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Button TAJ, Ouellette GP. Actions speak louder than coaches: Eating disorder behaviour among student-athletes. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308795. [PMID: 39240846 PMCID: PMC11379180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to examine the prevalence of eating disorder behaviours among student-athletes at a small, non-NCAA (Canadian) university, while evaluating the influence of gender, type of sport, and perceived social support. Two hundred participants (130 female, 70 male) completed an online survey that assessed participants eating disorder behaviours (EAT-26), behaviours consistent with the Adonis Complex (ACQ) and perceived social support (modified MPSS). The results revealed significant differences in eating disorder behaviour between female and male athletes, with females scoring significantly higher; yet no differences were found between how female and male athletes scored on the Adonis Complex Questionnaire. Significant differences were found between lean-sport and non-lean sport athletes, with lean sport athletes exhibiting more eating disorder behaviours. Furthermore, non-lean sport male athletes were found to score significantly higher than lean-sport male athletes for the Adonis Complex. Perceived social support was found to be negatively correlated to eating disorder behaviours and when considering gender and type of sport, accounted for unique variance in eating disorder behaviour. These results suggest that student-athletes are susceptible to negative mental health outcomes, even within the context of a smaller (and non-NCAA) university context, and eating behaviours vary among athlete and sport type. The results highlight the importance of continued research in this area and of having support systems in place for student-athletes and increasing awareness of athletic staff and coaches as to the seriousness and prevalence of eating disorder behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea A J Button
- Department of Psychology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Gene P Ouellette
- Department of Psychology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
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Li Q, Li H, Zhang G, Cao Y, Li Y. Athlete Body Image and Eating Disorders: A Systematic Review of Their Association and Influencing Factors. Nutrients 2024; 16:2686. [PMID: 39203822 PMCID: PMC11356870 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Body image and eating disorders pose significant challenges to the overall health of athletes. However, divergent findings exist regarding the potential association between athletes' body image and eating disorders. This systematic review aims to examine the relationship between these two variables and identify the modifiers of the association, such as gender, age, race, and exercise type. A search was conducted in five databases (Web of Science, PubMed, APA PsycINFO, ProQuest, and EBSCO), aiming to identify studies on athletes and involved body image and eating disorders in their conclusions. Ultimately, thirty-one studies were included for systematic evaluation. The results of the studies indicate that the relationship between athletes' body image and eating disorders is complex and inconclusive. In some types of sports, eating disorders can occur even when athletes are satisfied with their body image. Furthermore, female athletes, particularly young female athletes, and athletes involved in sports associated with leanness are more prone to eating disorders and body dissatisfaction. Due to limited resources in this type of research, there is a lack of comprehensive inclusivity across sports disciplines, genders, races, and levels of sports proficiency, which warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Li
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China (G.Z.)
| | - Hansen Li
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China (G.Z.)
| | - Guodong Zhang
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China (G.Z.)
- International College, Krirk University, Bangkok 10220, Thailand
| | - Yang Cao
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Orebro University, 70182 Orebro, Sweden;
- Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yun Li
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China (G.Z.)
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Contreras DW, Granquist MD, Martin LA. Stress, Sport Anxiety, Neuroticism, and Coping in Student-Athletes: Implications for Patient Mental Health. J Athl Train 2023; 58:733-739. [PMID: 37248524 PMCID: PMC11215728 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0527.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Patients' mental health has been recognized as important in providing patient-centered care in athletic training. OBJECTIVE To evaluate stress, sport anxiety, neuroticism, and coping in student-athletes. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING University athletics. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS The sample comprised 86 student-athletes competing in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division III. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The Perceived Stress Scale, Sport Anxiety Scale-2, neuroticism scale of the Big Five Inventory, and Brief COPE were used to measure stress, sport anxiety, neuroticism, and coping, respectively. RESULTS Sport anxiety was positively related to stress (r = 0.446, P < .001) and neuroticism (r = 0.311, P < .01) and not related to emotion-focused coping (r = 0.270, P = .804). Neuroticism was a negative predictor of emotion-focused coping (b = -0.373, P < .001), and sport anxiety and stress were predictors of dysfunctional coping (b = 0.120, P < .05; b = 0.037, P < .05). Stress, sport anxiety, and neuroticism were not predictors of problem-focused coping. CONCLUSIONS Support was evident for the relationship among stress, sport anxiety, neuroticism, and coping in NCAA Division III student-athletes. Such results warrant future exploration to inform behavioral interventions targeting student-athlete psychosocial factors to promote improved performance, reduce injury risk factors (eg, stress, personality, coping), and enhance student-athlete mental health and well-being.
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Kaufman M, Nguyen C, Shetty M, Oppezzo M, Barrack M, Fredericson M. Popular Dietary Trends' Impact on Athletic Performance: A Critical Analysis Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3511. [PMID: 37630702 PMCID: PMC10460072 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition fuels optimal performance for athletes. With increased research developments, numerous diets available, and publicity from professional athletes, a review of dietary patterns impact on athletic performance is warranted. RESULTS The Mediterranean diet is a low inflammatory diet linked to improved power and muscle endurance and body composition. Ketogenic diets are restrictive of carbohydrates and proteins. Though both show no decrements in weight loss, ketogenic diets, which is a more restrictive form of low-carbohydrate diets, can be more difficult to follow. High-protein and protein-paced versions of low-carbohydrate diets have also shown to benefit athletic performance. Plant-based diets have many variations. Vegans are at risk of micronutrient deficiencies and decreased leucine content, and therefore, decreased muscle protein synthesis. However, the literature has not shown decreases in performance compared to omnivores. Intermittent fasting has many different versions, which may not suit those with comorbidities or specific needs as well as lead to decreases in sprint speed and worsening time to exhaustion. CONCLUSIONS This paper critically evaluates the research on diets in relation to athletic performance and details some of the potential risks that should be monitored. No one diet is universally recommend for athletes; however, this article provides the information for athletes to analyze, in conjunction with medical professional counsel, their own diet and consider sustainable changes that can help achieve performance and body habitus goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kaufman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Chantal Nguyen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Maya Shetty
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Marily Oppezzo
- Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Michelle Barrack
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Michael Fredericson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
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Stackeová D, Barešová T, Přibylová B. A pilot study of a modification EAT-26 questionnaire for screening pathological eating behavior in competitive athletes. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1166129. [PMID: 37333604 PMCID: PMC10272717 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1166129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study deals with pathological forms of eating behavior and disorders of athletes with the aim to verify a newly created questionnaire method focused on their screening. First, a detailed analysis of one of the most frequently used methods, EAT-26, was carried out, which was subsequently reworked into a newly created questionnaire that should meet the criteria for application to a group of competitive athletes. This new questionnaire was then verified on a group of athletes in risky sports disciplines. It was distributed among athletes of aesthetic sports, specifically among aerobics (gymnastic, sport, and fitness), gymnastics (modern and sport), professional dance, figure skating, and bodybuilding/fitness (classic bodybuilding, bikini fitness, and men's physique). In total, 100 respondents, 79 women and 21 men, with 20 persons from each sport branch, aged 16-26, participated in the research. The main results of the research investigation were determined using factor analysis, which yielded positive results. Five strong factors (dietary control, body weight control, training obsession, appetite, and calorie counting) were identified, which can be defined as common and well-known characteristics in the eating and training regime of competitive athletes. At the same time, the factors found can be defined as essential factors influencing the emergence of disturbed eating behavior or the later development of an eating disorder. Compared to the original EAT-26, the point score was adjusted, and its critical value was determined at 57 points. Of the respondents, 33%, i.e., 33 out of a possible 100, achieved this value or above. Respondents with a point score of 57 and above were found in every sport tested. Of the 33 respondents reaching this point limit, 6% were in aerobics, 24% in gymnastics, 15% in professional dance, 27% in figure skating, and 27% in bodybuilding/fitness. Respondents from the bodybuilding and fitness sports sector achieved the highest number of points on average and those were the only ones who exceeded the threshold of 57 points on average. The results of the work correspond with the opinion of many experts that the sports environment is ideal for covering up disturbed eating behavior or eating disorders, and diagnosis in this environment is difficult.
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Abstract
The emerging field of sports psychiatry has been developing steadily in recent years. This is not just a health concern but is likely to impact sporting performance and achievement significantly. An overview of sports psychiatry is provided. Psychiatric disorders of all varieties can and do present in sporting populations. Sports psychiatry keeps evolving to drive forward the importance of good mental health in sport as in life.
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Papacharalampous KE, Dallas C, Dallas G. DETECTION OF EATING DISORDERS IN MALE AND FEMALE ARTISTIC GYMNASTS. SCIENCE OF GYMNASTICS JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.52165/sgj.14.3.421-433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the trend of eating disorders in competitive male and female artistic gymnasts. The study involved 23 male and 42 female gymnasts, aged 7-27, from sports clubs throughout Greece. The EAT-26 Diet Attitudes scale was used to investigate participants' eating habits. The data collection process included communication with sports organizations throughout Greece on the content and purpose of the research. After consultation, the questionnaire was due to the COVID-19 pandemic provided in an electronic form and also included the consent form for participation in the research. The results of the study indicated that eleven of the sixty-five gymnasts had a total score of >20 on the EAT-26, a rate higher among female gymnasts (~ 24%) compared to male gymnasts (~ 4.4%) (p <.05). Although female gymnasts develop more eating disorders and bulimia than male gymnasts, no significant differences were found in the subscales of the questionnaire (p > .05). Therefore, this finding in combination with the fact that most of the gymnasts were teenagers (15.23 ± 6.35 years old) requires particular importance and attention from coaches and the family environment.
