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Abstract
Traditional textbook physiology has ascribed unitary functions to hormones from the anterior and posterior pituitary gland, mainly in the regulation of effector hormone secretion from endocrine organs. However, the evolutionary biology of pituitary hormones and their receptors provides evidence for a broad range of functions in vertebrate physiology. Over the past decade, we and others have discovered that thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, oxytocin and arginine vasopressin act directly on somatic organs, including bone, adipose tissue and liver. New evidence also indicates that pituitary hormone receptors are expressed in brain regions, nuclei and subnuclei. These studies have prompted us to attribute the pathophysiology of certain human diseases, including osteoporosis, obesity and neurodegeneration, at least in part, to changes in pituitary hormone levels. This new information has identified actionable therapeutic targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mone Zaidi
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Tony Yuen
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Se-Min Kim
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Liang J, Pang L, Yang C, Long J, Liao Q, Tang P, Huang H, Wei H, Chen Q, Yang K, Liu T, Lv F, Liu S, Huang D, Qiu X. Effects of prenatal single and mixed bisphenol exposure on bone mineral density in preschool children: A population-based prospective cohort study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 267:115665. [PMID: 37951091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to bisphenols can affect bone mineral density (BMD) in animals and humans. However, the effects of maternal exposure to bisphenols during pregnancy on bone health in preschool children remain unknown. We aimed to assess the effects of prenatal exposure to single and multiple bisphenols on bone health in preschool children. A total of 230 mother-child pairs were included in this study. Generalized linear regression, restricted cubic spline (RCS), principal component analysis (PCA), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were utilized to assess the relationship between bisphenol levels and bone health in preschool children. Each natural log (Ln) unit increase in tetrabromobisphenol A was related to a 0.007 m/s (95 % CI: -0.015, 0.000) decrease in Ln-transformed speed of sound (SOS) among girls. Decreased BMD Z scores in preschool children were found only in the high bisphenol S exposure group (β = -0.568; 95 % CI: -1.087, -0.050) in boys. The risk of low BMD (BMDL) was significantly higher in the middle-exposure group (OR = 4.695; 95 % CI: 1.143, 24.381) and high-exposure group of BPS (OR = 6.165, 95 % CI: 1.445, 33.789) compared with the low-exposure group in boys. In girls, the risk of BMDL decreased with increasing bisphenol A concentration (OR = 0.413, 95 % CI: 0.215, 0.721). RCS analysis revealed a U-shaped nonlinear correlation between BPB concentration and BMDL in girls (P-overall = 0.011, P-nonlinear = 0.009). In PCA, a U-shaped dose-response relationship was found between PC2 and the risk of BMDL (P-overall = 0.048, P-nonlinear = 0.032), and a significant association was only noted in girls when stratified by sex. The BKMR model revealed a horizontal S-shaped curve relationship between bisphenol mixtures and BMDL in girls. The results indicated that prenatal exposure to single and mixed bisphenols can affect BMD in preschool children, exerting nonmonotonic and child sex-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Lixiang Pang
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Chunxiu Yang
- The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Jinghua Long
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Qian Liao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Peng Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Huishen Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Huanni Wei
- Liuzhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou 545006, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Kaiqi Yang
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Huaihua Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huaihua, Hunan 418000, China
| | - Fangfang Lv
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health & Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Shun Liu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health & Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Dongping Huang
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
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Doolittle ML, Eckhardt BA, Vos SJ, Grain S, Rowsey JL, Ruan M, Saul D, Farr JN, Weivoda MM, Khosla S, Monroe DG. Modest Effects of Osteoclast-Specific ERα Deletion after Skeletal Maturity. JBMR Plus 2023; 7:e10797. [PMID: 37808391 PMCID: PMC10556268 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen regulates bone mass in women and men, but the underlying cellular mechanisms of estrogen action on bone remain unclear. Although both estrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ are expressed in bone cells, ERα is the dominant receptor for skeletal estrogen action. Previous studies using either global or cell-specific ERα deletion provided important insights, but each of these approaches had limitations. Specifically, either high circulating sex steroid levels in global ERα knockout mice or the effects of deletion of ERα during growth and development