1
|
Bulte JWM, Wang C, Shakeri-Zadeh A. In Vivo Cellular Magnetic Imaging: Labeled vs. Unlabeled Cells. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022; 32:2207626. [PMID: 36589903 PMCID: PMC9798832 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202207626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-labeling of cells has been applied for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cell tracking for over 30 years, having resulted in a dozen or so clinical trials. SPIO nanoparticles are biodegradable and can be broken down into elemental iron, and hence the tolerance of cells to magnetic labeling has been overall high. Over the years, however, single reports have accumulated demonstrating that the proliferation, migration, adhesion and differentiation of magnetically labeled cells may differ from unlabeled cells, with inhibition of chondrocytic differentiation of labeled human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) as a notable example. This historical perspective provides an overview of some of the drawbacks that can be encountered with magnetic labeling. Now that magnetic particle imaging (MPI) cell tracking is emerging as a new in vivo cellular imaging modality, there has been a renaissance in the formulation of SPIO nanoparticles this time optimized for MPI. Lessons learned from the occasional past pitfalls encountered with SPIO-labeling of cells for MRI may expedite possible future clinical translation of (combined) MRI/MPI cell tracking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff W M Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ali Shakeri-Zadeh
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sanz-Ortega L, Rojas JM, Marcos A, Portilla Y, Stein JV, Barber DF. T cells loaded with magnetic nanoparticles are retained in peripheral lymph nodes by the application of a magnetic field. J Nanobiotechnology 2019; 17:14. [PMID: 30670029 PMCID: PMC6341614 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background T lymphocytes are highly dynamic elements of the immune system with a tightly regulated migration. T cell-based transfer therapies are promising therapeutic approaches which in vivo efficacy is often limited by the small proportion of administered cells that reaches the region of interest. Manipulating T cell localisation to improve specific targeting will increase the effectiveness of these therapies. Nanotechnology has been successfully used for localized release of drugs and biomolecules. In particular, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) loaded with biomolecules can be specifically targeted to a location by an external magnetic field (EMF). The present work studies whether MNP-loaded T cells could be targeted and retained in vitro and in vivo at a site of interest with an EMF. Results T cells were unable to internalize the different MNPs used in this study, which remained in close association with the cell membrane. T cells loaded with an appropriate MNP concentration were attracted to an EMF and retained in an in vitro capillary flow-system. MNP-loaded T cells were also magnetically retained in the lymph nodes after adoptive transfer in in vivo models. This enhanced in vivo retention was in part due to the EMF application and to a reduced circulating cell speed within the organ. This combined use of MNPs and EMFs did not alter T cell viability or function. Conclusions These studies reveal a promising approach to favour cell retention that could be implemented to improve cell-based therapy.![]() Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12951-019-0440-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sanz-Ortega
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, and NanoBiomedicine Initiative, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Rojas
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, and NanoBiomedicine Initiative, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Animal Health Research Centre (CISA)-INIA, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Marcos
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Section of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yadileiny Portilla
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, and NanoBiomedicine Initiative, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jens V Stein
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Section of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Domingo F Barber
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, and NanoBiomedicine Initiative, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rosenberg JT, Yuan X, Helsper SN, Bagdasarian FA, Ma T, Grant SC. Effects of labeling human mesenchymal stem cells with superparamagnetic iron oxides on cellular functions and magnetic resonance contrast in hypoxic environments and long-term monitoring. Brain Circ 2018; 4:133-138. [PMID: 30450421 PMCID: PMC6187941 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_18_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia, which involves decreased blood flow to a region and a corresponding deprivation of oxygen and nutrients, can be induced as a consequence of stroke or heart attack. A prevalent disease that affects many individuals worldwide, ischemic stroke results in functional and cognitive impairments, as neural cells in the brain receive inadequate nourishment and encounter inflammation and various other detrimental toxic factors that lead to their death. Given the scarce treatments for this disease in the clinic such as the administration of tissue plasminogen activator, which is only effective in a limited time window after the occurrence of stroke, it will be necessary to develop new strategies to ameliorate or prevent stroke-induced brain damage. Cell-based therapies appear to be a promising solution for treating ischemic stroke and many other ischemia-associated and neurodegenerative maladies. Particularly, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are of interest for cell transplantation in stroke, given their multipotency, accessibility, and reparative abilities. To determine the fate and survival of hMSC, which will be imperative for successful transplantation therapies, these cells may be monitored using magnetic resonance imaging and transfected with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO), a contrast agent that facilitates the detection of these hMSCs. This review encompasses pertinent research and findings to reveal the effects of SPIO on hMSC functions in the context of transplantation in ischemic environments and over extended time periods. This paper is a review article. Referred literature in this paper has been listed in the references section. The data sets supporting the conclusions of this article are available online by searching various databases, including PubMed. Some original points in this article come from the laboratory practice in our research center and the authors' experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens T Rosenberg
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.,The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, CIMAR, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Xuegang Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Shannon N Helsper
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.,The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, CIMAR, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - F Andrew Bagdasarian
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.,The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, CIMAR, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Samuel C Grant
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.,The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, CIMAR, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bamberger D, Hobernik D, Konhäuser M, Bros M, Wich PR. Surface Modification of Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles with PEG and Dextran and the Effects on Immune Cell Binding and Stimulatory Characteristics. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4403-4416. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Bamberger
