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Russo C, Morello G, Mannino G, Russo A, Malaguarnera L. Immunoregulation of Ghrelin in neurocognitive sequelae associated with COVID-19: an in silico investigation. Gene 2022; 834:146647. [PMID: 35680023 PMCID: PMC9169425 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Some patients suffering from the new Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) develop an exaggerated inflammatory response triggered by a “cytokine storm” resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with the concomitant activation of non-specific inflammatory reactivity in the circulatory system and other organs, leading to multiorgan failure, leaky vasculature, coagulopathies and stroke. Impairment of brain functions may also occur as dysregulations in immune function resulting from neuroendocrine interactions. In this study, we explored, by bioinformatics approaches, the interaction between the multiple inflammatory agents involved in SARS-CoV-2 and Ghrelin (Ghre) together with its receptor GHSR-1A, which are described as anti-inflammatory mediators, in order to investigate what could trigger the hyper-inflammatory response in some SARS-CoV-2 patients. In our analysis, we found several interactions of Ghre and GHSR-1A with SARS-CoV-2 interacting human genes. We observed a correlation between Ghre, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ACE2, toll-like receptors 9 (TLR9), and Acidic chitinase (CHIA), whereas its receptor GHSR-1A interacts with chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), CCR3, CCR5, CCR7, coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 1 (F2RL1), vitamin D receptor (VDR), Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) and DDP4 in receptor dipeptidyl peptidase-4. To our knowledge, our findings show, for the first time, that Ghre and GHSR-1A may exert an immunomodulatory function in the course of SARS-Cov-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Russo
- Pathology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Morello
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute for Research and Biomedical Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council (CNR), Catania, Italy
| | - Giuliana Mannino
- Physiology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Physiology section, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Russo
- Physiology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Malaguarnera
- Pathology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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2
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Van Loon E, Lamarthée B, Barba T, Claes S, Coemans M, de Loor H, Emonds MP, Koshy P, Kuypers D, Proost P, Senev A, Sprangers B, Tinel C, Thaunat O, Van Craenenbroeck AH, Schols D, Naesens M. Circulating Donor-Specific Anti-HLA Antibodies Associate With Immune Activation Independent of Kidney Transplant Histopathological Findings. Front Immunol 2022; 13:818569. [PMID: 35281018 PMCID: PMC8904423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.818569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the critical role of cytokines in allograft rejection, the relation of peripheral blood cytokine profiles to clinical kidney transplant rejection has not been fully elucidated. We assessed 28 cytokines through multiplex assay in 293 blood samples from kidney transplant recipients at time of graft dysfunction. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering identified a subset of patients with increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. This patient subset was hallmarked by a high prevalence (75%) of donor-specific anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies (HLA-DSA) and histological rejection (70%) and had worse graft survival compared to the group with low cytokine levels (HLA-DSA in 1.7% and rejection in 33.7%). Thirty percent of patients with high pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and HLA-DSA did not have histological rejection. Exploring the cellular origin of these cytokines, we found a corresponding expression in endothelial cells, monocytes, and natural killer cells in single-cell RNASeq data from kidney transplant biopsies. Finally, we confirmed secretion of these cytokines in HLA-DSA-mediated cross talk between endothelial cells, NK cells, and monocytes. In conclusion, blood pro-inflammatory cytokines are increased in kidney transplant patients with HLA-DSA, even in the absence of histology of rejection. These observations challenge the concept that histology is the gold standard for identification of ongoing allo-immune activation after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Van Loon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Baptiste Lamarthée
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Barba
- Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Edouard Herriot Hospital Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sandra Claes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Coemans
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Henriette de Loor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marie-Paule Emonds
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Red Cross-Flanders, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Priyanka Koshy
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Kuypers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aleksandar Senev
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Red Cross-Flanders, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Ben Sprangers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claire Tinel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier Thaunat
- Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Edouard Herriot Hospital Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Amaryllis H Van Craenenbroeck
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Naesens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Research Group, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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3
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He P, Zhou W, Liu M, Chen Y. Recent Advances of Small Molecular Regulators Targeting G Protein- Coupled Receptors Family for Oncology Immunotherapy. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1464-1483. [PMID: 31264549 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190628115644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The great clinical success of chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) and PD-1/PDL-1 inhibitor therapies suggests the drawing of a cancer immunotherapy age. However, a considerable proportion of cancer patients currently receive little benefit from these treatment modalities, indicating that multiple immunosuppressive mechanisms exist in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we mainly discuss recent advances in small molecular regulators targeting G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) that are associated with oncology immunomodulation, including chemokine receptors, purinergic receptors, prostaglandin E receptor EP4 and opioid receptors. Moreover, we outline how they affect tumor immunity and neoplasia by regulating immune cell recruitment and modulating tumor stromal cell biology. We also summarize the data from recent clinical advances in small molecular regulators targeting these GPCRs, in combination with immune checkpoints blockers, such as PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA4 inhibitors, for cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Wenbo Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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4
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Xavier-Elsas P, Ferreira RN, Gaspar-Elsas MIC. Surgical and immune reconstitution murine models in bone marrow research: Potential for exploring mechanisms in sepsis, trauma and allergy. World J Exp Med 2017; 7:58-77. [PMID: 28890868 PMCID: PMC5571450 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v7.i3.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow, the vital organ which maintains lifelong hemopoiesis, currently receives considerable attention, as a source of multiple cell types which may play important roles in repair at distant sites. This emerging function, distinct from, but closely related to, bone marrow roles in innate immunity and inflammation, has been characterized through a number of strategies. However, the use of surgical models in this endeavour has hitherto been limited. Surgical strategies allow the experimenter to predetermine the site, timing, severity and invasiveness of injury; to add or remove aggravating factors (such as infection and defects in immunity) in controlled ways; and to manipulate the context of repair, including reconstitution with selected immune cell subpopulations. This endows surgical models overall with great potential for exploring bone marrow responses to injury, inflammation and infection, and its roles in repair and regeneration. We review three different murine surgical models, which variously combine trauma with infection, antigenic stimulation, or immune reconstitution, thereby illuminating different aspects of the bone marrow response to systemic injury in sepsis, trauma and allergy. They are: (1) cecal ligation and puncture, a versatile model of polymicrobial sepsis; (2) egg white implant, an intriguing model of eosinophilia induced by a combination of trauma and sensitization to insoluble allergen; and (3) ectopic lung tissue transplantation, which allows us to dissect afferent and efferent mechanisms leading to accumulation of hemopoietic cells in the lungs. These models highlight the gain in analytical power provided by the association of surgical and immunological strategies.
