1
|
Praxedes P, Maia J, Santos C, Garbeloto F, Hedeker D, Barreira TV, Garganta R, Farias C, Tani G, Chaput JP, Stodden DF, Katzmarzyk PT, Pereira S. Associations of obesity, movement behaviors, and socioeconomic status with fundamental movement skills in children: Results from the REACT project. Am J Hum Biol 2024:e24108. [PMID: 38794903 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship of biological characteristics (age, sex, and obesity), movement behaviors (physical activity and sedentary time), and family socioeconomic status with fundamental movement skills (FMS) in primary school children. METHODS This cross-sectional study sampled 1014 children (537 girls) aged 6 to 10 years from 25 primary schools in Matosinhos, north of Portugal. Five object control skills (dribbling, kicking, catching, throwing, and underarm rolling) were assessed with a categorical scale using the Meu Educativo® platform. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated and transformed into z-scores. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time were monitored with accelerometry (ActiGraph wGT3X-BT) for seven consecutive days. Family socioeconomic status (SES) was obtained from the Portuguese social support system. Ordinal multilevel logistic regression was used to analyze the associations of weight status, MVPA, sedentary time and SES with FMS, adjusted for sex and age. RESULTS Boys (odds ratio (OR) = 6.54; 95% CI: 5.13-8.36) and older children (OR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.85-2.26) were more likely to achieve higher FMS scores. Children with obesity (OR = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.45-0.80), those less active (OR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.42-0.75) and children with more sedentary time (OR = 0.86; 95%CI: 0.77-0.97) were less likely to score high on FMS. Family SES was not significantly associated with FMS scores. CONCLUSION Primary school children's FMS are significantly related to biological and behavioral factors but not to family SES. These findings highlight the need for suitable strategies to enhance children's FMS proficiency, considering differences in these characteristics. Fostering adequate motor skill proficiency levels will assist in establishing a robust foundation for healthy lifestyles of all children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscyla Praxedes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Maia
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Santos
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Garbeloto
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Rui Garganta
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudio Farias
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Go Tani
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David F Stodden
- Department of Educational and Developmental Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Peter T Katzmarzyk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sara Pereira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vandoni M, Marin L, Cavallo C, Gatti A, Grazi R, Albanese I, Taranto S, Silvestri D, Di Carlo E, Patanè P, Carnevale Pellino V, Zuccotti G, Calcaterra V. Poor Motor Competence Affects Functional Capacities and Healthcare in Children and Adolescents with Obesity. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:44. [PMID: 38393264 PMCID: PMC10891969 DOI: 10.3390/sports12020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND From a young age, children learn different motor skills known as fundamental motor skills. The acquisition of these skills is crucial for the future development of context-tailored actions that could improve adherence to physical activity (PA) practice. Motor competence and function deficits have been associated with pediatric obesity. We reviewed the literature data regarding motor competence in pediatrics and impaired motor performance in children and adolescents with obesity. METHODS We assessed the abstracts of the available literature (n = 110) and reviewed the full texts of potentially relevant articles (n = 65) that were analyzed to provide a critical discussion. RESULTS Children and adolescents with obesity show impaired motor performance, executive functions, postural control, and motor coordination. Children's age represents a crucial point in the development of motor skills. Early interventions are crucial to preventing declines in motor proficiency and impacting children's PA and overall fitness levels. CONCLUSIONS To involve children, the PA protocol must be fun and tailored in consideration of several aspects, such as clinical picture, level of physical fitness, and motor skills. A supervised adapted exercise program is useful to personalized PA programs from an early pediatric age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Vandoni
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA)—Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.V.); (L.M.); (A.G.); (I.A.); (P.P.)
| | - Luca Marin
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA)—Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.V.); (L.M.); (A.G.); (I.A.); (P.P.)
- Department of Research, ASOMI College of Sciences, 2080 Marsa, Malta;
| | - Caterina Cavallo
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, 50, Avenue du Parc des Sports, 4671 Differdange, Luxembourg;
| | - Alessandro Gatti
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA)—Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.V.); (L.M.); (A.G.); (I.A.); (P.P.)
| | - Roberta Grazi
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (R.G.); (S.T.); (E.D.C.); (G.Z.); (V.C.)
| | - Ilaria Albanese
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA)—Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.V.); (L.M.); (A.G.); (I.A.); (P.P.)
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Taranto
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (R.G.); (S.T.); (E.D.C.); (G.Z.); (V.C.)
| | - Dario Silvestri
- Department of Research, ASOMI College of Sciences, 2080 Marsa, Malta;
| | - Eleonora Di Carlo
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (R.G.); (S.T.); (E.D.C.); (G.Z.); (V.C.)
| | - Pamela Patanè
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA)—Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.V.); (L.M.); (A.G.); (I.A.); (P.P.)
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vittoria Carnevale Pellino
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA)—Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.V.); (L.M.); (A.G.); (I.A.); (P.P.)
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (R.G.); (S.T.); (E.D.C.); (G.Z.); (V.C.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (R.G.); (S.T.); (E.D.C.); (G.Z.); (V.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maurer MN, Truxius L, Sägesser Wyss J, Eckhart M. From Scribbles to Script: Graphomotor Skills' Impact on Spelling in Early Primary School. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1886. [PMID: 38136088 PMCID: PMC10741596 DOI: 10.3390/children10121886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of handwriting skills is a crucial goal in early primary school. Yet our comprehension of handwriting development, encompassing graphomotor skills and spelling, remains fragmented. The identification of predictors for handwriting skills is essential for providing early support. This longitudinal study aimed to explore the predictive roles of gender, working memory, and motivation to handwrite for graphomotor skills six months later and spelling skills one year later. Paper-and-pencil tasks (graphomotor skills, spelling), a tablet task (working memory), and a questionnaire (teachers' ratings of children's handwriting motivation) were employed. This study included 363 first-grade children (49.8% girls) aged 6-9 years. Results from a structural equation model, controlling for age and socioeconomic background, revealed that girls exhibited superior performance in graphomotor skills, while boys tended to spell more accurately. Furthermore, working memory predicted graphomotor skills but not spelling. Additionally, motivation to handwrite predicted both first-grade graphomotor skills and second-grade spelling. This study extends contemporary evidence, demonstrating that graphomotor skills predict spelling while considering gender and motivation. The findings underscore the pivotal role of graphomotor skills in spelling acquisition and suggest their contribution to spelling difficulties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N. Maurer
- Institute for Special Needs Education, Bern University of Teacher Education, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.S.W.); (M.E.)
- Department of Special Needs Education, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lidia Truxius
- Institute for Research, Development, and Evaluation, Bern University of Teacher Education, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Judith Sägesser Wyss
- Institute for Special Needs Education, Bern University of Teacher Education, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.S.W.); (M.E.)
