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Toledo R, Cociancic P, Fiallos E, Esteban JG, Muñoz-Antoli C. Immunology and pathology of echinostomes and other intestinal trematodes. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2024; 124:1-55. [PMID: 38754926 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal trematodes constitute a major group of helminths that parasitize humans and animals with relevant morbidity and mortality. Despite the importance of the intestinal trematodes in medical and veterinary sciences, immunology and pathology of these helminth infections have been neglected for years. Apart from the work focused on the members of the family Echnistomatidae, there are only very isolated and sporadic studies on the representatives of other families of digeneans, which makes a compilation of all these studies necessary. In the present review, the most salient literature on the immunology and pathology of intestinal trematodes in their definitive hosts in examined. Emphasis will be placed on members of the echinostomatidae family, since it is the group in which the most work has been carried out. However, we also review the information on selected species of the families Brachylaimidae, Diplostomidae, Gymnophallidae, and Heterophyidae. For most of these families, coverage is considered under the following headings: (i) Background; (ii) Pathology of the infection; (iii) Immunology of the infection; and (iv) Human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Toledo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Paola Cociancic
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emma Fiallos
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Guillermo Esteban
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carla Muñoz-Antoli
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Chai JY, Seo M, Shin DH. Paleoparasitology research on ancient helminth eggs and larvae in the Republic of Korea. PARASITES, HOSTS AND DISEASES 2023; 61:345-387. [PMID: 38043533 PMCID: PMC10693964 DOI: 10.3347/phd.23085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Paleoparasitology is a discipline that applies existing conventional and molecular techniques to study parasites found in ancient ruins. This review focuses on the history of the discovery of parasites (mostly helminth eggs and larvae) in archaeological soil samples and mummies in Korea from the Three Kingdoms Period to the Joseon Dynasty (100 BCE-1910 CE). We also briefly review important milestones in global paleoparasitology. The helminth species reported so far in Korea included Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis (larva), Trichostrongylus sp. (larva), Paracapillaria philippinensis (syn. Capillaria philippinensis), Enterobius vermicularis, Fasciola hepatica, dicrocoeliids, Paragonimus westermani, Clonorchis sinensis, Metagonimus yokogawai, Pygidiopsis summa, Gymnophalloides seoi, Isthmiophora hortensis, Dibothriocephalus nihonkaiensis (syn. Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense), and Taenia spp. tapeworms. The findings obtained by Korean paleoparasitologists/archaeologists have brought about deep insight into the status of helminthic infections in Korea's past populations. Continued paleoparasitological research is essential for further understanding of ancient parasites and parasitic diseases in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080,
Korea
| | - Min Seo
- Department of Parasitology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31116,
Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Shin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080,
Korea
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Abstract
Foodborne trematodes (FBT) of public health significance include liver flukes (Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, O. felineus, Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica), lung flukes (Paragonimus westermani and several other Paragonimus spp.) and intestinal flukes, which include heterophyids (Metagonimus yokogawai, Heterophyes nocens and Haplorchis taichui), echinostomes (Echinostoma revolutum, Isthmiophora hortensis, Echinochasmus japonicus and Artyfechinostomum malayanum) and miscellaneous species, including Fasciolopsis buski and Gymnophalloides seoi. These trematode infections are distributed worldwide but occur most commonly in Asia. The global burden of FBT diseases has been estimated at about 80 million, however, this seems to be a considerable underestimate. Their life cycle involves a molluscan first intermediate host, and a second intermediate host, including freshwater fish, crustaceans, aquatic vegetables and freshwater or brackish water gastropods and bivalves. The mode of human infection is the consumption of the second intermediate host under raw or improperly cooked conditions. The major pathogenesis of C. sinensis and Opisthorchis spp. infection includes inflammation of the bile duct which leads to cholangitis and cholecystitis, and in a substantial number of patients, serious complications, such as liver cirrhosis and cholangiocarcinoma, may develop. In lung fluke infections, cough, bloody sputum and bronchiectasis are the most common clinical manifestations. However, lung flukes often migrate to extrapulmonary sites, including the brain, spinal cord, skin, subcutaneous tissues and abdominal organs. Intestinal flukes can induce inflammation in the intestinal mucosa, and they may at times undergo extraintestinal migration, in particular, in immunocompromised patients. In order to control FBT infections, eating foods after proper cooking is strongly recommended.