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg
5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dominika Hobernik
- Department
of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 63, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Konhäuser
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg
5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department
of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 63, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter R. Wich
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg
5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rosenberg JT, Yuan X, Grant S, Ma T. Tracking mesenchymal stem cells using magnetic resonance imaging. Brain Circ 2016; 2:108-113. [PMID: 30276283 PMCID: PMC6126273 DOI: 10.4103/2394-8108.192521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent translational studies in the fields of tissue regeneration and cell therapy have characterized mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a potentially effective and accessible measure for treating ischemic cerebral and neurodegenerative disorders such as stroke, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Developing more efficient cell tracking techniques bear the potential to optimize MSC transplantation therapies by providing a more accurate picture of the fate and area of effect of implanted cells. Currently, determining the location of transplanted MSCs involves a histological approach, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) presents a noninvasive paradigm that permits repeat evaluations. To visualize MSCs using MRI, the implanted cells must be treated with an intracellular contrast agent. These are commonly paramagnetic compounds, many of which are based on superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles. Recent research has set out characterize the effects of SPIO-uptake on the cellular activity of in vitro human MSCs and the resultant influence that respective SPIO concentration has on MRI sensitivity. As these studies reveal, SPIO-uptake has no effect on the cellular processes of proliferation and differentiation while producing high contrast MRI signals. Moreover, transplantation of SPIO-labeled MSCs in animal models encouragingly showed no loss in MRI contrast, suggesting that SPIO labeling may be an appealing regime for lasting MRI detection. This study is a review article. Referred literature in this study has been listed in the reference part. The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are available online by searching the PubMed. Some original points in this article come from the laboratory practice in our research centers and the authors’ experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens T Rosenberg
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA.,The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Xuegang Yuan
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Samuel Grant
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA.,The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Magnetic resonance imaging of pathogenic protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Invest Radiol 2016; 50:709-18. [PMID: 26135016 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to establish a noninvasive tracking of the pathogenic parasite Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) after superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) labeling by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on a single-cell level in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model for amebic liver abscess (ALA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Local institutional review committee on animal care approved all animal experiments. Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites were labeled with SPIO nanoparticles (SPIO-Eh). The uptake of SPIO by Eh was optimized using flow cytometry and visualized by bright field, fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. The viability of SPIO-Eh was assessed in vitro by determination of growth and ingestion rate of red blood cells. Migration of SPIO-Eh was proven by in vitro MRI in a preclinical 7 T MRI system using continually repeated MRI scans. In vivo distribution of SPIO-Eh within the mouse liver was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively by serial respiration-triggered T2*-weighted MRI, T2-weighted MRI, and R2* MR relaxometry up to 5 days after injection and correlated with immunohistology of the liver sections after removal. RESULTS Entamoeba histolytica can be efficiently labeled with SPIO without influence on parasite growth rate or phagocytic capacity. In vitro dynamic MRI allowed real-time migration monitoring and determination of velocity of single SPIO-Eh. In vivo SPIO-Eh showed signal decrease in T2*-weighted and increase of R2* in ALA formations. Motility of SPIO-Eh was necessary to induce ALA formations. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates the feasibility of an efficient magnetic labeling and a noninvasive in vitro and in vivo MR tracking of the pathogenic protozoan Eh in a mouse model for ALA, thus representing in future a noninvasive imaging tool to study parasite, as well as on host-specific pathomechanisms.
Collapse
|
7
|
Schmieder AH, Caruthers SD, Keupp J, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Recent Advances in 19Fluorine Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Perfluorocarbon Emulsions. ENGINEERING (BEIJING, CHINA) 2015; 1:475-489. [PMID: 27110430 PMCID: PMC4841681 DOI: 10.15302/j-eng-2015103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The research roots of 19fluorine (19F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) date back over 35 years. Over that time span, 1H imaging flourished and was adopted worldwide with an endless array of applications and imaging approaches, making magnetic resonance an indispensable pillar of biomedical diagnostic imaging. For many years during this timeframe, 19F imaging research continued at a slow pace as the various attributes of the technique were explored. However, over the last decade and particularly the last several years, the pace and clinical relevance of 19F imaging has exploded. In part, this is due to advances in MRI instrumentation, 19F/1H coil designs, and ultrafast pulse sequence development for both preclinical and clinical scanners. These achievements, coupled with interest in the molecular imaging of anatomy and physiology, and combined with a cadre of innovative agents, have brought the concept of 19F into early clinical evaluation. In this review, we attempt to provide a slice of this rich history of research and development, with a particular focus on liquid perfluorocarbon compound-based agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne H. Schmieder
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medical, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shelton D. Caruthers
- Toshiba Medical Research Institute USA, Inc., Cleveland, OH 44143, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jochen Keupp
- Philips Research Hamburg, Hamburg 22335, Germany
| | - Samuel A. Wickline
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medical, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gregory M. Lanza
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medical, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Correspondence author.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lost signature: progress and failures in in vivo tracking of implanted stem cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:9907-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
9
|
