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Strini EJ, Bertolino LT, San Martin JAB, Souza HAO, Pessotti F, Pinoti VF, Ferreira PB, De Paoli HC, Lubini G, Del-Bem LE, Quiapim AC, Mondin M, Araujo APU, Eloy NB, Barberis M, Goldman MHS. Stigma/Style Cell-Cycle Inhibitor 1, a Regulator of Cell Proliferation, Interacts With a Specific 14-3-3 Protein and Is Degraded During Cell Division. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:857745. [PMID: 35444668 PMCID: PMC9013909 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.857745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The final shape and size of plant organs are determined by a network of genes that modulate cell proliferation and expansion. Among those, SCI1 (Stigma/style Cell-cycle Inhibitor 1) functions by inhibiting cell proliferation during pistil development. Alterations in SCI1 expression levels can lead to remarkable stigma/style size changes. Recently, we demonstrated that SCI1 starts to be expressed at the specification of the Nicotiana tabacum floral meristem and is expressed at all floral meristematic cells. To elucidate how SCI1 regulates cell proliferation, we screened a stigma/style cDNA library through the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system, using SCI1 as bait. Among the interaction partners, we identified the 14-3-3D protein of the Non-Epsilon group. The interaction between SCI1 and 14-3-3D was confirmed by pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation experiments. 14-3-3D forms homo- and heterodimers in the cytoplasm of plant cells and interacts with SCI1 in the nucleus, as demonstrated by Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC). Analyses of SCI1-GFP fluorescence through the cell-cycle progression revealed its presence in the nucleoli during interphase and prophase. At metaphase, SCI1-GFP fluorescence faded and was no longer detected at anaphase, reappearing at telophase. Upon treatment with the 26S proteasome inhibitor MG132, SCI1-GFP was stabilized during cell division. Site-directed mutagenesis of seven serines into alanines in the predicted 14-3-3 binding sites on the SCI1 sequence prevented its degradation during mitosis. Our results demonstrate that SCI1 degradation at the beginning of metaphase is dependent on the phosphorylation of serine residues and on the action of the 26S proteasome. We concluded that SCI1 stability/degradation is cell-cycle regulated, consistent with its role in fine-tuning cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Strini
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- PPG-Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lígia T. Bertolino
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- PPG-Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Juca A. B. San Martin
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Hebréia A. O. Souza
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Francine Pessotti
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- PPG-Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vitor F. Pinoti
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- PPG-Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Pedro B. Ferreira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- PPG-Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Henrique C. De Paoli
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- PPG-Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Greice Lubini
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- PPG-Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luiz-Eduardo Del-Bem
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Andréa C. Quiapim
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mateus Mondin
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula U. Araujo
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Nubia B. Eloy
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Matteo Barberis
- Systems Biology, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, CMCB, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maria Helena S. Goldman
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- PPG-Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Guo J, Dai S, Li H, Liu A, Liu C, Cheng D, Cao X, Chu X, Zhai S, Liu J, Zhao Z, Song J. Identification and Expression Analysis of Wheat TaGF14 Genes. Front Genet 2018; 9:12. [PMID: 29441089 PMCID: PMC5797578 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The 14-3-3 gene family members play key roles in various cellular processes. However, little is known about the numbers and roles of 14-3-3 genes in wheat. The aims of this study were to identify TaGF14 numbers in wheat by searching its whole genome through blast, to study the phylogenetic relationships with other plant species and to discuss the functions of TaGF14s. The results showed that common wheat harbored 20 TaGF14 genes, located on wheat chromosome groups 2, 3, 4, and 7. Out of them, eighteen TaGF14s are non-ε proteins, and two wheat TaGF14 genes, TaGF14i and TaGF14f, are ε proteins. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these genes were divided into six clusters: cluster 1 (TaGF14d, TaGF14g, TaGF14j, TaGF14h, TaGF14c, and TaGF14n); cluster 2 (TaGF14k); cluster 3 (TaGF14b, TaGF14l, TaGF14m, and TaGF14s); cluster 4 (TaGF14a, TaGF14e, and TaGF14r); cluster 5 (TaGF14i and TaGF14f); and cluster 6 (TaGF14o, TaGF14p, TaGF14q, and TaGF14t). Tissue-specific gene expressions suggested that all TaGF14s were likely constitutively expressed, except two genes, i.e., TaGF14p and TaGF14f. And the highest amount of TaGF14 transcripts were observed in developing grains at 20 days post anthesis (DPA), especially for TaGF14j and TaGF14l. After drought stress, five genes, i.e., TaGF14c, TaGF14d, TaGF14g, TaGF14h, and TaGF14j, were up-regulated expression under drought stress for both 1 and 6 h, suggesting these genes played vital role in combating against drought stress. However, all the TaGF14s were down-regulated expression under heat stress for both 1 and 6 h, indicating TaGF14s may be negatively associated with heat stress by reducing the expression to combat heat stress or through other pathways. These results suggested that cluster 1, e.g., TaGF14j, may participate in the whole wheat developing stages, e.g., grain-filling (starch biosynthesis) and may also participate in combating against drought stress. Subsequently, a homolog of TaGF14j, TaGF14-JM22, were cloned by RACE and used to validate its function. Immunoblotting results showed that TaGF14-JM22 protein, closely related to TaGF14d, TaGF14g, and TaGF14j, can interact with AGP-L, SSI, SSII, SBEIIa, and SBEIIb in developing grains, suggesting that TaGF14s located on group 4 may be involved in starch biosynthesis. Therefore, it is possible to develop starch-rich wheat cultivars by modifying TaGF14s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Maize, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shuang Dai
- Shandong Center of Crop Germplasm Resource, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Haosheng Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Maize, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Aifeng Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Maize, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Maize, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Dungong Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Maize, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xinyou Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Maize, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiusheng Chu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Maize, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shengnan Zhai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Maize, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Maize, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhendong Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Maize, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jianmin Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Maize, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in North Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
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Comparative transcriptome analysis of unripe and mid-ripe fruit of Mangifera indica (var. "Dashehari") unravels ripening associated genes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32557. [PMID: 27586495 PMCID: PMC5009307 DOI: 10.1038/srep32557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ripening in mango is under a complex control of ethylene. In an effort to understand the complex spatio-temporal control of ripening we have made use of a popular N. Indian variety “Dashehari” This variety ripens from the stone inside towards the peel outside and forms jelly in the pulp in ripe fruits. Through a combination of 454 and Illumina sequencing, a transcriptomic analysis of gene expression from unripe and midripe stages have been performed in triplicates. Overall 74,312 unique transcripts with ≥1 FPKM were obtained. The transcripts related to 127 pathways were identified in “Dashehari” mango transcriptome by the KEGG analysis. These pathways ranged from detoxification, ethylene biosynthesis, carbon metabolism and aromatic amino acid degradation. The transcriptome study reveals differences not only in expression of softening associated genes but also those that govern ethylene biosynthesis and other nutritional characteristics. This study could help to develop ripening related markers for selective breeding to reduce the problems of excess jelly formation during softening in the “Dashehari” variety.