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5
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Tulip FS, Eteshola E, Desai S, Mostafa S, Roopa S, Evans B, Islam SK. Direct label-free electrical immunodetection of transplant rejection protein biomarker in physiological buffer using floating gate AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2014; 13:138-45. [PMID: 24803243 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2014.2318234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Monokine induced by interferon gamma (MIG/CXCL9) is used as an immune biomarker for early monitoring of transplant or allograft rejection. This paper demonstrates a direct electrical, label-free detection method of recombinant human MIG with anti-MIG IgG molecules in physiologically relevant buffer environment. The sensor platform used is a biologically modified GaN-based high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) device. Biomolecular recognition capability was provided by using high affinity anti-MIG monoclonal antibody to form molecular affinity interface receptors on short N-hydroxysuccinimide-ester functionalized disulphide (DSP) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on the gold sensing gate of the HEMT device. A floating gate configuration has been adopted to eliminate the influences of external gate voltage. Preliminary test results with the proposed chemically treated GaN HEMT biosensor show that MIG can be detected for a wide range of concentration varying from 5 ng/mL to 500 ng/mL.
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6
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O'Loughlin A, Lynn DJ, McGee M, Doyle S, McCabe M, Earley B. Transcriptomic analysis of the stress response to weaning at housing in bovine leukocytes using RNA-seq technology. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:250. [PMID: 22708644 PMCID: PMC3583219 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Weaning of beef calves is a necessary husbandry practice and involves separating the calf from its mother, resulting in numerous stressful events including dietary change, social reorganisation and the cessation of the maternal-offspring bond and is often accompanied by housing. While much recent research has focused on the physiological response of the bovine immune system to stress in recent years, little is known about the molecular mechanisms modulating the immune response. Therefore, the objective of this study was to provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the physiological response to weaning at housing in beef calves using Illumina RNA-seq. Results The leukocyte transcriptome was significantly altered for at least 7 days following either housing or weaning at housing. Analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that four main pathways, cytokine signalling, transmembrane transport, haemostasis and G-protein-coupled receptor (GPRC) signalling were differentially regulated between control and weaned calves and underwent significant transcriptomic alterations in response to weaning stress on day 1, 2 and 7. Of particular note, chemokines, cytokines and integrins were consistently found to be up-regulated on each day following weaning. Evidence for alternative splicing of genes was also detected, indicating a number of genes involved in the innate and adaptive immune response may be alternatively transcribed, including those responsible for toll receptor cascades and T cell receptor signalling. Conclusions This study represents the first application of RNA-Seq technology for genomic studies in bovine leukocytes in response to weaning stress. Weaning stress induces the activation of a number of cytokine, chemokine and integrin transcripts and may alter the immune system whereby the ability of a number of cells of the innate and adaptive immune system to locate and destroy pathogens is transcriptionally enhanced. Stress alters the homeostasis of the transcriptomic environment of leukocytes for at least 7 days following weaning, indicating long term effects of stress exposure in the bovine. The identification of gene signature networks that are stress activated provides a mechanistic framework to characterise the multifaceted nature of weaning stress adaptation in beef calves. Thus, capturing subtle transcriptomic changes provides insight into the molecular mechanisms that underlie the physiological response to weaning stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aran O'Loughlin
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
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7
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Casal P, Wen X, Gupta S, Nicholson T, Wang Y, Theiss A, Bhushan B, Brillson L, Lu W, Lee SC. ImmunoFET feasibility in physiological salt environments. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2012; 370:2474-2488. [PMID: 22509067 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Field-effect transistors (FETs) are solid-state electrical devices featuring current sources, current drains and semiconductor channels through which charge carriers migrate. FETs can be inexpensive, detect analyte without label, exhibit exponential responses to surface potential changes mediated by analyte binding, require limited sample preparation and operate in real time. ImmunoFETs for protein sensing deploy bioaffinity elements on their channels (antibodies), analyte binding to which modulates immunoFET electrical properties. Historically, immunoFETs were assessed infeasible owing to ion shielding in physiological environments. We demonstrate reliable immunoFET sensing of chemokines by relatively ion-impermeable III-nitride immunoHFETs (heterojunction FETs) in physiological buffers. Data show that the specificity of detection follows the specificity of the antibodies used as receptors, allowing us to discriminate between individual highly related protein species (human and murine CXCL9) as well as mixed samples of analytes (native and biotinylated CXCL9). These capabilities demonstrate that immunoHFETs can be feasible, contrary to classical FET-sensing assessment. FET protein sensors may lead to point-of-care diagnostics that are faster and cheaper than immunoassay in clinical, biotechnological and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Casal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, USA
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8
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Patel K, Dixit VD, Lee JH, Kim JW, Schaffer EM, Nguyen D, Taub DD. The GHS-R blocker D-[Lys3] GHRP-6 serves as CCR5 chemokine receptor antagonist. Int J Med Sci 2012; 9:51-8. [PMID: 22211090 PMCID: PMC3222091 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.9.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
[D-Lys3]-Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-6 (DLS) is widely utilized in vivo and in vitro as a selective ghrelin receptor (GHS-R) antagonist. This antagonist is one of the most common antagonists utilized in vivo to block GHS-R function and activity. Here, we found that DLS also has the ability to modestly block chemokine function and ligand binding to the chemokine receptor CCR5. The DLS effects on RANTES binding and Erk signaling as well as calcium mobilization appears to be much stronger than its effects on MIP-1α and MIP-1β. CCR5 have been shown to act as major co-receptor for HIV-1 entry into the CD4 positive host cells. To this end, we also found that DLS blocks M-tropic HIV-1 propagation in activated human PBMCs. These data demonstrate that DLS may not be a highly selective GHS-R1a inhibitor and may also effects on other G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family members. Moreover, DLS may have some potential clinical applications in blocking HIV infectivity and CCR5-mediated migration and function in various inflammatory disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpesh Patel
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Program, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Patel K, Dixit VD, Lee JH, Kim JW, Schaffer EM, Nguyen D, Taub DD. Identification of ghrelin receptor blocker, D-[Lys3] GHRP-6 as a CXCR4 receptor antagonist. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 8:108-17. [PMID: 22211109 PMCID: PMC3248652 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
[D-Lys3]-Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-6 (DLS) is widely utilized in vivo and in vitro as a selective ghrelin receptor (GHS-R) antagonist. Unexpectedly, we identified that DLS also has the ability to block CXCL12 binding and activity through CXCR4 on T cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Moreover, as CXCR4 has been shown to act as a major co-receptor for HIV-1 entry into CD4 positive host cells, we have also found that DLS partially blocks CXCR4-mediated HIV-1 entry and propagation in activated human PBMCs. These data demonstrate that DLS is not the specific and selective antagonist as thought for GHS-R1a and appears to have additional effects on the CXCR4 chemokine receptor. Our findings also suggest that structural analogues that mimic DLS binding properties may also have properties of blocking HIV infectivity, CXCR4 dependent cancer cell migration and attenuating chemokine-mediated immune cell trafficking in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpesh Patel
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Program, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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10
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Determination of nifeviroc, a novel CCR5 antagonist: application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:637-40. [PMID: 21802236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nifeviroc is a novel CCR5 antagonist used for the treatment of HIV type-1 infection. A LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the determination of nifeviroc in human plasma was developed and validated. The calibration curve (r(2)=0.9993) of nifeviroc was established at the range of 1.924-2935 μg L(-1). The intra- and inter-day precisions (RSD%) were all less than 7%, and the accuracies at three concentration levels were all within 100 ± 5%. This validated method was then successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in health Chinese volunteers.