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Jung BK, Chang T, Shin H, Ryoo S, Hong S, Lee J, Song H, Cho J, Kim DG, Jun H, Kim MJ, Won EJ, Han ET, Shin EH, Chai JY. Parvatrema duboisi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) Life Cycle Stages in Manila Clams, Ruditapes philippinarum, from Aphae-do (Island), Shinan-gun, Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 59:83-88. [PMID: 33684991 PMCID: PMC7939971 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Life cycle stages, including daughter sporocysts, cercariae, and metacercariae, of Parvatrema duboisi (Dollfus, 1923) Bartoli, 1974 (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) have been found in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum from Aphaedo (Island), Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea. The daughter sporocysts were elongated sac-like and 307-570 (av. 395) μm long and 101-213 (av. 157) μm wide. Most of the daughter sporocysts contained 15-20 furcocercous cercariae each. The cercariae measured 112-146 (av. 134) μm in total length and 35-46 (av. 40) μm in width, with 69-92 (av. 85) μm long body and 39-54 (av. 49) μm long tail. The metacercariae were 210-250 (av. 231) μm in length and 170-195 (av. 185) μm in width, and characterized by having a large oral sucker, genital pore some distance anterior to the ventral sucker, no ventral pit, and 1 compact or slightly lobed vitellarium, strongly suggesting P. duboisi. The metacercariae were experimentally infected to ICR mice, and adults were recovered at day 7 post-infection. The adult flukes were morphologically similar to the metacercariae except in the presence of up to 20 eggs in the uterus. The daughter sporocysts and metacercariae were molecularly (ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2) analyzed to confirm the species, and the results showed 99.8-99.9% identity with P. duboisi reported from Kyushu, Japan and Gochang, Korea. These results confirmed the presence of various life cycle stages of P. duboisi in the Manila clam, R. philippinarum, playing the role of the first as well as the second intermediate host, on Aphae-do (Island), Shinan-gun, Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Kwang Jung
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Taehee Chang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Hyejoo Shin
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Seungwan Ryoo
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Sooji Hong
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Jeonggyu Lee
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Hyemi Song
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Jaeeun Cho
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Deok-Gyu Kim
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Hojong Jun
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Min-Jae Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Won
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Shin
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Chang T, Jung BK, Shin H, Hong S, Lee J, Kim DG, Patarwut L, Sohn WM, Chai JY. Morphological and Molecular Confirmation of Parvatrema duboisi Metacercariae in the Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum from Gochang-gun, Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:87-91. [PMID: 32145733 PMCID: PMC7066445 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gymnophallid metacercariae found in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum ('Banjirak' in Korean) from Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea were morphologically and molecularly confirmed to be Parvatrema duboisi (Dollfus, 1923) Bartoli, 1974. The metacercariae were morphologically characterized by having a large oral sucker, small ventral sucker, genital pore some distance anterior to the ventral sucker, no ventral pit, and 1 compact or slightly lobed vitellarium, which were all compatible with P. duboisi. Some of the metacercariae were experimentally fed to mice, and adult flukes were recovered at day 7 post-infection. The morphology of the adult flukes was basically the same as that of the metacercariae except for the presence of uterine eggs; the uterus was filled with up to 40 eggs. The nucleotide sequences (1,193 bp) from ITS regions (ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2) of the metacercariae showed 99.7% identity with P. duboisi and 75.7% identity with Gymnophalloides seoi deposited in GenBank. These results confirmed the presence of P. duboisi metacercariae in the Manila clam R. philippinarum in an estuary region of Gochang-gun, Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehee Chang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Hyejoo Shin
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Sooji Hong
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Jeonggyu Lee
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Deok-Gyu Kim
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Laddawan Patarwut
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea.,Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Chai JY, Jung BK. Foodborne intestinal flukes: A brief review of epidemiology and geographical distribution. Acta Trop 2020; 201:105210. [PMID: 31600520 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne intestinal flukes are highly diverse consisting of at least 74 species with a diverse global distribution. Taxonomically they include 28 species of heterophyids, 23 species of echinostomes, and 23 species of miscellaneous groups (amphistomes, brachylaimids, cyathocotylids, diplostomes, fasciolids, gymnophallids, isoparorchiids, lecithodendriid-like group, microphallids, nanophyetids, plagiorchiids, and strigeids). The important heterophyid species (15 species) include Metagonimus yokogawai, M. takahashii, M. miyatai, Heterophyes heterophyes, H. nocens, Haplorchis taichui, H. pumilio, H. yokogawai, Heterophyopsis continua, Centrocestus formosanus, Pygidiopsis genata, P. summa, Stellantchasmus falcatus, Stictodora fuscata, and S. lari. The echinostome species of public health significance (15 species) include Echinostoma revolutum, E. cinetorchis, E. lindoense, E. ilocanum, Isthmiophora hortensis, Echinochasmus japonicus, E. perfoliatus, E. liliputanus, E. fujianensis, E. caninus, Acanthoparyphium tyosenense, Artyfechinostomum malayanum, A. sufrartyfex, A. oraoni, and Hypoderaeum conoideum. Among the other zoonotic intestinal flukes, Gastrodiscoides hominis, Brachylaima cribbi, Neodiplostomum seoulense, Fasciolopsis buski, Gymnophalloides seoi, Caprimolgorchis molenkampi, Phaneropsolus bonnei, Microphallus brevicaeca, Nanophyetus salmincola, and N. schikhobalowi (10 species) have drawn considerable medical attention causing quite a fair number of human infection cases. The principal mode of human infections include ingestion of raw or improperly cooked fish (heterophyids and echinostomes), snails including oysters (echinostomes and G. seoi), amphibians and reptiles (N. seoulense), aquatic vegetables (amphistomes and F. buski), and insect larvae or adults (C. molenkampi and P. bonnei). Epidemiological characteristics such as the prevalence, geographical distribution, and clinical and public health significance are poorly known in many of these species. Praziquantel has been proved to be highly effective against most species of intestinal fluke infections. Surveys and detection of human infection cases are urgently required for better understanding of the global status and public health significance of each species.