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Yesildemir O, Tek NA. RISK OF EATING DISORDERS AND BODY DISSATISFACTION AMONG GYM-GOERS IN ANKARA, TURKEY. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202228042021_0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Although regular exercise is widely recommended to promote optimal health, it is thought that gym-goers are at risk for body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. Objective: This study assessed the risk of eating disorders and the prevalence of body dissatisfaction in gym-goers enrolled in a gym located in the city of Ankara, the capital of Turkey. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 206 gym-goers, 102 males (mean age of 25.8±7.86 years) and 104 females (mean age of 26.5±9.07 years), who regularly exercised at least twice a week at this gym during the years 2018 to 2019. Demographic characteristics and exercise status of the participants were collected through face-to-face interviews via a questionnaire form. The REZZY (SCOFF) questionnaire was administered to determine the risk of eating disorders and the Stunkard Figure Rating Scale was administered to determine body dissatisfaction. Results: The mean REZZY score in females (1.4±1.21) was higher than in males (0.8 ± 1.05) (p<0.01). In males, 26 out of 102 (25.5%) had a score indicating a risk of eating disorders. In females, 44 out of 104 (42.3%) had a score indicating a risk of eating disorders. The risk of eating disorders is higher in females than in males (p<0.05). While 49.0% of males stated that their current body size is greater than the ideal body size, 76.0% of females said that their current body size is greater than the ideal body size. Conclusion: Consequently, it was determined that gym-goers were a risk group in terms of eating disorders and body dissatisfaction. Level of Evidence: III; Cross-sectional study.
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Stoyel H, Stride C, Shanmuganathan-Felton V, Serpell L. Understanding risk factors for disordered eating symptomatology in athletes: A prospective study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257577. [PMID: 34559831 PMCID: PMC8462695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Disordered eating and eating disorders have huge impact on athletic health and performance. Understanding risk factors for disordered eating development is paramount to protecting the health and performance of these athletes. This project tested a model longitudinally to test whether body dissatisfaction (mediated by negative affect) and societal pressures (mediated by internalisation) predicted bulimic symptomatology at 1 year. The study recruited 1017 male and female athletes in a range of sports at three time points over a year. Cross-lag meditation modelling in MPLUS was utilised to test the hypothesised model. Results indicated that societal pressures mediated by general internalisation led to bulimic symptomatology and that gender and sport type do moderate the relationships. However, measurement issues indicate that scales not originally created for athletes may not reliably measure athletes' experience. This research highlights how understanding how to better assess risk factors and disordered eating related concepts in athletes is a key next step. The study is unique in its longitudinal design and in its sampling of a wide range of sports in both male and female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Stoyel
- University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Stride
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lucy Serpell
- University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
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Nattiv A, De Souza MJ, Koltun KJ, Misra M, Kussman A, Williams NI, Barrack MT, Kraus E, Joy E, Fredericson M. The Male Athlete Triad-A Consensus Statement From the Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition Part 1: Definition and Scientific Basis. Clin J Sport Med 2021; 31:335-348. [PMID: 34091537 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The Male Athlete Triad is a syndrome of 3 interrelated conditions most common in adolescent and young adult male endurance and weight-class athletes and includes the clinically relevant outcomes of (1) energy deficiency/low energy availability (EA) with or without disordered eating/eating disorders, (2) functional hypothalamic hypogonadism, and (3) osteoporosis or low bone mineral density with or without bone stress injury (BSI). The causal role of low EA in the modulation of reproductive function and skeletal health in the male athlete reinforces the notion that skeletal health and reproductive outcomes are the primary clinical concerns. At present, the specific intermediate subclinical outcomes are less clearly defined in male athletes than those in female athletes and are represented as subtle alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and increased risk for BSI. The degree of energy deficiency/low EA associated with such alterations remains unclear. However, available data suggest a more severe energy deficiency/low EA state is needed to affect reproductive and skeletal health in the Male Athlete Triad than in the Female Athlete Triad. Additional research is needed to further clarify and quantify this association. The Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statements include evidence statements developed after a roundtable of experts held in conjunction with the American College of Sports Medicine 64th Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, in 2017 and are in 2 parts-Part I: Definition and Scientific Basis and Part 2: The Male Athlete Triad: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Return-to-Play. In this first article, we discuss the scientific evidence to support the Male Athlete Triad model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Nattiv
- Division of Sports Medicine and Non-Operative Orthopaedics, Departments of Family Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mary Jane De Souza
- Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristen J Koltun
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Madhusmita Misra
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea Kussman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Nancy I Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle T Barrack
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, California; and
| | - Emily Kraus
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Michael Fredericson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Money-Taylor E, Dobbin N, Gregg R, Matthews JJ, Esen O. Differences in attitudes, behaviours and beliefs towards eating between female bodybuilding athletes and non-athletes, and the implications for eating disorders and disordered eating. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Female athletes participating in sports emphasising aesthetics are potentially more prone to developing disordered eating (DE) and eating disorders (EDs) than non-athletes, males, and those participating in sports with less emphasis on leanness. Despite this, female bodybuilding athletes have received little attention.
Aim
To investigate differences in eating attitudes, behaviours and beliefs in female bodybuilding athletes and a non-athlete group.
Methods
A cross-sectional study design was used with the eating attitude test-26 (EAT-26) distributed to 75 women (49.3% bodybuilding athletes; 50.7% non-athletes) and the female athlete screening tool (FAST) distributed to the female bodybuilding group only.
Results
Demographic characteristics revealed no significant difference in age, stature or body mass index (P = 0.106 to 0.173), though differences in body mass were evident (P = 0.0001 to 0.042). Bodybuilding athletes scored significantly higher (P = 0.001) than non-athletes on the EAT-26 questionnaire, with significantly more athletes (56.8%) being labelled as ‘at risk’ of an ED than non-athletes (23.7%, P = 0.001). Responses to the FAST questionnaire indicated female bodybuilding athletes have high preoccupation with their body mass; engage in exercise to alter their body mass; and disclosed negative perceptions of themselves.
Conclusion
In all, female bodybuilding athletes demonstrate behaviours associated with DE and EDs as well as a preoccupation with nutrition intake, exercise, and strategies to alter their appearance. These findings have important implications for those managing female bodybuilding athletes such as strength and conditioning coaches, athletic trainers, nutritionist and dietitians with respect to detecting DE and EDs as well as minimising the risk factors.