Ramos-Gómez M, Seiz EG, Martínez-Serrano A. Optimization of the magnetic labeling of human neural stem cells and MRI visualization in the hemiparkinsonian rat brain. J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:20. [PMID: 25890124 PMCID: PMC4416262 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging is the ideal modality for non-invasive in vivo cell tracking allowing for longitudinal studies over time. Cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have been shown to induce sufficient contrast for in vivo magnetic resonance imaging enabling the in vivo analysis of the final location of the transplanted cells. For magnetic nanoparticles to be useful, a high internalization efficiency of the particles is required without compromising cell function, as well as validation of the magnetic nanoparticles behaviour inside the cells. RESULTS In this work, we report the development, optimization and validation of an efficient procedure to label human neural stem cells with commercial nanoparticles in the absence of transfection agents. Magnetic nanoparticles used here do not affect cell viability, cell morphology, cell differentiation or cell cycle dynamics. Moreover, human neural stem cells progeny labeled with magnetic nanoparticles are easily and non-invasively detected long time after transplantation in a rat model of Parkinson's disease (up to 5 months post-grafting) by magnetic resonance imaging. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the use of commercial MNPs to track cells for short- and mid-term periods after transplantation for studies of brain cell replacement therapy. Nevertheless, long-term MR images should be interpreted with caution due to the possibility that some MNPs may be expelled from the transplanted cells and internalized by host microglial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Ramos-Gómez
- Centre for Biomedical Technology, Polytechnic University of Madrid, 28223, Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Emma G Seiz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center of Molecular Biology "Severo Ochoa", Autonomous University of Madrid-C.S.I.C, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Martínez-Serrano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center of Molecular Biology "Severo Ochoa", Autonomous University of Madrid-C.S.I.C, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rosenberg JT, Sellgren KL, Sachi-Kocher A, Calixto Bejarano F, Baird MA, Davidson MW, Ma T, Grant SC. Magnetic resonance contrast and biological effects of intracellular superparamagnetic iron oxides on human mesenchymal stem cells with long-term culture and hypoxic exposure. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:307-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
11
|
Intracellular SPIO labeling of microglia: high field considerations and limitations for MR microscopy. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2012; 7:121-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
12
|
Luchetti A, Milani D, Ruffini F, Galli R, Falini A, Quattrini A, Scotti G, Comi G, Martino G, Furlan R, Politi LS. Monoclonal Antibodies Conjugated with Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Particles Allow Magnetic Resonance Imaging Detection of Lymphocytes in the Mouse Brain. Mol Imaging 2012. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2011.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the potential of antibody-vectorialized superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles as cellular specific magnetic resonance contrast agents to image lymphocyte populations within the central nervous system (CNS), with the final goal of obtaining a reliable tool for noninvasively detecting and tracking specific cellular populations in vivo. We used superparamagnetic particles bound to a monoclonal antibody. The particle is the contrast agent, by means of its T2* relaxation properties; the antibody is the targeting vector, responsible for homing the particle to target a surface antigen. To investigate the efficiency of particle vectorialization by these antibodies, we compared two types of antibody-vectorialized CD3-specific particles in vivo. We successfully employed vectorialized SPIO particles to image B220+ cells in a murine model of B-cell lymphoma. Likewise, we were able to identify CD3+ infiltrates in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. The specificity of the technique was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy of corresponding sections. Our findings suggest that indirect binding of the antibody to a streptavidinated particle allows for enhanced particle vectorialization compared to covalent binding of the antibody to the particle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Luchetti
- From the Departments of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Research Institute, Neuroradiology, Neurology, Neuroimmunology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Milani
- From the Departments of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Research Institute, Neuroradiology, Neurology, Neuroimmunology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ruffini
- From the Departments of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Research Institute, Neuroradiology, Neurology, Neuroimmunology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossella Galli
- From the Departments of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Research Institute, Neuroradiology, Neurology, Neuroimmunology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Falini
- From the Departments of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Research Institute, Neuroradiology, Neurology, Neuroimmunology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- From the Departments of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Research Institute, Neuroradiology, Neurology, Neuroimmunology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scotti
- From the Departments of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Research Institute, Neuroradiology, Neurology, Neuroimmunology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- From the Departments of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Research Institute, Neuroradiology, Neurology, Neuroimmunology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvito Martino
- From the Departments of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Research Institute, Neuroradiology, Neurology, Neuroimmunology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- From the Departments of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Research Institute, Neuroradiology, Neurology, Neuroimmunology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Letterio S. Politi
- From the Departments of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Research Institute, Neuroradiology, Neurology, Neuroimmunology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jiang J, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Yao X, Qi J. Efficient in vitro labeling of human prostate cancer cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 26:461-7. [PMID: 21812654 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2010.0934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility and optimization of protocols using superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles to label human prostate cancer cell lines PC3 in vitro. The PC3 cells were labeled with different concentrations (28-252 μg Fe/mL) of SPIO and increasing incubation time (6-24 hours), in the presence or absence of a transfection agent poly-l-lysine (PLL). The cell labeling efficiency was analyzed by Prussian blue stain method. The cellular viability was evaluated using trypan blue dye exclusion test. The signal intensity change of the labeled cells was assessed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The results demonstrated that the iron oxide uptake by PC3 cells was dependent on dose and time. The PLL significantly increased the iron load of cells (p<0.01). A final concentration of SPIO nanoparticles of 42-126 μg/mL with 12-24 hours incubation times could be sufficient to label PC3 cells for cellular MRI without impairment of cell viability. This technology may allow for further study into the mechanisms underlying prostate cancer progression