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Sotillo J, Pearson MS, Loukas A. Trematode Genomics and Proteomics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1154:411-436. [PMID: 31297769 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Trematode infections are among the most neglected tropical diseases despite their worldwide distribution and extraordinary ability to parasitise many different host species and host tissues. Furthermore, these parasites are of great socioeconomic, medical, veterinary and agricultural importance. During the last 10 years, there have been increasing efforts to overcome the lack of information on different "omic" resources such as proteomics and genomics. Herein, we focus on the recent advances in genomics and proteomics from trematodes of human importance, including liver, blood, intestinal and lung flukes. We also provide information on the latest technologies applied to study the biology of trematodes as well as on the resources available for the study of the molecular aspects of this group of helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sotillo
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.
| | - Mark S Pearson
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
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Chai JY, Jung BK. Epidemiology of Trematode Infections: An Update. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1154:359-409. [PMID: 31297768 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Digenetic trematodes infecting humans are more than 91 species which belong to 46 genera all over the world. According to their habitat in definitive hosts, they are classified as blood flukes (Schistosoma japonicum. S. mekongi, S. mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. intercalatum), liver flukes (Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, O. felineus, Metorchis conjunctus, M. bilis, M. orientalis, Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, and D. hospes), lung flukes (Paragonimus westermani, P. heterotremus, P. skrjabini, P. miyazakii, P. kellicoti, P. mexicanus, P. africanus, and P. uterobilateralis), throat fluke (Clinostomum complanatum), pancreatic fluke (Eurytrema pancreaticum), and intestinal flukes (Metagonimus yokogawai, M. miyatai, M. takahashii, Heterophyes nocens, H. heterophyes, Haplorchis taichui, H. pumilio, H. yokogawai, Centrocestus formosanus, Echinostoma revolutum, E. ilocanum, Isthmiophora hortensis, Echinochasmus japonicus, E. lilliputanus, Artyfechinostomum malayanum, A. sufrartyfex, A. oraoni, Fasciolopsis buski, Gymnophalloides seoi, Neodiplostomum seoulense, Caprimolgorchis molenkampi, Phaneropsolus bonnei, and Plagiorchis muris). The mode of transmission to humans includes contact with cercariae contaminated in water (schistosomes) and ingestion of raw or improperly cooked fish (liver and throat flukes, heterophyids, and echinostomes), snails (echinostomes and gymnophallids), amphibia, reptiles (neodiplostomes), aquatic vegetables (amphistomes), or insect larvae or adults (plagiorchiids, lecithodendriids, and pancreatic fluke). Praziquantel has been proved to be highly effective against most species of trematode infections except fascioliasis. Epidemiological surveys and detection of human infections are required for better understanding of the geographical distribution and endemicity of each trematode species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Toledo R, Alvárez-Izquierdo M, Muñoz-Antoli C, Esteban JG. Intestinal Trematode Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1154:181-213. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Song H, Jung BK, Cho J, Chai JY. Worm expulsion of Gymnophalloides seoi from C57BL/6 mice: role of metacercarial exosomes in upregulating TLR2 and MUC2 expression in intestinal tissues. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3309-3314. [PMID: 30019213 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gymnophalloides seoi worms were rapidly expelled from C57BL/6 mice within days 3-6 post-infection probably due to operation of mucosal innate immunity. To understand better the mucosal immunity related to worm expulsion from the host, we isolated exosomes of G. seoi metacercariae and investigated their role in induction of mRNA and protein expression of several Toll-like receptors and mucin-related factors in vitro. G. seoi-secreted exosomes were collected using differential ultracentrifugation, and cellular internalization of the exosomes into HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells was visualized by confocal microscopy. The expression of TLR2 and MUC2 in HT-29 cells was up-regulated in stimulation with the exosomes. We suggest that G. seoi-secreted exosomes offer a new point of view in the mechanism of worm expulsion from the host through enhancement of TLR2 and MUC2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemi Song
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Seoul, 07649, South Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Seoul, 07649, South Korea
| | - Jaeeun Cho
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Seoul, 07649, South Korea
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Seoul, 07649, South Korea.