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Stoyel H, Delderfield R, Shanmuganathan-Felton V, Stoyel A, Serpell L. A Qualitative Exploration of Sport and Social Pressures on Elite Athletes in Relation to Disordered Eating. Front Psychol 2021; 12:633490. [PMID: 33967900 PMCID: PMC8103200 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Athletes are at increased risk of disordered eating compared to non-athletes. Inspired by previous investigation into quantitative work on an etiological model of disordered eating in athletes, the current study aimed to explore a problematic aspect of the model: athletes' lived experiences of social and sport pressures in relation to the onset of disordered eating and differing eating behaviors. Methods: Nine (N = 9) male and female athletes representing a range of endurance sports took part in semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was utilized. Analysis: Analysis revealed two main themes each with two corresponding subthemes (1) Conflating physical appearance and sporting ability with the subthemes of (1a) social comparison in a sporting world and (1b) societal notions of "the athlete body" and (2) Living as an athlete with the corresponding subthemes of (2a) discipline and sacrifice and (2b) the balancing act. Discussion: It is the complex interaction between societal expectations as lived out in social messages and comparisons, and sport pressures that contributes to the development of disordered eating behaviors. These findings suggest that prevention and treatment of disordered eating in athletes can be applied from those already established in non-sporting realm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alex Stoyel
- University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Serpell
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Kennedy SF, Kovan J, Werner E, Mancine R, Gusfa D, Kleiman H. Initial validation of a screening tool for disordered eating in adolescent athletes. J Eat Disord 2021; 9:21. [PMID: 33588900 PMCID: PMC7885388 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-020-00364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disordered eating (DE) is a growing problem among all athletes, particularly adolescents. To help prevent the progression of DE to a clinical eating disorder (ED), a brief screening tool could offer an efficient method for early identification of DE in athletes and facilitate treatment. The aim of this study is to validate a screening tool for DE that will identify male and female adolescent athletes of all sports and levels of competition who are at risk for DE. The Disordered Eating Screen for Athletes (DESA-6) consists of only 6 items and was designed for use in both male and female athlete populations. METHODS Validation involved two phases: Phase I consisted of screening high school athletes using the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) and the DESA-6; and Phase II included inviting all high school athletes categorized as "at risk" after screening, plus age- and self-reported gender- matched athletes categorized as not "at risk", to complete the same surveys a second time along with clinical interview. Validity and regression analyses were used to compare the DESA-6 to the EAT-26 and EDE 17.0D. RESULTS When comparing to clinical interview, the DESA-6 had a total sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 85.96%, respectively. Upon comparison of concurrent validity, Phase II DESA-6 had a strong significant positive correlation for both males and females when compared to Phase II EDE 17.0D. CONCLUSIONS A brief, easy to administer screening tool for recognizing DE that can be used by physicians, psychologists, athletic trainers, registered dietitians, and other sport/healthcare staff is of utmost importance for early intervention, which can lead to improved treatment outcomes. The DESA-6 is a promising tool for risk assessment of DE in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha F Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, 909 Wilson Rd, Room B119, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Kovan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Emily Werner
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ryley Mancine
- Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Donald Gusfa
- Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Gorrell S, Nagata JM, Hill KB, Carlson JL, Shain AF, Wilson J, Alix Timko C, Hardy KK, Lock J, Peebles R. Eating behavior and reasons for exercise among competitive collegiate male athletes. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:75-83. [PMID: 31782028 PMCID: PMC7253316 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00819-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Research concerning eating disorders among adolescent and young adult male athletes is limited compared with female counterparts, but increasing evidence indicates that they may be at unique risk for unhealthy exercise and eating behavior. The current study aimed to characterize unhealthy exercise and eating behavior according to competitive athlete status, as well as per sport type. METHOD Collegiate male athletes (N = 611), each affiliated with one of the 10 National College Athletics Association (NCAA) Division I schools in the United States, completed an online survey, reporting on eating and extreme weight control behaviors, and reasons for exercise. RESULTS Competitive athletes endorsed increased driven exercise and exercising when sick. Baseball players, cyclists, and wrestlers emerged as the sports with the most players reporting elevated Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire scores in a clinical range, and basketball players reported the highest rates of binge eating. overall, baseball players, cyclists, rowers, and wrestlers appeared to demonstrate the greatest vulnerability for unhealthy eating and exercise behavior. CONCLUSION Findings revealed differences between competitive and non-competitive male athletes. Among competitive athletes, results identified unique risk for unhealthy eating and exercise behavior across a variety of sport categories and support continued examination of these attitudes and behaviors in a nuanced manner. LEVEL II Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Gorrell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jenny Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - C Alix Timko
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristina K Hardy
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science and Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James Lock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Rebecka Peebles
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Lydecker JA, Silverman JA, Grilo CM. Disentangling Associations of Children's Sports Participation and Compulsive Exercise With Parenting Practices and Child Disordered Eating Behavior. J Adolesc Health 2021; 68:178-183. [PMID: 32611508 PMCID: PMC7755740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise can enhance health and well-being. Exercise can also, when it is highly driven and compulsive, reflect eating disorder psychopathology. The present study examined associations of compulsive exercise and youth athletics with child disordered eating behaviors (overeating, binge eating, and secretive eating) and with parenting practices related to eating and weight, including how parents talk to their children about weight. METHODS Participants were parents (N = 875) who completed an online cross-sectional survey. Parents reported whether their child was an athlete and how often their child exercised in a "driven" or "compulsive" way to control their weight. Four groups were compared: child athletes with compulsive exercise (Group AE: n = 34, 3.9%), athletes without compulsive exercise (Group A: n = 314, 35.9%), nonathletes with compulsive exercise (Group E: n = 40, 4.6%), and nonathletes without compulsive exercise (Group X: n = 487, 55.7%). RESULTS There was a significant, graded association of eating/weight-related parenting: parents of Group E children had the most negative eating/weight-related parenting, followed by parents of Group AE children, followed by both noncompulsive exercise groups (Group A and Group X). Parents reported significantly more "fat talk" in both compulsive exercise groups (Group AE and Group E) than noncompulsive exercise groups (Group A and Group X). Significantly more youth had regular disordered eating behaviors (overeating, binge eating, and secretive eating) in compulsive exercise groups (Group AE and Group E) compared with noncompulsive exercise groups (Group A and Group X). CONCLUSIONS Overall, relatively few youth were categorized as engaging in compulsive exercise. However, compulsive exercise, particularly among nonathletes, was consistently associated with both disordered eating behaviors and eating/weight-related parenting practices. Stronger associations emerged for compulsive exercise than child athletics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A. Lydecker
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jessica A. Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Hartford, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Carlos M. Grilo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Likelihood of suffering from an eating disorder in a sample of Spanish cyclists and triathletes. J Eat Disord 2020; 8:70. [PMID: 33292590 PMCID: PMC7664067 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-020-00350-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During recent years, there has been increasing interest in the study of eating disorders within sports practitioners, with prevalence being reported to be higher than in the general population. The aim of this study was to describe and predict eating disorders according to sex, body mass index, age and sport discipline within a sample of athletes. METHODS A sample of 4037 cyclists and triathletes from across Spain was selected. Athletes self-reported demographic characteristics and completed the revised restraint scale, SCOFF questionnaire and Mediterranean diet adherence screener. To be eligible for inclusion, participants had to be over eighteen years old. RESULTS Males were significantly less likely than females (p < 0.001; OR = 0.33), and triathletes (p < 0.01; OR = 0.76) were less likely than cyclists to suffer from an eating disorder. Possibility of suffering from an eating disorder increased with increasing body mass index (p < 0.001; OR = 1.38) and decreasing age (p < 0.001; OR = 0.97). CONCLUSION Findings suggest that the roles of sex, sport discipline, age and body mass index predict risk factors for eating disorders in a sample of Spanish athletes. Clinical diagnosis seems necessary to better understand the factors and mechanisms at play when Spanish athletes develop an eating disorder. TRIAL REGISTRATION Ethics Committee of the University of Granada (N°883) data: 16/11/2015.
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17
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Robb AE, Due C, Venning A. Exploring Psychological wellbeing in a Sample of Australian Actors. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ap.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Karrer Y, Halioua R, Mötteli S, Iff S, Seifritz E, Jäger M, Claussen MC. Disordered eating and eating disorders in male elite athletes: a scoping review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000801. [PMID: 33178441 PMCID: PMC7642204 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Eating disorders (ED) and disordered eating (DE) among male elite athletes share some of the characteristics seen in female elite athletes and the population, but also exhibit some key differences. Objective Scoping review of ED and DE in male elite athletes. Methods In May 2020, a comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted for DE and ED in male elite athletes. Results We identified 80 studies which included 47 uncontrolled, 14 controlled studies, one interventional trial and 18 reviews. Discussion There was a wide range of definitions of DE and a high level of heterogeneity regarding competitive level, age and sport type. In adult male elite athletes, ED prevalence rates up to 32.5% were found, higher than in the general population. Prevalence was not higher in young/adolescent male elite athletes. The most frequently associated factor was competing in weight-sensitive sports. Male elite athletes tended to exhibit less body dissatisfaction than controls and were not always associated with DE. There were no studies looking at the prognosis or reporting an evidence-based approach for the management of DE in male elite athletes. Conclusion Existing literature indicates high prevalence of DE and ED in male elite athletes, with a wide range of aetiopathogenesis. There is a need for longitudinal studies to characterise the pathology and long-term outcomes, as well as develop standardised tools for assessment and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis Karrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robin Halioua
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Mötteli
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Jäger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Psychiatrie Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
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Petisco-Rodríguez C, Sánchez-Sánchez LC, Fernández-García R, Sánchez-Sánchez J, García-Montes JM. Disordered Eating Attitudes, Anxiety, Self-Esteem and Perfectionism in Young Athletes and Non-Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6754. [PMID: 32948005 PMCID: PMC7559299 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eating disorders are associated with short and long-term consequences that can affect sports performance. The purposes of this study were to investigate whether female athletes, particularly gymnasts and footballers, exhibit more eating problems compared to female non-athletes, and to identify individual personality characteristics including anxiety, self-esteem, and perfectionism as possible contributors to eating disorder risk. In a sample of 120 participants, 80 adolescent female athletes were compared to a control condition of 40 non-athletes (mean age 17.2 ± 2.82). Participants responded to a questionnaire package to investigate the presence of disordered eating (SCOFF) and psychological variables in relation to disordered eating symptoms or eating disorder status. Subsequently, anthropometric measures were obtained individually by trained staff. There were statistically significant differences between conditions. One of the most important results was the score in SCOFF (Mann-Whitney = 604, p < 0.05; Cohen's d = 0.52, r = 0.25), being higher in control than in the gymnast condition. These results suggest that non-athlete female adolescents show more disturbed eating behaviours and thoughts than female adolescents from aesthetic sport modalities and, therefore, may have an enhanced risk of developing clinical eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Petisco-Rodríguez
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Calle Henry Collet, 52-70, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (C.P.-R.); (J.S.-S.)