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Price JA, Rogers JV, Wendling MQS, Plahovinsak JL, Perry MR, Reid FM, Kiser RC, Graham JS. Temporal effects in porcine skin following bromine vapor exposure. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2011; 30:187-97. [PMID: 21231885 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2010.546003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bromine is an industrial chemical that causes severe cutaneous burns. When selecting or developing effective treatments for bromine burns, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of tissue damage and wound healing. This study investigated the effect of cutaneous bromine vapor exposure on gene expression using a weanling swine burn model by microarray analysis. Ventral abdominal sites were exposed to a mean calculated bromine vapor concentration of 0.51 g/L for 7 or 17 min. At 6 h, 48 h, and 7 days post-exposure, total RNA from skin samples was isolated, processed, and analyzed with Affymetrix GeneChip® Porcine Genome Arrays (N = 3 per experimental group). Differences in gene expression were observed with respect to exposure duration and sampling time. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) revealed four common biological functions (cancer, cellular movement, cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, and tissue development) among the top ten functions of each experimental group, while canonical pathway analysis revealed 9 genes (ARG2, CCR1, HMOX1, ATF2, IL-8, TIMP1, ESR1, HSPAIL, and SELE) that were commonly shared among four significantly altered signaling pathways. Among these, the transcripts encoding HMOX1 and ESR1 were identified using IPA as common potential therapeutic targets for Phase II/III clinical trial or FDA-approved drugs. The present study describes the transcriptional responses to cutaneous bromine vapor exposure identifying molecular networks and genes that could serve as targets for developing therapeutics for bromine-induced skin injury.
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Dangerous attraction: phagocyte recruitment and danger signals of apoptotic and necrotic cells. Apoptosis 2010; 15:1007-28. [PMID: 20157780 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis in metazoa requires the rapid and efficient clearance of dying cells by professional or semi-professional phagocytes. Impairment of this finely regulated, fundamental process has been implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Various studies have provided us a detailed understanding of the interaction between dying cells and phagocytes as well as the current concept that apoptotic cell removal leads to a non- or anti-inflammatory response, whereas necrotic cell removal stimulates a pro-inflammatory reaction. In contrast, our knowledge about the soluble factors released from dying cells is rather limited, although meanwhile it is generally accepted that not only the dying cell itself but also the substances liberated during cell death contribute to the process of corpse clearance and the subsequent immune response. This review article is intended as an up-to-date survey over attraction and danger signals of apoptotic, primary and secondary necrotic cells, their function as chemoattractants in phagocyte recruitment, additional effects on the immune system, and the receptors, which are engaged in this scenario.
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Eteshola E. Isolation of scFv fragments specific for monokine induced by interferon-gamma (MIG) using phage display. J Immunol Methods 2010; 358:104-10. [PMID: 20382151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Iterative affinity selection procedures were used to isolate a number of single chain Fv (scFv) antibody fragment clones from naïve Tomlinson I+J phage display libraries that specifically recognize and bind a chemokine, monokine induced by interferon-gamma (MIG/CXCL9). MIG is an important transplant rejection/biology chemokine protein. ELISA-based affinity characterization results indicate that selectants preferentially bind to MIG in the presence of key biopanning component materials and closely related chemokine proteins. These novel antibody fragments may find utility as molecular affinity interface receptors in various electrochemical biosensor platforms to provide specific MIG binding capability with potential applications in transplant rejection monitoring, and other biomedical applications where detection of MIG level is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Eteshola
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43230, USA.
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15
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Ni J, Zhu YN, Zhong XG, Ding Y, Hou LF, Tong XK, Tang W, Ono S, Yang YF, Zuo JP. The chemokine receptor antagonist, TAK-779, decreased experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by reducing inflammatory cell migration into the central nervous system, without affecting T cell function. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 158:2046-56. [PMID: 20050195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The C-C chemokine receptor CCR5, and the C-X-C chemokine receptor CXCR3 are involved in the regulation of T cell-mediated immune responses, and in the migration and activation of these cells. To determine whether blockade of these chemokine receptors modulated inflammatory responses in the central nervous sytem (CNS), we investigated the effect of a non-peptide chemokine receptor antagonist, TAK-779, in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH EAE was induced by immunization of C57BL/6 mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55. TAK-779 was injected s.c. once a day after immunization. Disease incidence and severity (over 3 weeks) were monitored by histopathological evaluation and FACS assay of inflammatory cells infiltrating into the spinal cord, polymerase chain reaction quantification of mRNA expression, assay of T cell proliferation, by [3H]-thymidine incorporation and cytokine production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. KEY RESULTS Treatment with TAK-779 reduced incidence and severity of EAE. It strongly inhibited migration of CXCR3/CCR5 bearing CD4+, CD8+ and CD11b+ leukocytes to the CNS. TAK-779 did not reduce proliferation of anti-MOG T cells, the production of IFN-gamma by T cells or CXCR3 expression on T cells. In addition, TAK-779 did not affect production of IL-12 by antigen-presenting cells, CCR5 induction on T cells and the potential of MOG-specific T cells to transfer EAE. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS TAK-779 restricted the development of MOG-induced EAE. This effect involved reduced migration of inflammatory cells into the CNS without affecting responses of anti-MOG T cells or the ability of MOG-specific T cells to transfer EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ni
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Efficient synthesis and identification of novel propane-1,3-diamino bridged CCR5 antagonists with variation on the basic center carrier. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2827-40. [PMID: 20347189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By employing pharmacophore-based design and the privileged fragments reassembly, a series of piperidine-/tropane-/piperazine-bridged CCR5 antagonists were designed and synthesized via an efficient convergent synthesis strategy, with focus on the optimal choice of the basic center carrier structure. Significantly, the 4-amino-4-methylpiperidine bridged 1-acyl-1,3-propanediamine compounds were identified as a new class of nanomolar CCR5 antagonists, providing an efficient approach and novel scaffolds for further development of potent CCR5 inhibitors.
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17
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Discovery of novel (S)-alpha-phenyl-gamma-amino butanamide containing CCR5 antagonists via functionality inversion approach. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2219-23. [PMID: 20207141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
By using functionality inversion approach, we identified a new scaffold containing (S)-alpha-phenyl-gamma-amino butanamide as CCR5 antagonists derived from the 1,3-propanediamine carboxamide pharmacophore protocol. The (2S)-2-phenyl-4-(8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl)-butanamide derivatives display significantly high potency to antagonize CCR5 receptor with nanomolar IC(50) values.