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
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Lee YI, Chung OS, Seo M. Recovery of Oswaldotrema nacinovici from Whimbrels (Aves) in Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 54:809-812. [PMID: 28095668 PMCID: PMC5266355 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2016.54.6.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Adult specimens of Oswaldotrema nacinovici (Digenea: Philophthalmidae) have been first identified in Korea from 2 migratory birds (whimbrels, Numenius phaeopus) which were found dead at a western seashore area near Gunsan. The worms were recovered in the intestine of these birds. The worms were morphologically characterized by a large ventral sucker in comparison to the oral sucker, an external seminal vesicle extending beyond the posterior margin of the ventral sucker, and conspicuous uterine seminal receptacle. It was noteworthy that metacercariae-like bodies were contained within the inflated regions of 2 ceca. Other intestinal trematode species found in whimbrels included Spelotrema pygmeum, Gynaecotyla squatarolae, Maritrema obstipum, and Himasthla megacotyle. Zoonotic potential of these trematode species should be taken into considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Il Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Ok-Sik Chung
- Division of Ecology and Environment, Chungnam Development Institute, Gongju 32589, Korea
| | - Min Seo
- Department of Parasitology and Research Center for Mummy, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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Won EJ, Kim SH, Kee SJ, Shin JH, Suh SP, Chai JY, Ryang DW, Shin MG. Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay Targeting Eight Parasites Customized to the Korean Population: Potential Use for Detection in Diarrheal Stool Samples from Gastroenteritis Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166957. [PMID: 27861635 PMCID: PMC5115832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic diseases occur worldwide and can cause diarrhea or gastroenteritis; however, their diagnosis is quite difficult, especially in low-endemism countries. We developed a multiplex real-time PCR assay for detection of eight intestinal parasites and prospectively evaluated it for patients with gastroenteritis. The assay targeted Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Blastocystis hominis, Dientamoeba fragilis, Clonorchis sinensis, Metagonimus yokogawai, and Gymnophalloides seoi. Performance characteristics were evaluated based on recovery after DNA extraction, analytical sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, cross-reactivity, and interference characteristics. Clinical performance was validated against microscopy on 123 diarrheal samples. The assay demonstrated strong correlations between DNA concentrations and Ct values (R2, 0.9924–0.9998), and had a high PCR efficiency (83.3%–109.5%). Polymerase chain reactions detected as few as 10–30 copies of genomic DNA, and coefficient of variance was 0–7%. There was no cross-reactivity to the other 54 microorganisms tested. Interference occurred only in presence of high concentrations of erythrocytes or leukocytes. This assay had a higher correct identification rate (100.0% vs. 90.2%) and lower incorrect ID rate (0.0% vs. 9.8%) when compared to microscopy. Overall, this assay showed a higher sensitivity (100.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI] of 80.5–100.0) than microscopy (29.4%; 95% CI 10.31–55.96), and the specificity levels were comparable for both methods (100.0%; 95% CI 96.58–100.0). This newly developed multiplex real-time PCR assay offers a potential use for detecting intestinal parasitic pathogens customized to the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Won
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jung Kee
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hee Shin
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Pal Suh
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Ryang
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Geun Shin
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Environmental Health Center for Childhood Leukemia and Cancer, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Lee SH, Jung BK, Park JH, Shin EH, Chai JY. Increased intestinal epithelial cell turnover and intestinal motility in Gymnophalloides seoi-infected C57BL/6 mice. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:273-80. [PMID: 25031467 PMCID: PMC4096638 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The changing patterns of goblet cell hyperplasia, intestinal epithelial cell turnover, and intestinal motility were studied in ICR and C57BL/6 mice infected with Gymnophalloides seoi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae). Whereas ICR mice retained G. seoi worms until day 7 post-infection (PI), C57BL/6 mice showed a rapid worm expulsion within day 3 PI. Immunosuppression with Depo-Medrol significantly delayed the worm expulsion in C57BL/6 mice. Goblet cell counts were increased in both strains of mice, peaking at day 1 PI in C57BL/6 mice and slowly increasing until day 7 PI in ICR mice. In C57BL/6 mice infected with G. seoi, newly proliferating intestinal epithelial cells were remarkably increased in the crypt, and the increase was the highest at day 1 PI. However, in ICR mice, newly proliferating intestinal epithelial cells increased slowly from day 1 to day 7 PI. Intestinal motility was increased in G. seoi-infected mice, and its chronological pattern was highly correlated with the worm load in both strains of mice. Meanwhile, immunosuppression of C57BL/6 mice abrogated the goblet cell proliferation, reduced the epithelial cell proliferation, and suppressed the intestinal motility. Goblet cell hyperplasia, increased intestinal epithelial cell turnover, and increased intestinal motility should be important mucosal defense mechanisms in G. seoi-infected C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyub Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Park
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Shin
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea. ; Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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Epidemiology of trematode infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 766:241-92. [PMID: 24903368 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0915-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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15