| | - Laura C. Sánchez-Sánchez
- Department of Evolutionary and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Science Education and Sport, University of Granada, Calle Santander, N° 1, 52071 Melilla, Spain
| | - Rubén Fernández-García
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento, S/N, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain;
| | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Calle Henry Collet, 52-70, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (C.P.-R.); (J.S.-S.)
| | - José Manuel García-Montes
- Department of Psychology, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento, S/N, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain;
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20
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Joubert LM, Gonzalez GB, Larson AJ. Prevalence of Disordered Eating Among International Sport Lead Rock Climbers. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:86. [PMID: 33345077 PMCID: PMC7739584 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disordered eating (DE) is characterized as a range of irregular eating patterns or behaviors, which may lead to pathological eating or a clinical eating disorder diagnosis. DE patterns are associated with a variety of negative health outcomes. The prevalence of DE is highest in female athletes who participate in aesthetic or weight dependent sports. Elite rock climbers tend to be strong, small and lean, but the prevalence of DE in rock climbers is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to assess DE prevalence in a large group of international rock climbers and to explore the relationship between sport rock climbing ability and DE. A web-based survey assessed both DE (Eating Attitudes Test-26) and climbing ability based on the International Rock Climbing Research Association's position statement on comparative grading scales. The survey was distributed to international climbing communities; 810 individuals attempted the survey; 604 completed all questions; 498 identified as sport lead climbers. The majority of sport lead climbers were lower grade/intermediate (57.8%), compared to advanced (30.7%) and elite/higher elite (11.4%), and male (76.9%). Forty-three sport lead climbers reported a score of 20 or above on the EAT-26 indicating an 8.6% prevalence of DE in this sample. Male climbers had a DE prevalence of 6.3% (24 of 383) and female climbers more than doubled that with 16.5% (19 of 115). Chi-square analysis revealed that DE was associated with climbing ability level [χ2 (2, n = 498, 8.076, p = 0.02)], and when analyzed by sex, only the female climbers had a significant relationship of DE with climbing ability [χ2 (2, n = 115, 15.640, p = 0.00)]. These findings suggest sport lead rock climbers are not immune to DE and that the risk is elevated in female climbers, particularly at the elite/high elite climbing ability level. Our research indicates further investigations are warranted to determine if and how disordered eating behaviors affect health and performance of adult rock climbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanae M Joubert
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Health and Human Performance, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI, United States
| | - Gina Blunt Gonzalez
- Exercise Science Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Health and Imaging Sciences, Morehead State University, Morehead, KY, United States
| | - Abigail J Larson
- Exercise Science Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT, United States
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21
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Alvero-Cruz JR, Parent Mathias V, García-Romero JC. Somatotype Components as Useful Predictors of Disordered Eating Attitudes in Young Female Ballet Dance Students. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2024. [PMID: 32605103 PMCID: PMC7409277 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to examine the accuracy of somatotype components in correctly classifying disordered eating attitudes (DEA) in female dance students. Participants were a sample of 81 female dancers distributed in two groups: beginner training (BT; age (mean ± SD) = 10.09 ± 1.2 years, n = 32) and advanced training (AT; age = 15.37 ± 2.1 years, n = 49). For evaluation of DEA, the Eating Attitudes Test- 26 (EAT-26) questionnaire was used. We defined an EAT-26 score ≥20 as positive for DEA. Somatotype components were calculated using the Heath-Carter anthropometric method. The risk of presenting DEA was 28.1% (n = 9) in the BT group and 6.1% (n = 3) in the AT group. In the BT group, mesomorphy demonstrated moderate-high accuracy in predicting DEA (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64-0.93). The optimal cut-off of 6.34 yielded a sensitivity of 0.77 and a specificity of 0.95. Ectomorphy showed moderate accuracy in predicting DEA (AUC = 0.768, 95% CI: 0.58-0.89). The optimal cut-off of 2.41 yielded a sensitivity of 0.78 and a specificity of 0.78. In the AT group, none of the components demonstrated accuracy in predicting DEA. Somatotype components were good predictors of disordered eating attitudes in the younger dance student group (beginner training). Further research is needed to identify the determinants of these differences between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ramón Alvero-Cruz
- Department of Human Physiology, Histology, Pathological Anatomy and Physical Education and Sport, University of Málaga-Andalucía Tech, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (V.P.M.); (J.C.G.-R.)
- The Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Edificio López de Peñalver, Campus de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Verónica Parent Mathias
- Department of Human Physiology, Histology, Pathological Anatomy and Physical Education and Sport, University of Málaga-Andalucía Tech, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (V.P.M.); (J.C.G.-R.)
| | - Jerónimo C. García-Romero
- Department of Human Physiology, Histology, Pathological Anatomy and Physical Education and Sport, University of Málaga-Andalucía Tech, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (V.P.M.); (J.C.G.-R.)
- The Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
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Stoyel H, Shanmuganathan-Felton V, Meyer C, Serpell L. Psychological risk indicators of disordered eating in athletes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232979. [PMID: 32407345 PMCID: PMC7224458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This project examined risk factors of disordered eating in athletes by adapting and applying a theoretical model. It tested a previously proposed theoretical model and explored the utility of a newly formed model within an athletic population across gender, age, and sport type to explain disordered eating. Design The design was cross-sectional and the first phase in a series of longitudinal studies. Methods 1,017 athletes completed online questionnaires related to social pressures, internalisation, body dissatisfaction, negative affect, restriction, and bulimia. Structural equation modelling was employed to analyse the fit of the measurement and structural models and to do invariance testing. Results The original theoretical model failed to achieve acceptable goodness of fit (χ2 [70, 1017] = 1043.07; p < .0001. CFI = .55; GFI = .88; NFI = .53; RMSEA = .12 [90% CI = .111-.123]). Removal of non-significant pathways and addition of social media resulted in the model achieving a parsimonious goodness of fit (χ2 [19, 1017] = 77.58; p < .0001. CFI = .96; GFI = .98; NFI = .95; RMSEA = .055 [90% CI = .043-.068]). Invariance tests revealed that the newly revised model differed across gender, age, level, competition status, and length of sport participation. Conclusion This study showed that the formation of disordered eating symptomology might not be associated with sport pressures experienced by athletes. It revealed that disordered eating development varies across gender, competition level, sport type, and age, which must be considered to prevent and treat disordered eating in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Stoyel
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Caroline Meyer
- WMG and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Partnership Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Serpell
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- North East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Meng K, Qiu J, Benardot D, Carr A, Yi L, Wang J, Liang Y. The risk of low energy availability in Chinese elite and recreational female aesthetic sports athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:13. [PMID: 32131846 PMCID: PMC7055083 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low energy availability (LEA) is a medical condition observed in athletes, with a higher prevalence in aesthetic sports. For the first time, this study evaluated the relative prevalence of LEA in female elite athletes (ELA) and recreational athletes (REA) in aesthetic sports in China. METHODS Female athletes from 6 sports (trampolining, rhythmic gymnastics, aerobics, dance sport, cheerleading and dance) were recruited, including ELA (n = 52; age = 20 ± 3) on Chinese national teams and REA (n = 114; Age = 20 ± 2) from Beijing Sport University. Participants completed 2 online questionnaires to assess LEA and eating disorder risk. These included the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q), which provided information on injury history, gastrointestinal function and menstrual history, and the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 Referral Form (EDI-3 RF). For a sub-group of elite athletes (n = 14), body composition, bone mineral density, and blood serum were also quantified. RESULTS A total of 41.6% of participants (n = 69) were at increased risk of LEA, and 57.2% of participants (n = 95) were classified as high in eating disorder risk. For ELA vs. REA, there was a significantly higher prevalence of LEA risk (55.8% vs. 35.1%; p = 0.012) and amenorrhea (53.8% vs. 13.3%; p < 0.001). Elite athletes at increased risk of LEA had significantly lower estradiol (p = 0.021) and whole-body BMD (p = 0.028). Pearson correlations indicated that the whole-body BMD (r = - 0.667, p = 0.009) correlated negatively with LEAF-Q score. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study indicate that there is a risk of LEA in female Chinese athletes within aesthetic sports, and significantly higher prevalence of increased LEA risk observed in ELA than in REA. Chinese coaches and sports medicine staff working elite female athletes in aesthetic sports should develop strategies to reduce the prevalence of LEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Meng
- Arts School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Junqiang Qiu
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Benardot
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Amelia Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC Australia
| | - Longyan Yi
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jieting Wang
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX USA
| | - Yiheng Liang
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Milano W, Milano L, Capasso A. Eating Disorders in Athletes: From Risk Management to Therapy. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 20:2-14. [PMID: 31684854 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190418121446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Balanced sporting activity should be considered a resource in the treatment of eating disorders (ED), in particular of the BED and in obesity and, if conducted and guided by expert preparers and rehabilitators, in some forms of anorexia and in bulimia. OBJECTIVE To assess the role of excessive physical activity, predominantly interfering with daily activities by ultimately resulting in greater energy consumption leading to weight loss, and study the diagnostic criteria of bulimia and anorexia nervosa. METHODS A number of literature studies also report the presence of ED among athletes. A 2004 study reported that the prevalence of eating disorders in sports would be 13.5% compared to 4.5% of the control subjects. RESULTS In general, nutrition is used as a tool for improving performance not only of athletes but also of technicians and coaches. But in the presence of factors of vulnerability towards ED, the tendency to manipulate the weight can result in an eating disorder or the so-called athletic anorexia or the RED-S. CONCLUSION It is important to emphasize that not only do professional athletes suffer from it, but also good-looking amateurs and laypersons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Milano
- Simple Departmental Operative Unit "EatingDisorders" ASL North Naples 2, Napoli Street195, (80018), Mugnano (Napoli), Italy
| | - Luca Milano
- Medical Equipe Benevento Football Club, Santa Colomba Street 121, (82100), Benevento, Italy
| | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Giovanni Paolo II Street, Fisciano (84084) Salerno, Italy
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Body Image Concern and Eating Disorder Symptoms Among Elite Icelandic Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16152728. [PMID: 31370175 PMCID: PMC6696614 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse body image concerns and symptoms of eating disorders in elite Icelandic athletes according to their sex, and sport practiced. The participants were 755 athletes (24.8 ± 3.5 years in age) who compete at the highest possible level in Iceland. Representing 20 different sports, they were divided into five sports groups. Three questionnaires were used: the Body Shape Questionnaire to assess body image concerns; the Bulimia Test-Revised to assess the main symptoms of bulimia; and the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire to identify disordered eating attitudes and behaviours. A chi-squared test was used to analyse differences in prevalence of body image concern and eating disorders, a t-test for the differences between men and women, and a one-way ANOVA to compare the different sports. The main findings were that 17.9% of the athletes presented severe or moderate body image dissatisfaction, and 18.2% (25.3% of the women) were above the clinical cutoff for body image concern. Women’s scores were higher than men’s (whole sample and ball games) in all variables except restraint. These results seem to point to the existence of a real problem that athlete, coaches, doctors, and institutions need to take into account.