| | - Michael Eckhart
- Institute for Special Needs Education, Bern University of Teacher Education, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.S.W.); (M.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Errisuriz VL, Parra-Medina D, Liang Y, Howard JT, Li S, Sosa E, Ullevig SL, Estrada-Coats VM, Yin Z. ¡Miranos! An 8-Month Comprehensive Preschool Obesity Prevention Program in Low-Income Latino Children: Effects on Children's Gross Motor Development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6974. [PMID: 37947532 PMCID: PMC10647584 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20216974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Organized childcare is an ideal setting to promote gross motor development in young children from low-income minority families. A three-group clustered randomized controlled trial was conducted in Head Start centers serving low-income Latino children to evaluate the impact of an 8-month comprehensive obesity-prevention intervention on children's percentile scores for locomotive skills (LS pctl) and ball skills (BS pctl), and general motor quotient (GMQ). Trained Head Start staff delivered the center-based intervention (CBI) to modify center physical activity and nutrition policies, staff practices, and child behaviors, while the home-based intervention (HBI) offered training and support to parents for obesity prevention at home. Participants were 3-year-old children (n = 310; 87% Latino; 58% female) enrolled in Head Start centers in South Texas. Twelve centers were randomized (1:1:1 ratio) to receive CBI, CBI and HBI (CBI + HBI), or control treatment. Posttest data were collected from 79.1% of participants. All gross motor development measures improved significantly for children in CBI compared to the control, while children in CBI + HBI only showed improvement for GMQ (p = 0.09) and LS pctl (p < 0.001) compared to the control. A comprehensive and culturally competent intervention targeting childcare centers and children's homes was effective at improving children's gross motor development and reducing disparities in child development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L. Errisuriz
- Department of Public Health, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA;
| | - Deborah Parra-Medina
- Latino Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 210 W. 24th Street, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Jeffrey T. Howard
- Department of Public Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (J.T.H.); (E.S.); (V.M.E.-C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Shiyu Li
- School of Nursing, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Erica Sosa
- Department of Public Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (J.T.H.); (E.S.); (V.M.E.-C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Sarah L. Ullevig
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
| | - Vanessa M. Estrada-Coats
- Department of Public Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (J.T.H.); (E.S.); (V.M.E.-C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zenong Yin
- Department of Public Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (J.T.H.); (E.S.); (V.M.E.-C.); (Z.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Duncan MJ, AlShabeb A, Fitton Davies K, Alshahrani N, Almasoud Y. A 6-Week Badminton-Based Movement Intervention Enhances Fundamental Movement Skills and Physical Fitness in Saudi Boys and Girls. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:132. [PMID: 37505619 PMCID: PMC10385236 DOI: 10.3390/sports11070132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the short (pre-post) and longer-term (post to 10 weeks post) effects of the Badminton World Federation (BWF) Shuttle Time program on fundamental movement skills (FMS) and physical fitness in Saudi boys and girls. Seventy-six children aged 9-11 years (44 boys, 32 girls; mean ± SD = 10.2 ± 0.9 years) undertook twice weekly Shuttle Time sessions for 6 weeks. Pre, post, and 10 weeks post, FMS was measured using the test of gross motor development 3 and physical fitness was measured via 10 m sprint speed, standing long jump, seated medicine ball throw, and a 6 min walk test (6MWT). There were significant improvements in FMS from pre to post (p = 0.0001) and post to 10-weeks post (p = 0.0001) for both boys and girls. Girls demonstrated a significantly greater magnitude of change in FMS. For 10 m sprint time, seated medicine ball throw, standing long jump, and 6MWT performance, both boys and girls significantly improved from pre-10 weeks post (all p = 0.001). The magnitude of change was greater pre to 10-weeks post for girls for the seated medicine ball throw, but was greater for boys for the standing long jump and 6MWT. In terms of practical applications, the BWF Shuttle Time program is feasible for administration in the Saudi context and is beneficial in developing FMS and fitness for Saudi children aged 8-12 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Duncan
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Abdulrahman AlShabeb
- Department of English, College of Languages and Translation, Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Katie Fitton Davies
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 2AJ, UK
| | - Nadia Alshahrani
- Technical Programs, Applied College, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University (PNU), Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Smits-Engelsman B, Coetzee D, Valtr L, Verbecque E. Do Girls Have an Advantage Compared to Boys When Their Motor Skills Are Tested Using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd Edition? CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1159. [PMID: 37508656 PMCID: PMC10378111 DOI: 10.3390/children10071159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate sex-related differences in raw item scores on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd Edition (MABC-2) in a large data set collected in different regions across the world, seeking to unravel whether there is an interaction effect between sex and the origin of the sample (European versus African). In this retrospective study, a secondary analysis was performed on anonymized data of 7654 children with a mean age of 8.6 (range 3 to 16; SD: 3.4), 50.0% of whom were boys. Since country-specific norms were not available for all samples, the raw scores per age band (AB) were used for analysis. Our results clearly show that in all age bands sex-related differences are present. In AB1 and AB2, girls score better on most manual dexterity and balance items, but not aiming and catching items, whereas in AB3 the differences seem to diminish. Especially in the European sample, girls outperform boys in manual dexterity and balance items, whereas in the African sample these differences are less marked. In conclusion, separate norms for boys and girls are needed in addition to separate norms for geographical regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bouwien Smits-Engelsman
- Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
- Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town University, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Dané Coetzee
- Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Ludvík Valtr
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Evi Verbecque
- Rehabilitation Research Centre (REVAL), Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building A, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Basterfield L, Machaira T, Jones D, Rapley T, Araujo-Soares V, Cameron N, Azevedo LB. Early Years Physical Activity and Motor Skills Intervention-A Feasibility Study to Evaluate an Existing Training Programme for Early Years Educators. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10010145. [PMID: 36670695 PMCID: PMC9856565 DOI: 10.3390/children10010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A lack of fundamental motor skills (FMS) in the early years can lead to lower engagement with physical activity (PA), and track into adulthood. This study aimed to test the feasibility of an existing intervention for Early Years Educators ("Educators") designed to increase knowledge, confidence and the ability to increase PA and FMS of children in a deprived area of England. Non-randomised design with wait-list control. Sixty-seven settings in Middlesbrough, North East England were invited. Recruitment target: 10 settings, 2 Educators per setting, four children per Educator. INTERVENTION one-day training course "Physical Literacy in the Early Years", an age-appropriate theoretical and practical training course to support the development of physical literacy. PRIMARY OUTCOMES recruitment, retention, acceptability of intervention and outcome measures. SECONDARY OUTCOMES change in Educators' knowledge, intentions and behaviour, and change in children's BMI z-score, PA and FMS. Eight settings were recruited; all Intervention Educators completed the training. Six settings participated at follow-up (four Intervention, two Control). The target for Educator recruitment was met (two per setting, total n = 16). Questionnaires were completed by 80% of Intervention Educators at baseline, 20% at follow-up. Control Educators completed zero questionnaires. No Educators took part in a process evaluation interview. Forty-eight children participated at baseline, 28 at follow-up. The intervention was deemed acceptable. The recruitment, retention and acceptability of measurements were insufficient to recommend proceeding. Additional qualitative work is needed to understand and surmount the challenges posed by the implementation of the trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Basterfield
- Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, and Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Dan Jones
- SHLS Nursing & Midwifery, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK
| | - Tim Rapley
- Department of Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7XA, UK
| | - Vera Araujo-Soares
- Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Neil Cameron
- SportWorks (North East) Ltd., North Shields NE29 6DE, UK
| | - Liane B. Azevedo
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Age and Sex Differences in the State and Relationships between Process and Product Assessments of Fundamental-Motor Skills in Five to Eight-Year-Olds: The ExAMIN Youth SA Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159565. [PMID: 35954920 PMCID: PMC9367698 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Adequate development of Fundamental Motor Skills (FMS) at a young age benefit holistic development and positive health outcomes. This study determined age and sex developmental differences in the state and the relationships between process and product assessments of four fundamental-motor skills (FMS) in five to eight-year-olds. An availability sample of 636 children; 291 boys, 345 girls, mean age of 6.8 ± 0.97 years in the North West Province of South Africa participated in the study. Spearman rank order correlations analyzed relationships between assessments, while sex and age differences were examined using independent t-testing and one-way ANOVA. Age showed significant developmental trajectories in all FMS. Older children were found to be more at risk for not learning FMS to mastery, while unique developmental patterns were also established compared to international trends. Strong to moderate significant practical associations (p < 0.05) emerged between process and product assessments in catching (r = 0.79), jumping (r = 0.40) running (r = −0.33) and kicking (r = 0.20), while also confirming that the strength of the associations varies depending upon the skill type. Associations strengthened with increasing age, were higher in girls in all FMS, while associations between behavioral criteria in all FMS also differed between FMS and sexes. These strong associations, need to be taken into consideration during the development of FMS towards obtaining full mastery.
Collapse
|
9
|
Effect of a Fundamental Motor Skills Intervention on Fundamental Motor Skill and Physical Activity in a Preschool Setting: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2022; 34:57-66. [PMID: 34697254 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2021-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of a 12-week fundamental motor skill (FMS) program on FMS and physical activity (PA) on preschool-aged children. METHOD A cluster randomized controlled trial. The intervention (PhysicaL ActivitY and Fundamental Motor Skills in Pre-schoolers [PLAYFun] Program) was a 12-week games-based program, delivered directly to the children in childcare centers by exercise physiologists. Children in the control arm received the usual preschool curriculum. Outcomes included FMS competence (Test of Gross Motor Development-2) and PA (accelerometer) assessed at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks (12-wk postintervention). RESULTS Fifty children (mean age = 4.0 [0.6] y; 54% male) were recruited from 4 childcare centers. Two centers were randomized to PLAYFun and 2 centers were randomized to the waitlist control group. Children attended on average 2.0 (1.0) 40-minute sessions per week. The PLAYFun participants demonstrated significant increases in object control (P < .001) and total FMS (P = .010) competence at week 12, compared with controls in a group × time interaction. Girls, but not boys, in PLAYFun significantly increased moderate to vigorous PA after the intervention (P = .004). These increases were not maintained 12-week postcompletion of PLAYFun. CONCLUSIONS The PLAYFun Program is effective at improving FMS competence in boys and girls and increasing PA in girls. However, improvements are not maintained when opportunities to practice are not sustained.
Collapse
|
10
|
Physical Literacy in Elementary Physical Education: A Survey of Fundamental Movement Skill Practice Patterns. Pediatr Phys Ther 2022; 34:56-61. [PMID: 34873120 DOI: 10.1097/pep.0000000000000843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe fundamental movement skill (FMS) practice patterns in the elementary physical education (PE) curriculum. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was sent to PE teachers of grades 1 through 6. Sixty-eight responses were included for analysis. RESULTS Only 38.2% of teachers taught all 12 FMS components. Compared with PE teachers for grades 4 to 6, a significantly higher proportion of PE teachers for grades 1 to 3 taught all 12 FMS and used direct instruction methods. For children falling behind, only 8.8% reported referring to an exercise program and no PE teacher sought a health care referral. A video abstract can be found in Supplemental Digital Content 1 (available at: http://links.lww.com/PPT/A342).