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18
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Jiang MZ, Tsukahara H, Ohshima Y, Sato S, Todoroki Y, Hiraoka M, Mayumi M. Effects of Antioxidant and Nitric Oxide on Chemokine Production in TNF-α-stimulated Human Dermal Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Free Radic Res 2009; 38:473-80. [PMID: 15293554 DOI: 10.1080/1071576042000209826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines have been implicated convincingly in the driving of leukocyte emigration in different inflammatory reactions. Multiple signaling mechanisms are reported to be involved in intracellular activation of chemokine expression in vascular endothelial cells by various stimuli. Nevertheless, redox-regulated mechanisms of chemokine expression in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC) remain unclear. This study examined the effects of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, 0.1 mM) and spermine NONOate (Sper-NO, 1 mM) on the secretion and gene expression of chemokines, interleukin (IL)-8, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and eotaxin. This study also addresses PDTC and Sper-NO effects on activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) induced by TNF-alpha (10 ng/ml). Treatment with TNF-alpha for 8 h significantly increased secretion of IL-8, MCP-1, and RANTES, but not of eotaxin, in cultured HDMEC. Up-regulation of these chemokines was suppressed significantly by pretreatment with PDTC or Sper-NO for 1 h, but not by 1 mM 8-bromo-cyclic GMP. The mRNA accumulation of IL-8, MCP-1, RANTES, and eotaxin, and activation of NF-kappaB were induced by TNF-alpha for 2 h; all were suppressed significantly by the above two pretreatments. These findings indicate that both secretion and mRNA accumulation of IL-8, MCP-1, and RANTES in HDMEC induced by TNF-alpha are inhibited significantly by pretreatment with PDTC or Sper-NO, possibly via blocking redox-regulated NF-kappaB activation. These results suggest that restoration of the redox balance using antioxidant agents or nitric oxide pathway modulators may offer new opportunities for therapeutic interventions in inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Zu Jiang
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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19
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Rek A, Brandner B, Geretti E, Kungl AJ. A biophysical insight into the RANTES-glycosaminoglycan interaction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:577-82. [PMID: 19455751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Binding of chemokines to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) represents a crucial step in leukocyte attraction and activation. Since chemokine oligomerisation was shown to be important for GAG binding, the apparent oligomerisation constant of RANTES was determined to be 225 nM using fluorescence anisotropy. In the presence of heparan sulfate, chemokine oligomerisation was found to be promoted by the glycosaminoglycan as expressed in the increase in cooperativity and a shift towards higher melting temperatures in thermal unfolding experiments. In surface plasmon resonance investigations of RANTES-GAG binding kinetics using a heparan sulfate-coated chip, GAG-induced oligomerisation led to a bell-shaped (bi-phasic) Scatchard plot referring to cooperativity in the chemokine-GAG interaction. This was absent in the oligomerisation deficient RANTES mutants N46R and Q48K. We have further investigated the dependence of RANTES-GAG dissociation constants on oligosaccharide chain length by performing isothermal fluorescence titrations with size-defined heparin and heparan sulfate oligosaccharides as chemokine ligands. Heparin dp18 and heparan sulfate dp14 yielded the highest affinities with Kd values of 31.7 nM and 42.9 nM, respectively. Far-UV CD spectroscopy revealed a significant conformational change of RANTES upon heparan sulfate binding which is suggested to be a pre-requisite for oligomerisation and thus for optimal GPCR activation in vivo. This was shown by the impaired chemotactic activity of the RANTES N46R and Q48K mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Rek
- ProtAffin Biotechnologie AG, Reininghausstrasse 13a, A-8020 Graz, Austria
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20
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Barroso-González J, El Jaber-Vazdekis N, García-Expósito L, Machado JD, Zárate R, Ravelo ÁG, Estévez-Braun A, Valenzuela-Fernández A. The lupane-type triterpene 30-oxo-calenduladiol is a CCR5 antagonist with anti-HIV-1 and anti-chemotactic activities. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:16609-16620. [PMID: 19386595 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.005835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viruses in patients receiving antiretroviral treatment urgently requires the characterization and development of new antiretroviral drugs designed to inhibit resistant viruses and to complement the existing antiretroviral strategies against AIDS. We assayed several natural or semi-synthetic lupane-type pentacyclic triterpenes in their ability to inhibit HIV-1 infection in permissive cells. We observed that the 30-oxo-calenduladiol triterpene, compound 1, specifically impaired R5-tropic HIV-1 envelope-mediated viral infection and cell fusion in permissive cells, without affecting X4-tropic virus. This lupane derivative competed for the binding of a specific anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibody or the natural CCL5 chemokine to the CCR5 viral coreceptor with high affinity. 30-oxo-calenduladiol seems not to interact with the CD4 antigen, the main HIV receptor, or the CXCR4 viral coreceptor. Our results suggest that compound 1 is a specific CCR5 antagonist, because it binds to the CCR5 receptor without triggering cell signaling or receptor internalization, and inhibits RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted)-mediated CCR5 internalization, intracellular calcium mobilization, and cell chemotaxis. Furthermore, compound 1 appeared not to interact with beta-chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2b, CCR3, or CCR4. Thereby, the 30-oxo-calenduladiol-associated anti-HIV-1 activity against R5-tropic virus appears to rely on the selective occupancy of the CCR5 receptor to inhibit CCR5-mediated HIV-1 infection. Therefore, it is plausible that the chemical structure of 30-oxo-calenduladiol or other related dihydroxylated lupane-type triterpenes could represent a good model to develop more potent anti-HIV-1 molecules to inhibit viral infection by interfering with early fusion and entry steps in the HIV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Barroso-González
- From the Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Departamento de Medicina Física y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife; Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), c/o Hospital Universitario La Candelaria, Carr. El Rosario, 38010 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Nabil El Jaber-Vazdekis
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), c/o Hospital Universitario La Candelaria, Carr. El Rosario, 38010 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Laura García-Expósito
- From the Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Departamento de Medicina Física y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), c/o Hospital Universitario La Candelaria, Carr. El Rosario, 38010 Tenerife, Spain
| | - José-David Machado
- From the Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Departamento de Medicina Física y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife
| | - Rafael Zárate
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), c/o Hospital Universitario La Candelaria, Carr. El Rosario, 38010 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ángel G Ravelo
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), c/o Hospital Universitario La Candelaria, Carr. El Rosario, 38010 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana Estévez-Braun
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), c/o Hospital Universitario La Candelaria, Carr. El Rosario, 38010 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- From the Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Departamento de Medicina Física y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife; Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), c/o Hospital Universitario La Candelaria, Carr. El Rosario, 38010 Tenerife, Spain.