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Toledo R, Muñoz-Antoli C, Esteban JG. Intestinal Trematode Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 766:201-40. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0915-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Shin DH, Oh CS, Chai JY, Ji MJ, Lee HJ, Seo M. Sixteenth century Gymnophalloides seoi infection on the coast of the Korean Peninsula. J Parasitol 2012; 98:1283-6. [PMID: 22524319 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2920.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Gymnophalloides seoi is a trematode species discovered as recently as 1993. Interestingly, ancient G. seoi eggs were identified in our earlier study on a 17th Century female mummy unearthed in a Korean county (HD-1) where G. seoi infection, according to a nationwide survey of 2001, was considered not to have been endemic. Although we suspected that the geographical distribution of G. seoi might have contracted over the past several hundred years from wider coastal areas on the Korean peninsula to the much more restricted region delineated by the survey, there has been only the single, above-noted report of an ancient G. seoi infection in a currently non-endemic area. As such, more evidence is needed before our contraction theory of G. seoi infection prevalence can be confirmed as fact. Our current report in this regard will perhaps help to end the controversy. In a newly discovered 17th Century male mummy found in another Korean county considered non-endemic by the 2001 survey, we identified a large number of ancient G. seoi eggs. We believe that this additional evidence for a wider distribution of G. seoi infection prior to the 20th Century is invaluable support for our earlier hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hoon Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Toledo R, Esteban JG, Fried B. Current status of food-borne trematode infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 31:1705-18. [PMID: 22228314 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1515-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Food-borne trematodiases constitute an important group of the most neglected tropical diseases, not only in terms of research funding, but also in the public media. The Trematoda class contains a great number of species that infect humans and are recognized as the causative agents of disease. The biological cycle, geographical distribution, and epidemiology of most of these trematode species have been well characterized. Traditionally, these infections were limited, for the most part, in populations living in low-income countries, particularly in Southeast Asia, and were associated with poverty. However, the geographical limits and the population at risk are currently expanding and changing in relation to factors such as growing international markets, improved transportation systems, and demographic changes. The diagnosis of these diseases is based on parasitological techniques and only a limited number of drugs are currently available for treatment, most of which are unspecific. Therefore, in-depth studies are urgently needed in order to clarify the current epidemiology of these helminth infections and to identify new and specific targets for both effective diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we describe the biology, medical and epidemiological features, and current treatment and diagnostic tools of the main groups of flukes and the corresponding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Toledo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Toledo R, Bernal MD, Marcilla A. Proteomics of foodborne trematodes. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1485-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Guk SM, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Kim WH, Shin EH, Chai JY. CD4+ T-cell-dependent goblet cell proliferation and expulsion of Gymnophalloides seoi from the intestine of C57BL/6 mice. J Parasitol 2010; 95:581-90. [PMID: 19061302 DOI: 10.1645/ge-1807.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms for the spontaneous worm expulsion from the host intestine are not well understood in gastrointestinal trematode models. We studied the role of CD4+ T-helper cells in mediating goblet cell hyperplasia and expulsion of Gymnophalloides seoi from the intestines of C57BL/6 (resistant) and ICR (susceptible) mice. C57BL/6 mice expelled all G. seoi worms within 4 days post-infection (PI), while ICR mice did not completely expel worms until day 7 PI. This difference in worm expulsion was associated with high numbers of mucosal goblet cells in C57BL/6 mice along with alteration of the mucin quality, with changes in the terminal sugar chain and high levels of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA expression in mesenteric lymph nodes. Adoptive transfer of mucosal CD4+ T-helper cells to syngeneic mice elicited strong goblet cell hyperplasia and a notably accelerated worm expulsion. However, this T-helper cell transfer had no relationship with the alteration of mucin quality. The results showed that CD4+ T-helper cells play an important role as a mediator of goblet cell hyperplasia, but not for functional activation of goblet cells. It is suggested that both T-cell dependent and independent mechanisms operate for expulsion of G. seoi from the mouse intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Mee Guk
- Department of Parasitology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Korea
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Chai JY, Shin EH, Lee SH, Rim HJ. Foodborne intestinal flukes in Southeast Asia. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2009; 47 Suppl:S69-102. [PMID: 19885337 PMCID: PMC2769220 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2009.47.s.s69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In Southeast Asia, a total of 59 species of foodborne intestinal flukes have been known to occur in humans. The largest group is the family Heterophyidae, which constitutes 22 species belonging to 9 genera (Centrocestus, Haplorchis, Heterophyes, Heterophyopsis, Metagonimus, Procerovum, Pygidiopsis, Stellantchasmus, and Stictodora). The next is the family Echinostomatidae, which includes 20 species in 8 genera (Artyfechinostomum, Acanthoparyphium, Echinochasmus, Echinoparyphium, Echinostoma, Episthmium, Euparyphium, and Hypoderaeum). The family Plagiorchiidae follows the next containing 5 species in 1 genus (Plagiorchis). The family Lecithodendriidae includes 3 species in 2 genera (Phaneropsolus and Prosthodendrium). In 9 other families, 1 species in 1 genus each is involved; Cathaemaciidae (Cathaemacia), Fasciolidae (Fasciolopsis), Gastrodiscidae (Gastrodiscoides), Gymnophallidae (Gymnophalloides), Microphallidae (Spelotrema), Neodiplostomidae (Neodiplostomum), Paramphistomatidae (Fischoederius), Psilostomidae (Psilorchis), and Strigeidae (Cotylurus). Various types of foods are sources of human infections. They include freshwater fish, brackish water fish, fresh water snails, brackish water snails (including the oyster), amphibians, terrestrial snakes, aquatic insects, and aquatic plants. The reservoir hosts include various species of mammals or birds.The host-parasite relationships have been studied in Metagonimus yokogawai, Echinostoma hortense, Fasciolopsis buski, Neodiplostomum seoulense, and Gymnophalloides seoi; however, the pathogenicity of each parasite species and host mucosal defense mechanisms are yet poorly understood. Clinical aspects of each parasite infection need more clarification. Differential diagnosis by fecal examination is difficult because of morphological similarity of eggs. Praziquantel is effective for most intestinal fluke infections. Continued efforts to understand epidemiological significance of intestinal fluke infections, with detection of further human cases, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea.