Collapse
|
11
|
Foulkes JD, Knowles Z, Fairclough SJ, Stratton G, O’Dwyer MV, Foweather L. Is Foundational Movement Skill Competency Important for Keeping Children Physically Active and at a Healthy Weight? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:105. [PMID: 35010362 PMCID: PMC8750457 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This longitudinal study examines the associations between foundational movement skills (FMS) competency, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and weight status among children (n = 75) attending preschools in deprived areas from early to late childhood. Twelve FMS were assessed using the Children's Activity and Movement in Preschool Motor Skills Protocol and video analysis. Physical activity was measured via hip-mounted accelerometry. Data was collected over a five-year period, with Baseline Follow Up data collected between 2010 and 2015. There was an overall pattern of increase for total, object-control and locomotor scores between Baseline and Follow-Up. Conversely, there was an overall pattern of decline for MVPA among participants. There was a positive significant (p < 0.05) association between total and locomotor scores and MVPA at Baseline. However, these associations weakened over time and no significant associations were found at Follow-Up. Baseline competency failed to predict Follow-Up MVPA or weight status. Likewise, Baseline MVPA was not found to be a predictor of Follow-Up FMS competency. Further longitudinal research is required to explore these associations among children from highly deprived areas. Future interventions may require a more holistic approach to improving FMS competency and increasing PA in order to account for the number of variables that can affect these outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Foulkes
- School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Student Life Building, Copperas Hill, Liverpool L3 5AJ, UK
| | - Zoe Knowles
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, 5 Primrose Hill, Liverpool L3 2EX, UK; (Z.K.); (L.F.)
| | - Stuart J. Fairclough
- Movement Behaviours, Health and Wellbeing Research Group, Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK;
| | - Gareth Stratton
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK;
| | - Mareesa V. O’Dwyer
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AT, UK;
| | - Lawrence Foweather
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, 5 Primrose Hill, Liverpool L3 2EX, UK; (Z.K.); (L.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Motor Competence–Related Age and Living Environment in Girls: A Cross-Sectional Study. JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2021-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of age and urban and rural living environments on children’s actual and perceived motor competence. To that end, 320 female students aged 8–12 years were selected through random cluster sampling. The perceived motor competence of the participants was assessed using Marsh’s Physical Self-Description Questionnaire, and their actual motor competence was measured by the Test of Gross Motor Development-3. The results showed significant differences between urban and rural girls in perceived and actual motor competence (p < .05). However, age did not make any significant difference in motor competence (p > .05). The most significant differences in actual and perceived motor competence between urban and rural girls were observed in girls aged 8 and 10 (p < .05). The findings also indicated that rural children performed better in actual motor skills, especially ball skills. Therefore, based on the findings, it was concluded that the rural environment could have a greater impact on actual motor competence.
Collapse
|
13
|
Hohmann A, Yuan X, Schmitt M, Zhang H, Pietzonka M, Siener M. Physical Fitness and Motor Competence in Chinese and German Elementary School Children in Relation to Different Physical Activity Settings. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:391. [PMID: 34068840 PMCID: PMC8153568 DOI: 10.3390/children8050391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Children with greater physical activity (PA) may show a higher physical fitness (PF) and motor competence (MC) compared to peers with less PA. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), PF, and MC in 8- to 9-year old children in Germany and China. MVPA was differentiated into five PA settings: family sport, club training, school sport, leisure sport, and outside play. (2) Methods: This longitudinal study comprised N = 577 children (n = 311 girls, n = 266 boys) who were studied over a one-year period. Each child's PF and MC was determined using sports motor tests. The children's PAs were measured using a questionnaire. (3) Results: The children's PA was positively associated with PF and MC. The MVPA-settings: family sport, leisure sport, outside play, school, and club sport, explained between 18 and 23 percent of the variance in selected PF and MC characteristics in a multivariate linear regression analysis. (4) Conclusions: An increase in the children's MVPA might be an appropriate aim in the school sport in Germany as well as in the club sport system in China. Furthermore, family sport should be enhanced in Germany and outside play activities in China, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hohmann
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (A.H.); (X.Y.); (M.P.)
| | - Xinchi Yuan
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (A.H.); (X.Y.); (M.P.)
| | - Manfred Schmitt
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany;
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Physical Education and Training, Shanghai University of Sport, 650 Qingyuan Ring Rd, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China;
- Department of Training Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Xihu, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Micha Pietzonka
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (A.H.); (X.Y.); (M.P.)
| | - Maximilian Siener
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (A.H.); (X.Y.); (M.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lawson C, Eyre ELJ, Tallis J, Duncan MJ. Fundamental Movement Skill Proficiency Among British Primary School Children: Analysis at a Behavioral Component Level. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:625-648. [PMID: 33517851 PMCID: PMC7890689 DOI: 10.1177/0031512521990330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental Movement Skill (FMS) proficiency is an important antecedent of physical activity for children and adolescents. Many studies report children's overall FMS proficiency to be low. However, in order to develop effective intervention strategies, it is critical to understand FMS proficiency at a behavioral component level. This study investigated British primary school children's FMS proficiency across all three FMS domains, reporting proficiency at both an individual skill level and at a behavioral component level. Participants were 219 primary school children, aged 7-10 years (Boys 111, girls 108) from central England. We assessed (a) eight FMS (run, jump, hop, skip, catch, overarm throw, underarm throw, stability) using the second and third revisions of the Test of Gross Motor Development, and (b) stability, using the rock skill from the Rudd stability assessment tool. We calculated descriptive statistics and frequencies for each FMS and their behavioral components. We explored gender differences using the Mann- Whitney U-test, and differences between school years using the Kruskal- Wallis test. There was a similar pattern in the prevalence of failure for behavioral components across skills, with children failing on components requiring (a) the simultaneous use of both upper and lower limbs and (b) contralateral actions. Detailed descriptive analysis of low proficiency levels highlighted co ordination and the process for power/force production. These data can be used to guide development and plan targeted interventions for the weakest skills and behavioral components of 7-10 year old British primary school children to increase their FMS levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey Lawson
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Emma L J Eyre
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Jason Tallis
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Michael J Duncan
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
A Narrative Review of Motor Competence in Children and Adolescents: What We Know and What We Need to Find Out. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:ijerph18010018. [PMID: 33375134 PMCID: PMC7792958 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lack of physical activity is a global public health problem causing not only morbidity and premature mortality, but it is also a major economic burden worldwide. One of the cornerstones of a physically active lifestyle is Motor Competence (MC). MC is a complex biocultural attribute and therefore, its study requires a multi-sectoral, multi-, inter- and transdisciplinary approach. MC is a growing area of research, especially in children and adolescents due to its positive association with a plethora of health and developmental outcomes. Many questions, however, remain to be answered in this field of research, with regard to: (i) Health and Developmental-related Associations of MC; (ii) Assessment of MC; (iii) Prevalence and Trends of MC; (iv) Correlates and Determinants of MC; (v) MC Interventions, and (vi) Translating MC Research into Practice and Policy. This paper presents a narrative review of the literature, summarizing current knowledge, identifying key research gaps and presenting questions for future investigation on MC in children and adolescents. This is a collaborative effort from the International Motor Competence Network (IMCNetwork) a network of academics and researchers aiming to promote international collaborative research and knowledge translation in the expansive field of MC. The knowledge and deliverables generated by addressing and answering the aforementioned research questions on MC presented in this review have the potential to shape the ways in which researchers and practitioners promote MC and physical activity in children and adolescents across the world.
Collapse
|
16
|
Philpott C, Donovan B, Belton S, Lester D, Duncan M, Chambers F, O’Brien W. Investigating the Age-Related Association between Perceived Motor Competence and Actual Motor Competence in Adolescence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6361. [PMID: 32882872 PMCID: PMC7504194 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Irish adolescents have been found to possess high perceptions of motor competence. However, there is an evidential value to investigating the strength of the relationship between adolescent perceptions of motor competence and their low levels of actual motor competence. The purpose of this research was to gather data on the fundamental, functional, and perceived motor competence in adolescents, differentiated by year group, to discern if participants could assess their perceptions of ability. Data were collected on adolescents (N = 373; mean age: 14.38 ± 0.87 years; 47.7% female) across six second-level schools in Ireland, including measurements of fundamental movement skills, functional movement, and perceived motor competence. Poor levels of fundamental and functional movement were observed, with significant differences between year groups detected. Participants in 1st year scored the highest in overall fundamental movement skills; however, for overall functional movement, 3rd-year participants scored highest. High levels of perceived motor competence were reported across the entire sample. These scores did not align with actual motor competence, nor did any alignment between these measurements improve with aging, countering theorized age-related associations. Future research should target low levels of actual motor competence while emphasizing the cognitive aspects of movement to ensure greater accuracy between actual and perceived motor competence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor Philpott
- School of Education, Sports Studies and Physical Education Programme, University College Cork, T12 KX72 Cork, Ireland; (B.D.); (D.L.); (F.C.); (W.O.)
| | - Brian Donovan
- School of Education, Sports Studies and Physical Education Programme, University College Cork, T12 KX72 Cork, Ireland; (B.D.); (D.L.); (F.C.); (W.O.)
| | - Sarahjane Belton
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, D09 Y5N0 Dublin 9, Ireland;
| | - Diarmuid Lester
- School of Education, Sports Studies and Physical Education Programme, University College Cork, T12 KX72 Cork, Ireland; (B.D.); (D.L.); (F.C.); (W.O.)
| | - Michael Duncan
- Research Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK;
| | - Fiona Chambers
- School of Education, Sports Studies and Physical Education Programme, University College Cork, T12 KX72 Cork, Ireland; (B.D.); (D.L.); (F.C.); (W.O.)