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Chemokine/chemokine receptor-mediated inflammation regulates pathologic changes from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 2009; 13:9-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-008-0119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Abstract
HTS is at the core of the drug discovery process, and so it is critical to design and implement HTS assays in a comprehensive fashion involving scientists from the disciplines of biology, chemistry, engineering, and informatics. This requires careful analysis of many variables, starting with the choice of assay target and ending with the discovery of lead compounds. At every step in this process, there are decisions to be made that can greatly impact the outcome of the HTS effort, to the point of making it a success or a failure. Although specific guidelines should be established to ensure that the screening assay reaches an acceptable level of quality, many choices require pragmatism and the ability to compromise opposing forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Macarrón
- Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
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23
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Neutrophil recruitment to the lungs during bacterial pneumonia. Infect Immun 2008; 77:568-75. [PMID: 19015252 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00832-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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24
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Fermas S, Gonnet F, Sutton A, Charnaux N, Mulloy B, Du Y, Baleux F, Daniel R. Sulfated oligosaccharides (heparin and fucoidan) binding and dimerization of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL 12) are coupled as evidenced by affinity CE-MS analysis. Glycobiology 2008; 18:1054-64. [PMID: 18796646 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) is a potent chemoattractant involved in leukocyte trafficking and metastasis. Heparan sulfate on the cell surface binds SDF-1 and may modulate its function as a coreceptor of this chemokine. A major effect of the glycosaminoglycan binding may be on the quaternary structure of SDF-1, which has been controversially reported as a monomer or a dimer. We have investigated the effect of sulfated oligosaccharides on the oligomerization of SDF-1 and of its mutated form SDF-1 (3/6), using affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) hyphenated to mass spectrometry (MS). Coupled to MS, ACE allowed the study for the first time of the effect of size-defined oligosaccharides on the quaternary organization of SDF-1 in muM range concentrations, i.e., lower values than the mM values previously reported in NMR, light scattering, and ultracentrifugation experiments. Our results showed that in the absence of sulfated oligosaccharides, SDF-1 is mostly monomeric in solution. However, dimer formation was observed upon interaction with heparin-sulfated oligosaccharides despite the mM Kd values for dimerization. A SDF-1/oligosaccharide 2/1 complex was detected, indicating that oligosaccharide binding promoted the dimerization of SDF-1. Heparin tetrasaccharide but not disaccharide promoted dimer formation, suggesting that the dimer required to be stabilized by a long enough bound oligosaccharide. The SDF-1/oligosaccharide 1/1 complex was only observed with heparin disaccharide and fucoidan pentasaccharide, pointing out the role of specific structural determinants in promoting dimer formation. These results underline the importance of dimerization induced by glycosaminoglycans for chemokine functionality.
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25
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Mastrolorenzo A, Maresca A, Rusconi S, Supuran CT. Update on the development of HIV entry inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2217/17469600.2.5.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
HIV fusion and entry are two steps in the viral lifecycle that can be targeted by several classes of antiviral drugs. The discovery of chemokines focused the attention on cellular co-receptors used by the virus for entering cells, and on the various steps of such processes that are subject to interactions with small molecules. Intense research has led to a wide range of effective compounds that are able to inhibit these initial steps of viral replication. All steps in the process of HIV entry into the cell may be targeted by specific compounds, grouped into three main classes (attachment inhibitors, co-receptor binding inhibitors and fusion inhibitors), which may be developed as novel antiretrovirals. Thus, several inhibitors of the gp120–CD4 interaction have been discovered (e.g., zintevir and BMS-378806). Small molecule chemokine receptor antagonists acting as HIV entry inhibitors have also been described recently, including those which interact with both the CXCR4 co-receptor (e.g., AMD3100, AMD3465, ALX40-4C, T22, T134 and T140) and CCR5 co-receptor antagonists (TAK-779, TAK-220, E913, AK-602 and NSC 651016 in clinical trials). Recently, a third family of antivirals started to be used clinically (in addition to reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors), with the advent of enfuvirtide (T20), the first fusion inhibitor to be approved as an anti-HIV agent. Some of these compounds demonstrated in vitro synergism with other classes of antivirals, thus offering the rationale for their combination in therapies for HIV-infected individuals. Many HIV entry and fusion inhibitors are currently being investigated in controlled clinical trials, and a number of them are bioavailable as oral formulations. In 2007, the US FDA approved maraviroc as an anti-HIV agent. Maraviroc is the product of a medicinal chemistry effort initiated following identification of an imidazopyridine CCR5 ligand from a high-throughput screen of the Pfizer compound file. Maraviroc demonstrated potent antiviral activity against all CCR5-tropic HIV-1 viruses tested, including 43 primary isolates from various clades and diverse geographic origin. Maraviroc was active against 200 clinically derived HIV-1 envelope-recombinant pseudoviruses, 100 of which were derived from viruses resistant to existing drug classes. Furthermore, in October 2007, the FDA announced the approval of raltegravir for the treatment of HIV-1 infection as part of combination antiretroviral therapy in treatment-experienced patients with evidence of HIV-1 replication despite optimized background antiretroviral therapy. At present, raltegravir is the only drug in the integrase inhibitor class approved for clinical use. With the approval of raltegravir, oral agents targeting all three constitutive viral enzymes, reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase, are now represented in FDA-approved therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mastrolorenzo
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Scienze Dermatologiche, Centro MTS, Via degli Alfani 37, I-50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Alfonso Maresca
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Via della Lastruccia, 3, Rm. 188, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Stefano Rusconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche “Luigi Sacco”, Cattedra di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali, Università degli Studi, Ospedale Luigi Sacco, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Via della Lastruccia, 3, Rm. 188, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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Detection of clinically relevant levels of protein analyte under physiologic buffer using planar field effect transistors. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 24:505-11. [PMID: 18632260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical detection of protein binding at physiological salt concentration by planar field effect transistor platforms has yet to be documented convincingly. Here we report detection of streptavidin and clinically relevant levels of biotinylated monokine induced by interferon gamma (MIG) at physiological salt concentrations with AlGaN heterojunction field effect transistors (HFETs). The AlGaN HFETs are functionalized with a silane linker and analyte-specific affinity elements. Polarity of sensor responses is as expected from n-type HFETs to negatively and positively charged analytes. Sensitivity of the HFET sensors increases when salt concentration decreases, and the devices also exhibit dose-dependent responses to analyte. Detection of clinically relevant MIG concentrations at physiological salt levels demonstrates the potential for AlGaN devices to be used in development of in vivo biosensors.
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Feng DZ, Song YL, Jiang XH, Chen L, Long YQ. Forward- and reverse-synthesis of piperazinopiperidine amide analogs: a general access to structurally diverse 4-piperazinopiperidine-based CCR5 antagonists. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:2690-7. [PMID: 18019544 DOI: 10.1039/b707175b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Piperazinopiperidine amide analogs are among the most promising CCR5 antagonists. As an effective extension of a previously-reported methodology to synthesize such compounds, forward- and reverse-syntheses were successfully developed in which the convergent synthesis of the piperazinopiperidine nucleus, with a building block of 4-substituent-4-aminopiperidine, served as a common key step. The two-way approach affords a comprehensive access to the piperazinopiperidine templated library with variation on the pharmacophore sites. Thus, a SAR study of our synthesized piperazinopiperidine-based CCR5 antagonists was conducted with respect to the structure and configuration of the substituent on the piperazine ring. The S-configuration of the benzylic-substituent is vital for the CCR5 binding, and the bulky or aryl substituent on the 2-position in the piperazine ring is detrimental to the activity. By using the forward-synthesis approach, the best compound in the chiral piperazine-based CCR5 antagonist series, Sch-D (Vicriviroc), was conveniently synthesized in an excellent yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Zhi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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29
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Herath KB, Jayasuriya H, Ondeyka JG, Polishook JD, Bills GF, Dombrowski AW, Cabello A, Vicario PP, Zweerink H, Guan Z, Singh SB. Isolation and structures of novel fungal metabolites as chemokine receptor (CCR2) antagonists. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2006; 58:686-94. [PMID: 16466022 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2005.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor, CCR2, is predominantly expressed on monocytes/macrophages, and on a subset of memory T cells. It binds to several CC type chemokines of the monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP) family of which MCP-1 exhibits the highest affinity. CCR2/MCP-1 expression/association in monocyte/macrophage/T cells has been associated with inflammatory processes such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and atherosclerosis. Neutralization of CCR2 with either a peptide or receptor antagonist results in the prevention of joint swelling in rodent models of arthritis. In this paper, bioassay-guided discovery of CCR2 receptor antagonists derived from natural product extracts are reported. These antagonists belong to two main classes exemplified by bisthiodiketopiperazines and cytochalasins. Six compounds, including emestrin, two new emestrin analogs, and chaetomin represent the first group of compounds. These compounds inhibited the binding of MCP-1 to CCR2 (CHO membrane) with IC50 values of 0.8 to 9 microM and exhibited good activity in a whole cell assay using MCP-1 and human monocytes with IC50's ranging from 4-9 microM. Cytochalasins A and B represented the second group and inhibited the binding activity with IC50 values of 5 and 188 microM, respectively. This is the first report of natural product antagonists of the CCR2 receptor.