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Cho SY. Fifty years of the Korean Society for Parasitology. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2009; 47 Suppl:S7-19. [PMID: 19885338 PMCID: PMC2769211 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2009.47.s.s7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In 1959, the Korean Society for Parasitology was founded by clinical scientists, specialists of public health, and 5 core parasitologists with experience in American science and medicine. The Society this year celebrates its 50th anniversary. Due to public health importance at the time of foundation, medical parasitology was the main stream for next 3 decades. Domestic problems of niche parasitic diseases, unlisted in 6 tropical diseases of major importance, had been studied by own efforts. To cope with the demand of parasite control, evaluation system for control activity was built up. Control activity against soil-transmitted nematodes, conducted for almost 3 decades, was evaluated as a success. Evaluation of praziquantel efficacy for clonorchiasis, paragonimiasis, and neurocysticercosis, population dynamics of Ascaris lumbricoides infection in a situation of continuous reinfections, diagnostic modalities of antibody tests combined with brain imaging developed for helminthiasis of the central nervous system and researches on intestinal trematodes were achievements in the first 30 years. During the recent 2 decades, science researches, such as cell and molecular biology of parasites and immunology of parasitic infections have been studied especially on parasitic allergens and proteolytic and anti-oxidant enzymes. Experiences of international cooperation for world health have been accumulated and would be expanded in the future.
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Shin EH, Park JH, Guk SM, Kim JL, Chai JY. Intestinal helminth infections in feral cats and a raccoon dog on Aphaedo Island, Shinan-gun, with a special note on Gymnophalloides seoi infection in cats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2009; 47:189-91. [PMID: 19488429 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Four feral cats and a raccoon dog purchased from a local collector on Aphaedo Island, Shinan-gun, where human Gymnophalloides seoi infections are known to be prevalent, were examined for their intestinal helminth parasites. From 2 of 4 cats, a total of 310 adult G. seoi specimens were recovered. Other helminths detected in cats included Heterophyes nocens (1,527 specimens), Pygidiopsis summa (131), Stictodora fuscata (4), Acanthotrema felis (2), Spirometra erinacei (15), toxocarids (4), and a hookworm (1). A raccoon dog was found to be infected with a species of echinostome (55), hookworms (7), toxocarids (3), P. summa (3), and S. erinacei (1). No G. seoi was found in the raccoon dog. The results indicate that feral cats and raccoon dogs on Aphaedo are natural definitive hosts for intestinal trematodes and cestodes, including G. seoi, H. nocens, and S. erinacei. It has been first confirmed that cats, a mammalian species other than humans, play the role of a natural definitive host for G. seoi on Aphaedo Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hee Shin
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
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Seo M, Shin DH, Guk SM, Oh CS, Lee EJ, Shin MH, Kim MJ, Lee SD, Kim YS, Yi YS, Spigelman M, Chai JY. Gymnophalloides seoi eggs from the stool of a 17th century female mummy found in Hadong, Republic of Korea. J Parasitol 2008; 94:467-72. [PMID: 18564747 DOI: 10.1645/ge-1365.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It was previously reported that paleoparasitological clues for parasites infecting humans could be found in the feces of mummies of the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) in the Republic of Korea. Here, we report the presence of trematode eggs, including Clonorchis sinensis, Metagonimus yokogawai, and Gymnophalloides seoi (a human parasite known in Korea since 1993) in the feces of a recently excavated female mummy in Hadong, Republic of Korea. This is the first report of the discovery of a G. seoi infection in a human mummy. Since Hadong is currently not an endemic area for G. seoi, we speculate that the parasite might have occurred frequently along coastal areas of the Korean peninsula several hundred years ago and that the endemic areas contracted to, more or less, restricted regions since that time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seo
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Chonan 330-714, South Korea
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Shin EH, Guk SM, Kim HJ, Lee SH, Chai JY. Trends in parasitic diseases in the Republic of Korea. Trends Parasitol 2008; 24:143-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Park JH, Guk SM, Shin EH, Kim HJ, Kim JL, Seo M, Park YK, Chai JY. A new endemic focus of Gymnophalloides seoi infection on Aphae Island, Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2007; 45:39-44. [PMID: 17374977 PMCID: PMC2526335 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2007.45.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new endemic focus of Gymnophalloides seoi infection has been discovered on Aphae Island (Shinangun, Jeollanam-do), Republic of Korea. This area, which is referred to as Bokyong-ri, is a small seashore village located in the northern portion of the island. Fecal samples were collected from a total of 57 residents and examined by the Kato-Katz and formalin-ether sedimentation techniques. Helminth eggs were detected in 37 samples (64.9%); 33 samples were positive for G. seoi eggs (57.9%), 4 for Pygidiopsis summa (7.0%), 13 for other heterophyids (22.8%), 1 for Clonorchis sinensis (1.7%), and 1 for Trichuris trichiura (1.7%). Women (70.4%) revealed higher rates of G. seoi infection than did men (46.7%), and individuals older than 50 years of age also evidenced higher rates of G. seoi infection than in other age groups (P < 0.05). In worm collection from 13 G. seoi egg positive cases, G. seoi (total 86,558 specimens), Heterophyes nocens (278), Stictodora sp. (10), Heterophyopsis continua (3), P. summa (3), and unidentified flukes (42) were collected. Oysters, the source of G. seoi infection, were collected from an area proximal to the village and 50 were examined for metacercariae; 47 (94%) were found infected and the observed metacercarial density was 9.5 +/- 8.9 per oyster. The results of this study indicate that Bokyong-ri is a new endemic area of G. seoi infection, with high rates of infection in humans and oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwan Park
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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Chai JY, Han ET, Choi D, Seo M, Kim JL, Guk SM, Shin EH, Lee SH. A new gymnophallid trematode from the intestine of mice infected with metacercariae from the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta. J Parasitol 2007; 93:132-7. [PMID: 17436952 DOI: 10.1645/ge-829r2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiogymnophallus sinonovaculae n. sp. (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) is described from metacercariae found in the razor clam, Sinonovacula constricta, in the Republic of Korea, and adults recovered from the small intestine of experimentally infected mice. The worms are characterized by paired clusters of vitelline follicles, a well-developed pars prostatica with abundant prostate cells, a voluminous undivided seminal vesicle (in adults and metacercariae), and large, grouped, domelike sensory papillae on the ventral surface anterior to the ventral sucker (in metacercariae). This new species resembles the type species Meiogymnophallus affinis, but differs in having compact, elliptical, and 4-5-lobed vitellaria, and an excretory vesicle with bicornuated anterior arms reaching to the oral sucker. This is the second documentation of the presence of a species of Meiogymnophallus in the Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Hyung Lee
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea.