| | - Wesley O’Brien
- School of Education, Sports Studies and Physical Education Programme, University College Cork, T12 KX72 Cork, Ireland; (B.D.); (D.L.); (F.C.); (W.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Veldman SL, Jones RA, Chandler P, Robinson LE, Okely AD. Prevalence and risk factors of gross motor delay in pre-schoolers. J Paediatr Child Health 2020; 56:571-576. [PMID: 31705779 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Gross motor skills are important for children's health and development. Delays in these skills are a concern for healthy developmental trajectories and therefore early identification of delay is important. This study screened for gross motor delay in children from low-income communities and investigated potential risk factors associated with gross motor delay. METHODS This cross-sectional study involved 701 pre-schoolers (Mage = 54.1 ± 8.6 months, 52.8% boys) from childcare services in low-income and remote communities in Australia. Gross motor delay was assessed using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire - third edition. Potential risk factors included: sex, age, birthweight, prematurity status, weight status, childcare service, postcode, parent's education, parent's marital status, parent's employment and family income. RESULTS Results showed 4.4% of the children were delayed in gross motor skills and 8.8% were at risk of delay. Logistic regression showed being a boy (odds ratio (OR) 1.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-2.84), underweight (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.18-6.30) or overweight (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.00-3.33), and parental unemployment (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.01-3.16) were factors associated with a higher odds of children being delayed or at risk of gross motor delay. A higher family income (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.13-0.93) was associated with lower odds of delay. CONCLUSION This unique study demonstrated children in low-income communities, especially boys, underweight and overweight children, have higher odds of being at risk of gross motor delay. Therefore, early screening is vital in this population in order to identify delays and potentially intervene with appropriate motor skill interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Lc Veldman
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachel A Jones
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Chandler
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leah E Robinson
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
McConnell-Nzunga J, Mâsse LC, Buckler EJ, Carson V, Faulkner GE, Lau EY, McKay HA, Temple VA, Wolfenden L, Naylor PJ. Prevalence and Relationships among Physical Activity Policy, Environment, and Practices in Licensed Childcare Centers from a Manager and Staff Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1064. [PMID: 32046187 PMCID: PMC7037996 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) is critical to early childhood health and development, and childcare is a key setting for establishing physically active play. In British Columbia (BC), a provincial standard for active play in childcare was enacted, identified here as the Active Play (AP) standard. Pragmatic constraints limit real-world data collection for evaluating policy impact. We explored whether information about policies, practices, and the environment varied when it was collected from managers or staff. Surveys were distributed to BC childcare centers before AP standard enactment to ascertain current PA and fundamental movement skill policies and practices. The full sample (n = 1037 from 625 facilities) and a subsample of paired managers and staff (n = 261 centers) were used to explore agreement across managers and staff in reported prevalence and relationships among indicators. The policy prevalence and relationships for active play and outdoor play variables were relatively similar for manager and staff data, although the matched data had modest agreement and less than optimal intraclass correlations. The prevalence of manager-reported PA policies ranged from 47% for screen-time limits to 77% for fundamental movement skill activities. The manager and staff data highlighted indoor and outdoor space as a primary factor in AP standard adherence. With reliance on sampling staff unfeasible, it appears that the manager data may adequately describe the policies and practices of childcare providers with some notable issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer McConnell-Nzunga
- Child Health BC, 4088 Cambie St #305, Vancouver, BC V5Z 2X8, Canada;
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada;
| | - Louise C. Mâsse
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (L.C.M.); (E.J.B.)
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 4480 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - E. Jean Buckler
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (L.C.M.); (E.J.B.)
| | - Valerie Carson
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, 3-100 University Hall, Van Vliet Complex, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9, Canada;
| | - Guy E. Faulkner
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, 6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada;
| | - Erica Y. Lau
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 5950 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; (E.Y.L.); (H.A.M.)
| | - Heather A. McKay
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 5950 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; (E.Y.L.); (H.A.M.)
| | - Viviene A. Temple
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada;
| | - Luke Wolfenden
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;
| | - Patti-Jean Naylor
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Behan S, Belton S, Peers C, O'Connor NE, Issartel J. Moving Well-Being Well: Investigating the maturation of fundamental movement skill proficiency across sex in Irish children aged five to twelve. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2604-2612. [PMID: 31379260 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1651144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental movement skills (FMS) are the basic building blocks of more advanced, complex movements required to participate in physical activity. This study examined FMS proficiency across the full range of Irish primary school children (n = 2098, 47% girls, age range 5-12 years). Participants were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development, 3rd edition (TGMD-3), Victorian Fundamental Movement skills manual, and the balance subtest from the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2 (BOT-2). Independent sample t-tests and a one way between groups ANOVA with planned comparisons were used analyse sex and age differences. Mastery or near mastery of skills ranged from 16% for overhand throw, to 75.3% for run. Girls scored significantly higher than boys in the locomotor and balance subtests with the boys outperforming the girls in object control skills. Improvements in ability can be seen over time (F(8,1968) = 70.18, p < 0.001), with significant increases in FMS proficiency seen up to the age of 10, after which proficiency begins to decline. The findings demonstrate the low levels of FMS proficiency amongst Irish primary school children, the differences between sex that exist, and highlights the need for more programmes that focus on developing these FMS at an early age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Behan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University , Dublin , Ireland.,Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Sarahjane Belton
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Cameron Peers
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University , Dublin , Ireland.,Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Noel E O'Connor
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Johann Issartel
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University , Dublin , Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Britton Ú, Belton S, Issartel J. Small fish, big pond: The role of health-related fitness and perceived athletic competence in mediating the physical activity-motor competence relationship during the transition from primary to secondary school. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2538-2548. [PMID: 31352866 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1647041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the role of Perceived Athletic Competence (PAC) and Health-Related Fitness (HRF) in mediating the reciprocal relationship between Motor Competence (MC) and Physical Activity (PA) during the transition from primary to secondary school. MC, PA, PAC and HRF were measured in 224 participants (baseline age 12.26 ± .037 years; 51% female) in final year of primary school and one year later in first year of secondary school. Path analysis in AMOS 23 was used to test the mediating influence of PAC and HRF on the MC-PA relationship. Fit indices showed that, in both directions, HRF and PAC mediated the relationship between MC and PA (PA predicting MC; χ2 = 3.91, p = .272, CFI = .99, RMSEA = .04. MC predicting PA: χ2 = 6.46, p = .167, CFI = .99, RMSEA = .04). Pathways were stronger through HRF than through PAC, indicating that HRF is the more substantial mediator of the MC-PA relationship during the school transition. Pathways were stronger in the direction of PA predicting MC than in the reverse direction. Interventions seeking to influence PA and MC across the school transition should focus on HRF as it is a primary mediator of the MC-PA relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ú Britton
- School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University , Dublin , Ireland
| | - S Belton
- School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University , Dublin , Ireland
| | - J Issartel
- School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University , Dublin , Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Maïano C, Hue O, April J. Fundamental movement skills in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2019; 32:1018-1033. [PMID: 31087452 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review is a synthesis of studies concerning: (a) mastery, deficits, and/or delays in fundamental movement skills (FMS) among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities; (b) comparisons of FMS between children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities and those with typical development (TD); and (c) correlates of FMS. METHOD A systematic electronic search was performed in 12 databases. Seventeen studies, published between 1951 and 2017, met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS Children with intellectual disabilities exhibited a lack of mastery and deficits/developmental delays in FMS. They tended to have significantly lower FMS performance than children with TD. Adolescents with intellectual disabilities had developmental delays in balance skills, but were not compared with adolescents with TD. Mastery or deficits in FMS were not explored. Several variables were significantly correlated with FMS among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities. CONCLUSION In future studies, FMS should be examined as an important outcome among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Maïano
- Cyberpsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), Gatineau, Québec, Canada.,Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), Saint-Jérôme, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Hue
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Johanne April
- Department of Education Sciences, Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), Saint-Jérôme, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Birnbaum J, Geyer C, Kirchberg FF, Beulshausen M, Manios Y, Koletzko B. Associations of motor abilities with biological, sociodemographic, and behavioural factors in children: results from the ToyBox study. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
23
|
Tompsett C, Sanders R, Taylor C, Cobley S. Pedagogical Approaches to and Effects of Fundamental Movement Skill Interventions on Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:1795-1819. [PMID: 28213755 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fundamental movement skills (FMS) are assumed to be the basic prerequisite motor movements underpinning coordination of more integrated and advanced movement capabilities. FMS development and interventions have been associated with several beneficial health outcomes in individual studies. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this review was to identify FMS intervention characteristics that could be optimised to attain beneficial outcomes in children and adolescents, while the secondary aim was to update the evidence as to the efficacy of FMS interventions on physiological, psychological and behavioural health outcomes. METHODS A systematic search [adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines] was conducted in seven databases. Studies were included if they conducted an FMS intervention and targeted at least one physiological, behavioural or psychological outcome in school-aged children (5-18 years). RESULTS Twenty-nine studies examining the effect of FMS interventions relative to controls were identified. Specialist-led interventions, taught in conjunction with at-home practice and parent involvement, appeared more efficacious in enhancing FMS proficiency than school physical education alone. Intervention environments encouraging psychological autonomy were likely to enhance perceived and actual competence in FMS alongside physical activity. FMS interventions had little influence on overweight/obesity reduction, strength or flexibility. In 93% of studies, evidence indicated interventions improved FMS motor proficiency. Favourable specific physiological, psychological and behavioural outcomes were also identified across a variety of interventions. CONCLUSION With reference to clinical and normative school-age populations, future studies should be directed toward determining validated standard FMS assessments to enable accurate effect estimates, permit intervention comparisons and improve the efficacy of FMS development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Tompsett
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Exercise and Sport Sciences, The University of Sydney, Cumberland Campus, 75 East St, Lidcombe, NSW, 2141, Australia.