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Chai Y, Wang G, Fan L, Zhao M. A proteomic analysis of mushroom polysaccharide-treated HepG2 cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23565. [PMID: 27020667 PMCID: PMC4810362 DOI: 10.1038/srep23565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-tumor properties of fungal polysaccharides have gained significant recognition in Asia and tropical America. In this study, the differential expression of proteins in normal HepG2 cells and those treated with polysaccharides that had been isolated from Phellinus linteus (PL), Ganoderma lucidum (GL) and Auricularia auricula (AA) was investigated. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE), a total of 104 protein spots were determined to be overexpressed in these cells compared with noncancerous regions. A total of 59 differentially expressed proteins were identified through MALDI-TOF-MS. In addition, 400 biological processes (BP), 133 cell components (CC) and 146 molecular functions (MF) were enriched by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, and 78 KEGG pathways were enriched by pathway enrichment. Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) analysis demonstrated the interaction networks affected by polysaccharides in HepG2 cells. Then, DJ-1 and 14-3-3 were identified as the key proteins in the networks, and the expression of the mRNA and proteins were evaluated using Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting (WB), respectively. The results were in agreement with the 2DE. These results provided information on significant proteins of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and form an important basis for the future development of valuable medicinal mushroom resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Chai
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Guibin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Lili Fan
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Harbin, PR China
| | - Min Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
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Affinity chromatography revealed insights into unique functionality of two 14-3-3 protein species in developing maize kernels. J Proteomics 2015; 114:274-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li MY, Xu BY, Liu JH, Yang XL, Zhang JB, Jia CH, Ren LC, Jin ZQ. Identification and expression analysis of four 14-3-3 genes during fruit ripening in banana (Musa acuminata L. AAA group, cv. Brazilian). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:369-378. [PMID: 22009053 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the regulation of 14-3-3 proteins in banana (Musa acuminata L. AAA group, cv. Brazilian) fruit postharvest ripening, four cDNAs encoding 14-3-3 proteins were isolated from banana and designated as Ma-14-3-3a, Ma-14-3-3c, Ma-14-3-3e, and Ma-14-3-3i, respectively. Amino acid sequence alignment showed that the four 14-3-3 proteins shared a highly conserved core structure and variable C-terminal as well as N-terminal regions with 14-3-3 proteins from other plant species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the four 14-3-3 genes belong to the non-ε groups. They were differentially and specifically expressed in various tissues. Real-time RT-PCR analysis indicated that these four genes function differentially during banana fruit postharvest ripening. Three genes, Ma-14-3-3a, Ma-14-3-3c, and Ma-14-3-3e, were significantly induced by exogenous ethylene treatment. However, gene function differed in naturally ripened fruits. Ethylene could induce Ma-14-3-3c expression during postharvest ripening, but expression patterns of Ma-14-3-3a and Ma-14-3-3e suggest that these two genes appear to be involved in regulating ethylene biosynthesis during fruit ripening. No obvious relationship emerged between Ma-14-3-3i expression in naturally ripened and 1-MCP (1-methylcyclopropene)-treated fruit groups during fruit ripening. These results indicate that the 14-3-3 proteins might be involved in various regulatory processes of banana fruit ripening. Further studies will mainly focus on revealing the detailed biological mechanisms of these four 14-3-3 genes in regulating banana fruit postharvest ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
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Shin R, Jez JM, Basra A, Zhang B, Schachtman DP. 14-3-3 proteins fine-tune plant nutrient metabolism. FEBS Lett 2010; 585:143-7. [PMID: 21094157 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
14-3-3 Proteins regulate many cellular processes by binding to phosphorylated proteins. Previous findings suggest a connection between three 14-3-3 isoforms and plant nutrient signaling. To better understand how these 14-3-3s regulate metabolism in response to changes in plant nutrient status, putative new targets involved in nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) metabolisms have been identified. The interactions between these 14-3-3s and multiple proteins involved in N and S metabolism and altered activity of the target proteins were confirmed in planta. Using a combination of methods, this work elucidates how 14-3-3s function as modulators of plant N and S metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoung Shin
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Pan Z, Liu Q, Yun Z, Guan R, Zeng W, Xu Q, Deng X. Comparative proteomics of a lycopene-accumulating mutant reveals the important role of oxidative stress on carotenogenesis in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis
[L.] osbeck). Proteomics 2009; 9:5455-70. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Watanabe K, Thandavarayan RA, Gurusamy N, Zhang S, Muslin AJ, Suzuki K, Tachikawa H, Kodama M, Aizawa Y. Role of 14-3-3 protein and oxidative stress in diabetic cardiomyopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 96:277-87. [PMID: 19706371 DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.96.2009.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. Diabetes mellitus is a well-known and important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The occurrence of diabetic cardiomyopathy is independent of hypertension, coronary artery disease, or any other known cardiac diseases. There is growing evidence that excess generation of highly reactive free radicals, largely due to hyperglycemia, causes oxidative stress, which further exacerbates the development and progression of diabetes and its complications. Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by morphologic and structural changes in the myocardium and coronary vasculature mediated by the activation of various signaling pathways. Myocardial apoptosis, hypertrophy and fibrosis are the most frequently proposed mechanisms to explain cardiac changes in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Mammalian 14-3-3 proteins are dimeric phosphoserine-binding proteins that participate in signal transduction and regulate several aspects of cellular biochemistry. 14-3-3 protein regulates diabetic cardiomyopathy via multiple signaling pathways. This review focuses on emerging evidence suggesting that 14-3-3 protein plays a key role in the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular complications of diabetes, which underlie the development and progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata City, Japan.