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Leal LLA, Barbosa GSL, Ferreira RLU, Avelino EB, Bezerra AN, Vale SHDL, Maciel BLL. Cross-validation of prediction equations for estimating body composition in ballet dancers. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219045. [PMID: 31265484 PMCID: PMC6605673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In sports related to low body weight, such as classical ballet, the assessment of body composition is important for monitoring performance and health status. This study aimed to cross-validate anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance (BIA) predictive equations for estimating body composition of non-professional classical ballet dancers, using dual-energy-X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference method. Materials and methods Thirty-seven female non-professional classical dancers (median age of 19 years), at intermediate/advanced level, were evaluated in a cross-sectional study. Body composition was evaluated by DXA, anthropometry and tetrapolar BIA. Twenty different predictive equations of anthropometry (n = 8) and BIA (n = 12) were used to estimate Body Fat (BF) and Fat-Free Mass (FFM), testing their validity against DXA using the Bland-Altman statistics. Results For BF estimated by anthropometry equations, just one equation showed agreement with DXA (r = 0.852, p < 0.0005; p = 0.600 for one sample T-test). According to the Bland-Altman analysis, this equation also showed validity, with the absence of proportional bias. Regarding the predictive BIA equations tested, none were valid for our study group. Conclusion Only one of the anthropometric equations, the one proposed by Durnin and Womerley (1974), but none of the BIA equations analyzed, was valid for the evaluation of body composition of the studied classical dancers. Our results emphasize the importance of previous cross-validation of existing equations or the development of specific equations for body composition assessment in specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilane Lilian Araújo Leal
- Nutrition Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Postgraduate Nutrition Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Erikarla Baracho Avelino
- Postgraduate Nutrition Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Adriana Nunes Bezerra
- Endocrinology Department, Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Sancha Helena de Lima Vale
- Postgraduate Nutrition Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Bruna Leal Lima Maciel
- Nutrition Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Postgraduate Nutrition Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Bouguettaya A, Moulding R, King RM, Harrold G. The relationships between socially prescribed perfectionism, in-group affect, negative urgency, and disordered eating in women. Scand J Psychol 2019; 60:369-376. [PMID: 31006891 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP) is often considered as a key risk factor for disordered eating (DE). However, current conceptualizations of SPP largely assume that this perfectionism pressure is non-specific (i.e., a global pressure), despite research indicating that for females experiencing DE, female-dominated groups impose this pressure (as a perceived norm). Furthermore, this relationship may be mediated by a negative reaction to this pressure, in the form of impulsivity (or negative urgency). To date, no research has investigated whether the relationship between SPP and DE is mediated by negative urgency, nor has there been research clarifying how in-group identification relates to DE, independent of SPP and negative urgency. To address these gaps, we assessed these variables in 147 female dieters (Mage = 25.12 years, SD = 3.08) using a cross-sectional design. Consistent with our hypotheses, negative urgency fully mediated the link between female-based SPP and disordered eating, while female-based in-group affect (identification) was predictive of disordered eating (although the latter relationship was not sustained in a multiple regression model). These findings suggest that the SPP from other women may relate to DE through increasing negative urgency, and that the link between in-group (female) affect and DE may be better explained by SPP's link to DE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ross M King
- Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Australia
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Pustivšek S, Hadžić V, Dervišević E, Carruthers J. Risk for eating disorders and body composition among adolescent female and male athletes and non-athlete controls. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2019; 32:/j/ijamh.ahead-of-print/ijamh-2017-0190/ijamh-2017-0190.xml. [PMID: 30939114 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2017-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The objective of this research was to investigate the risk for eating disorders (EDs) and compare body composition in participants with and without risk in adolescent Slovenian athletes and aged matched controls. Methods A total of 583 randomly selected adolescents, aged from 15 to 17 years, completed a sick, control, one stone, fat, food (SCOFF) questionnaire for detecting risk for EDs. Weight and body composition were measured using a bioelectrical impedance machine. Based on the data body mass index (BMI), percentiles were calculated. Results Overall, 37.7% of athletes and 39.8% of controls were classified as at risk for EDs. Girls showed a significantly higher frequency of risk than boys, 1:3.5. A higher percentage of underweight boys was found in control group compared to the athletes, but the difference was not significant in the subsample of girls. Differences in body composition show that the at-risk group had significantly higher values in BMI percentiles (p < 0.001) and percentages of fat mass (p < 0.001) and lower values in percentage of muscle mass (p < 0.01) and fat-free mass. Conclusions These finding demonstrate that the gap in risk for EDs between males and females is becoming smaller and stresses to consider specific parameters of body composition as being important when identifying at-risk groups for EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Pustivšek
- Osnovno zdravstvo Gorenjske, Department of Zdravstveni dom Kranj, Kranj, Slovenia
| | - Vedran Hadžić
- Univerza v Ljubljani Fakulteta za sport, Department of Sport Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Edvin Dervišević
- Univerza v Ljubljani Fakulteta za sport, Department of Sport Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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29
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Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the intermethods agreement of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to assess the percentage of body fat (%BF) in young male athletes using air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) as the reference method. METHODS Standard measurement protocols were carried out in 104 athletes (40 swimmers, 37 footballers, and 27 cyclists, aged 12-14 y). RESULTS Age-adjusted %BF ADP and %BF BIA were significantly higher in swimmers than footballers. ADP correlates better with DXA than with BIA (r = .84 vs r = .60, P < .001). %BF was lower when measured by DXA and BIA than ADP (P < .001), and the bias was higher when comparing ADP versus BIA than ADP versus DXA. The intraclass correlation coefficients between DXA and ADP showed a good to excellent agreement (r = .67-.79), though it was poor when BIA was compared with ADP (r = .26-.49). The ranges of agreement were wider when comparing BIA with ADP than DXA with ADP. CONCLUSION DXA and BIA seem to underestimate %BF in young male athletes compared with ADP. Furthermore, the bias significantly increases with %BF in the BIA measurements. At the individual level, BIA and DXA do not seem to predict %BF precisely compared with ADP in young athletic populations.
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30
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Vulnerability to exercise addiction, socio-demographic, behavioral and psychological characteristics of runners at risk for eating disorders. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 81:48-52. [PMID: 29247962 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive exercise is frequently associated with eating disorders and may degenerate into exercise addiction. We still don't know whether runners at risk for eating disorders are at risk for exercise addiction. Our aim is to assess: 1) risk for exercise addiction in runners at risk for eating disorders and 2) socio-demographic, behavioral and psychological characteristics distinguishing runners at-risk from not-at-risk for eating disorders. METHODS We assessed risk for eating disorders and exercise addiction using the SCOFF questionnaire and the Exercise Addiction Inventory personality traits with the Big-Five Inventory Test, socio-demographic data, eating and training habits in a sample of 154 healthy runners. RESULTS Twenty five subjects had a score of ≥2 at the SCOFF and were included in the group "at risk for eating disorders". In this group, we found a higher percentage of subjects at risk for exercise addiction (p=0.01) and higher average scores at the Exercise Addiction Inventory (p=0.01) than runners not at risk (N=136). Runners at risk were statistically younger (p=0.03), women (p=0.001), started running to lose weight more often (p=0.03), lost more kilos since affiliation in their running club (p=0.04), and were characterized by neurotic traits using the Big-Five-Inventory Test (p=3.10-6). CONCLUSIONS Screening for exercise addiction and mood disorders could lead to a more accurate management of runners at risk for eating disorders. Identifying vulnerable individuals will facilitate the prevention of eating disorders and preserve the benefits of sport practice.