| | - Ross Sanders
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Exercise and Sport Sciences, The University of Sydney, Cumberland Campus, 75 East St, Lidcombe, NSW, 2141, Australia
| | - Caitlin Taylor
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Exercise and Sport Sciences, The University of Sydney, Cumberland Campus, 75 East St, Lidcombe, NSW, 2141, Australia
| | - Stephen Cobley
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Exercise and Sport Sciences, The University of Sydney, Cumberland Campus, 75 East St, Lidcombe, NSW, 2141, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kelly L, O'Connor S, Harrison AJ, Ní Chéilleachair NJ. Does fundamental movement skill proficiency vary by sex, class group or weight status? Evidence from an Irish primary school setting. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:1055-1063. [PMID: 30422061 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1543833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined fundamental movement skill (FMS) proficiency among male (N = 216) and female (N = 198) Irish primary school pupils from Year 2 to Year 7 (9.0 ± 1.7 years). Following anthropometric measurements, participants were video-recorded performing 15 FMS and scored using the TGMD-3, Victorian Fundamental Movement skills Manual and the Get skilled: Get active guidelines. Percentage mastery ranged between 1.4% (gallop) and 35.7% (slide). A two-way ANOVA evaluated the effect of sex (male/female) and class group (Year 2/3/4/5/6/7) on individual skills, locomotor subtest, object-control subtest and total TGMD-3 (GMQ) scores. No significant sex ×class interaction effects were found. Large effect sizes were reported for male superiority in object-control subtest (ηp2 = 0.26) and GMQ (ηp2 = 0.16) scores (both p < 0.001). Older classes had higher object-control subtest scores than younger classes, but scores plateaued after Year 5. Furthermore, overweight participants had significantly lower locomotor subtest (p < 0.001, d = 0.7), object-control subtest (p = 0.03, d = 0.3) and GMQ scores (p < 0.001, d = 0.5) than non-overweight participants. This study highlights very poor levels of FMS mastery among Irish schoolchildren and stresses the need for developmentally appropriate, FMS intervention programmes that are inclusive regardless of age, sex or weight status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kelly
- a Department of Sport and Health Sciences , Athlone Institute of Technology , Athlone , Ireland
| | - Siobhán O'Connor
- b School of Health and Human Performance , Dublin City University , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Andrew J Harrison
- c Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences , University of Limerick , Co. Limerick , Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Quitério A, Martins J, Onofre M, Costa J, Mota Rodrigues J, Gerlach E, Scheur C, Herrmann C. MOBAK 1 Assessment in Primary Physical Education: Exploring Basic Motor Competences of Portuguese 6-Year-Olds. Percept Mot Skills 2018; 125:1055-1069. [PMID: 30413140 DOI: 10.1177/0031512518804358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Children's motor competence is known to have a determinant role in learning and engaging later in complex motor skills and, thus, in physical activity. The development of adequate motor competence is a central aim of physical education, and assuring that pupils are learning and developing motor competence depends on accurate assessment protocols. The MOBAK 1 test battery is a recent instrument developed to assess motor competence in primary physical education. This study used the MOBAK 1 to explore motor competence levels and gender differences among 249 ( Mage = 6.3, SD = 0.5 years; 127 girls and 122 boys) Grade 1 primary school Portuguese children. On independent sample t tests, boys presented higher object movement motor competence than girls (boys: M = 5.8, SD = 1.7; girls: M = 4.0, SD = 1.7; p < .001), while girls were more proficient among self-movement skills (girls: M = 5.1, SD = 1.8; boys: M = 4.3, SD = 1.7; p < .01). On "total motor competence," boys ( M = 10.3, SD = 2.6) averaged one point ahead of girls ( M = 9.1, SD = 2.9). The percentage of girls in the first quartile of object movement was 18.9%, while, for "self movement," the percentage of boys in the first quartile was almost double that of girls (30.3% and 17.3%, respectively). The confirmatory model to test for construct validity confirmed the assumed theoretical two-factor structure of MOBAK 1 test items in this Portuguese sample. These results support the MOBAK 1 instrument for assessing motor competence and highlighted gender differences, of relevance to intervention efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Quitério
- 1 Pedagogical Laboratory, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Portugal.,2 UIDEF, Educational Institute, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Martins
- 1 Pedagogical Laboratory, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Portugal.,2 UIDEF, Educational Institute, University of Lisbon, Portugal.,3 Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Humanities and Technologies Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marcos Onofre
- 1 Pedagogical Laboratory, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Portugal.,2 UIDEF, Educational Institute, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Costa
- 1 Pedagogical Laboratory, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Portugal.,2 UIDEF, Educational Institute, University of Lisbon, Portugal.,4 Sports Studies and Physical Education, School of Education, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - João Mota Rodrigues
- 1 Pedagogical Laboratory, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Portugal.,2 UIDEF, Educational Institute, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Erin Gerlach
- 5 Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Claude Scheur
- 6 Institute of Applied Educational Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Christian Herrmann
- 7 Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Do Irish Adolescents Have Adequate Functional Movement Skill and Confidence? JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2016-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that post-primary Irish youth are insufficiently active and fail to reach a level of proficiency across basic fundamental movement skills. The purpose of the current research was to gather cross-sectional data on adolescent youth, differentiated by gender, specifically to inform the development of a targeted movement-oriented intervention. Data were collected on adolescents (N = 219; mean age : 14.45 ± 0.96 years), within two, mixed-gender schools. Data collection included actual and perceived movement measurements comprised of fundamental movement skills, the functional movement screen, perceived movement confidence, and perceived functional confidence. Overall, levels of actual mastery within fundamental and functional movement were low, with significant gender differences observed. Adolescent males scored higher in the overall fundamental movement skill domain (male mean score = 70.87 ± 7.05; female mean score = 65.53 ± 7.13), yet lower within the functional movement screen (male mean score = 13.58 ± 2.59), in comparison to their female counterparts (female mean score = 14.70 ± 2.16). There were high levels of perceived confidence reported within fundamental and functional movement scales. Future intervention strategies should combat the low levels of actual movement skill proficiency, while identifying the reasons for higher perceived movement confidence within adolescents.
Collapse
|
27
|
Enhancing the Evidence Base for Irish Female Youth Participation in Physical Activity—The Development of the Gaelic4Girls Program. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1123/wspaj.2017-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current research was to gather baseline data on female youth to inform the development of a targeted physical activity (PA) and sports-based intervention, specifically identified as “Gaelic4Girls”. Cross-sectional data on PA levels, psychological correlates of PA, anthropometric characteristics, and the fundamental movement skill (FMS) proficiency of female youth (n = 331; M age 10.92±1.22) were collected. A subsample (n = 37) participated in focus group (FG) interviews exploring perceptions of health/sport, and identifying barriers/motivators to participation. PA levels were assessed using self-report (PA Questionnaire for Older Children) and classified as low, moderate, and high active. One- and two-way ANOVAs (post hoc Tukey honest significant difference [HSD]) were used to analyze the data. The FGs were transcribed verbatim, coded, and thematically analyzed. Findings indicated that the majority of youth (71.8%) were not meeting the minimum daily PA recommendations for health, and that 98.1% did not achieve the FMS proficiency expected for their age. Low, moderately, and highly active participants differ significantly in terms of overall FMS (p = .03), and locomotor control scores (p = .03). FG findings report fun and friendship as key PA motivators, too much competitiveness as barriers, and positive outside encouragement from family/friends/coaches as facilitators encouraging PA engagement. Findings highlight the need for targeting low levels of PA, FMS proficiency in female youth sport interventions, through addressing self-efficacy levels, inclusive of fun, and socially-stimulating PA environments.