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Stanislas T, Bouyssie D, Rossignol M, Vesa S, Fromentin J, Morel J, Pichereaux C, Monsarrat B, Simon-Plas F. Quantitative proteomics reveals a dynamic association of proteins to detergent-resistant membranes upon elicitor signaling in tobacco. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:2186-98. [PMID: 19525550 PMCID: PMC2742443 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900090-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence from the past decade supports the existence, in membrane from animal and yeast cells, of functional microdomains playing important roles in protein sorting, signal transduction, or infection by pathogens. In plants, as previously observed for animal microdomains, detergent-resistant fractions, enriched in sphingolipids and sterols, were isolated from plasma membrane. A characterization of their proteic content revealed their enrichment in proteins involved in signaling and response to biotic and abiotic stress and cell trafficking suggesting that these domains were likely to be involved in such physiological processes. In the present study, we used (14)N/(15)N metabolic labeling to compare, using a global quantitative proteomics approach, the content of tobacco detergent-resistant membranes extracted from cells treated or not with cryptogein, an elicitor of defense reaction. To analyze the data, we developed a software allowing an automatic quantification of the proteins identified. The results obtained indicate that, although the association to detergent-resistant membranes of most proteins remained unchanged upon cryptogein treatment, five proteins had their relative abundance modified. Four proteins related to cell trafficking (four dynamins) were less abundant in the detergent-resistant membrane fraction after cryptogein treatment, whereas one signaling protein (a 14-3-3 protein) was enriched. This analysis indicates that plant microdomains could, like their animal counterpart, play a role in the early signaling process underlying the setup of defense reaction. Furthermore proteins identified as differentially associated to tobacco detergent-resistant membranes after cryptogein challenge are involved in signaling and vesicular trafficking as already observed in similar studies performed in animal cells upon biological stimuli. This suggests that the ways by which the dynamic association of proteins to microdomains could participate in the regulation of the signaling process may be conserved between plant and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stanislas
- From the ‡Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Plante Microbe Environnement 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510 F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - David Bouyssie
- ¶Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- ‖IPBS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France, and
| | - Michel Rossignol
- ¶Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- ‖IPBS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France, and
- **IPBS, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 40 Plateforme Protéomique, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Simona Vesa
- From the ‡Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Plante Microbe Environnement 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510 F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jérôme Fromentin
- From the ‡Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Plante Microbe Environnement 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510 F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Johanne Morel
- From the ‡Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Plante Microbe Environnement 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510 F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Carole Pichereaux
- ¶Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- ‖IPBS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France, and
- **IPBS, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 40 Plateforme Protéomique, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Monsarrat
- ¶Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- ‖IPBS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France, and
| | - Françoise Simon-Plas
- From the ‡Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Plante Microbe Environnement 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510 F-21000 Dijon, France
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Prinsi B, Negri AS, Pesaresi P, Cocucci M, Espen L. Evaluation of protein pattern changes in roots and leaves of Zea mays plants in response to nitrate availability by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 9:113. [PMID: 19698183 PMCID: PMC2744680 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-9-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen nutrition is one of the major factors that limit growth and production of crop plants. It affects many processes, such as development, architecture, flowering, senescence and photosynthesis. Although the improvement in technologies for protein study and the widening of gene sequences have made possible the study of the plant proteomes, only limited information on proteome changes occurring in response to nitrogen amount are available up to now. In this work, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) has been used to investigate the protein changes induced by NO3- concentration in both roots and leaves of maize (Zea mays L.) plants. Moreover, in order to better evaluate the proteomic results, some biochemical and physiological parameters were measured. RESULTS Through 2-DE analysis, 20 and 18 spots that significantly changed their amount at least two folds in response to nitrate addition to the growth medium of starved maize plants were found in roots and leaves, respectively. Most of these spots were identified by Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). In roots, many of these changes were referred to enzymes involved in nitrate assimilation and in metabolic pathways implicated in the balance of the energy and redox status of the cell, among which the pentose phosphate pathway. In leaves, most of the characterized proteins were related to regulation of photosynthesis. Moreover, the up-accumulation of lipoxygenase 10 indicated that the leaf response to a high availability of nitrate may also involve a modification in lipid metabolism.Finally, this proteomic approach suggested that the nutritional status of the plant may affect two different post-translational modifications of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) consisting in monoubiquitination and phosphorylation in roots and leaves, respectively. CONCLUSION This work provides a first characterization of the proteome changes that occur in response to nitrate availability in leaves and roots of maize plants. According to previous studies, the work confirms the relationship between nitrogen and carbon metabolisms and it rises some intriguing questions, concerning the possible role of NO and lipoxygenase 10 in roots and leaves, respectively. Although further studies will be necessary, this proteomic analysis underlines the central role of post-translational events in modulating pivotal enzymes, such as PEPCase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Prinsi
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alfredo S Negri
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Pesaresi
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, University of Milan c/o Fondazione Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein – Località Cascina Codazza, I-26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cocucci
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Espen
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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12
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Thiriot E, Monard G. Combining a genetic algorithm with a linear scaling semiempirical method for protein–ligand docking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2008.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Barjaktarović Ž, Schütz W, Madlung J, Fladerer C, Nordheim A, Hampp R. Changes in the effective gravitational field strength affect the state of phosphorylation of stress-related proteins in callus cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:779-89. [PMID: 19129159 PMCID: PMC2652066 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In a recent study it was shown that callus cell cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana respond to changes in gravitational field strengths by changes in protein expression. Using ESI-MS/MS for proteins with differential abundance after separation by 2D-PAGE, 28 spots which changed reproducibly and significantly in amount (P <0.05) after 2 h of hypergravity (18 up-regulated, 10 down-regulated) could be identified. The corresponding proteins were largely involved in stress responses, including the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, these investigations are extended to phosphorylated proteins. For this purpose, callus cell cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana were exposed to hypergravity (8 g) and simulated weightlessness (random positioning; RP) for up to 30 min, a period of time which yielded the most reliable data. The first changes, however, were visible as early as 10 min after the start of treatment. In comparison to 1 g controls, exposure to hypergravity resulted in 18 protein spots, and random positioning in 25, respectively, with increased/decreased signal intensity by at least 2-fold (P <0.05). Only one spot (alanine aminotransferase) responded the same way under both treatments. After 30 min of RP, four spots appeared, which could not be detected in control samples. Among the protein spots altered in phosphorylation, it was possible to identify 24 from those responding to random positioning and 12 which responded to 8 g. These 12 proteins (8 g) are partly (5 out of 12) the same as those changed in expression after exposure to 2 h of hypergravity. The respective proteins are involved in scavenging and detoxification of ROS (32%), primary metabolism (20.5%), general signalling (14.7%), protein translation and proteolysis (14.7%), and ion homeostasis (8.8%). Together with our recent data on protein expression, it is assumed that changes in gravitational fields induce the production of ROS. Our data further indicate that responses toward RP are more by post-translational protein modulation (most changes in the degree of phosphorylation occur under RP-treatment) than by protein expression (hypergravity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Žarko Barjaktarović
- University of Tübingen, Botany Institute, Physiological Ecology of Plants, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schütz
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Proteom Centrum Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Madlung
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Proteom Centrum Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Fladerer
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Proteom Centrum Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alfred Nordheim
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Proteom Centrum Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hampp
- University of Tübingen, Botany Institute, Physiological Ecology of Plants, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Hirano T, Ito A, Berberich T, Terauchi R, Saitoh H. Virus-induced gene silencing of 14-3-3 genes abrogates dark repression of nitrate reductase activity in Nicotiana benthamiana. Mol Genet Genomics 2007; 278:125-33. [PMID: 17443349 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-007-0234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the effect of repression of 14-3-3 genes on actual activity of the nitrate reductase (NR) in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, Nb14-3-3a gene was silenced by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method using potato virus X (PVX). Expression of Nb14-3-3a as well as Nb14-3-3b genes was altogether repressed in the leaves of PVX-14-3a-infected plants. Furthermore, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis with anti-14-3-3 antiserum suggested that the expressions of Nb14-3-3a and Nb14-3-3b proteins are accordingly repressed in PVX-14-3a-infected plants. It is well known that binding of 14-3-3 proteins to phosphorylated NR leads to substantial decrease in NR activity of leaves under darkness. Therefore, we studied the changes in NR activity in response to light/dark transitions in the leaves of PVX-14-3a-infected plants. NR activation state was kept at a high level under darkness in PVX-14-3a-infected plants, but not in PVX-green fluorescent protein (GFP)-infected and control plants. This result suggests that Nb14-3-3a and/or Nb14-3-3b proteins are indeed involved in the inactivation of NR activity under darkness in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Hirano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku, Nagoya, Japan.
