates with ligand-bound glucocorticoid receptor to form a transactivating/signaling complex, which can function through either an IL-6-responsive element or a glucocorticoid-responsive element. These findings reveal a new level of interaction between these two crucial signaling cascades and indicate that activated STAT3 can also act as a transcriptional co-activator without direct association with its DNA binding motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Pulmonary Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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32
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O'Shea JJ, Notarangelo LD, Johnston JA, Candotti F. Advances in the understanding of cytokine signal transduction: the role of Jaks and STATs in immunoregulation and the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 1997; 17:431-47. [PMID: 9418183 DOI: 10.1023/a:1027388508570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are of great importance in the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic and other cells. Moreover, they are also crucial in immunoregulation and in host defense. Although our understanding of the molecular basis of cytokine action is far from complete, recent advances have substantially improved our knowledge of cytokine-dependent signal transduction. The delineation of the structure of cytokine receptors and the signaling pathways they utilize has provided clues as to how the strikingly specific effects of cytokines are achieved. Additionally, the basis of some of the pleiotropic and redundant effects of cytokines has also become clear. The discovery of the Janus family of protein tyrosine kinases (Jaks) and the STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription) has also provided key insights into the mechanism by which intracellular signals are transduced. The following paradigm has emerged: cytokines induce dimerization of receptor subunits that are constitutively associated with Jaks. This activates the Jaks, which then phosphorylate the receptors. The phosphorylated receptors are bound by SH2-containing proteins, one class of which is the STATs. Activated STATs, then, translocate to the nucleus to effect gene transcription. Though the Jaks do not explain much in terms of specificity in signaling, the function of the STATs does. The discovery of patients with autosomal recessive severe combined immunodeficiency due to mutations of a particular Jak, Jak3, and the phenotype of knockout mice lacking Jak3 and various STATs demonstrate the specific and critical roles of these molecules in the development and function of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J O'Shea
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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33
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Abstract
IL-5 is a prominent and perhaps an essential element in the induction of allergic inflammation in human asthma and other allergic diseases. Despite the strong biochemical and clinical correlates between lung eosinophilia and asthma, there is no clear understanding of how eosinophils exacerbate asthma. Antigen administration to sensitized animals produces eosinophilic infiltration that is very similar to that in man, and is prevented by administration of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against IL-5. Mice in which the IL-5 gene is absent are unable to mount eosinophilic responses to antigen and do not sustain lung damage, but otherwise develop normally. The study of the biology of IL-5 has not only clarified the links between eosinophilia and airway hyperreactivity, but also strongly suggests that anti-IL-5 therapy may be an effective, safe, and novel way of treating human asthma and perhaps other eosinophilic diseases. There are many different potential approaches to the inhibition of IL-5, but the one most likely to provide "proof of principle" in "asthma in the wild" in man is a monoclonal antibody against IL-5.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/immunology
- Antibodies, Blocking/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Asthma/immunology
- Asthma/therapy
- Dermatitis, Atopic/therapy
- Eosinophils/immunology
- Eosinophils/metabolism
- Guinea Pigs
- Haplorhini
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/therapy
- Interleukin-5/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Nasal Polyps/therapy
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- M Danzig
- Department of Clinical Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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34
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Ascherman DP, Migone TS, Friedmann MC, Leonard WJ. Interleukin-2 (IL-2)-mediated induction of the IL-2 receptor alpha chain gene. Critical role of two functionally redundant tyrosine residues in the IL-2 receptor beta chain cytoplasmic domain and suggestion that these residues mediate more than Stat5 activation. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:8704-9. [PMID: 9079703 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.13.8704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (IL-2Ralpha) is potently induced by antigens, mitogens, and certain cytokines that include IL-2 itself. This induction leads to the formation of high affinity IL-2 receptors when IL-2Ralpha is co-expressed with the beta (IL-2Rbeta) and gamma (gammac) chains of this receptor. We investigated the signaling pathways mediating IL-2-induced IL-2Ralpha mRNA expression using 32D myeloid progenitor cells stably transfected with either wild type IL-2Rbeta or mutants of IL-2Rbeta containing tyrosine to phenylalanine substitutions. Of the six cytoplasmic tyrosines in IL-2Rbeta, we have found that only the two tyrosines that mediate Stat5 activation (Tyr-392 and Tyr-510) contribute to IL-2-induced IL-2Ralpha gene expression and that either tyrosine alone is sufficient for this process. Interestingly, the IL-7 receptor contains a tyrosine (Tyr-429)-based sequence resembling the motifs encompassing Tyr-392 and Tyr-510 of IL-2Rbeta. Further paralleling the IL-2 system, IL-7 could activate Stat5 and drive expression of IL-2Ralpha mRNA in 32D cells transfected with the human IL-7R. However, IL-3 could not induce IL-2Ralpha mRNA in 32D cells, despite its ability to activate Stat5 via the endogenous IL-3 receptor. Moreover, the combination of IL-3 and IL-2 could not "rescue" IL-2Ralpha mRNA expression in cells containing an IL-2Rbeta mutant with phenylalanine substitutions at Tyr-392 and Tyr-510. These data suggest that Tyr-392 and Tyr-510 couple to an additional signaling pathway beyond STAT protein activation in IL-2-mediated induction of the IL-2Ralpha gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Ascherman
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674, USA
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35
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Karras JG, Wang Z, Huo L, Howard RG, Frank DA, Rothstein TL. Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) is constitutively activated in normal, self-renewing B-1 cells but only inducibly expressed in conventional B lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1997; 185:1035-42. [PMID: 9091577 PMCID: PMC2196242 DOI: 10.1084/jem.185.6.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine and growth factor receptor engagement leads to the rapid phosphorylation and activation of latent, cytosolic signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins, which then translocate to the nucleus where they regulate transcriptional events from specific promoter sequences. STAT3 expression in particular has been associated with Abl, Src, and HTLV-1 transformation of normal cells. B-1 lymphocytes are self-renewing, CD5+ B cells that display a propensity for malignant transformation and are the normal counterpart to human chronic lymphocytic leukemias. Further, B-1 cells are characterized by aberrant intracellular signaling, including hyperresponsiveness to phorbol ester PKC agonists. Here we demonstrate that B-1 lymphocytes constitutively express nuclear activated STAT3, which is not expressed by unmanipulated conventional (B-2) lymphocytes. In contrast, STAT3 activation is induced in B-2 cells after antigen receptor engagement in a delayed fashion (after 3 h). Induction of STAT3 is inhibited by both the serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor H-7 and the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin and requires de novo protein synthesis, demonstrating novel coupling between sIg and STAT proteins that differs from the classical paradigm for STAT induction by cytokine receptors. The inability of prolonged stimulation of conventional B-2 cells with anti-Ig, a treatment sufficient to induce CD5 expression, to result in sustained STAT3 activation suggests that STAT3 is a specific nuclear marker for B-1 cells. Thus, STAT3 may play a role in B cell antigen-specific signaling responses, and its constitutive activation is associated with a normal cell population exhibiting intrinsic proliferative behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Karras
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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