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Hardison JL, Wrightsman RA, Carpenter PM, Kuziel WA, Lane TE, Manning JE. The CC chemokine receptor 5 is important in control of parasite replication and acute cardiac inflammation following infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Infect Immun 2006; 74:135-43. [PMID: 16368966 PMCID: PMC1346647 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.1.135-143.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Revised: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of susceptible mice with the Colombiana strain of Trypanosoma cruzi results in an orchestrated expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors within the heart that coincides with parasite burden and cellular infiltration. CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is prominently expressed during both acute and chronic disease, suggesting a role in regulating leukocyte trafficking and accumulation within the heart following T. cruzi infection. To better understand the functional role of CCR5 and its ligands with regard to both host defense and/or disease, CCR5(-/-) mice were infected with T. cruzi, and the disease severity was evaluated. Infected CCR5(-/-) mice develop significantly higher levels of parasitemia (P < or = 0.05) and cardiac parasitism (P < or = 0.01) during acute infection that correlated with reduced survival. Further, we show that CCR5 is essential for directing the migration of macrophages and T cells to the heart early in acute infection with T. cruzi. In addition, data are provided demonstrating that CCR5 does not play an essential role in maintaining inflammation in the heart during chronic infection. Collectively, these studies clearly demonstrate that CCR5 contributes to the control of parasite replication and the development of a protective immune response during acute infection but does not ultimately participate in maintaining a chronic inflammatory response within the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Hardison
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 3205 McGaugh Hall, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
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Mori Y, Tsukahara H, Jiang MZ, Mayumi M. PDTC and NO suppress CC chemokine production in TNF-α-stimulated human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Respir Med 2005; 99:1068-9. [PMID: 15950152 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of low-molecular-weight proteins that direct the cellular migration of leukocytes by binding to and activating the G protein-coupled receptors displayed on the leukocyte cell surface. The inadvertent or excessive generation of chemokines has been associated with the inflammatory component of several disease processes, and consequently, considerable efforts have been made to characterise chemokine/chemokine receptor interactions with the ultimate aim of therapeutic intervention. This review focuses on the biology of CC chemokine receptor 1, which together with its ligands is thought to recruit leukocytes during the progression of rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and organ transplant rejection. The developments made in antagonising this receptor and efficacies of these compounds in the clinical setting are also highlighted.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/trends
- Drugs, Investigational/chemistry
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacology
- Drugs, Investigational/therapeutic use
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/prevention & control
- Humans
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR1
- Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Technology, Pharmaceutical/trends
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Pease
- Biomedical Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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33
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Laurens M, Defamie V, Scozzari G, Schmid-Alliana A, Gugenheim J, Crenesse D. Hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced chemokine transcription is not prevented by preconditioning or intermittent hypoxia, in mice hepatocytes. Transpl Int 2005; 18:444-52. [PMID: 15773965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2004.00064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged ischemia used in liver surgery and/or transplantation causes cellular damage resulting in apoptosis and necrosis. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) led Kupffer cells to pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin-1] which involve chemokines secretion by hepatocytes. These chemokines have neutrophil chemotactic properties and neutrophils are involved in the development of I/R-induced necrosis. The aim of this study was to specify the consequence of partial oxygen pressure variation on hepatocyte chemokines synthesis and to verify if intermittent hypoxia and/or preconditioning could decrease it. It was performed on primary cultured mice hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, subjected to continuous, intermittent hypoxia or preconditioning phases, mimicking surgical processes. The chemokine secretion was evaluated by RNase protection assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Only monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) mRNA formation were observed, especially after 1-h hypoxia followed by 10-h (for MCP-1) or 24-h reoxygenation (for MIP-2). In conclusion, TNF-alpha and coculture with Kupffer cells increased hepatocyte chemokines mRNA transcription, whereas surgical split up protocols (intermittent hypoxia and preconditioning) had no significant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Laurens
- Laboratoire de Recherches Chirurgicales, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France
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34
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Degerli N, Yilmaz E, Bardakci F. The Δ32 allele distribution of the CCR5 gene and its relationship with certain cancers in a Turkish population. Clin Biochem 2005; 38:248-52. [PMID: 15708547 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Revised: 10/20/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present study, we determined the frequency of delta32 allele distribution and its relationship with various carcinomas in a Turkish population. DESIGN AND METHODS We determined the allelic frequency of CCR5-delta32 in 267 healthy individuals as well as 39 breast, 34 laryngeal, 30 thyroid and 20 brain carcinomas in a Turkish population using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS The frequency of mutant delta32 alleles in the Turkish population was 2.18%. The population was in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The frequency of the mutant allele was the highest in patients with breast carcinoma (3.85%) among all the carcinomas studied, but there was no statistically significant relationship (P = 0.334). CONCLUSION The frequency of the delta32 allele detected in the Turkish population was slightly lower in comparison with the previous reports. The frequency of heterozygote genotypes remained an independent risk factor for the development of breast cancer (odd ratio = 1.628; confidence intervals = 0.442-5.992) as well as other cancers examined in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naci Degerli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literature, Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey.
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35
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Mastrolorenzo A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. Small molecule antagonists of chemokine receptors as emerging anti-HIV agents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.11.8.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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37
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Tyndall JDA, Pfeiffer B, Abbenante G, Fairlie DP. Over One Hundred Peptide-Activated G Protein-Coupled Receptors Recognize Ligands with Turn Structure. Chem Rev 2005; 105:793-826. [PMID: 15755077 DOI: 10.1021/cr040689g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel D A Tyndall
- Center for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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38
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An improved synthesis of piperazino-piperidine based CCR5 antagonists with flexible variation on pharmacophore sites. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Ikeda K, Ishii Y, Konishi K, Sato M, Tanaka K. Synthesis and biological evaluation of peptide mimics derived from first extracellular loop of CCR5 toward HIV-1. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2004; 52:1479-82. [PMID: 15577250 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.52.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptide mimics derived from the first extracellular loop of CCR5 bearing non-peptide spacers in place of Ala-Ala-Ala sequence in the peptide moiety were synthesized, and the effects of these compounds on the inhibition against HIV-1 were examined. Compound 2b having m-aminophenoxyacetic acid derivative as a non-peptide spacer significantly inhibited HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Ikeda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada, Shizuoka, Japan.