as well as permit the real-time imaging of the effectiveness of cancer therapies in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinhua Hospital/Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cell transplants to replace cells lost due to injury or degenerative diseases, for which there are currently no cures, are being pursued in a wide range of experimental models. Thus, the application of stem cell-based therapies to treat neurodegenerative and traumatic injuries is now a clinical reality. However, the monitoring of cellular grafts, non-invasively, is an important aspect of the ongoing efficacy and safety assessment of cell-based therapies. Hence, there is a need for non-invasive imaging techniques to ensure that transplants are not only administered to the relevant site, but also allow the monitoring of inappropriate cellular migration to improve our understanding of stem cell migration in the context of the whole organism. AREAS COVERED This review provides an up to date overview of molecular imaging approaches that have been used for visualizing and tracking transplanted stem cells, in vivo. EXPERT OPINION It's important to emphasize that the application of molecular imaging to interrogate transplanted cells may require one or even two imaging modalities to provide a reasonable assessment of transplanted cells in specific organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Bhakoo
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium - A*Star - Translational Molecular Imaging, Singapore 138667, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The success of many cell-based therapies is highly dependent on the accurate delivery, dosing and trafficking of the cellular therapeutic. In vivo magnetic resonance (MR) cell tracking provides a means to non-invasively and longitudinally evaluate these parameters for cellular therapy. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of MR cell tracking and how cellular therapeutics might be improved by utilizing this technology. METHODS We focused on the technologies utilized for stem cell and immunotherapies in preclinical models of disease. RESULTS/CONCLUSION New technologies in MR cell tracking will soon take the field beyond preclinical studies and begin to show benefits in clinical trials of novel experimental cell-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeff WM Bulte
- The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jing Y, Mal N, Williams PS, Mayorga M, Penn MS, Chalmers JJ, Zborowski M. Quantitative intracellular magnetic nanoparticle uptake measured by live cell magnetophoresis. FASEB J 2008; 22:4239-47. [PMID: 18725459 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-105544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles have been used successfully as an intracellular contrast agent for nuclear MRI cell tracking in vivo. We present a method of detecting intracellular SPIO colloid uptake in live cells using cell magnetophoresis, with potential applications in measuring intracellular MRI contrast uptake. The method was evaluated by measuring shifts in mean and distribution of the cell magnetophoretic mobility, and the concomitant changes in population frequency of the magnetically positive cells when compared to the unmanipulated negative control. Seven different transfection agent (TA) -SPIO complexes based on dendrimer, lipid, and polyethylenimine compounds were used as test standards, in combination with 3 different cell types: mesenchymal stem cells, cardiac fibroblasts, and cultured KG-1a hematopoietic stem cells. Transfectol (TRA) -SPIO incubation resulted in the highest frequency of magnetically positive cells (>90%), and Fugene 6 (FUG) -SPIO incubation the lowest, below that when using SPIO alone. A highly regular process of cell magnetophoresis was amenable to intracellular iron mass calculations. The results were consistent in all the cell types studied and with other reports. The cell magnetophoresis depends on the presence of high-spin iron species and is therefore expected to be directly related to the cell MRI contrast level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering/ND20, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hoehn M, Himmelreich U, Kruttwig K, Wiedermann D. Molecular and cellular MR imaging: Potentials and challenges for neurological applications. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 27:941-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
|
18
|
Abstract
Cell based therapies such as stem cell therapies or adoptive immunotherapies are currently being explored as a potential treatment for a variety of diseases such as Parkinson's disease, diabetes or cancer. However, quantitative and qualitative evaluation of adoptively transferred cells is indispensable for monitoring the efficiency of the treatment. Current approaches mostly analyze transferred cells from peripheral blood, which cannot assess whether transferred cells actually home to and stay in the targeted tissue. Using cell-labeling methods such as direct labeling or transfection with a marker gene in conjunction with various imaging modalities (MRI, optical or nuclear imaging), labeled cells can be followed in vivo in real-time, and their accumulation as well as function in vivo can be monitored and quantified accurately. This method is usually referred to as "cell tracking" or "cell trafficking" and is also being applied in basic biological sciences, exemplified in the evaluation of genes contributing to metastasis. This review focuses on principles of this promising methodology and explains various approaches by highlighting recent examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Grimm
- Dept. of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Neri M, Maderna C, Cavazzin C, Deidda-Vigoriti V, Politi LS, Scotti G, Marzola P, Sbarbati A, Vescovi AL, Gritti A. Efficient in vitro labeling of human neural precursor cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide particles: relevance for in vivo cell tracking. Stem Cells 2007; 26:505-16. [PMID: 17975226 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have raised appealing possibilities of replacing damaged or lost neural cells by transplanting in vitro-expanded neural precursor cells (NPCs) and/or their progeny. Magnetic resonance (MR) tracking of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-labeled cells is a noninvasive technique to track transplanted cells in longitudinal studies on living animals. Murine NPCs and human mesenchymal or hematopoietic stem cells can be efficiently labeled by SPIOs. However, the validation of SPIO-based protocols to label human neural precursor cells (hNPCs) has not been extensively addressed. Here, we report the development and validation of optimized protocols using two SPIOs (Sinerem and Endorem) to label human hNPCs that display bona fide stem cell features in vitro. A careful titration of both SPIOs was required to set the conditions resulting in efficient cell labeling without impairment of cell survival, proliferation, self-renewal, and multipotency. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with histology and confocal microscopy indicated that low numbers (5 x 10(3) to 1 x 10(4)) of viable SPIO-labeled hNPCs could be efficiently detected in the short term after transplantation in the adult murine brain and could be tracked for at least 1 month in longitudinal studies. By using this approach, we also clarified the impact of donor cell death to the MR signal. This study describes a simple protocol to label NPCs of human origin using SPIOs at optimized low dosages and demonstrates the feasibility of noninvasive imaging of labeled cells after transplantation in the brain; it also evidentiates potential limitations of the technique that have to be considered, particularly in the perspective of neural cell-based clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Neri