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Toledo R, Esteban JG, Fried B. Immunology and pathology of intestinal trematodes in their definitive hosts. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2006; 63:285-365. [PMID: 17134655 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(06)63004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the significant literature on the immunology and pathology of intestinal trematodes in their definitive hosts. We emphasize information on selected species in six families for which the literature on these topics is extensive. The families are Brachylaimidae, Diplostomidae, Echinostomatidae, Gymnophallidae, Heterophyidae, and Paramphistomidae. For most of these families, coverage is considered under the following headings: (i) background; (ii) pathology of the infection; (iii) immunology of the infection; (iv) immunodiagnosis; and (v) human infection. Some of these heading have been subdivided further, based on the literature available on a particular topic. Following this coverage, we include a final section on the important topical literature on selected trematodes in families other than the six mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Toledo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
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31
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related with animal health and welfare risks associated with the import of wild birds other than poultry into the European Union. EFSA J 2006; 4:410. [PMID: 32313576 PMCID: PMC7163484 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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Guk SM, Park JH, Shin EH, Kim JL, Lin A, Chai JY. Prevalence of Gymnophalloides seoi infection in coastal villages of Haenam-gun and Yeongam-gun, Republic of Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2006; 44:1-5. [PMID: 16514291 PMCID: PMC2532639 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2006.44.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
One coastal village in Haenam-gun and two in Yeongam-gun, Jeollanam-do were surveyed for intestinal parasite infections by fecal examination. The egg positive rates of Gymnophalloides seoi were high, 24.1% (14/58) in Haenam-gun and 9.3% (11/118) in Yeongam-gun. The egg positive rates of heterophyids, including Heterophyes nocens, and of Clonorchis sinensis were 10.3% and 6.9% in Haenam-gun, and 14.4% and 8.5% in Yeongam-gun, respectively. After praziquantel treatment and purgation, a total of 37,761 fluke specimens were recovered from 17 patients; 11 in Haenam-gun and 6 in Yeongam-gun. Gymnophalloides seoi was the most commonly recovered species, with 37,489 specimens in total (2,205 per person). Other recovered flukes included Heterophyes nocens, Stictodora fuscata, Heterophyopsis continua, Pygidiopsis summa, and undetermined species. These results indicate that the areas surveyed are new endemic foci of G. seoi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Mee Guk
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Korea
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Seo M, Chun H, Ahn G, Jang KT, Guk SM, Chai JY. A case of colonic lymphoid tissue invasion by Gymnophalloides seoi in a Korean man. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2006; 44:87-9. [PMID: 16514288 PMCID: PMC2532654 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2006.44.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A 65-year old Korean man, living in Mokpo-city, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea, visited a local clinic complaining of right upper quadrant pain and indigestion. At colonoscopy, he was diagnosed as having a carcinoma of the ascending colon, and thus, a palliative right hemicolectomy was performed. Subsequently, an adult fluke of Gymnophalloides seoi was incidentally found in a surgical pathology specimen of the lymph node around the colon. The worm was found to have invaded gut lymphoid tissue, with characteristic morphologies of a large oral sucker, a small ventral sucker, and a ventral pit surrounded by strong muscle fibers. This is the first reported case of mucosal tissue invasion by G. seoi in the human intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seo
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Chonan, Korea
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Guk SM, Seo M, Park YK, Oh MD, Choe KW, Kim JL, Choi MH, Hong ST, Chai JY. Parasitic infections in HIV-infected patients who visited Seoul National University Hospital during the period 1995-2003. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2005; 43:1-5. [PMID: 15793352 PMCID: PMC2712003 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2005.43.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of parasitic infections was investigated in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients (n = 105) who visited Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea, during the period from 1995 to 2003. Fecal samples were collected from 67 patients for intestinal parasite examinations, and sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage samples from 60 patients for examination of Pneumocystis carinii. Both samples were obtained from 22 patients. Thirty-three (31.4%) of the 105 were found to have parasitic infections; Cryptosporidium parvum (10.5%; 7/67), Isospora belli (7.5%; 5/67), Clonorchis sinensis (3.0%; 2/67), Giardia lamblia (1.5%; 1/67), Gymnophalloides seoi (1.5%; 1/67), and Pneumocystis carinii (28.3%; 17/60). The hospital records of the 11 intestinal parasite-infected patients showed that all suffered from diarrhea. This study shows that parasitic infections are important clinical complications in HIV-infected patients in the Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Mee Guk