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15
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Elmayan T, Fromentin J, Riondet C, Alcaraz G, Blein JP, Simon-Plas F. Regulation of reactive oxygen species production by a 14-3-3 protein in elicited tobacco cells. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2007; 30:722-32. [PMID: 17470148 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of the system responsible for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during plant-micro-organism interaction is still largely unknown. The protein NtrbohD has been recently demonstrated as the plasma membrane oxidase responsible for ROS production in elicited tobacco cells. Here, its C-terminus part was used as a bait in a two-hybrid screen in order to identify putative regulators of this system. This led to the isolation of a cDNA coding for a member of the 14-3-3 protein family. The corresponding transcript was induced after infiltration of tobacco leaves with the fungal elicitor cryptogein. Tobacco cells transformed with an antisense construct of this 14-3-3 no longer accumulated ROS, which constitutes a functional validation of the two-hybrid screen. This work provides new insights to the understanding of the regulation of ROS production in a signalling context and gives a new light to the possible role of 14-3-3 proteins in plant-micro-organisms interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taline Elmayan
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Plante-Microbe-Environnement INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne, BP 86510, Dijon Cedex, France
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16
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Wen F, VanEtten HD, Tsaprailis G, Hawes MC. Extracellular proteins in pea root tip and border cell exudates. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 143:773-83. [PMID: 17142479 PMCID: PMC1803736 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.091637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Newly generated plant tissue is inherently sensitive to infection. Yet, when pea (Pisum sativum) roots are inoculated with the pea pathogen, Nectria haematococca, most newly generated root tips remain uninfected even though most roots develop lesions just behind the tip in the region of elongation. The resistance mechanism is unknown but is correlated spatially with the presence of border cells on the cap periphery. Previously, an array of >100 extracellular proteins was found to be released while border cell separation proceeds. Here we report that protein secretion from pea root caps is induced in correlation with border cell separation. When this root cap secretome was proteolytically degraded during inoculation of pea roots with N. haematococca, the percentage of infected root tips increased from 4% +/- 3% to 100%. In control experiments, protease treatment of conidia or roots had no effect on growth and development of the fungus or the plant. A complex of >100 extracellular proteins was confirmed, by multidimensional protein identification technology, to comprise the root cap secretome. In addition to defense-related and signaling enzymes known to be present in the plant apoplast were ribosomal proteins, 14-3-3 proteins, and others typically associated with intracellular localization but recently shown to be extracellular components of microbial biofilms. We conclude that the root cap, long known to release a high molecular weight polysaccharide mucilage and thousands of living cells into the incipient rhizosphere, also secretes a complex mixture of proteins that appear to function in protection of the root tip from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fushi Wen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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17
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Viotti C, Luoni L, Morandini P, De Michelis MI. Characterization of the interaction between the plasma membrane H-ATPase of Arabidopsis thaliana and a novel interactor (PPI1). FEBS J 2005; 272:5864-71. [PMID: 16279950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proton pump interactor, isoform 1 (PPI1) is a novel interactor of the C-terminus of Arabidopsis thaliana plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.3.6). We produced two fusion proteins consisting of, respectively, the first 88 amino acids or the entire protein deleted of the last 24 hydrophobic amino acids, and we show that the latter protein has a threefold higher affinity for the H(+)-ATPase. PPI1-induced stimulation of H(+)-ATPase activity dramatically decreased with the increase of pH above pH 6.8, but became largely pH-independent when the enzyme C-terminus was displaced by fusicoccin-induced binding of 14-3-3 proteins. The latter treatment did not affect PPI1 affinity for the H(+)-ATPase. These results indicate that PPI1 can bind the H(+)-ATPase independently of the C-terminus conformation, but is not able to suppress the C-terminus auto-inhibitory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Viotti
- Dipartimento di Biologia 'L. Gorini', Università di Milano, CNR Istituto di Biofisica -- Sezione di Milano, Italy
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18
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Sinnige MP, Roobeek I, Bunney TD, Visser AJWG, Mol JNM, de Boer AH. Single amino acid variation in barley 14-3-3 proteins leads to functional isoform specificity in the regulation of nitrate reductase. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 44:1001-9. [PMID: 16359392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2005.02599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The highly conserved family of 14-3-3 proteins function in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular processes. The presence of multiple 14-3-3 isoforms and the diversity of cellular processes regulated by 14-3-3 suggest functional isoform specificity of 14-3-3 isoforms in the regulation of target proteins. Indeed, several studies observed differences in affinity and functionality of 14-3-3 isoforms. However, the structural variation by which isoform specificity is accomplished remains unclear. Because other reports suggest that specificity is found in differential expression and availability of 14-3-3 isoforms, we used the nitrate reductase (NR) model system to analyse the availability and functionality of the three barley 14-3-3 isoforms. We found that 14-3-3C is unavailable in dark harvested barley leaf extract and 14-3-3A is functionally not capable to efficiently inhibit NR activity, leaving 14-3-3B as the only characterized isoform able to regulate NR in barley. Further, using site directed mutagenesis, we identified a single amino acid variation (Gly versus Ser) in loop 8 of the 14-3-3 proteins that plays an important role in the observed isoform specificity. Mutating the Gly residue of 14-3-3A to the alternative residue, as found in 14-3-3B and 14-3-3C, turned it into a potent inhibitor of NR activity. Using surface plasmon resonance, we show that the ability of 14-3-3A and the mutated version to inhibit NR activity correlates well with their binding affinity for the 14-3-3 binding motif in the NR protein, indicating involvement of this residue in ligand discrimination. These results suggest that both the availability of 14-3-3 isoforms as well as binding affinity determine isoform-specific regulation of NR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Sinnige
- Department of Developmental Genetics, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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19
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Börnke F. The variable C-terminus of 14-3-3 proteins mediates isoform-specific interaction with sucrose-phosphate synthase in the yeast two-hybrid system. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 162:161-8. [PMID: 15779826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose-6-phosphate synthase (SPS) is a target for 14-3-3 protein binding in plants. Because several isoforms of the 14-3-3 protein are expressed in plants, I investigated which isoforms have the ability to bind SPS. Two 14-3-3 isoforms (T14-3d and a novel isoform designated T14-3 g) were found to interact with SPS from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in a two-hybrid screen. To further address the question of isoform specificity of 14-3-3s, four additional isoforms were tested for their ability to interact with SPS in the yeast two-hybrid system. The results clearly revealed large differences in affinity between individual 14-3-3 isoforms toward SPS. Deletion analysis suggested that these differences were mediated by the variable C-terminus of 14-3-3s. Site-directed mutagenesis of candidate 14-3-3 binding sites on SPS demonstrated that interaction could be independent of a phosphorylated serine residue within conserved binding motifs in the yeast system. These findings suggest that the large number of 14-3-3 isoforms present in plants reflects functional specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Börnke
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Corrensstrasse 3, Gatersleben 06466, Germany.