Collapse
|
28
|
Jeoung B. Motor proficiency differences among students with intellectual disabilities, autism, and developmental disability. J Exerc Rehabil 2018; 14:275-281. [PMID: 29740563 PMCID: PMC5931165 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836046.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable overlap in the manifestations of intellectual disability, autism, and developmental disability. We aimed to determine whether students with such disabilities have differences in their motor proficiency. We compared the motor proficiency of 82 students (age, 11 to 20 years) with different severities of intellectual disability (borderline, 11 students; mild, 27 students; moderate, 19 students), developmental disability (15 students), or autism (10 students). The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second edition was used to assess motor skills. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and analysis of variance. Compared to students with borderline intellectual disabilities, mild intellectual disabilities, or autism, those with moderate intellectual disabilities scored significantly lower on al-most all items regarding motor skill on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. The results of this study provide key information for developing exercise programs to improve the motor proficiency and quality of life of children with various developmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bogja Jeoung
- Department of Exercise Rehabilitation & Welfare, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Antunes AM, Freitas DL, Maia J, Hedeker D, Gouveia ÉR, Thomis M, Lefevre J, Barnett LM. Motor performance, body fatness and environmental factors in preschool children. J Sports Sci 2018. [PMID: 29521171 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1449410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The first aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between motor performance and body fatness among 3- to 5-year-old children. The second aim was to assess whether this relationship works similarly for boys and girls. We also investigated whether socioeconomic status (SES) and geographical area when children are aged 3 years old predicts the motor performance of 4 and 5-yr-old children. Motor performance was assessed through the Preschool Test Battery, while body fatness was estimated through body mass index (BMI). SES and geographical area were assessed via parent proxy-report questionnaires. BMI was negatively associated with standing long jump. The association of BMI and motor performance was not statistically different for boys and girls. Children from low SES performed better than high SES peers in tennis ball throw for distance. Rural children were better performers than urban peers in standing long jump. Rural area at baseline was also predictor of standing long jump and tennis ball throw for distance at time 1 and 2. In conclusion, BMI had a negative association with standing long jump and the relationship of BMI with all motor tests was similar for boys and girls. SES and rural area were predictors of motor performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- António M Antunes
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport , University of Madeira , Funchal , Portugal
| | - Duarte L Freitas
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport , University of Madeira , Funchal , Portugal.,b Department of Mathematical Sciences , University of Essex , Colchester , UK
| | - José Maia
- c CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Donald Hedeker
- d Department of Public Health Sciences and Department of Medicine , University of Chicago Biological Sciences , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Élvio R Gouveia
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport , University of Madeira , Funchal , Portugal
| | - Martine Thomis
- e Department of Kinesiology, Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group , Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Johan Lefevre
- e Department of Kinesiology, Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group , Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Lisa M Barnett
- f School of Health and Social Development, Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Health , Deakin University , Geelong , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Robinson LE, Veldman SLC, Palmer KK, Okely AD. A Ball Skills Intervention in Preschoolers: The CHAMP Randomized Controlled Trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 49:2234-2239. [PMID: 29045324 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fundamental motor skills (FMS) contribute to positive health trajectories. A high level of competence in ball skills (a subset of FMS) is a predictor for time spent in moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity during adolescence. This study examined the effects of a ball skills intervention on ball skill competence among preschool-aged boys and girls. METHODS This is a two-armed randomized controlled trial. A total of 124 preschoolers (Mage ± SD = 48.14 ± 6.62 months) were randomly assigned to one of two groups, the Children's Health Activity Motor Program (CHAMP; n = 81) or control (n = 43). FMS were measured before, after (9 wk), and at retention (18 wk) using the object control subscale of the Test of Gross Motor Development, Second Edition. Changes in ball skill scores were calculated (pretest-posttest, pretest-retention, posttest-retention) and were compared using one-way ANOVAs with post hoc Scheffe analysis. RESULTS Findings support that groups demonstrated significantly different rates of change from pretest to posttest (F3,117 = 179.45, P < 0.001), pretest to retention (F3,113 = 95.8, P < 0.001), and posttest to retention (F3,113 = 189.89, P < 0.001). Compared with their control group peers, CHAMP boys and girls had greater positive rates of change from pretest to posttest and pretest to retention as well as greater negative rates of change from posttest to retention. CONCLUSIONS CHAMP was effective in improving and maintaining ball skills in preschool-age boys and girls. Findings support that providing a high-quality motor skill program in early childhood settings could potentially be a sustainable public health approach to promoting FMS and positive developmental trajectories for health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah E Robinson
- 1Child Movement, Activity, and Developmental Health Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; 2Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; 3Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, AUSTRALIA; and 4Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, AUSTRALIA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
O’Connor S, Whyte EF, Gibbons B, Feeney O, Luc S, Ní Chéilleachair N. Fundamental movement skill proficiency in juvenile Gaelic games. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-017-0421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
32
|
Eyre ELJ, Walker LJ, Duncan MJ. Fundamental Movement Skills of Children Living in England: The Role of Ethnicity and Native English Language. Percept Mot Skills 2017; 125:5-20. [PMID: 29235424 DOI: 10.1177/0031512517745437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of fundamental movement skills (FMS) has been associated with children's general health, and, while there is evidence to suggest that age, gender, physical activity, and socioeconomic status relate to FMS, the relationship of ethnicity and language barriers to FMS competence has been underexplored. These factors may be of particular interest for South Asian (SA) children who have lower physical activity and increased risk of metabolic disease. This cross-sectional study examined ethnic and language differences in FMS among 218 ethnically diverse five-year-old children (61 White ethnic background, 91 SA, 29 Black ethnic background, and 37 other), some with English as a native language ( n = 90) and some with English as an additional language ( n = 75), all recruited from within central England. Each child was assessed performing five locomotor skills (run, gallop, hop, leap, and jump) and six object skills (catch, kick, bounce, strike, underarm roll, and overarm throw) on the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 . A 2 (gender) × 4 (ethnicity) factor analysis of covariance assessed differences in the locomotor and object composite scores and total FMS score, while controlling for body mass index. A two-factor analysis of covariance assessed native language differences in their impact on FMS. We found ethnic and gender differences in FMS ( p < .05) in that SA children had poorer total FMS and locomotor scores than children of either White or Black ethnic backgrounds ( p = .004, p = .001, and p = .008, p = .002, respectively). Girls had poorer total ( p = .001) and locomotor FMS skills ( p < .001). Children with English as an additional language had similar FMS scores compared to children whose native language was English ( p > .05). The findings of low FMS competency in SA children and girls, irrespective of body mass index, suggest that developmentally appropriate interventions targeting SA children and girls are needed in early years. We discuss some unclear factors related to these differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L J Eyre
- 1 Faculty Research Centre for Sport Exercise and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, 388272 Coventry University , UK
| | - Leanne Jaye Walker
- 1 Faculty Research Centre for Sport Exercise and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, 388272 Coventry University , UK
| | - Michael J Duncan
- 1 Faculty Research Centre for Sport Exercise and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, 388272 Coventry University , UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Outcomes of the Y-PATH Randomized Controlled Trial: Can a School-Based Intervention Improve Fundamental Movement Skill Proficiency in Adolescent Youth? J Phys Act Health 2017; 15:89-98. [PMID: 28787224 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2016-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multicomponent, school-based interventions are considered to be an effective method for improving fundamental movement skill (FMS) proficiency levels and physical activity (PA) among youth. This study aimed to evaluate if the youth-physical activity toward health intervention can improve FMS proficiency in a randomized controlled trial among adolescents. METHODS Participants were 482 adolescents aged 12-13 years from 20 schools. For an academic year, participants in 10 schools received the youth-physical activity toward health intervention. The remaining 10 schools received their regular weekly physical education lessons. Fifteen FMS were assessed using validated tools; their PA was assessed using accelerometers; their height, weight, and cardiorespiratory fitness were also recorded. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, postintervention, and 3 months later at retention. Multilevel analysis was performed using MLwiN 2.35 software. RESULTS Significant intervention effects across time were observed for total object control (P < .0001; β = 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.16 to 2.92) and total locomotor (P < .0001; β = 2.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.44 to 2.82), with the greatest improvements evident for total FMS score (P < .0001; β = 4.04; 95% confidence interval, 2.39 to 5.69). The effects of the intervention were significant and positive for all children in the intervention group regardless of gender, weight status, or PA level (P = .03 to < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Youth-physical activity toward health has the potential to improve FMS proficiency among adolescents regardless of gender, weight status, and activity levels.
Collapse
|
34
|
Racil G, Elmontassar W, Rommene I, Tourny C, Chaouachi A, Coquart JB. Benefits of a regular vs irregular rhythm-based training programme on physical fitness and motor skills in obese girls. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:1227-1234. [PMID: 28528435 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0689-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the current study was to examine the impact of a physical exercise programme including rhythmic elements (regular and irregular tempos) on physiological variables, motor skills (MS), and jump performances in obese girls. METHODS Thirty-six obese girls (age: 10.4 ± 0.9 years, body mass: 58.7 ± 4.0 kg, height: 1.37 ± 0.04 m, body mass index: 31.2 ± 2.1) participated in three weekly physical exercise sessions for 6 weeks, with each session consisting of basic fundamental locomotor movements. The participants were divided into two groups: a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG). CG performed the exercise in a quiet setting (i.e., without rhythmic accompaniment), whereas regular and irregular rhythmic accompaniments were prescribed in EG. The physical exercise programme included three sessions per week for 6 weeks. Each session was composed of three parts: 15 min of warm-up, followed by 40 min of exercises based on basic locomotor movements (i.e., running, hopping, skipping, jumping, leaping, sliding, galloping, throwing, catching, kicking, dribbling, and striking) and then 5 min of stretching. Each exercise was demonstrated by the teacher. Before and after the intervention period, cardiovascular measures (i.e., resting blood pressures, recovery for heart rate and systolic blood pressure, and recovery rate-pressure product) were made and five MS (i.e., running, hopping, leaping, jumping and dribbling) were evaluated in two conditions (i.e., during exercise with regular and irregular tempos). Moreover, performances on vertical jump tests (squat and countermovement jump tests) were measured. RESULTS EG exhibited greater improvement in MS with a regular tempo (and sometimes an irregular tempo), cardiovascular components, and jump performances. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that physical exercise at various tempos is useful for improving physical fitness, developing MS, and thus probably preventing obesity complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghazi Racil
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Wassim Elmontassar
- Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Sciences in Sport (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Biomaterials Research Applied to Orthopedics, National Institute of Orthopedics, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Rommene
- Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Sciences in Sport (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Claire Tourny
- Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Centre d'Etudes des Transformations par les Activités Physiques et Sportives, Université de Rouen, Mont-Saint Aignan, France
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Sciences in Sport (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jeremy B Coquart
- Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Centre d'Etudes des Transformations par les Activités Physiques et Sportives, Université de Rouen, Mont-Saint Aignan, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Allen KA, Bredero B, Van Damme T, Ulrich DA, Simons J. Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3) with the Use of Visual Supports for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Validity and Reliability. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:813-833. [PMID: 28091840 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-3005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The validity and reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3) were measured, taking into consideration the preference for visual learning of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The TGMD-3 was administered to 14 children with ASD (4-10 years) and 21 age-matched typically developing children under two conditions: TGMD-3 traditional protocol, and TGMD-3 visual support protocol. Excellent levels of internal consistency, test-retest, interrater and intrarater reliability were achieved for the TGMD-3 visual support protocol. TGMD-3 raw scores of children with ASD were significantly lower than typically developing peers, however, significantly improved using the TGMD-3 visual support protocol. This demonstrates that the TGMD-3 visual support protocol is a valid and reliable assessment of gross motor performance for children with ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Allen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N IV, bus 1510, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Bredero
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N IV, bus 1510, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Van Damme
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N IV, bus 1510, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D A Ulrich
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 1402 Washington Hts, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J Simons
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N IV, bus 1510, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lester D, McGrane B, Belton S, Duncan MJ, Chambers FC, O'Brien W. The Age-Related Association of Movement in Irish Adolescent Youth. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5040077. [PMID: 29910437 PMCID: PMC5969029 DOI: 10.3390/sports5040077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Research has shown that post-primary Irish youth are insufficiently active and fail to reach a level of proficiency across basic movement skills. The purpose of the current research was to gather cross-sectional baseline data on Irish adolescent youth, specifically the prevalence of movement skills and patterns, in order to generate an overall perspective of movement within the first three years (Junior Certificate level) of post-primary education; (2) Methods: Data were collected on adolescents (N = 181; mean age: 14.42 ± 0.98 years), attending two, mixed-gender schools. Data collection included 10 fundamental movement skills (FMS) and the seven tests within the Functional Movement Screen (FMS™). The data set was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 for Windows; (3) Results: Overall, levels of actual mastery within fundamental and functional movement were low. There were statistically significant age-related differences observed, with a progressive decline as age increased in both the object control (p = 0.002) FMS sub-domain, and the in-line lunge (p = 0.048) test of the FMS™; (4) Conclusion: In summary, we found emerging evidence that school year group is significantly associated with mastery of movement skills and patterns. Results from the current study suggest that developing a specifically tailored movement-oriented intervention would be a strategic step towards improving the low levels of adolescent fundamental and functional movement proficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diarmuid Lester
- School of Education, Sports Studies and Physical Education, University College Cork, 2 Lucan Place, Western Road, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Bronagh McGrane
- School of Arts Education and Movement, Dublin City University, Institute of Education, St. Patrick's Campus, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Sarahjane Belton
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Michael J Duncan
- Research Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.