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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Lashley FR. Emerging infectious diseases: vulnerabilities, contributing factors and approaches. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2004; 2:299-316. [PMID: 15482195 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2.2.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We live in an ever more connected global village linked through international travel, politics, economics, culture and human-human and human-animal interactions. The realization that the concept of globalization includes global exposure to disease-causing agents that were formerly confined to small, remote areas and that infectious disease outbreaks can have political, economic and social roots and effects is becoming more apparent. Novel infectious disease microbes continue to be discovered because they are new or newly recognized, have expanded their geographic range, have been shown to cause a new disease spectrum, have jumped the species barrier from animals to humans, have become resistant to antimicrobial agents, have increased in incidence or have become more virulent. These emerging infectious disease microbes may have the potential for use as agents of bioterrorism. Factors involved in the emergence of infectious diseases are complex and interrelated and involve all classifications of organisms transmitted in a variety of ways. In 2003, outbreaks of interest included severe acute respiratory syndrome, monkeypox and avian influenza. Information from the human genome project applied to microbial organisms and their hosts will provide new opportunities for detection, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, control and prognosis. New technology related not only to genetics but also to satellite and monitoring systems will play a role in weather, climate and the approach to environmental manipulations that influence factors contributing to infectious disease emergence and control. Approaches to combating emerging infectious diseases include many disciplines, such as animal studies, epidemiology, immunology, ecology, environmental studies, microbiology, pharmacology, other sciences, health, medicine, public health, nursing, cultural, political and social studies, all of which must work together. Appropriate financial support of the public health infrastructure including surveillance, prevention, communication, adherence techniques and the like will be needed to support efforts to address emerging infectious disease threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felissa R Lashley
- College of Nursing, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 180 University Avenue, Ackerson Hall, Suite 102, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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Fried B, Graczyk TK, Tamang L. Food-borne intestinal trematodiases in humans. Parasitol Res 2004; 93:159-70. [PMID: 15103556 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-004-1112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Food-borne trematodiases still remain a public health problem world-wide, despite changes in eating habits, alterations in social and agricultural practices, health education, industrialization, environmental alteration, and broad-spectrum anthelmintics. Food-borne trematodiases usually occur focally, are still persistently endemic in some parts of the world, and are most prevalent in remote rural places among school-age children, low-wage earners, and women of child-bearing age. Intestinal fluke diseases are aggravated by socio-economic factors such as poverty, malnutrition, an explosively growing free-food market, a lack of sufficient food inspection and sanitation, other helminthiases, and declining economic conditions. Control programs implemented for food-borne zoonoses and sustained in endemic areas are not fully successful for intestinal food-borne trematodiases because of centuries-old traditions of eating raw or insufficiently cooked food, widespread zoonotic reservoirs, promiscuous defecation, and the use of "night soil" (human excrement collected from latrines) as fertilizer. This review examines food-borne intestinal trematodiases associated with species in families of the Digenea: Brachylaimidae, Diplostomidae, Echinostomatidae, Fasciolidae, Gastrodiscidae, Gymnophallidae, Heterophyidae, Lecithodendriidae, Microphallidae, Nanophyetidae, Paramphistomatidae, Plagiorchiidae, and Strigeidae. Because most of the implicated species are in the Echinostomatidae and Heterophyidae, emphasis in the review is placed on species in these families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Fried
- Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea.
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Seo M, Guk SM, Han ET, Chai JY. Role of Intestinal Goblet Cells in the Expulsion of Gymnophalloides seoi From Mice. J Parasitol 2003; 89:1080-2. [PMID: 14627167 DOI: 10.1645/ge-3182rn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Role of intestinal goblet cells (GCs) in the expulsion of Gymnophalloides seoi was studied using 4 strains of mice, ICR, C3H/ HeN, BALB/c, and C57BL/6, after infection with 200 metacercariae isolated from oysters. On day 7 postinfection (PI), significantly higher (P < 0.05) worm recovery rates (WRRs) were observed in ICR (29.5 +/- 12.0%) and C3H/HeN (14.8 +/- 8.2%) than in BALB/c (5.7 +/- 5.3%) and C57BL/6 (0.8 +/- 1.1%) mice. Alteration of the GC mucins was marked in C57BL/6 mice. On day 14 PI, 5.2 +/- 5.2% and 0.6 +/- 0.7% of worms were recovered only from ICR and C3H/HeN mice. When C57BL/6 mice were immunosuppressed with prednisolone, WRR on day 7 PI increased to 11.7 +/- 13.9%, whereas the GC hyperplasia and mucin alteration diminished significantly. The results suggest that expulsion of G. seoi from the intestine is dependent on immune responses of the host, and GCs may be an important effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seo
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Chonan 330-714, South Korea
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