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20
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Inoue M, Nakamura Y, Yasuda K, Yasaka N, Hara T, Schnaufer A, Stuart K, Fukuma T. The 14-3-3 proteins of Trypanosoma brucei function in motility, cytokinesis, and cell cycle. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:14085-96. [PMID: 15653691 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412336200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The cDNAs for two isoforms (I and II) of the 14-3-3 proteins have been cloned and functionally characterized in Trypanosoma brucei. The amino acid sequences of isoforms I and II have 47 and 50% identity to the human tau isoform, respectively, with important conserved features including a potential amphipathic groove for the binding of phosphoserine/phosphothreonine-containing motifs and a nuclear export signal-like domain. Both isoforms are abundantly expressed at approximately equal levels (1-2 x 10(6) molecules/cell) and localized mainly in the cytoplasm. Knockdown by induction of double-stranded RNA of isoform I and/or II in both bloodstream and procyclic forms resulted first in a reduction of cell motility and then significant reduction in cell growth rates and morphological changes; the changes include aberrant numbers of organelles and abnormal shapes and sizes that mimic phenotypes produced by various cytokinesis inhibitors. Morphological and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of the cell cycle suggested that isoforms I and II might play important roles in nuclear (G2-M transition) and cell (M-G1 transition) division. These findings indicate that the 14-3-3 proteins play important roles in cell motility, cytokinesis, and the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Inoue
- Department of Parasitology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.
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21
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Pozuelo Rubio M, Geraghty KM, Wong BHC, Wood NT, Campbell DG, Morrice N, Mackintosh C. 14-3-3-affinity purification of over 200 human phosphoproteins reveals new links to regulation of cellular metabolism, proliferation and trafficking. Biochem J 2004; 379:395-408. [PMID: 14744259 PMCID: PMC1224091 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Revised: 01/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/27/2004] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
14-3-3-interacting proteins were isolated from extracts of proliferating HeLa cells using 14-3-3 affinity chromatography, eluting with a phosphopeptide that competes with targets for 14-3-3 binding. The isolated proteins did not bind to 14-3-3 proteins (14-3-3s) after dephosphorylation with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), indicating that binding to 14-3-3s requires their phosphorylation. The binding proteins identified by tryptic mass fingerprinting and Western blotting include many enzymes involved in generating precursors such as purines (AMP, GMP and ATP), FAD, NADPH, cysteine and S-adenosylmethionine, which are needed for cell growth, regulators of cell proliferation, including enzymes of DNA replication, proteins of anti-oxidative metabolism, regulators of actin dynamics and cellular trafficking, and proteins whose deregulation has been implicated in cancers, diabetes, Parkinsonism and other neurological diseases. Several proteins bound to 14-3-3-Sepharose in extracts of proliferating cells, but not in non-proliferating, serum-starved cells, including a novel microtubule-interacting protein ELP95 (EMAP-like protein of 95 kDa) and a small HVA22/Yop1p-related protein. In contrast, the interactions of 14-3-3s with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2A subunit and NuMA (nuclear mitotic apparatus protein) were not regulated by serum. Overall, our findings suggest that 14-3-3s may be central to integrating the regulation of biosynthetic metabolism, cell proliferation, survival, and other processes in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Pozuelo Rubio
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
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22
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Giacometti S, Camoni L, Albumi C, Visconti S, De Michelis MI, Aducci P. Tyrosine phosphorylation inhibits the interaction of 14-3-3 proteins with the plant plasma membrane H+-ATPase. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2004; 6:422-31. [PMID: 15248125 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-820933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of 14-3-3 proteins with their targets depends not only on the phosphorylation status of the target but also on that of 14-3-3 (Fu et al., 2000). In this work we demonstrated that the maize 14-3-3 isoform GF14-6 is a substrate of the tyrosine kinase insulin growth factor receptor 1. By means of site-directed mutants of GF14-6, we identified Tyr-137 as the specific tyrosine residue phosphorylated by the insulin growth factor receptor 1. Phosphorylation of GF14-6 on Tyr-137 lowered its affinity for a peptide mimicking the 14-3-3 binding site of the plant plasma membrane H+-ATPase. Moreover, phosphorylation in planta of 14-3-3 tyrosine residues, resulting from incubation with the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, phenylarsine oxide, decreased their association to the H+-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giacometti
- Dipartimento di Biologia "L. Gorini", Università di Milano, CNR Istituto di Biofisica - Sezione di Milano, via G. Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
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23
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Jaubert S, Laffaire JB, Ledger TN, Escoubas P, Amri EZ, Abad P, Rosso MN. Comparative analysis of two 14-3-3 homologues and their expression pattern in the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:873-80. [PMID: 15157770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2003] [Revised: 02/16/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved ubiquitous proteins found in all eukaryotic organisms. They are involved in various cellular processes including signal transduction, cell-cycle control, apoptosis, stress response and cytoskeleton organisation. We report here the cloning of two genes encoding 14-3-3 isoforms from the plant parasitic root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, together with an analysis of their expression. Both genes were shown to be transcribed in unhatched second stage larvae, infective second stage larvae, adult males and females. The Mi-14-3-3-a gene was shown to be specifically transcribed in the germinal primordium of infective larvae, whereas Mi-14-3-3-b was transcribed in the dorsal oesophageal gland in larvae of this stage. The MI-14-3-3-B protein was identified by mass spectrometry in in vitro-induced stylet secretions from infective larvae. The stability and distribution of MI-14-3-3 proteins in host plant cells was assessed after stable expression of the corresponding genes in tobacco BY2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jaubert
- INRA. Unité Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes et Santé Végétale. 400, Route des Chappes, BP 167, 06 903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
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24
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Abstract
The field of signal transduction has experienced a significant paradigm shift as a result of an increased understanding of the roles of 14-3-3 proteins. There are many cases where signal-induced phosphorylation itself may cause a change in protein function. This simple modification is, in fact, the primary basis of signal transduction events in many systems. There are a large and growing number of cases, however, where simple phosphorylation is not enough to effect a change in protein function. In these cases, the 14-3-3 proteins can be required to complete the change in function. Therefore signal transduction can be either the relatively simple process where phosphorylation alters target activity, or it can be a more complex, multistep process with the 14-3-3 proteins playing the major role of bringing the signal transduction event to completion. This makes 14-3-3-modulated signal transduction a more complicated process with additional avenues for regulation and variety. Adding further complexity to the process is the fact that 14-3-3 proteins are present as multigene families in most organisms (Aitken et al. Trends Biochem Sci 17: 498-501, 1992; Ferl Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Molecular Biology 47: 49-73, 1996), with each member of the family being differentially expressed in various tissues and with potentially differential affinity for various target proteins. This review focuses on the 14-3-3 family of Arabidopsis as a model for further developing understanding of the roles of the 14-3-3 proteins as modulators of signal transduction events in plants. The primary approaches to these questions are not unlike the approaches that would be used in the functional dissection of any multigene family, but the interpretation of these data will have wide implications since the 14-3-3 s physically interact with other protein families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Ferl
- Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601-0690, USA