in constitutive cell-specific knockout mice have made it difficult to clearly define the role of ERα in specific cell types in the adult skeleton. We recently generated and characterized mice with tamoxifen-inducible ERα deletion in osteocytes driven by the 8-kb Dmp1 promoter (ERαΔOcy mice), revealing detrimental effects of osteocyte-specific ERα deletion on trabecular bone volume (-20.1%) and bone formation rate (-18.9%) in female, but not male, mice. Here, we developed and characterized analogous mice with inducible ERα deletion in osteoclasts using the Cathepsin K promoter (ERαΔOcl mice). In a study design identical to that with the previously described ERαΔOcy mice, adult female, but not male, ERαΔOcl mice showed a borderline (-10.2%, p = 0.084) reduction in trabecular bone volume, no change in osteoclast numbers, but a significant increase in serum CTx levels, consistent with increased osteoclast activity. These findings in ERαΔOcl mice differ from previous studies of constitutive osteoclast-specific ERα deletion, which led to clear deficits in trabecular bone and increased osteoclast numbers. Collectively, these data indicate that in adult mice, estrogen action in the osteocyte is likely more important than via the osteoclast and that ERα deletion in osteoclasts from conception onward has more dramatic skeletal effects than inducible osteoclastic ERα deletion in adult mice. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L. Doolittle
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of EndocrinologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Brittany A. Eckhardt
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of EndocrinologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Stephanie J. Vos
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of EndocrinologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Sarah Grain
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of EndocrinologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Jennifer L. Rowsey
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of EndocrinologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Ming Ruan
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of EndocrinologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Dominik Saul
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of EndocrinologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive SurgeryEberhard Karls University Tübingen, BG Trauma Center TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Joshua N. Farr
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of EndocrinologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Megan M. Weivoda
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of HematologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of EndocrinologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - David G. Monroe
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of EndocrinologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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Chen MY, Zhao FL, Chu WL, Bai MR, Zhang DM. A review of tamoxifen administration regimen optimization for Cre/loxp system in mouse bone study. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115045. [PMID: 37379643 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene knockout is a technique routinely used in basic experimental research, particularly in mouse skeletal and developmental studies. Tamoxifen-induced Cre/loxp system is known for its temporal and spatial precision and commonly utilized by researchers. However, tamoxifen has been shown its side effects on affecting the phenotype of mouse bone directly. This review aimed to optimize tamoxifen administration regimens including its dosage and duration, to identify an optimal induction strategy that minimizes potential side effects while maintaining recombination efficacy. This study will help researchers in designing gene knockout experiments in bone when using tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fu-Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-Lin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming-Ru Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - De-Mao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Miller RAJ, Williams AP, Kovats S. Sex chromosome complement and sex steroid signaling underlie sex differences in immunity to respiratory virus infection. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1150282. [PMID: 37063266 PMCID: PMC10097973 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1150282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have revealed sex differences in the incidence and morbidity of respiratory virus infection in the human population, and often these observations are correlated with sex differences in the quality or magnitude of the immune response. Sex differences in immunity and morbidity also are observed in animal models of respiratory virus infection, suggesting differential dominance of specific immune mechanisms. Emerging research shows intrinsic sex differences in immune cell transcriptomes, epigenomes, and proteomes that may regulate human immunity when challenged by viral infection. Here, we highlight recent research into the role(s) of sex steroids and X chromosome complement in immune cells and describe how these findings provide insight into immunity during respiratory virus infection. We focus on the regulation of innate and adaptive immune cells by receptors for androgen and estrogens, as well as genes with a propensity to escape X chromosome inactivation. A deeper mechanistic knowledge of these pathways will help us to understand the often significant sex differences in immunity to endemic or pandemic respiratory pathogens such as influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial viruses and pathogenic coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reegan A. J. Miller