| | - Fiona C Chambers
- School of Education, Sports Studies and Physical Education, University College Cork, 2 Lucan Place, Western Road, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Wesley O'Brien
- School of Education, Sports Studies and Physical Education, University College Cork, 2 Lucan Place, Western Road, Cork, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mohammadi F, Bahram A, Khalaji H, Ghadiri F. Determining Motor Development Status of 3-10 years old Children in Ahvaz City Using TGMD-3 Test. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BASIC SCIENCE IN MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.15171/ijbsm.2017.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
38
|
Mukherjee S, Ting Jamie LC, Fong LH. Fundamental Motor Skill Proficiency of 6- to 9-Year-Old Singaporean Children. Percept Mot Skills 2017; 124:584-600. [PMID: 28376671 DOI: 10.1177/0031512517703005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental movement proficiency (FMS) is most successfully acquired during early school years. This cross-sectional study assessed FMS proficiency in Singaporean children at the start of and following 2.5 years of primary school physical education (PE). Participants were 244 children from Primary 1 and 3 levels. Fundamental movement skills (FMS) were assessed with the Test of Gross Motor Development-Second Edition (TGMD-2) that includes locomotor (LOCO) and object control (OC) subtests. Most children were rated "average" and "below average" for LOCO skills but "poor" and "below average" for OC skills without significant gender differences on either subtest or overall FMS proficiency and without FMS mastery. These young Singaporean children failed to exhibit age-appropriate FMS proficiency despite early PE exposure, and they demonstrated lags in FMS compared with the TGMD-2 U.S. normative sample. We discuss implications for sports competence perception, difficulty in coping with later movement learning expectations and reduced later motivation to participate in PE and play. We also discuss implications for preschool and lower primary school PE curricula with a particular focus on both OC skills and LOCO skills requiring muscular fitness like hopping and jumping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Mukherjee
- 1 Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - Leong Hin Fong
- 1 Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chen W, Hammond-Bennett A, Hypnar A. Examination of motor skill competency in students: evidence-based physical education curriculum. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:222. [PMID: 28228116 PMCID: PMC5322665 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researchers found that children with a competent level of motor skill performance are more likely to be physically active. This study examined how well K-1 students demonstrated motor skill competency in relation to Physical Education Content Standard 1. METHODS Participants were K-1 grade students (N = 1,223-1,588; boys = 568-857; girls = 526-695; Mean age = 5.5 yrs old) who were enrolled in nine elementary schools. The K-1 students' motor skill competency in running, weight transferring, hand dribbling, and underhand catching skills was assessed using four PE Metrics skill assessment rubrics in the intervention year 1 and year 2, respectively. Data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics and independent sample t-tests. RESULTS The students in the intervention year 1 and year 2 cohorts performed at the Competent Level or higher in the four skill assessments. The prevalence of the students' demonstration of skill competency across the four skills was high in the two intervention years. The intervention year 2 cohort scored significantly higher than the intervention year 1 cohort in the four skill assessments. The boys significantly outperformed than the girls in the two manipulative skills in the intervention year 1 and in the two manipulative skills and the weight transferring skill in the intervention year 2. No gender differences in the running skill in either year were found. CONCLUSIONS The evidence-based CATCH PE play a critical role in developing and building K-1 students' ability to demonstrate motor skill competency in four fundamental skills. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03015337 , registered date: 1/09/2017, as "retrospectively registered".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Chen
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 1402 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Birch S, Cummings L, Oxford SW, Duncan MJ. Examining Relative Age Effects in Fundamental Skill Proficiency in British Children Aged 6-11 Years. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 30:2809-15. [PMID: 24832979 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Birch, S, Cummings, L, Oxford, SW, and Duncan, MJ. Examining relative age effects in fundamental skill proficiency in British children aged 6-11 years. J Strength Cond Res 30(10): 2809-2815, 2016-The relative age effect (RAE) suggests that there is a clustering of birth dates just after the cutoff used for sports selection in age-grouped sports and that in such circumstances, relatively older sportspeople may enjoy maturational and physical advantages over their younger peers. Few studies have examined this issue in nonselective groups of children, and none have examined whether there is evidence of any RAE in skill performance. The aim of this study was to assess whether there were differences in fundamental movement skill (FMS) proficiency within children placed in age groups according to the school year. Six FMS (sprint, side gallop, balance, jump, catch, and throw) were assessed in 539 school children (258 boys and 281 girls) aged 6-11 years (mean age ± SD = 7.7 ± 1.7 years). We examined differences in these FMS between gender groups and children born in different quarters of the year after controlling for age and body mass index (BMI). For balance, chronological age was significant as a covariate (p = 0.0001) with increases in age associated with increases in balance. Boys had significantly higher sprint mastery compared with girls (p = 0.012), and increased BMI was associated with poorer sprint mastery (p = 0.001). Boys had higher catching mastery than girls (p = 0.003), and children born in Q1 had significantly greater catching mastery than those born in Q2 (p = 0.015), Q3 (p = 0.019), and Q4 (p = 0.01). Results for throwing mastery also indicated higher mastery in boys compared with girls (p = 0.013) and that children born in Q1 had higher throwing proficiency than those born in Q4 (p = 0.038). These results are important if coaches are basing sport selection on measures of skilled performance, particularly in object-control skills. Categorizing children's skilled performance based on rounded down values of whole-year age may disadvantage children born relatively later in the selection year, whereas children born earlier in the selection year will likely evidence greater skill mastery and subsequent advantage for selection purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Birch
- Human Performance Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lloyd RS, Cronin JB, Faigenbaum AD, Haff GG, Howard R, Kraemer WJ, Micheli LJ, Myer GD, Oliver JL. National Strength and Conditioning Association Position Statement on Long-Term Athletic Development. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1491-509. [PMID: 26933920 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There has recently been a growing interest in long-term athletic development for youth. Because of their unique physical, psychological, and social differences, children and adolescents should engage in appropriately prescribed exercise programs that promote physical development to prevent injury and enhance fitness behaviors that can be retained later in life. Irrespective of whether a child is involved in organized sport or engages in recreational physical activity, there remains a need to adopt a structured, logical, and evidence-based approach to the long-term development of athleticism. This is of particular importance considering the alarmingly high number of youth who fail to meet global physical activity recommendations and consequently present with negative health profiles. However, appropriate exercise prescription is also crucial for those young athletes who are physically underprepared and at risk of overuse injury because of high volumes of competition and an absence of preparatory conditioning. Whether the child accumulates insufficient or excessive amounts of exercise, or falls somewhere between these opposing ends of the spectrum, it is generally accepted that the young bodies of modern day youth are often ill-prepared to tolerate the rigors of sports or physical activity. All youth should engage in regular physical activity and thus should be viewed as "athletes" and afforded the opportunity to enhance athleticism in an individualized, holistic, and child-centered manner. Because of emerging interest in long-term athletic development, an authorship team was tasked on behalf of the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) to critically synthesize existing literature and current practices within the field and to compose a relevant position statement. This document was subsequently reviewed and formally ratified by the NSCA Board of Directors. A list of 10 pillars of successful long-term athletic development are presented, which summarize the key recommendations detailed within the position statement. With these pillars in place, it is believed that the NSCA can (a) help foster a more unified and holistic approach to long-term athletic development, (b) promote the benefits of a lifetime of healthy physical activity, and
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhodri S Lloyd
- 1Youth Physical Development Unit, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; 2Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand; 3Center for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia; 4Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey; 5Department of Kinesiology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania; 6Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; 7Department of Orthopaedics, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; 8Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; 9The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Boston, Massachusetts; 10Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; 11Department of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and 12Department of Orthopaedics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
The correlation between motor proficiency and physical activity in Senior Phase learners in the Potchefstroom area. Health SA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hsag.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
43
|
Cheng J, East P, Blanco E, Sim EK, Castillo M, Lozoff B, Gahagan S. Obesity leads to declines in motor skills across childhood. Child Care Health Dev 2016; 42:343-50. [PMID: 27059409 PMCID: PMC4841726 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor motor skills have been consistently linked with a higher body weight in childhood, but the causal direction of this association is not fully understood. This study investigated the temporal ordering between children's motor skills and weight status at 5 and 10 years. METHODS Participants were 668 children (54% male) who were studied from infancy as part of an iron deficiency anaemia preventive trial and follow-up study in Santiago, Chile. All were healthy, full-term and weighing 3 kg or more at birth. Cross-lagged panel modelling was conducted to understand the temporal precedence between children's weight status and motor proficiency. Analyses also examined differences in gross and fine motor skills among healthy weight, overweight, and obese children. RESULTS A higher BMI at 5 years contributed to declines in motor proficiency from 5 to 10 years. There was no support for the reverse, that is, poor motor skills at 5 years did not predict increases in relative weight from 5 to 10 years. Obesity at 5 years also predicted declines in motor proficiency. When compared with normal weight children, obese children had significantly poorer total and gross motor skills at both 5 and 10 years. Overweight children had poorer total and gross motor skills at 10 years only. The differences in total and gross motor skills among normal weight, overweight and obese children appear to increase with age. There were small differences in fine motor skill between obese and non-obese children at 5 years only. CONCLUSIONS Obesity preceded declines in motor skills and not the reverse. Study findings suggest that early childhood obesity intervention efforts might help prevent declines in motor proficiency that, in turn, may positively impact children's physical activity and overall fitness levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cheng
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, San Diego, CA
| | - Patricia East
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, San Diego, CA