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31
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Rousselet M, Guérineau B, Paruit MC, Guinot M, Lise S, Destrube B, Ruffio-Thery S, Dominguez N, Brisseau-Gimenez S, Dubois V, Mora C, Trolonge S, Lambert S, Grall-Bronnec M, Prétagut S. Disordered eating in French high-level athletes: association with type of sport, doping behavior, and psychological features. Eat Weight Disord 2017; 22:61-68. [PMID: 27838862 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-016-0342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Over the last few years, disordered eating in athletes has received increasing attention. According to several studies, athletes could be more vulnerable to disordered eating and some characteristics specific to the athletic community could be in favour of an increased risk of poor body image and disturbed eating habits in athletes. However, the literature is sparse and some methodological issues in studies have been pointed out. In this context, we aimed at determining the prevalence of disordered eating in French high-level athletes using clinical interviews of three different clinicians and identifying what are the factors associated with disordered eating in athletes. METHODS In France, all athletes registered on the French high-level list have to undergo a yearly evaluation. Data collected during the somatic assessment, the dietary consultation, and the psychological of the yearly evaluation were used. Multivariate analysis was performed for identification of factors associated with disordered eating. RESULTS Out of the 340 athletes included, 32.9% have been detected with a disordered eating. They were difficult to detect by clinicians, as usual criteria did not seem to be reliable for athletes. Competing in sports emphasizing leanness or low body weight was associated with disordered eating; however, gender was not. CONCLUSION These results highlight the need for the development of specific screening tools for high-level athletes. Furthermore, the identification of factors associated with disordered eating could improve early detection and prevention program effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rousselet
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx Mood Disorders", Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital, Pavillon Louis PhilippeHôpital Saint Jacques, rue Saint Jacques, 85, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France. .,EA 4275 SPHERE "BioStatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Human SciEnces Research tEam"Nantes University, 44000, Nantes, France.
| | - B Guérineau
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx Mood Disorders", Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital, Pavillon Louis PhilippeHôpital Saint Jacques, rue Saint Jacques, 85, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France.,Medical Units of Prevention Doping of Pays de La Loire, Nantes University Hospital, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - M C Paruit
- Regional Institute of Sport Medicine, Nantes University Hospital, 44093, Nantes, France
| | - M Guinot
- Medical Units of Prevention Doping of Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble University Hospital, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Inserm U 1042, Hypoxy and Pathophysiology Lab, Grenoble University, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - S Lise
- Medical Assesment Department, CREPS Bordeaux, 33300, Talence, France
| | - B Destrube
- Regional Institute of Sport Medicine, Nantes University Hospital, 44093, Nantes, France
| | - S Ruffio-Thery
- Medical Units of Prevention Doping of Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble University Hospital, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - N Dominguez
- Center for Support and Prevention of Athletes, Bordeaux University Hospital, 33000, Bordeaux Cedex, France.,Medical Units of Prevention Doping of Aquitaine, Bordeaux University Hospital, 33000, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - S Brisseau-Gimenez
- Center for Support and Prevention of Athletes, Bordeaux University Hospital, 33000, Bordeaux Cedex, France.,Medical Units of Prevention Doping of Aquitaine, Bordeaux University Hospital, 33000, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - V Dubois
- Regional Institute of Sport Medicine, Nantes University Hospital, 44093, Nantes, France
| | - C Mora
- Medical Units of Prevention Doping of Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble University Hospital, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - S Trolonge
- Center for Support and Prevention of Athletes, Bordeaux University Hospital, 33000, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - S Lambert
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx Mood Disorders", Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital, Pavillon Louis PhilippeHôpital Saint Jacques, rue Saint Jacques, 85, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - M Grall-Bronnec
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx Mood Disorders", Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital, Pavillon Louis PhilippeHôpital Saint Jacques, rue Saint Jacques, 85, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France.,EA 4275 SPHERE "BioStatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Human SciEnces Research tEam"Nantes University, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - S Prétagut
- Clinical Investigation Unit BALANCED "BehaviorAL AddictioNs and ComplEx Mood Disorders", Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes University Hospital, Pavillon Louis PhilippeHôpital Saint Jacques, rue Saint Jacques, 85, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France.,Medical Units of Prevention Doping of Pays de La Loire, Nantes University Hospital, 44000, Nantes, France
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Störchle P, Müller W, Sengeis M, Ahammer H, Fürhapter-Rieger A, Bachl N, Lackner S, Mörkl S, Holasek S. Standardized Ultrasound Measurement of Subcutaneous Fat Patterning: High Reliability and Accuracy in Groups Ranging from Lean to Obese. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2017; 43:427-438. [PMID: 27866704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A recently standardized ultrasound technique for measuring subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) was applied to normal-weight, overweight and obese persons. Eight measurement sites were used: upper abdomen, lower abdomen, erector spinae, distal triceps, brachioradialis, lateral thigh, front thigh and medial calf. Fat compression was avoided. Fat patterning in 38 participants (body mass index: 18.6-40.3 kgm-2; SAT thickness sums from eight sites: 12-245 mm) was evaluated using a software specifically designed for semi-automatic multiple thickness measurements in SAT (sound speed: 1450 m/s) that also quantifies embedded fibrous structures. With respect to ultrasound intra-observer results, the correlation coefficient ρ = 0.999 (p < 0.01), standard error of the estimate = 1.1 mm and 95% of measurements were within ±2.2 mm. For the normal-weight subgroup, the median measurement deviation was 0.43 mm (1.1% of mean thickness), and for the obese/overweight subgroup it was 0.89 mm (0.5%). The eight sites used here are suggested to represent inter-individual differences in SAT patterning. High measurement accuracy and reliability can be obtained in all groups, from lean to overweight and obese, provided that measurers are trained appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Störchle
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfram Müller
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Marietta Sengeis
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Ahammer
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Norbert Bachl
- Centre of Sports Science, Department of Sports and Physiological Performance, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Lackner
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabrina Mörkl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Holasek
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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33
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Müller W, Lohman TG, Stewart AD, Maughan RJ, Meyer NL, Sardinha LB, Kirihennedige N, Reguant-Closa A, Risoul-Salas V, Sundgot-Borgen J, Ahammer H, Anderhuber F, Fürhapter-Rieger A, Kainz P, Materna W, Pilsl U, Pirstinger W, Ackland TR. Subcutaneous fat patterning in athletes: selection of appropriate sites and standardisation of a novel ultrasound measurement technique: ad hoc working group on body composition, health and performance, under the auspices of the IOC Medical Commission. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50:45-54. [PMID: 26702017 PMCID: PMC4717413 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precise and accurate field methods for body composition analyses in athletes are needed urgently. AIM Standardisation of a novel ultrasound (US) technique for accurate and reliable measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). METHODS Three observers captured US images of uncompressed SAT in 12 athletes and applied a semiautomatic evaluation algorithm for multiple SAT measurements. RESULTS Eight new sites are recommended: upper abdomen, lower abdomen, erector spinae, distal triceps, brachioradialis, lateral thigh, front thigh, medial calf. Obtainable accuracy was 0.2 mm (18 MHz probe; speed of sound: 1450 m/s). Reliability of SAT thickness sums (N=36): R(2)=0.998, SEE=0.55 mm, ICC (95% CI) 0.998 (0.994 to 0.999); observer differences from their mean: 95% of the SAT thickness sums were within ± 1 mm (sums of SAT thicknesses ranged from 10 to 50 mm). Embedded fibrous tissues were also measured. CONCLUSIONS A minimum of eight sites is suggested to accommodate inter-individual differences in SAT patterning. All sites overlie muscle with a clearly visible fascia, which eases the acquisition of clear images and the marking of these sites takes only a few minutes. This US method reaches the fundamental accuracy and precision limits for SAT measurements given by tissue plasticity and furrowed borders, provided the measurers are trained appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Müller
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Biophysics, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Ronald J Maughan
- Loughborough University, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough, UK
| | - Nanna L Meyer
- University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Luis B Sardinha
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - Helmut Ahammer
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Biophysics, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Philipp Kainz
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Biophysics, Graz, Austria
| | - Wilfried Materna
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Pilsl
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Anatomy, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Timothy R Ackland
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Burrow S. Trampled Autonomy: Women, Athleticism, and Health. IJFAB: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FEMINIST APPROACHES TO BIOETHICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3138/ijfab.9.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Philosophical analysis has paid scant attention to the gender inequalities women athletes face compared to the myriad ways in which social science shows that athleticism values masculinity and devalues femininity. Athletic endeavors diverging from gendered norms are sexualized, feminized, devalued, and delegitimized. A philosophical analysis reveals deep and serious double binds constraining women's autonomy to engage and succeed in sport and thus to participate in a major social institution granting status and recognition. More importantly, these constraints to autonomy undermine women's choices to promote and preserve health.