- aStem Cell Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Williams JB, Ye Q, Hitchens TK, Kaufman CL, Ho C. MRI detection of macrophages labeled using micrometer-sized iron oxide particles. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 25:1210-8. [PMID: 17520727 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.20930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate cellular labeling of immune cells using micron-sized iron oxide particles (MPIOs) and evaluate the MR relaxivity and MRI detection of the labeled cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immune cells isolated from mice and rats were labeled with three different sizes of MPIO particles (0.35, 0.90, or 1.63 microm). These labeled cells were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, MR relaxometry, and MRI. RESULTS Macrophage uptake of MPIOs was found to be highest for the 1.63-microm size particles. MR relaxivity measurements indicated greater spin-spin relaxation for MPIO-labeled cells relative to cells labeled with nanometer-sized ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) particles with similar iron content. TEM and fluorescence microscopy indicated cellular uptake of multiple MPIO particles per cell. Macrophages labeled with 1.63-microm MPIOs had an average cellular iron uptake of 39.1 pg/cell, corresponding to approximately 35 particles per cell. CONCLUSION Cells labeled with one or more MPIO particles could be readily detected ex vivo at 11.7 Tesla and after infusion of the MPIO-labeled macrophages into the kidney of a rat, hypointense regions of the outer cortex are observed, in vivo, by MRI at 4.7 Tesla.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John B Williams
- Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tu W, Denizot B. Synthesis of small-sized rhenium sulfide colloidal nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2007; 310:167-70. [PMID: 17321536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Revised: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rhenium sulfide colloidal nanoparticles with average size 5.5 nm were synthesized. Characterizations by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrum, and X-ray powder diffraction verified the formation of ReS(2) rhenium sulfide colloidal nanoparticles. The colloidal nanoparticles had good stability and they could be stored stably for 1 week in water. Surface modification by organic molecules improved the stability of the rhenium sulfide nanoparticles. The small-sized rhenium sulfide nanoparticles may be useful for their promising applications in tracing diagnosis and therapy of tumor diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Tu
- Division of Molecular and Materials Simulation, Key Lab for Nanomaterials, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Brekke C, Morgan SC, Lowe AS, Meade TJ, Price J, Williams SCR, Modo M. The in vitro effects of a bimodal contrast agent on cellular functions and relaxometry. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2007; 20:77-89. [PMID: 16952123 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The in vivo monitoring of cell survival and migration will be essential to the translation of cell-based therapies from the laboratory to clinical studies. The pre-labeling of cells with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents renders them visible in vivo for serial cellular imaging. However, little is known about the impact of the presence of these metal particles inside transplanted cells. The use of the bimodal contrast agent GRID made it possible to demonstrate by means of fluorescent microscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) that, after 16 h of incubation (without the use of a transfection agent), neural stem cells (NSCs) were saturated and no longer incorporated particles. With this maximal uptake, no significant effect on cell viability was observed. However, a significant decrease in proliferation was evident in cells that underwent 24 h of labeling. A significant increase in reactive oxygen species was observed for all GRID labeling, with a very significant increase with 24 h of labeling. GRID labeling did not affect cell motility in comparison with PKH26-labeled NSCs in a glioma-based migration assay and also allowed differentiation into all major cell types of the brain. GRID-labeled cells induced a signal change of 47% on T(2) measurements and allows a detection of cell clusters of approximately 220 cells/microl. Further in vivo testing will be required to ensure that cell labeling with gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents does not impair their ability to repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Brekke
- NeuroImaging Research Group - Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Smirnov P, Lavergne E, Gazeau F, Lewin M, Boissonnas A, Doan BT, Gillet B, Combadière C, Combadière B, Clément O. In vivo cellular imaging of lymphocyte trafficking by MRI: A tumor model approach to cell-based anticancer therapy. Magn Reson Med 2006; 56:498-508. [PMID: 16897768 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo cell tracking to monitor anticancer cell therapy by means of a high-resolution noninvasive MRI method. Ovalbumin-specific splenocytes (OT-1) labeled with anionic gamma-Fe2O3 superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles were adoptively transferred into C57BL/6 mice with growing ovalbumin-expressing tumors. OT-1 cells were tracked in vivo by 7 T MRI 24, 48, and 72 hr after they were injected. The results showed significant negative enhancement of the spleen at 24 hr, and of the tumor at 48 and 72 hr, after labeled cell injection. This suggests that the lymphocytes initially homed toward the spleen and were then recruited by the tumor. The presence of labeled cells was confirmed in ex vivo by 9.4 T microimaging of tumors and magnetic sorting of spleen cells. These results confirm that MR tracking of lymphocytes is feasible in vivo. This high-resolution imaging method could be used to improve the monitoring of immune cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Smirnov
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Imagerie, Faculté de Médecine Necker, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Berger C, Rausch M, Schmidt P, Rudin M. Feasibility and Limits of Magnetically Labeling Primary Cultured Rat T Cells with Ferumoxides Coupled with Commonly Used Transfection Agents. Mol Imaging 2006. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2006.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Berger
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Switzerland
| | - Martin Rausch
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Modo M, Hoehn M, Bulte JWM. Cellular MR Imaging. Mol Imaging 2005; 4:143-64. [PMID: 16194447 DOI: 10.1162/15353500200505145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular MR imaging is a young field that aims to visualize targeted cells in living organisms. In order to provide a different signal intensity of the targeted cell, they are either labeled with MR contrast agents in vivo or prelabeled in vitro. Either (ultrasmall) superparamagnetic iron oxide [(U)SPIO] particles or (polymeric) paramagnetic chelates can be used for this purpose. For in vivo cellular labeling, Gd3+- and Mn2+- chelates have mainly been used for targeted hepatobiliary imaging, and (U)SPIO-based cellular imaging has been focused on imaging of macrophage activity. Several of these magneto-pharmaceuticals have been FDA-approved or are in late-phase clinical trials. As for prelabeling of cells in vitro, a challenge has been to induce a sufficient uptake of contrast agents into nonphagocytic cells, without affecting normal cellular function. It appears that this issue has now largely been resolved, leading to an active research on monitoring the cellular biodistribution in vivo following transplantation or transfusion of these cells, including cell migration and trafficking. New applications of cellular MR imaging will be directed, for instance, towards our understanding of hematopoietic (immune) cell trafficking and of novel guided (stem) cell-based therapies aimed to be translated to the clinic in the future.