| | - Estela Blanco
- University of Chile, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eastern Kang Sim
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, San Diego, CA
| | - Marcela Castillo
- University of Chile, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- University of Michigan, Center for Human Growth and Development, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sheila Gahagan
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, San Diego, CA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gaul D, Issartel J. Fine motor skill proficiency in typically developing children: On or off the maturation track? Hum Mov Sci 2016; 46:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
45
|
Birnbaum J, Geyer C, Kirchberg F, Manios Y, Koletzko B. Effects of a kindergarten-based, family-involved intervention on motor performance ability in 3- to 6-year-old children: the ToyBox-study. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:377-384. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1166390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
46
|
Veldman SLC, Jones RA, Okely AD. Efficacy of gross motor skill interventions in young children: an updated systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2016; 2:e000067. [PMID: 27900154 PMCID: PMC5117028 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to provide an update of the evidence on the efficacy of gross motor development interventions in young children (0-5 years) from 2007 to 2015. METHODS Searches were conducted of six electronic databases: PUBMED, Medline (Ovid), ERIC (Ebsco), Embase, SCOPUS and Psychinfo. Studies included any childcare-based, preschool-based, home-based, or community-based intervention targeting the development of gross motor skills including statistical analysis of gross motor skill competence. Data were extracted on design, participants, intervention components, methodological quality and efficacy. RESULTS Seven articles were included and all were delivered in early childhood settings. Four studies had high methodological quality. Most studies used trained staff members/educators to deliver the intervention (86%) and five studies lasted 18 weeks or more. Six studies reported statistically significant intervention effects. CONCLUSIONS Despite the proven importance of gross motor skill development in young children and the recommendations made in the previous review, this review highlights the limited studies evaluated to improve such key life skills in young children over the past 8 years. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42015015826.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanne L C Veldman
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences , University of Wollongong , Wollongong, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Rachel A Jones
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences , University of Wollongong , Wollongong, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Valentini NC, Clark JE, Whitall J. Developmental co-ordination disorder in socially disadvantaged Brazilian children. Child Care Health Dev 2015; 41:970-9. [PMID: 25424697 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consequences of developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD) indicate a need for identification in order to provide adequate intervention. The goals of the study were to investigate DCD prevalence across age bands, gender, race and school performance; the motor difficulties of children with DCD, at-risk and typically developing children in the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) sub-tests across age bands and gender; and the relationship between motor outcomes, age, gender and socio-economic status (SES) in socially disadvantaged Brazilian children. METHODS The MABC was administered to 1056 Brazilian children from 4 to 10 years old. RESULTS Eighteen per cent of the children were screened as probable DCD (≤5th percentile) and a further 15% as at risk for DCD (>5th and ≤15th percentile). Significantly more children were screened with probable DCD at age 9-10 years (AB3: P = 0.00), whereas at risk classification was equally distributed across age bands (P = 0.12). Boys showed lower prevalence than girls of probable DCD and at risk for DCD (P = 0.04). Children (9-10 years) showed higher motor impairment in the manual dexterity test results. Children with probable DCD and at risk of DCD showed, in general, poor performance in balance and manual dexterity tasks. SES was the strongest predictor of motor outcomes, accounting for 21% of the variance in the MABC percentile scores. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of probable and at-risk DCD cases as well as the percentage of female were higher than those found in the previous studies, and low SES enhances the risk of poor motor development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N C Valentini
- Department of Physical Education, School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - J E Clark
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J Whitall
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lloyd RS, Oliver JL, Faigenbaum AD, Howard R, De Ste Croix MBA, Williams CA, Best TM, Alvar BA, Micheli LJ, Thomas DP, Hatfield DL, Cronin JB, Myer GD. Long-term athletic development- part 1: a pathway for all youth. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:1439-50. [PMID: 25486295 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The concept of developing talent and athleticism in youth is the goal of many coaches and sports systems. Consequently, an increasing number of sporting organizations have adopted long-term athletic development models in an attempt to provide a structured approach to the training of youth. It is clear that maximizing sporting talent is an important goal of long-term athletic development models. However, ensuring that youth of all ages and abilities are provided with a strategic plan for the development of their health and physical fitness is also important to maximize physical activity participation rates, reduce the risk of sport- and activity-related injury, and to ensure long-term health and well-being. Critical reviews of independent models of long-term athletic development are already present within the literature; however, to the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive examination and review of the most prominent models does not exist. Additionally, considerations of modern day issues that may impact on the success of any long-term athletic development model are lacking, as are proposed solutions to address such issues. Therefore, within this 2-part commentary, Part 1 provides a critical review of existing models of practice for long-term athletic development and introduces a composite youth development model that includes the integration of talent, psychosocial and physical development across maturation. Part 2 identifies limiting factors that may restrict the success of such models and offers potential solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhodri S Lloyd
- 1Youth Physical Development Unit, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; 2Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey; 3Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; 4School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, United Kingdom; 5Children's Health and Exercise Research Center, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; 6Department of Family Medicine, Division of Sports Medicine, Sports Health and Performance Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; 7Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, Utah; 8Department of Orthopaedics, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; 9Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; 10The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Boston, Massachusetts; 11Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom; 12Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island; 13Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand; 14School of Exercise, Health and Biomedical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia; 15Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; 16Department of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and 17Sports Health and Performance Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rudd JR, Barnett LM, Butson ML, Farrow D, Berry J, Polman RCJ. Fundamental Movement Skills Are More than Run, Throw and Catch: The Role of Stability Skills. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140224. [PMID: 26468644 PMCID: PMC4607429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In motor development literature fundamental movement skills are divided into three constructs: locomotive, object control and stability skills. Most fundamental movement skills research has focused on children's competency in locomotor and object control skills. The first aim of this study was to validate a test battery to assess the construct of stability skills, in children aged 6 to 10 (M age = 8.2, SD = 1.2). Secondly we assessed how the stability skills construct fitted into a model of fundamental movement skill. METHOD The Delphi method was used to select the stability skill battery. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to assess if the skills loaded onto the same construct and a new model of FMS was developed using structural equation modelling. RESULTS Three postural control tasks were selected (the log roll, rock and back support) because they had good face and content validity. These skills also demonstrated good predictive validity with gymnasts scoring significantly better than children without gymnastic training and children from a high SES school performing better than those from a mid and low SES schools and the mid SES children scored better than the low SES children (all p < .05). Inter rater reliability tests were excellent for all three skills (ICC = 0.81, 0.87, 0.87) as was test re-test reliability (ICC 0.87-0.95). CFA provided good construct validity, and structural equation modelling revealed stability skills to be an independent factor in an overall FMS model which included locomotor (r = .88), object control (r = .76) and stability skills (r = .81). DISCUSSION This study provides a rationale for the inclusion of stability skills in FMS assessment. The stability skills could be used alongside other FMS assessment tools to provide a holistic assessment of children's fundamental movement skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R. Rudd
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lisa M. Barnett
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael L. Butson
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Damian Farrow
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Movement Science, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jason Berry
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Remco C. J. Polman
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Psychology Department, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Morley D, Till K, Ogilvie P, Turner G. Influences of gender and socioeconomic status on the motor proficiency of children in the UK. Hum Mov Sci 2015; 44:150-6. [PMID: 26342797 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
As the development of movement skills are so crucial to a child's involvement in lifelong physical activity and sport, the purpose of this study was to assess the motor proficiency of children aged 4-7 years (range=4.3-7.2 years), whilst considering gender and socioeconomic status. 369 children (176 females, 193 males, aged=5.96 ± 0.57 years) were assessed for fine motor precision, fine motor integration, manual dexterity, bilateral co-ordination, balance, speed and agility, upper-limb co-ordination and strength. The average standard score for all participants was 44.4 ± 8.9, classifying the participants towards the lower end of the average score. Multivariate analysis of covariance identified significant effects for gender (p<0.001) and socioeconomic status (p<0.001). Females outperformed males for fine motor skills and boys outperformed girls for catch and dribble gross motor skills. High socioeconomic status significantly outperformed middle and/or low socioeconomic status for total, fine and gross motor proficiency. Current motor proficiency of primary children aged 4-7 years in the UK is just below average with differences evident between gender and socioeconomic status. Teachers and sport coaches working with primary aged children should concentrate on the development of movement skills, whilst considering differences between genders and socioeconomic status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Morley
- School of Education, Leisure and Sport Studies, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Kevin Till
- School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.
| | - Paul Ogilvie
- School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.
| | - Graham Turner
- Department of Sport, Health and Nutrition, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK.
| |
Collapse
|