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25
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Bustos DM, Iglesias AA. Phosphorylated non-phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from heterotrophic cells of wheat interacts with 14-3-3 proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 133:2081-8. [PMID: 14681537 PMCID: PMC300759 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.030981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2003] [Revised: 08/27/2003] [Accepted: 09/12/2003] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases catalyze key steps in energy and reducing power partitioning in cells of higher plants. Phosphorylated non-phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPN) present in heterotrophic cells of wheat (Triticum aestivum) was activated up to 3-fold by MgCl2. The effect was not observed with the non-phosphorylated enzyme found in leaves. The divalent cation also affected the response of the enzyme from endosperm and shoots to adenine nucleotides and inorganic pyrophosphate. Gel filtration chromatography, co-immunoprecipitation followed by immunostaining, and the use of a phosphopeptide containing a canonical binding motif showed that MgCl2 actually disrupted the interaction between GAPN and a 14-3-3 regulatory protein. After interaction with 14-3-3, phosphorylated GAPN exhibits a 3-fold lower Vmax and higher sensitivity to inhibition by ATP and pyrophosphate. Results suggest that GAPN is a target for regulation by phosphorylation, levels of divalent cations, and 14-3-3 proteins. The regulatory mechanism could be critical to maintain levels of energy and reductants in the cytoplasm of heterotrophic plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego M Bustos
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Camino Circunvalación Laguna km 6, CC 164, B7130IWA Chascomús, Argentina
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26
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Abstract
14-3-3 proteins were discovered by Moore and Perez in the soluble extract of bovine brain. These proteins are highly abundant in the brain. In this review 14-3-3 cDNA cloning, nucleotide sequence of 14-3-3 cDNA, the structure of 14-3-3 gene and 14-3-3 gene expression, in situ hybridization of 14-3-3 mRNA in the brain, the function and regulation of 14-3-3 protein, the binding of 14-3-3 protein to other proteins, the effects of 14-3-3 protein on the binding of a protein to other proteins, and the effect on protein kinase, etc., are concisely described. From the recent rapid development of proteom technology, markedly more target proteins of 14-3-3 protein should be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata City 951-8585, Japan
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27
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Shen W, Clark AC, Huber SC. The C-terminal tail of Arabidopsis 14-3-3omega functions as an autoinhibitor and may contain a tenth alpha-helix. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 34:473-484. [PMID: 12753586 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic regulatory protein 14-3-3 is involved in many important plant cellular processes including regulation of nitrate assimilation through inhibition of phosphorylated nitrate reductase (pNR) in darkened leaves. Divalent metal cations (Me2+) and some polyamines interact with the loop 8 region of the 14-3-3 proteins and allow them to bind and inhibit pNR in vitro. The role of the highly variant C-terminal regions of the 14-3-3 isoforms in regulation by polycations is not clear. In this study, we carried out structural analyses on the C-terminal tail of the Arabidopsis 14-3-3omega isoform and evaluated its contributions to the inhibition of pNR. Nested C-terminal truncations of the recombinant 14-3-3omega protein revealed that the removal of the C-terminal tail renders the protein partially Mg2+-independent in both pNR binding and inhibition of activity, suggesting that the C-terminus functions as an autoinhibitor. The C-terminus of 14-3-3omega appears to undergo a conformational change in the presence of polycations as demonstrated by its increased trypsin cleavage at Lys-247. C-terminal truncation of 14-3-3omega at Thr-255 increased its interaction with antibodies to the C-terminus of 14-3-3omega in non-denaturing conditions, but not in denaturing conditions, suggesting that the C-terminal tail contains ordered structures that might be disrupted by the truncation. Circular dichroism (CD) analysis of a C-terminal peptide, from Trp-234 to Lys-249, revealed that the C-terminal tail might contain a tenth alpha-helix, in agreement with the in silico predictions. The function of the putative tenth alpha-helix is not clear because substituting two prolyl residues within the predicted helix (E245P/I246P mutant), which prevented the corresponding peptide from adopting a helical conformation, did not affect the inhibition of pNR activity in the presence or absence of Mg2+. We propose that in the absence of polycations, access of target proteins to their binding groove in the 14-3-3 protein is restricted by the C-terminus, which acts as part of a gate that opens with the binding of polycations to loop 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC 27695-7631, USA
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28
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Visconti S, Camoni L, Fullone MR, Lalle M, Marra M, Aducci P. Mutational analysis of the interaction between 14-3-3 proteins and plant plasma membrane H+-ATPase. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:8172-8. [PMID: 12509351 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211039200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report on mutational studies performed to investigate the mechanism of binding of 14-3-3 proteins to the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase of plant cells. In fact, although the molecular basis of the interaction between 14-3-3 and the known mode-1 and mode-2 consensus sequences are well characterized, no information is available regarding the association with the H(+)-ATPase, which contains the novel binding site YTV totally unrelated to the 14-3-3 canonical motifs. To this purpose, different mutants of the maize 14-3-3 GF14-6 isoform were produced and used in interaction studies with the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase and with a peptide reproducing the 14-3-3 binding site of the enzyme. The ability of 14-3-3 mutants to stimulate H(+)-ATPase activity was also tested. To investigate the mechanism of fusicoccin-dependent interaction, binding experiments between 14-3-3 proteins and mutants of the extreme portion of the H(+)-ATPase C terminus were also carried out. The results demonstrate that mutations of Lys(56) and Val(185) within the amphipathic groove disrupt the ability of GF14-6 to interact with H(+)-ATPase and to stimulate its activity. Moreover, substitution of Asp(938) and Asp(940) in the MHA2 H(+)-ATPase C terminus greatly decreased association with GF14-6, thereby demonstrating a crucial role of negatively charged residues in the fusicoccin-dependent interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Visconti
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, Italy
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29
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Harthill JE, Pozuelo Rubio M, Milne FC, MacKintosh C. Regulation of the 14-3-3-binding protein p39 by growth factors and nutrients in rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. Biochem J 2002; 368:565-72. [PMID: 12217078 PMCID: PMC1223016 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2002] [Accepted: 09/09/2002] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Unstimulated PC12 pheochromocytoma cells contain many proteins that bound to 14-3-3s in competition with a 14-3-3-binding peptide. Additional proteins, including one of 39 kDa (p39), became capable of binding to 14-3-3s in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent responses to epidermal growth factor or nerve growth factor in vivo. The growth factor regulation was unaffected by inhibitors of the mitogen- or stress-activated protein kinase pathways, or by glucose starvation, but was blocked by amino acid starvation and only partially blocked by rapamycin. p39 in extracts of unstimulated, nutrient-fed cells, but not nutrient-starved cells, was able to bind to 14-3-3s after phosphorylation by protein kinase B (PKB) in vitro. Nutrient starvation did not affect the growth factor-stimulated activation of PKB in vivo. Either cycloheximide (CHX) or the cysteine protease inhibitor, MG132, restored the responsiveness of p39 to growth factors in nutrient-starved cells. In contrast, MG132 could not replace amino acids in supporting the growth factor-stimulated phosphorylation of two downstream targets of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), namely eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) and p70 S6 kinase. CHX permitted complete growth factor-stimulated phosphorylation of both 4E-BP1 and p70 S6 kinase in nutrient- starved cells; however, unlike p39, phosphorylation of these proteins was blocked by rapamycin. These findings implicate PKB (or an enzyme with similar specificity) in the growth factor-triggered phosphorylation of p39. In addition, amino acid starvation induces a CHX- and MG132-sensitive pathway that targets p39 and appears to be distinct from the mechanism of regulation of 4E-BP1 and p70 S6 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean E Harthill