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35
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Thompson A, Boardley D, Yingling F, Rocks J. Collegiate Athletic Trainers' Knowledge and Perceptions of Disordered Eating Behaviors in Athletes. Psychol Rep 2016; 101:1173-8. [DOI: 10.2466/pr0.101.4.1173-1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To assess athletic trainers' perceptions and knowledge regarding disordered eating behaviors and to estimate their confidence in response to a test of knowledge, a cross-sectional mail survey was distributed to a national random sample of 500 athletic trainers from the National Collegiate Athletic Association and National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics. 408 collegiate certified athletic trainers responded (rate of 81.6%). A 30-item questionnaire assessed perceptions of disordered eating behaviors within 5 domains. Opinions regarding the prevalence of disordered eating, athletic injury and nutritional status, and their role in recognizing disordered eating were assessed. Most respondents reported perceiving disordered eating to be a significant problem. Also, athletic trainers needed knowledge in all domains of disordered eating.
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36
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Pettersen I, Hernæs E, Skårderud F. Pursuit of performance excellence: a population study of Norwegian adolescent female cross-country skiers and biathletes with disordered eating. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2016; 2:e000115. [PMID: 27900180 PMCID: PMC5117075 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To examine the prevalence of disordered eating (DE) among the total population of Norwegian female cross-country skiers and biathletes at the junior level, and to determine whether sociodemographic characteristics predict DE among athletes. Methods A cross-sectional population study of Norwegian female junior cross-country skiers and biathletes (n=262), with a response rate of 86%. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses explored the prevalence of DE and its relation to sports, competitive age groups, competitive status and education. DE was defined as meeting at least 1 of the following criteria from 2 subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory-2: the Drive for Thinness score ≥15 and/or the Body Dissatisfaction score ≥14. Results 18.7% of the athletes had DE. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of DE between the sports or the competitive age groups. Athletes who had dropped out of sports had a significantly higher occurrence of DE, while athletes who attended upper secondary schools of elite sports or general studies had a significantly higher occurrence of DE based on Drive for Thinness. Conclusions The number of female cross-country skiers and biathletes with DE is higher than that found in previous similar studies using the same screening instruments. Type of education and competitive status are significant predictors of DE, indicating that DE in addition to having adverse effects on an athlete's health, may also lead to early dropout of sport. This indicates that health and achievement are not always compatible within sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Pettersen
- Lovisenberg Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik Hernæs
- Ragnar Frisch Centre for Economic Research , Oslo , Norway
| | - Finn Skårderud
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Eating Disorders, Oslo, Norway
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37
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Adams VJ, Goldufsky TM, Schlaff RA. Perceptions of body weight and nutritional practices among male and female National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II athletes. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2016; 64:19-24. [PMID: 26151725 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2015.1062770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated body weight and nutritional behavior perceptions among Division II collegiate athletes. PARTICIPANTS The sample was composed of 155 collegiate athletes who responded to a survey. METHODS Data were self-reported by athletes via questionnaire. Independent-sample t tests were used to identify significant gender differences related to body weight perceptions, nutritional practices, and ideal weight difference (IWD). An alpha level of .05 was used to determine statistical significance. RESULTS Mean ± SD female and male IWD was -6.8 ± 8.8 and 1.3 ± 12.3 lbs, respectively (p < .001). Significant differences in level of agreement regarding perceived body weight effects on performance and dietary practices existed between genders. CONCLUSIONS Significant gender differences may exist regarding body weight perceptions and nutritional practices among collegiate athletes. Deliverance of gender-specific educational information about proper nutritional practices is warranted. To properly tailor interventions to specific sports, research with larger sample sizes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J Adams
- a Department of Kinesiology , Saginaw Valley State University, University Center , Michigan , USA
| | - Tatum M Goldufsky
- a Department of Kinesiology , Saginaw Valley State University, University Center , Michigan , USA
| | - Rebecca A Schlaff
- a Department of Kinesiology , Saginaw Valley State University, University Center , Michigan , USA
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38
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Maïano C, Morin AJS, Lanfranchi MC, Therme P. Body-related sport and exercise motives and disturbed eating attitudes and behaviours in adolescents. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2015; 23:277-86. [PMID: 25974271 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Motives underlying sport and exercise involvement have recently been hypothesized as potential factors influencing the positive association between sports/exercises involvement and disturbed eating attitudes and behaviours (DEAB) among adolescents. Nevertheless, very few studies have examined this hypothesis or the moderating role of gender, context of practice, performance levels and sport type on these relationships. In this study, these questions were addressed among 168 male and 167 female French adolescents involved in various types, contexts and performance levels of sport and exercise. Participants were asked to indicate their main motives for involvement in sport practice and to self-report DEAB (generic DEAB, vomiting-purging behaviours, and eating-related control) on a French adaptation of the Eating Attitudes Test-26. The results shared positive associations between body-related sport and exercise motives and most of the DEAB subscales. Furthermore, they show that the relationship between body-related sport and exercise motives and Vomiting-Purging Behaviours differs according to involvement in individual and competitive sports and exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Maïano
- Cyberpsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychoeduction and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Canada.,Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Australia
| | - Alexandre J S Morin
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Australia
| | - Marie-Christine Lanfranchi
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Marseille, France.,Direction Régionale de la Jeunesse, des Sports et de la Cohésion Sociale - Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Therme
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Marseille, France
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Abstract
We examined the propensity for male athletes to exhibit symptoms of disordered eating. Using meta-analytic techniques, we examined overall effect size, individual effect sizes for specific sport types, standard of athletic competition and diagnostic tools from 31 studies. When all studies were considered as a homogeneous group, male athletes did not have symptoms of disordered eating that were significantly different from non-athletic controls. However, significant moderator effects emerged for sport type and measurement: (a) wrestling reported a greater incidence of disordered eating; and (b) studies that reported data from the Eating Attitudes Test yielded a significantly greater incidence of disordered eating in male athletes compared to non-athletes. Although some sports seem to present a higher risk of disordered eating compared to others, the effects are weak and heterogeneous. We make suggestions for the development of the research area, which has been severely hampered by the diagnostic tools that have been available for the study of men.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Chapman
- a Sussex Coast College; University of Brighton , Brighton , UK
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40
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Thiemann P, Legenbauer T, Vocks S, Platen P, Auyeung B, Herpertz S. Eating Disorders and Their Putative Risk Factors Among Female German Professional Athletes. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2015; 23:269-76. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Thiemann
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy; LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care; University of Cambridge; UK
| | - Tanja Legenbauer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; LWL-University Hospital Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
| | - Silja Vocks
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy; University of Osnabrück; Germany
| | - Petra Platen
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition; Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephan Herpertz
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy; LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum; Germany
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41
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Pustivšek S, Hadžić V, Dervišević E. Risk Factors for Eating Disorders among Male Adolescent Athletes. Zdr Varst 2015; 54:58-65. [PMID: 27646623 PMCID: PMC4820150 DOI: 10.1515/sjph-2015-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eating disorders (ED) are an important and increasing problem in adolescents. The objective of this study was to examine the risk factors and the prevalence of risk for ED among male adolescent elite athletes and nonathletic controls. Differences between male athletes competing in aerobic, anaerobic and aerobic-anaerobic sports were examined as well. METHODS This was a cross-sectional epidemiological study. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey and anthropometric measurements were conducted on 351 adolescents (athletes n = 228; controls n = 123). All participants were aged 15-17 at the time of measuring. Risk for ED was determined using a SCOFF questionnaire. RESULTS The overall prevalence of the risk for ED in male adolescents was 24.8%, with no significant differences among athletes and controls or different subgroups of athletes (p>0.05), although the highest prevalence (37.2%) was registered in aerobic subgroup of athletes. Higher number of attempts to lose weight was associated with increased risk of ED in each group (athletes and controls). Other predictors referred to lack of breakfast and body composition in aerobic subgroup of athletes and number of meals and training frequency in anaerobic subgroup. The most common reasons for dieting were improvement of sport results (19.6-44.2%) and better self-esteem (41.5%) in athletes and controls respectively. CONCLUSIONS Participation in the competitive sport itself is not associated with the increased risk for ED. It seems that risk factors for ED for adolescent athletes competing in aerobic and anaerobic sports represent a subject that deserves consideration and further investigation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Pustivšek
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Sport, Gortanova 22, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vedran Hadžić
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Sport, Gortanova 22, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Edvin Dervišević