Collapse
|
26
|
Matuszewski L, Persigehl T, Wall A, Schwindt W, Tombach B, Fobker M, Poremba C, Ebert W, Heindel W, Bremer C. Cell Tagging with Clinically Approved Iron Oxides: Feasibility and Effect of Lipofection, Particle Size, and Surface Coating on Labeling Efficiency. Radiology 2005; 235:155-61. [PMID: 15749976 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2351040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of lipofection, particle size, and surface coating on labeling efficiency of mammalian cells with superparamagnetic iron oxides (SPIOs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Institutional Review Board approval was not required. Different human cell lines (lung and breast cancer, fibrosarcoma, leukocytes) were tagged by using carboxydextran-coated SPIOs of various hydrodynamic diameters (17-65 nm) and a dextran-coated iron oxide (150 nm). Cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of iron (0.01-1.00 mg of iron [Fe] per milliliter), including or excluding a transfection medium (TM). Cellular iron uptake was analyzed qualitatively at light and electron microscopy and was quantified at atomic emission spectroscopy. Cell visibility was assessed with gradient- and spin-echo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Effects of iron concentration in the medium and of lipofection on cellular SPIO uptake were analyzed with analysis of variance and two-tailed Student t test, respectively. RESULTS Iron oxide uptake increased in a dose-dependent manner with higher iron concentrations in the medium. The TM significantly increased the iron load of cells (up to 2.6-fold, P < .05). For carboxydextran-coated SPIOs, larger particle size resulted in improved cellular uptake (65 nm, 4.37 microg +/- 0.08 Fe per 100 000 cells; 17 nm, 2.14 microg +/- 0.06 Fe per 100 000 cells; P < .05). Despite larger particle size, dextran-coated iron oxides did not differ from large carboxydextran-coated particles (150 nm, 3.81 microg +/- 0.46 Fe per 100 000 cells; 65 nm, 4.37 microg +/- 0.08 Fe per 100 000 cells; P > .05). As few as 10 000 cells could be detected with clinically available MR techniques by using this approach. CONCLUSION Lipofection-based cell tagging is a simple method for efficient cell labeling with clinically approved iron oxide-based contrast agents. Large particle size and carboxydextran coating are preferable for cell tagging with endocytosis- and lipofection-based methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Matuszewski
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48129 Muenster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bulte JWM, Kraitchman DL. Iron oxide MR contrast agents for molecular and cellular imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2004; 17:484-99. [PMID: 15526347 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1019] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular and cellular MR imaging is a rapidly growing field that aims to visualize targeted macromolecules or cells in living organisms. In order to provide a different signal intensity of the target, gadolinium-based MR contrast agents can be employed although they suffer from an inherent high threshold of detectability. Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles can be detected at micromolar concentrations of iron, and offer sufficient sensitivity for T2(*)-weighted imaging. Over the past two decades, biocompatible particles have been linked to specific ligands for molecular imaging. However, due to their relatively large size and clearance by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), widespread biomedical molecular applications have yet to be implemented and few studies have been reproduced between different laboratories. SPIO-based cellular imaging, on the other hand, has now become an established technique to label and detect the cells of interest. Imaging of macrophage activity was the initial and still is the most significant application, in particular for tumor staging of the liver and lymph nodes, with several products either approved or in clinical trials. The ability to now also label non-phagocytic cells in culture using derivatized particles, followed by transplantation or transfusion in living organisms, has led to an active research interest to monitor the cellular biodistribution in vivo including cell migration and trafficking. While most of these studies to date have been mere of the 'proof-of-principle' type, further exploitation of this technique will be aimed at obtaining a deeper insight into the dynamics of in vivo cell biology, including lymphocyte trafficking, and at monitoring therapies that are based on the use of stem cells and progenitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff W M Bulte
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Oca-Cossio J, Mao H, Khokhlova N, Kennedy CM, Kennedy JW, Stabler CL, Hao E, Sambanis A, Simpson NE, Constantinidis I. Magnetically labeled insulin-secreting cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 319:569-75. [PMID: 15178444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles have been shown to magnetically label cells in order to visualize them in vivo via MR imaging. This technology has yet to be implemented in insulin secreting cells, thus it is not known whether the presence of these nanoparticles in the cytoplasm of the cells affects insulin secretion. This study investigates the effectiveness and consequence of labeling mouse insulinoma betaTC3 and betaTC-tet cells with monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MION). Our data show that MION can be internalized in both betaTC3 and betaTC-tet cells following a 24h exposure to 0.02mg/ml MION solution. The metabolic and secretory activities of both MION-labeled cell lines were statistically indistinguishable from sham treatment. Furthermore, cell viability and apoptosis remained constant throughout the cell's exposure to MION. Finally, MR images demonstrated significant contrast between labeled and sham-treated cells. Thus, labeling murine insulinoma cell lines with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles does not hinder their insulin secretion, while it provides MR imaging contrast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Oca-Cossio