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, MSI/WTB Complex, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
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30
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Wang YH, Garvin DF, Kochian LV. Rapid induction of regulatory and transporter genes in response to phosphorus, potassium, and iron deficiencies in tomato roots. Evidence for cross talk and root/rhizosphere-mediated signals. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:1361-70. [PMID: 12428001 PMCID: PMC166655 DOI: 10.1104/pp.008854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2002] [Revised: 07/07/2002] [Accepted: 08/04/2002] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mineral nutrient deficiencies constitute major limitations for plant growth on agricultural soils around the world. To identify genes that possibly play roles in plant mineral nutrition, we recently generated a high-density array consisting of 1,280 genes from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) roots for expression profiling in nitrogen (N) nutrition. In the current study, we used the same array to search for genes induced by phosphorus (P), potassium (K(+)), and iron (Fe) deficiencies. RNA gel-blot analysis was conducted to study the time-dependent kinetics for expression of these genes in response to withholding P, K, or Fe. Genes previously not associated with P, K, and Fe nutrition were identified, such as transcription factor, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, MAP kinase kinase, and 14-3-3 proteins. Many of these genes were induced within 1 h after withholding the specific nutrient from roots of intact plants; thus, RNA gel-blot analysis was repeated for specific genes (transcription factor and MAP kinase) in roots of decapitated plants to investigate the tissue-specific location of the signal triggering gene induction. Both genes were induced just as rapidly in decapitated plants, suggesting that the rapid response to the absence of P, K, or Fe in the root-bathing medium is triggered either by a root-localized signal or because of root sensing of the mineral environment surrounding the roots. We also show that expression of Pi, K, and Fe transporter genes were up-regulated by all three treatments, suggesting coordination and coregulation of the uptake of these three essential mineral nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hong Wang
- United States Plant, Soil, and Nutrition Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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31
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Negishi T, Nakanishi H, Yazaki J, Kishimoto N, Fujii F, Shimbo K, Yamamoto K, Sakata K, Sasaki T, Kikuchi S, Mori S, Nishizawa NK. cDNA microarray analysis of gene expression during Fe-deficiency stress in barley suggests that polar transport of vesicles is implicated in phytosiderophore secretion in Fe-deficient barley roots. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 30:83-94. [PMID: 11967095 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To acquire Fe from soil, graminaceous plants secrete mugineic acid family phytosiderophores (MAs) from their roots. The secretion of MAs increases in response to Fe deficiency, and shows a distinct diurnal rhythm. We used a microarray that included 8987 cDNAs of rice EST clones to examine gene expression profiles in barley roots during Fe-deficiency stress. Approximately 200 clones were identified as Fe-deficiency-inducible genes, of which seven had been identified previously. In order to meet the increased demand for methionine to produce MAs, Fe-deficiency enhances the expression of genes that participate in methionine synthesis, as well as recycling methionine through the Yang cycle. Of these 200 genes, approximately 50 exhibited different transcription levels in Fe-deficient roots at noon and at night. Northern blot analysis of time course experiments confirmed that five of these genes exhibited a diurnal change in their level of expression. The diurnal changes in the expression of these genes suggest that polar vesicle transport is involved in the diurnal secretion of MAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Negishi
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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32
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Abstract
14-3-3 proteins were the first signaling molecules to be identified as discrete phosphoserine/threonine binding modules. This family of proteins, which includes seven isotypes in human cells and up to 15 in plants, plays critical roles in cell signaling events that control progress through the cell cycle, transcriptional alterations in response to environmental cues, and programmed cell death. Despite over 30 years of research, distinct roles for most isotypes remain unknown. Though 14-3-3 proteins perform different functions for different ligands, general mechanisms of 14-3-3 action include changes in activity of bound ligands, altered association of bound ligands with other cellular components, and changes in intracellular localization of 14-3-3-bound cargo. We present a speculative model where binding of 14-3-3 to multiple sites on some ligands results in global ligand conformational changes that mediate their biological effects. For these multi-site ligands, one binding site is likely to function as a 'gatekeeper' whose phosphorylation is necessary for 14-3-3 binding but may not always be sufficient for full biological activity. If correct, then 14-3-3 may prove to be a bona fide phosphodependent signaling chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Yaffe
- Center for Cancer Research E18-580, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Tzivion G, Avruch J. 14-3-3 proteins: active cofactors in cellular regulation by serine/threonine phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:3061-4. [PMID: 11709560 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r100059200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guri Tzivion
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas 76504, USA
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34
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Haydon CE, Watt PW, Morrice N, Knebel A, Gaestel M, Cohen P. Identification of a phosphorylation site on skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase that becomes phosphorylated during muscle contraction. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 397:224-31. [PMID: 11795875 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A protein phosphorylated efficiently in vitro by MAP kinase-activated protein kinase-2 (MAPKAP-K2) was purified from skeletal muscle extracts and identified as the calcium/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). The phosphorylation site was mapped to Ser(161), a residue shown previously to be autophosphorylated by MLCK. The residue equivalent to Ser(161) became phosphorylated in vivo when rat hindlimbs were stimulated electrically. However, phosphorylation was triggered within seconds, whereas activation of MAPKAP-K2 required several minutes. Moreover, contraction-induced Ser(161) phosphorylation was similar in wild-type or MAPKAP-K2-/- mice. These results indicate that contraction-induced phosphorylation is probably catalyzed by MLCK and not MAPKAP-K2. Ser(161) phosphorylation induced the binding of MLCK to 14-3-3 proteins, but did not detectably affect the kinetic properties of MLCK. The sequence surrounding Ser(161) is unusual in that residue 158 is histidine. Previously, an arginine located three residues N-terminal to the site of phosphorylation was thought to be critical for the specificity of MAPKAP-K2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Haydon
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
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35
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Abstract
The 14-3-3 proteins are a part of an emerging family of proteins and protein domains that bind to serine/threonine-phosphorylated residues in a context specific manner, analogous to the Src homology 2 (SH2) and phospho-tyrosine binding (PTB) domains. 14-3-3 proteins bind and regulate key proteins involved in various physiological processes such as intracellular signaling (e.g. Raf, MLK, MEKK, PI-3 kinase, IRS-1), cell cycling (e.g. Cdc25, Wee1, CDK2, centrosome), apoptosis (e.g. BAD, ASK-1) and transcription regulation (e.g. FKHRL1, DAF-16, p53, TAZ, TLX-2, histone deacetylase). In contrast to SH2 and PTB domains, which serve mainly to mediate protein-protein interactions, 14-3-3 proteins in many cases alter the function of the target protein, thus allowing them to serve as direct regulators of their targets. This review focuses on the various mechanisms employed by the 14-3-3 proteins in the regulation of their diverse targets, the structural basis for 14-3-3-target protein interaction with emphasis on the role of 14-3-3 dimerization in target protein binding and regulation and provides an insight on 14-3-3 regulation itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tzivion
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, TX 76504, USA.