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40
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Campbell DJ, Debes GF, Johnston B, Wilson E, Butcher EC. Targeting T cell responses by selective chemokine receptor expression. Semin Immunol 2004; 15:277-86. [PMID: 15001177 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2003.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses require the orchestrated migration of T cells throughout the body. Conventional CD4+ and CD8+ alphabeta T cells undergo clonal expansion in the secondary lymphoid tissues, during which they are programmed to migrate into specific non-lymphoid tissues and other lymphoid effector sites such as B cell follicles. By contrast, T cell populations expressing receptors with limited diversity (i.e. gammadelta T cells and NK T cells) appear to be preprogrammed to localize in non-lymphoid tissues where they monitor tissue integrity or serve regulatory functions. By promoting chemotaxis and integrin activation, chemokines and their receptors (in conjunction with surface adhesion molecules) control these T cell homing events. Thus, expression of chemokine receptors defines T cells with tropism for particular tissues and/or microenvironments, and identifies T cell subsets with distinct functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Campbell
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA.
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41
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Kalehua AN, Nagel JE, Whelchel LM, Gides JJ, Pyle RS, Smith RJ, Kusiak JW, Taub DD. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 are involved in both excitotoxin-induced neurodegeneration and regeneration. Exp Cell Res 2004; 297:197-211. [PMID: 15194436 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2003] [Revised: 01/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Intrahippocamal injections of kainic acid (KA) significantly increase the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) in the ipsilateral hippocampus at 2-4 h and 21-45 days post-administration, suggesting the possible involvement of these chemokines in both neurodegenerative and regenerative processes. To examine the possible role of these chemokines on neuronal cell death, hippocampal neurons were incubated with either MCP-1 or MIP-2 in vitro and examined to assess the effects on neuronal cell viability. These treatments resulted in significant neuronal apoptosis that could be abrogated by prior treatment with the caspase-1 inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK, the caspase-3 inhibitor, Z-DEVD-FMK, the Galphai inhibitor, pertussis toxin, or the MAO-B inhibitor, (-)deprenyl. Furthermore, this chemokine apoptotic effect could also be observed in vivo as intrahippocampal injections of MCP-1 or MIP-2 resulted in the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons, thus supporting a direct role of these chemokines in neuronal death. In contrast, immunohistological analysis of kainic acid lesions on days 21-45 revealed significant expression of MCP-1 and MIP-2 associated with reactive astrocytes and macrophages, respectively, with no apoptotic populations being observed. These results suggested that these chemokines might also mediate distinct biological effects on local microenvironmental cell populations at various stages post truama and during cellular repair. To address this possibility, astrocyte were cultured in the presence or absence of these chemokines and examined by microarray analysis for effects on astrocytes gene expression. A number of genes encoding proteins associated with inflammation, cellular signaling, differentiation, and repair were directly modulated by chemokine treatment. More specifically, the RNA and protein expression of the neurotrophic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), was found to be significantly increased upon culture with MCP-1 and MIP-2. Conditioned media derived from chemokine-stimulated astrocytes also facilitated bFGF-dependent neuronal cell differentiation and promoted survival of H19-7 neurons in vitro, suggesting a possible role for chemokine-activated astrocytes as a source of trophic support. Taken together, these data support possible autocrine and paracrine roles for MCP-1 and MIP-2 in both the "death and life" of hippocampal neurons following CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Kalehua
- Laboratory of Immunology, Clinical Immunology Section, Molecular Neurobiology Section, NIA/NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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42
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Guo JQ, Chen L, Ai HW, Jing JN, Zhou JY, Zhang CY, You SY. A novel fusion protein of IP10-scFv retains antibody specificity and chemokine function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 320:506-13. [PMID: 15219858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We combined the specificity of tumor-specific antibody with the chemokine function of interferon-gamma inducible protein 10 (IP-10) to recruit immune effector cells in the vicinity of tumor cells. A novel fusion protein of IP10-scFv was constructed by fusing mouse IP-10 to V(H) region of single-chain Fv fragment (scFv) against acidic isoferritin (AIF), and expressed in NS0 murine myeloma cells. The IP10-scFv fusion protein was shown to maintain the specificity of the antiAIF scFv with similar affinity constant, and bind to the human hepatocarcinoma SMMC 7721 cells secreting AIF as well as the activated mouse T lymphocytes expressing CXCR3 receptor. Furthermore, the IP10-scFv protein either in solution or bound on the surface of SMMC 7721 cells induced significant chemotaxis of mouse T cells in vitro. The results indicate that the IP10-scFv fusion protein possesses both bioactivities of the tumor-specific antibody and IP-10 chemokine, suggesting its possibility to induce an enhanced immune response against the residual tumor cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Qing Guo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
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43
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Jiang XH, Song YL, Long YQ. Facile synthesis of 4-substituted-4-aminopiperidine derivatives, the key building block of piperazine-based CCR5 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3675-8. [PMID: 15203141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2004] [Revised: 04/28/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
4-Substituted-4-aminopiperidine is an interesting structural motif found in a number of bioactive compounds. An efficient and convenient method for the synthesis of 4-differently substituted-4-aminopiperidine derivatives was described, employing isonipecotate as a starting material and Curtius rearrangement as a key step. The alkylation of isonipecotate could introduce various substituents at the 4-position of the piperidine ring. With this key building block, we are able to efficiently synthesize piperazino-piperidine based CCR5 antagonist in a highly convergent manner free of using toxic reagents such as diethylaluminum cyanide. The concise synthesis of a potent bioavailable CCR5 antagonist as HIV-1 entry inhibitor, Sch-350634 (1) was accomplished in excellent yield using N'-Boc-4-methyl-4-aminopiperidine 5a as a smart building block. The new methodology provides a facile and practical access to the piperazino-piperidine amide analogs as HIV-1 entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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44
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Jayasuriya H, Herath KB, Ondeyka JG, Polishook JD, Bills GF, Dombrowski AW, Springer MS, Siciliano S, Malkowitz L, Sanchez M, Guan Z, Tiwari S, Stevenson DW, Borris RP, Singh SB. Isolation and structure of antagonists of chemokine receptor (CCR5). JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2004; 67:1036-1038. [PMID: 15217290 DOI: 10.1021/np049974l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Human CCR5 is a G-coupled receptor that binds to the envelope protein gp120 and CD4 and mediates the HIV-1 viral entry into the cells. The blockade of this binding by a small molecule receptor antagonist could lead to a new mode of action agent for HIV-1 and AIDS. Screening of natural product extracts led to the identification of anibamine (1), a novel pyridine quaternary alkaloid as a TFA salt, from Aniba sp.; ophiobolin C from fermentation extracts of fungi Mollisia sp.; and 19,20-epoxycytochalasin Q from Xylaria sp. Formation of the TFA salt of anibamine is plausibly an artifact of the isolation. The identity of the natural counterion is unknown. Anibamine.TFA competed for the binding of 125I-gp120 to human CCR5 with an IC50 of 1 microM. Ophiobolin C and 19,20-epoxycytochalasin Q exhibited binding IC50) values of 40 and 60 microM, respectively.