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Sport, Gortanova 22, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Martinsen M, Bahr R, Børresen R, Holme I, Pensgaard AM, Sundgot-Borgen J. Preventing eating disorders among young elite athletes: a randomized controlled trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:435-47. [PMID: 24549033 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a702fc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effect of a 1-yr school-based intervention program to prevent the development of new cases of eating disorders (ED) and symptoms associated with ED among adolescent female and male elite athletes. METHODS All 16 Norwegian Elite Sport High Schools were included (intervention group [n = 9] and control group [n = 7]). In total, 465 (93.8%) first-year student athletes were followed during high school (2008-2011, three school years). The athletes completed the Eating Disorder Inventory 2 and questions related to ED before (pretest), immediately after (posttest 1), and 9 months after the intervention (posttest 2). Clinical interviews (Eating Disorder Examination) were conducted after the pretest (all with symptoms [n = 115, 97%] and a random sample without symptoms [n = 116, 97%]), and at posttest 2, all athletes were interviewed (n = 463, 99.6%). RESULTS Among females, there were no new cases of ED in the intervention schools, while 13% at the control schools had developed and fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for ED not otherwise specified (n = 7) or bulimia nervosa (n = 1), P = 0.001. The risk of reporting symptoms was lower in the intervention than in the control schools at posttest 1 (odds ratio [OR] = 0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.23-0.89). This effect was attenuated by posttest 2 (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.29-1.09). The intervention showed a relative risk reduction for current dieting (OR = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.02-0.54) and three or more weight loss attempts (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.25-0.90). Among males, there was one new case of ED at posttest 2 (control school) and no difference in the risk of reporting symptoms between groups at posttest 1 or 2. CONCLUSION A 1-yr intervention program can prevent new cases of ED and symptoms associated with ED in adolescent female elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Martinsen
- 1Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, NORWAY; 2Faculty of Teacher Education, Buskerud University College, Drammen, NORWAY; 3Department of Coaching and Psychology, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, NORWAY; 4Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, NORWAY
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Body mass index, nutritional knowledge, and eating behaviors in elite student and professional ballet dancers. Clin J Sport Med 2014; 24:390-6. [PMID: 24326932 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is recognized that there is a high esthetic demand in ballet, and this has implications on dancers' body mass index (BMI) and eating behaviors. The objective of this study was to examine the association between BMI, eating attitudes, and nutritional knowledge of elite student and professional ballet dancers. DESIGN Observational design. SETTING Institutional. PARTICIPANTS One hundred eighty-nine participants from an elite full-time dance school (M = 53, F = 86) and from an elite ballet company (M = 16, F = 25) volunteered for the study. There were no exclusion criteria. INTERVENTIONS Anthropometric data (height and mass), General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (GNKQ), and the Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26) were collected from each participant. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Univariate analysis of variance was used to examine differences in gender and group for BMI, GNKQ, and EAT-26. Regression analyses were applied to examine interactions between BMI, GNKQ, and EAT-26. RESULTS Professional dancers had significantly greater BMI than student dancers (P < 0.001), and males had significantly higher BMI scores than females (P < 0.05). Food knowledge increased with age (P < 0.001) with no gender difference. Student dancers had a significant interaction between year group and gender because of significantly higher EAT-26 scores for females in years 10 and 12. Regression analysis of the subcategories (gender and group) reported a number of significant relationships between BMI, GNKQ, and EAT-26. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that dancers with disordered eating also display lower levels of nutritional knowledge, and this may have an impact on BMI. Female students' eating attitudes and BMI should especially be monitored during periods of adolescent development.
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MARTINSEN MARIANNE, HOLME INGAR, PENSGAARD ANNEMARTE, TORSTVEIT MONICAKLUNGLAND, SUNDGOT-BORGEN JORUNN. The Development of the Brief Eating Disorder in Athletes Questionnaire. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:1666-75. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Thein-Nissenbaum JM, Carr KE, Hetzel S, Dennison E. Disordered eating, menstrual irregularity, and musculoskeletal injury in high school athletes: a comparison of oral contraceptive pill users and nonusers. Sports Health 2014; 6:313-20. [PMID: 24982703 PMCID: PMC4065553 DOI: 10.1177/1941738113498852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The female athlete triad is the interrelatedness of energy availability, menstrual function, and bone density. Currently, limited information about triad components and their relationship to musculoskeletal injury in the high school population exists. In addition, no study has specifically examined triad components and injury rate in high school oral contraceptive pill (OCP) users. HYPOTHESIS To compare the prevalence of disordered eating (DE), menstrual irregularity (MI), and musculoskeletal injury (INJ) among high school female athletes in OCP users and non-OCP users. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. METHODS The subject sample completed the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Healthy Wisconsin High School Female Athletes Survey (HWHSFAS). Athletes were classified by OCP use and sport type. RESULTS Of the participants, 14.8% reported OCP use. There was no difference in MI and INJ among groups. The prevalence of DE was significantly higher among OCP users as compared with non-OCP users; OCP users were twice as likely to meet the criteria for DE (odds ratio [OR], 2.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-5.09). OCP users were over 5 times more likely to have a global score that met criteria for DE as compared with non-OCP users (OR, 5.36; 95% CI, 1.92-14.89). CONCLUSION Although MI and INJ rates are similar among groups, there is a higher prevalence of DE among high school female athletes using OCPs as compared with non-OCP users. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Because OCP users may be menstruating, clinicians may fail to recognize the other triad components. However, DE exists in the menstruating OCP user. As such, clinicians should be vigilant when screening for triad components in high school OCP users, particularly DE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Thein-Nissenbaum
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kathleen E Carr
- Departments of Family Medicine and Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Scott Hetzel
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Emily Dennison
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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Social Physique Anxiety and Disturbed Eating Attitudes and Behaviors in Adolescents: Moderating Effects of Sport, Sport-Related Characteristics, and Gender. Int J Behav Med 2014; 22:149-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s12529-014-9406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Thiemann P, Legenbauer T, Vocks S, Platen P, Herpertz S. Validierung einer deutschen Version des ATHLETE Fragebogens für Hochleistungssportlerinnen. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SPORTPSYCHOLOGIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1026/1612-5010/a000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Der ATHLETE ( Hinton & Kubas, 2005 ) ist ein speziell für Sportlerinnen entwickelter Fragebogen, der sportspezifische psychosoziale Risikofaktoren für gestörtes Essverhalten erfasst. Ein vergleichbares deutschsprachiges Instrument existiert bisher nicht. Die vorliegende Studie entwickelte eine deutsche Version des ATHLETE und überprüfte dessen Faktorenstruktur und psychometrische Kennwerte für Hochleistungssportlerinnen. Daten von 103 deutschen Athletinnen wurden mittels mehrerer Fragebögen und klinischem Interview an zwei Messzeitpunkten erhoben. Mit drei der ursprünglichen und drei neuen Faktoren weicht die Faktorenstruktur des deutschen ATHLETE von der der Originalversion ab. Reliabilität und konvergente Validität der Skalen sind akzeptabel bis sehr gut. Ergebnisse zur Kriteriumsvalidität fallen heterogen aus: Skalen zu Sportleridentität, Misstrauen, Perfektionismus und Elternverhalten zeigen keine oder mäßige Zusammenhänge zu Essstörungsproblemen. Nur die neuen Skalen Körper und Sport und Training zur Gewichtsregulation überzeugen als Maße zur Abschätzung der Gefährdung für gestörtes Essverhalten. Sie sind Prädiktoren für die Essstörungspsychopathologie nach 12 Monaten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Thiemann
- LWL-Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Klinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie
| | - Tanja Legenbauer
- LWL-Universitätsklinik Hamm der Ruhr-Universität Bochum Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie
| | - Silja Vocks
- Universität Osnabrück, Fachbereich Humanwissenschaften, Institut für Psychologie
| | - Petra Platen
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Fachbereich Sportwissenschaften, Institut für Sportmedizin und Sporternährung
| | - Stephan Herpertz
- LWL-Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Klinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie
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Bär KJ, Markser VZ. Sport specificity of mental disorders: the issue of sport psychiatry. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013; 263 Suppl 2:S205-10. [PMID: 24091603 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-013-0458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of psychiatric conditions among elite athletes is still under debate. More and more evidence has accumulated that high-performance athletes are not protected from mental disorders as previously thought. The authors discuss the issue of the sport specificity of selected mental diseases in elite athletes. Specific aspects of eating disorders, exercise addiction, chronic traumatic encephalopathy and mood disorders in the context of overtraining syndrome are examined. In particular, the interrelationship between life and work characteristics unique to elite athletes and the development of mental disorders are reviewed. Differences of clinical presentation and some therapeutic consequences are discussed. The authors suggest that the physical and mental strains endured by elite athletes might influence the onset and severity of their psychiatric disorder. Beside the existing research strategies dealing with the amount of exercise, its intensity and lack of recreation experienced by athletes, further research on psycho-social factors is needed to better understand the sport-specific aetiology of mental disorders in high-performance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Jürgen Bär
- Pain & Autonomic Integrative Research (PAIR), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Jena, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany,
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Sundgot-Borgen J, Meyer NL, Lohman TG, Ackland TR, Maughan RJ, Stewart AD, Müller W. How to minimise the health risks to athletes who compete in weight-sensitive sports review and position statement on behalf of the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition, Health and Performance, under the auspices of the IOC Medical Commission. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47:1012-22. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Müller W, Horn M, Fürhapter-Rieger A, Kainz P, Kröpfl JM, Maughan RJ, Ahammer H. Body composition in sport: a comparison of a novel ultrasound imaging technique to measure subcutaneous fat tissue compared with skinfold measurement. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47:1028-35. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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