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36
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Malerba M, Bianchetti R. 14-3-3 protein-activated and autoinhibited forms of plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 286:984-90. [PMID: 11527397 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several authors previously showed that the interaction between 14-3-3 proteins and plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase leads to an activated complex in which the enzyme is endowed with more favorable kinetic parameters and a more physiological pH optimum. In this paper we report immunological studies with antibodies covering a different specific region of the protein, including the N- and the C-terminal ends. The results showed that, beside a free and a complexed form, a third form of H(+)-ATPase in the cell must exist with low activity and no more activation due to the loss of a part of the C-terminal regulatory domain. A model in which 14-3-3 proteins activate H(+)-ATPase by protecting it from a specific proteolytic attack is presented and its generalization is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malerba
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milan, 20126, Italy
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37
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38
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39
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Smith CJ, Gallon JR. Living in the real world: how plants perceive their environment. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2001; 151:1-6. [PMID: 33873390 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (tel +44 1792295 378; fax +44 1792295 447 email )
| | - John R Gallon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (tel +44 1792295376; fax +44 1792295447 email )
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40
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Jahn T, Dietrich J, Andersen B, Leidvik B, Otter C, Briving C, Kühlbrandt W, Palmgren MG. Large scale expression, purification and 2D crystallization of recombinant plant plasma membrane H+-ATPase. J Mol Biol 2001; 309:465-76. [PMID: 11371165 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
P-type ATPases convert chemical energy into electrochemical gradients that are used to energize secondary active transport. Analysis of the structure and function of P-type ATPases has been limited by the lack of active recombinant ATPases in quantities suitable for crystallographic studies aiming at solving their three-dimensional structure. We have expressed Arabidopsis thaliana plasma membrane H+-ATPase isoform AHA2, equipped with a His(6)-tag, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The H+-ATPase could be purified both in the presence and in the absence of regulatory 14-3-3 protein depending on the presence of the diterpene fusicoccin which specifically induces formation of the H+-ATPase/14-3-3 protein complex. Amino acid analysis of the purified complex suggested a stoichiometry of two 14-3-3 proteins per H+-ATPase polypeptide. The purified H(+)-ATPase readily formed two-dimensional crystals following reconstitution into lipid vesicles. Electron cryo-microscopy of the crystals yielded a projection map at approximately 8 A resolution, the p22(1)2(1) symmetry of which suggests a dimeric protein complex. Three distinct regions of density of approximately equal size are apparent and may reflect different domains in individual molecules of AHA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jahn
- Department of Plant Biology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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41
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Lapointe G, Luckevich MD, Cloutier M, Séguin A. 14-3-3 gene family in hybrid poplar and its involvement in tree defence against pathogens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2001. [PMID: 11432952 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/52.359.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In ongoing investigations of the role of the signal transduction pathway in tree-pathogen interactions, four complete and two partial 14-3-3 cDNAs have been isolated which are members of a gene family. Comparisons of DNA sequences reveal a high degree of identity among the cDNAs, and, in some cases, higher than 75% sequence similarity with previously published sequences. Sequence analysis at the amino acid level uncovered potential phosphorylation sites, some of which were identical among the proteins, and some of which varied. Treatment of trees with chitosan, jasmonates or by wounding of leaves, caused increases in the levels of 14-3-3 mRNA transcripts. Since jasmonates and chitosan are signal transducers of defence reactions in plants, these results suggest a possible role for 14-3-3 proteins in the pathogen defence response of deciduous trees. Effects of elicitors on transcription of the pal gene were also monitored. Pal is a well-characterized, pathogen response-related gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lapointe
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada G1V 4C7
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42
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Gilroy S, Trewavas A. Signal processing and transduction in plant cells: the end of the beginning? Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2001; 2:307-14. [PMID: 11283728 DOI: 10.1038/35067109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plants have a very different lifestyle to animals, and one might expect that unique molecules and processes would underpin plant-cell signal transduction. But, with a few notable exceptions, the list is remarkably familiar and could have been constructed from animal studies. Wherein, then, does lifestyle specificity emerge?
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43
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van den Wijngaard PW, Bunney TD, Roobeek I, Schönknecht G, de Boer AH. Slow vacuolar channels from barley mesophyll cells are regulated by 14-3-3 proteins. FEBS Lett 2001; 488:100-4. [PMID: 11163804 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)02394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The conductance of the vacuolar membrane at elevated cytosolic Ca(2+) levels is dominated by the slow activating cation selective (SV) channel. At physiological, submicromolar Ca(2+) concentrations the SV currents are very small. Only recently has the role of 14-3-3 proteins in the regulation of voltage-gated and Ca(2+)-activated plasma membrane ion channels been investigated in Drosophila, Xenopus and plants. Here we report the first evidence that plant 14-3-3 proteins are involved in the down-regulation of ion channels in the vacuolar membrane as well. Using the patch-clamp technique we have demonstrated that 14-3-3 protein drastically reduces the current carried by SV channels. The current decline amounted to 80% and half-maximal reduction was reached within 5 s after 14-3-3-addition to the bath. The voltage sensitivity of the channel was not affected by 14-3-3. A coordinating role for 14-3-3 proteins in the regulation of plasma membrane and tonoplast ion transporters is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W van den Wijngaard
- BioCentrum Amsterdam, Department of Developmental Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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