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45
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Shen DM, Shu M, Mills SG, Chapman KT, Malkowitz L, Springer MS, Gould SL, DeMartino JA, Siciliano SJ, Kwei GY, Carella A, Carver G, Holmes K, Schleif WA, Danzeisen R, Hazuda D, Kessler J, Lineberger J, Miller MD, Emini EA. Antagonists of human CCR5 receptor containing 4-(pyrazolyl)piperidine side chains. Part 1: Discovery and SAR study of 4-pyrazolylpiperidine side chains. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:935-9. [PMID: 15012997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2003] [Revised: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of the flexible connecting chains between the piperidine moiety and an aromatic group in previous CCR5 antagonists with heterocycles, such as pyrazole and isoxazole, provided potent CCR5 antagonists with excellent anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro. SAR studies revealed optimal placement of an unsubstituted nitrogen atom in the heterocycle to be meta to the bond connected to the 4-position of piperidine. Truncation of a benzyl group to a phenyl group afforded compounds with dramatically improved oral bioavailability, albeit with reduced activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ming Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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46
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the vessel wall, characterized by the accumulation of leukocytes, especially macrophages and T-cells. Chemokines are small heparin-binding polypeptides, whose main function is to attract cells to the areas of developing inflammation. They function by ligating G-protein coupled chemokine receptors initiating different signaling cascades. In vivo and in vitro investigations showed that chemokines are produced by a variety of cells and play important roles in the development and progression of many physiological and pathological conditions including atherosclerosis. Chemokines such as MCP-1, MCP-4, MIP-1 and RANTES may mediate leukocyte trafficking to, and their retention in, the plaque while CXCL16 seems to fulfill the dual function of a chemokine and a scavenger receptor. Chemokine and chemokine receptor homologues are secreted by several viruses, which may also play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Expression levels and gene polymorphisms of some chemokines may become useful clinical markers of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. Modulation of chemokines and chemokine receptors' expression as well as their signaling pathways may provide important anti-atherogenic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Sheikine
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Unit, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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47
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Polychronakos C. Impact of the human genome project on pediatric endocrinology. Horm Res Paediatr 2003; 59:55-65. [PMID: 12589108 DOI: 10.1159/000068574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2002] [Accepted: 09/17/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A genomic approach to human biology involves examination of the entire complement of human genes and their protein products in contradistinction to the conventional phenomena-driven examination of individual components, one at a time. This approach may have limitations, but it also has the potential to increase our knowledge by an order of magnitude or more. It is expected that it will leave no field of biology and medicine unaffected, and this includes endocrinology. The structural and functional aspects of the human genome are reviewed, and the nature of the novel knowledge from the genome effort (acquired or expected) is described. More importantly, an overview is given of new ways of thinking and new approaches to endocrine research using genomic concepts and tools. Although these research breakthroughs have relatively few applications in clinical practice at the present moment, the clinician must expect drastic changes in diagnostics and therapeutics in the next decade or two, and endocrine- specific examples of such applications are given. Finally, the question is raised of social and ethical issues that these developments are generating.
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48
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Lundberg P, Cantin E. A potential role for CXCR3 chemokines in the response to ocular HSV infection. Curr Eye Res 2003; 26:137-50. [PMID: 12815542 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.26.3.137.14898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Corneal infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) leads to the recruitment of immune cells to the eye itself, the trigeminal ganglion and the brainstem. In addition, some resident cells in these target tissues are infected by HSV, activated during the inflammatory response or both. Chemokine signaling is an important component of the regulatory circuit governing the host immune response to virus infection. This review discusses chemokine responses in relation to HSV infection of the cornea emphasizing the role of CXCR3 chemokine signaling by the IFN-gamma inducible ligands MIG, IP10 and I-TAC and includes discussion of their potential role in immunopathology in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patric Lundberg
- Department of Virology, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA.
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49
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Rotondi M, Lazzeri E, Romagnani P, Serio M. Role for interferon-gamma inducible chemokines in endocrine autoimmunity: an expanding field. J Endocrinol Invest 2003; 26:177-80. [PMID: 12739748 DOI: 10.1007/bf03345149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The chemoattractant cytokines (chemokines) have been classified into 4 major sub-families in relation to the position of the cysteine residues in their NH2 terminal portion. Interferon-gamma inducible chemokines (CXCL9/Mig, CXCL10/IP-10, CXCL11/I-TAC), strongly associated to Th1-mediated immune responses, belong to the CXC sub-family. They represent an exception among chemokines in that they specifically interact with a single type of receptor, named CXCR3. A statistically significant increase of CXCL10/IP-10 and CXCL9/Mig expression, in thyroid tissue specimens obtained from subjects affected by Hashimoto's thyroiditis and recent onset Graves' disease has been reported. Furthermore, a statistically significant increase in serum CXCL10/IP-10 levels has been found in newly diagnosed Graves' patients when compared to healthy subjects as well as patients with long standing disease and a strong statistically significant inverse correlation between circulating CXCL10/IP-10 levels and disease duration has been demonstrated. Similar findings have been obtained when Type 1 autoimmune diabetes affected patients have been taken into account. In conclusion, such experiences have demonstrated an important role played by interferon-gamma inducible CXC chemokines in the pathogenesis of glandular autoimmunity. In fact, it is reasonable to assume that glandular epithelial cells may modulate the autoimmune process at least in its initial phase, through the production of chemokines which induce migration of Th1 lymphocytes into the gland. Interferon-gamma secretion by lymphocytes would, in turn, stimulate chemokines production by follicular cells, thus perpetuating the autoimmune cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rotondi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine F. Magrassi, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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50
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Abstract
In the pipeline, there are a number of novel immunosuppressive drugs in preclinical development or in early clinical trials. The major target of new agents are cell-surface molecules important in immune cell interactions (especially the costimulatory pathway), signaling pathways that activate T cells, T-cell proliferation and trafficking and recruitment of immune cells responsible for rejection. The most promising biologic agents include a humanized anti-CD11a (anti-LFA1), humanized anti-B7.1/B7.2, a second-generation CTLA4Ig (LEA29Y) and a humanized antibody to anti-CD45 RB. Inhibitors of T-cell activation and signaling are still in preclinical development. The most interesting inhibitors of T-cell proliferation include inhibitors of the Janus protein tyrosine kinase, JAK3, and FK778, a leflunomide analog. Chemokines play an important role in rejection by virtue of their critical role as regulator of trafficking and activation of lymphocytes. Early trials of FTY720, a synthetic small molecule with functional homology to sphingosine-1 phosphate leading to lymphocyte sequestration, appear very promising; however, enthusiasm for this drug is mitigated by its potential cardiac side-effects. Antagonists to several chemokine receptors, including CCR1, CXCR3 and CCR5, have been shown to be effective in experimental transplantation and are likely to be considered for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Vincenti
- University of California, San Francisco, Kidney Transplant Service, 505 Parnassus Avenue, Room 884M, San Francisco, CA 94143-0116, USA.
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