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Smirnov P, Gazeau F, Lewin M, Bacri JC, Siauve N, Vayssettes C, Cuénod CA, Clément O. In vivo cellular imaging of magnetically labeled hybridomas in the spleen with a 1.5-T clinical MRI system. Magn Reson Med 2004; 52:73-9. [PMID: 15236369 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of in vivo cellular imaging using a 1.5 T clinical magnet was studied in the mouse. Hybridoma cells were labeled with anionic gamma-Fe2O3 superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. These were internalized by the endocytose pathway. Both electron spin resonance and magnetophoresis as a measure of the labeled cells migration velocity under a magnetic field were used to quantify particle uptake. A fast (< 2 hr) and substantial (up to 5 pg of iron per cell) internalization of nanoparticles by hybridomas was found, with good agreement between the two methods used. Hybridomas labeled with 2.5 pg iron per cell were injected intraperitoneally to male Swiss nude mice. A decrease in the spleen signal, suggesting a "homing" of labeled hybridomas to this organ, was found 24 hr later by MRI performed at 1.5 T. Furthermore, in labeled cells recovered from the spleen by ex vivo magnetic sorting, a mean of 0.5 pg iron per cell was found, i.e., a value five times lower than that of the injected hybridomas. This finding is consistent with in vivo proliferation of these cells. In addition, the amount of labeled hybridomas present in the spleen was found to correlate with MRI signal intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Smirnov
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Imagerie (LRI), Inserm U 494, Faculté de Médecine Necker, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rausch M, Hiestand P, Foster CA, Baumann DR, Cannet C, Rudin M. Predictability of FTY720 efficacy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by in vivo macrophage tracking: Clinical implications for ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2004; 20:16-24. [PMID: 15221804 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.20057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the efficacy of FTY720 as a new agent to reduce inflammatory activity in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS) by in vivo macrophage tracking. MATERIAL AND METHODS FTY720 was used for treatment of rats in a model of chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) at an oral dose of 0.3 mg/kg/day. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on in vivo tracking of macrophages labeled with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles, immunohistological staining (IHC), and neurological readouts was used to study the burden of disease in treated and untreated animals. RESULTS While untreated animals showed severe paralysis of the hind paws, intense accumulation of macrophages in brain tissue, and areas of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, FTY720-treated animals displayed no signs of inflammatory activity or neurological impairment. These observations were made for both acute phase and first relapse. CONCLUSION Tracking of macrophages by MRI provides direct evidence of the immunomodulatory efficacy of FTY720 in the EAE model and correlates well with neurological symptoms and histology.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Blood-Brain Barrier
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Contrast Media
- Dextrans
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/diagnosis
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Ferrosoferric Oxide
- Fingolimod Hydrochloride
- Heterocyclic Compounds
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Iron
- Macrophages/pathology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Magnetite Nanoparticles
- Organometallic Compounds
- Oxides
- Propylene Glycols/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, Lysophospholipid
- Recurrence
- Sphingosine
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rausch
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Frank JA, Miller BR, Arbab AS, Zywicke HA, Jordan EK, Lewis BK, Bryant LH, Bulte JWM. Clinically applicable labeling of mammalian and stem cells by combining superparamagnetic iron oxides and transfection agents. Radiology 2003; 228:480-7. [PMID: 12819345 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2281020638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To label mammalian and stem cells by combining commercially available transfection agents (TAs) with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging contrast agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three TAs were incubated with ferumoxides and MION-46L in cell culture medium at various concentrations. Human mesenchymal stem cells, mouse lymphocytes, rat oligodendrocyte progenitor CG-4 cells, and human cervical carcinoma cells were incubated 2-48 hours with 25 microg of iron per milliliter of combined TAs and SPIO. Cellular labeling was evaluated with T2 relaxometry, MR imaging of labeled cell suspensions, and Prussian blue staining for iron assessment. Proliferation and viability of mesenchymal stem cells and human cervical carcinoma cells labeled with a combination of TAs and ferumoxides were evaluated. RESULTS When ferumoxides-TA or MION-46L-TA was used, intracytoplasmic particles stained with Prussian blue stain were detected for all cell lines with a labeling efficiency of nearly 100%. Limited or no uptake was observed for cells incubated with ferumoxides or MION-46L alone. For TA-SPIO-labeled cells, MR images and relaxometry findings showed a 50%-90% decrease in signal intensity and a more than 40-fold increase in T2s. Cell viability varied from 103.7% +/- 9 to 123.0% +/- 9 compared with control cell viability at 9 days, and cell proliferation was not affected by endosomal incorporation of SPIO nanoparticles. Iron concentrations varied with ferumoxides-TA combinations and cells with a maximum of 30.1 pg +/- 3.7 of iron per cell for labeled mesenchymal stem cells. CONCLUSION Magnetic labeling of mammalian cells with use of ferumoxides and TAs is possible and may enable cellular MR imaging and tracking in experimental and clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Frank
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Radiology Research, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 10, Rm B1N256, 10 Center Dr, MSC 1074, Bethesda, MD 20892-1074, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bulte JWM, Duncan ID, Frank JA. In vivo magnetic resonance tracking of magnetically labeled cells after transplantation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22:899-907. [PMID: 12172375 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-200208000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During the last few years, the therapeutic use of stem and progenitor cells as a substitute for malfunctioning endogenous cell populations has received considerable attention. Unlike their current use in animal models, the introduction of therapeutic cells in patients will require techniques that can monitor their tissue biodistribution noninvasively. Among the different imaging modalities, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging offers both near-cellular (i.e., 25- to 50-mu) resolution and whole-body imaging capability. In order to be visualized, cells must be labeled with an intracellular tracer molecule that can be detected by MR imaging. Methods have now been developed that make it possible to incorporate sufficient amounts of superparamagnetic iron oxide into cells, enabling their detection in vivo using MR imaging. This is illustrated for (neural stem cell-derived) magnetically labeled oligodendroglial progenitors, transplanted in the central nervous system of dysmyelinated rats. Cells can be followed in vivo for at least 6 weeks after transplantation, with a good histopathologic correlation including the formation of myelin. Now that MR tracking of magnetically labeled cells appears feasible, it is anticipated that this technique may ultimately become an important tool for monitoring the efficacy of clinical (stem) cell transplantation protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff W M Bulte
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2195, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dardzinski BJ, Schmithorst VJ, Holland SK, Boivin GP, Imagawa T, Watanabe S, Lewis JM, Hirsch R. MR imaging of murine arthritis using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles. Magn Reson Imaging 2001; 19:1209-16. [PMID: 11755731 DOI: 10.1016/s0730-725x(01)00448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to determine the ability of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) particles to provide quantitative measures of inflammation in autoimmune arthritis. Mice were injected intravenously or intra-articularly with USPIO followed by magnetic resonance and histological assessment of the knee joint. Comparisons were made between MR microimages and histology in naïve mice and mice with collagen-induced arthritis.Following intravenous administration, accumulation of USPIO was observed in the popliteal lymph nodes, but not the joint. Administration of USPIO intra-articularly resulted in signal loss in the joint. The MR signal intensity could be quantified and correlated with iron staining in the synovial lining. A marked increase in USPIO uptake and a corresponding decrease in signal intensity were observed in arthritic, compared to naïve mice. Areas of focal signal loss corresponded to foci of iron staining by histology. These studies may provide a basis for the clinical application of USPIO in arthritis for assessing disease severity and monitoring response to therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B J Dardzinski
- Department of Radiology, Imaging Research Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dodd CH, Hsu HC, Chu WJ, Yang P, Zhang HG, Mountz JD, Zinn K, Forder J, Josephson L, Weissleder R, Mountz JM, Mountz JD. Normal T-cell response and in vivo magnetic resonance imaging of T cells loaded with HIV transactivator-peptide-derived superparamagnetic nanoparticles. J Immunol Methods 2001; 256:89-105. [PMID: 11516758 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(01)00433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study analyzed the feasibility of using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to monitor T-cell homing in vivo after loading T cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide (CLIO) nanoparticles derivatized with a peptide sequence from the transactivator protein (Tat) of HIV-1. T cells were isolated from C57BL/6 (B6) mice and loaded with 0, 400, 800, 1600, or 8000 ng/ml of FITC conjugated CLIO-Tat (FITC-CLIO-Tat). There was a dose-dependent uptake of FITC-CLIO-Tat by T cells. Stimulation of FITC-CLIO-Tat loaded T cells with anti-CD3 (0.1 microg/ml) plus IL-2 (5 ng/ml) elicited normal activation and activation-induced cell death (AICD) responses, and normal upregulation of CD69, ICAM-1 (CD54), L-selectin (CD62L), and Fas. The FITC-CLIO-Tat loaded T cells (3 x 10(7)) were transferred intravenously (i.v.) into B6 mice and the in vivo MRI of mice was acquired using a spin-echo pulse sequence at 4.7 T with a Bruker Biospec system. Homing of T cells into the spleen was observed by a decrease in MRI signal intensity within 1 h after the transfer, which remained decreased for 2-24 h after transfer. These homing data were confirmed by FACS analysis and biodistribution analysis using 125I-CLIO-Tat. Thus, T cells can be efficiently loaded with FITC-CLIO-Tat without interfering with their normal activation and AICD, or homing to the spleen, and the biodistribution of FITC-CLIO-Tat loaded T cells can be monitored in vivo over time by MRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Dodd
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Molecular and Cellular Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agents. PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY BASIS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46891-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
36
|
Bulte JW, Zhang S, van Gelderen P, Herynek V, Jordan EK, Duncan ID, Frank JA. Neurotransplantation of magnetically labeled oligodendrocyte progenitors: magnetic resonance tracking of cell migration and myelination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:15256-61. [PMID: 10611372 PMCID: PMC24807 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.26.15256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelination is a common pathological finding in human neurological diseases and frequently persists as a result of failure of endogenous repair. Transplanted oligodendrocytes and their precursor cells can (re)myelinate axons, raising the possibility of therapeutic intervention. The migratory capacity of transplanted cells is of key importance in determining the extent of (re)myelination and can, at present, be evaluated only by using invasive and irreversible procedures. We have exploited the transferrin receptor as an efficient intracellular delivery device for magnetic nanoparticles, and transplanted tagged oligodendrocyte progenitor cells into the spinal cord of myelin-deficient rats. Cell migration could be easily detected by using three-dimensional magnetic resonance microscopy, with a close correlation between the areas of contrast enhancement and the achieved extent of myelination. The present results demonstrate that magnetic resonance tracking of transplanted oligodendrocyte progenitors is feasible; this technique has the potential to be easily extended to other neurotransplantation studies involving different precursor cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Bulte
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Radiology Research Clinical Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sipe JC, Filippi M, Martino G, Furlan R, Rocca MA, Rovaris M, Bergami A, Zyroff J, Scotti G, Comi G. Method for intracellular magnetic labeling of human mononuclear cells using approved iron contrast agents. Magn Reson Imaging 1999; 17:1521-3. [PMID: 10610001 DOI: 10.1016/s0730-725x(99)00085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A method for intracellular iron labeling of human mononuclear cells (lymphocytes and monocytes) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using simple incubation of cells with approved MRI iron contrast agents is presented. Labeled cells can be detected by MRI in vitro, and this suggests the possibility that the technique could become a marker for in vivo lymphocyte and monocyte trafficking studies in acute inflammatory lesions such as those in Multiple Sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Sipe
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|