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Abigael P. Williams
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Susan Kovats
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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Athonvarangkul D, Wysolmerski JJ. Crosstalk within a brain-breast-bone axis regulates mineral and skeletal metabolism during lactation. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1121579. [PMID: 36875035 PMCID: PMC9979219 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1121579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To support the increased calcium demands for milk production during lactation, a dramatic and reversible physiological response occurs to alter bone and mineral metabolism. This coordinated process involves a brain-breast-bone axis that integrates hormonal signals that allow for adequate calcium delivery to milk yet also protects the maternal skeletal from excessive bone loss or decreases in bone quality or function. Here, we review the current knowledge on the crosstalk between the hypothalamus, mammary gland, and skeleton during lactation. We discuss the rare entity of pregnancy and lactation associated osteoporosis and consider how the physiology of bone turnover in lactation may impact the pathophysiology of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Further understanding of the regulators of bone loss during lactation, particularly in humans, may provide insights into new therapies for osteoporosis and other diseases of excess bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Athonvarangkul
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Long-Term Cola Intake Does Not Cause Evident Pathological Alterations in the Femoral Bone Microstructure: An Animal Study in Adult Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030583. [PMID: 36771291 PMCID: PMC9920312 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-term animal experiments and association studies in humans have shown that cola intake may have a detrimental impact on bone mineral density (BMD); however, other bone parameters have not been investigated. This study examined the effects of long-term cola consumption on the femoral bone microstructure using adult mice (n = 32) as an animal model, which were divided into water and cola groups depending on whether they received water or cola along with a standard rodent diet for 6 months. Micro-computed tomography revealed that cola intake did not significantly affect all measured parameters characterizing trabecular bone mass and microarchitecture, as well as cortical microarchitecture and geometry in both sexes, although a slight deterioration of these parameters was noted. Cola consumption also resulted in a slightly, statistically insignificant worsening of bone mechanical properties. In contrast to female mice, males receiving cola had a lower area of primary osteons' vascular canals. Nevertheless, long-term cola intake did not cause evident pathological alterations in the femur of adult mice, possibly due to a balanced diet and no restriction of physical activity. Therefore, the adverse effects of cola consumption on BMD, the only bone parameter studied so far, may be caused by other risk and lifestyle factors.
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Xu X, Yang H, Bullock WA, Gallant MA, Ohlsson C, Bellido TM, Main RP. Osteocyte Estrogen Receptor β (Ot-ERβ) Regulates Bone Turnover and Skeletal Adaptive Response to Mechanical Loading Differently in Male and Female Growing and Adult Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:186-197. [PMID: 36321245 PMCID: PMC10108310 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Age-related bone loss is a failure of balanced bone turnover and diminished skeletal mechanoadaptation. Estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, play critical roles in osteoprotective regulation activated by estrogen and mechanical signals. Previous studies mainly focused on ERα and showed that osteocyte-ERα (Ot-ERα) regulated trabecular, but not cortical bone, and played a minor role in load-induced cortical adaptation. However, the role of Ot-ERβ in bone mass regulation remains unrevealed. To address this issue, we characterized bone (re)modeling and gene expression in male and female mice with Ot-ERβ deletion (ERβ-dOT) and littermate control (LC) at 10 weeks (young) or 28 weeks (adult) of age, as well as their responses to in vivo tibial compressive loading. Increased cancellous bone mass appeared in the L4 vertebral body of young male ERβ-dOT mice. At the same time, femoral cortical bone gene expression showed signs consistent with elevated osteoblast and osteoclast activities (type-I collagen, Cat K, RANKL). Upregulated androgen receptor (AR) expression was observed in young male ERβ-dOT mice relative to LC, suggesting a compensatory effect of testosterone on male bone protection. In contrast, bone mass in L4 decreased in adult male ERβ-dOT mice, attributed to potentially increased bone resorption activity (Cat K) with no change in bone formation. There was no effect of ERβ-dOT on bone mass or gene expression in female mice. Sex-dependent regulation of Ot-ERβ also appeared in load-induced cortical responsiveness. Young female ERβ-dOT mice showed an enhanced tibial cortical anabolic adaptation compared with LC. In contrast, an attenuated cortical anabolic response presented at the proximal tibia in male ERβ-dOT mice at both ages. For the first time, our findings suggest that Ot-ERβ regulates bone (re)modeling and the response to mechanical signals through different mechanisms in males and females. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xu
- Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
- Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab, Department of Basic Medical SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Haisheng Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and LifeBeijing University of TechnologyBeijingChina
| | | | - Maxim A. Gallant
- Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab, Department of Basic Medical SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical NutritionInstitute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of Drug TreatmentSahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
| | - Teresita M. Bellido
- Department of Physiology and Cell BiologyUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockARUSA
| | - Russell P. Main
- Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
- Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab, Department of Basic Medical SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
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Horkeby K, Farman HH, Movérare-Skrtic S, Lionikaite V, Wu J, Henning P, Windahl S, Sjögren K, Ohlsson C, Lagerquist MK. Phosphorylation of S122 in ERα is important for the skeletal response to estrogen treatment in male mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22449. [PMID: 36575297 PMCID: PMC9794719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26939-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) signaling has beneficial skeletal effects in males. ERα signaling also affects other tissues, and to find bone-specific treatments, more knowledge regarding tissue-specific ERα signaling is needed. ERα is subjected to posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation, which can influence ERα function in a tissue-specific manner. To determine the importance of phosphorylation site S122 (corresponding to human ERα site S118) for the skeleton and other tissues, male mice with a S122A mutation were used. Total areal bone mineral density was similar between gonadal intact S122A and WT littermates followed up to 12 months of age, and weights of estrogen-responsive organs normalized for body weight were unchanged between S122A and WT males at both 3 and 12 months of age. Interestingly, 12-month-old S122A males had decreased body weight compared to WT. To investigate if site S122 affects the estrogen response in bone and other tissues, 12-week-old S122A and WT males were orchidectomized (orx) and treated with estradiol (E2) or placebo pellets for four weeks. E2 increased cortical thickness in tibia in both orx WT (+ 60%, p < 0.001) and S122A (+ 45%, p < 0.001) males. However, the E2 effect on cortical thickness was significantly decreased in orx S122A compared to WT mice (- 24%, p < 0.05). In contrast, E2 affected trabecular bone and organ weights similarly in orx S122A and WT males. Thus, ERα phosphorylation site S122 is required for a normal E2 response specifically in cortical bone in male mice, a finding that may have implications for development of future treatments against male osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Horkeby
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Klinfarmlab, Vita Stråket 11, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Helen H. Farman
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Klinfarmlab, Vita Stråket 11, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Movérare-Skrtic
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Klinfarmlab, Vita Stråket 11, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Vikte Lionikaite
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Klinfarmlab, Vita Stråket 11, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jianyao Wu
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Klinfarmlab, Vita Stråket 11, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Petra Henning
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Klinfarmlab, Vita Stråket 11, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sara Windahl
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Klinfarmlab, Vita Stråket 11, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Klara Sjögren
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Klinfarmlab, Vita Stråket 11, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Klinfarmlab, Vita Stråket 11, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XDepartment of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie K. Lagerquist
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Klinfarmlab, Vita Stråket 11, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
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TLR-8, TNF-α, and ESR-1α Gene Polymorphism Susceptibility in Onset of Arthritis. Genet Res (Camb) 2022; 2022:9208765. [PMID: 36262248 PMCID: PMC9553836 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9208765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthritis is a genetic disorder characterized by bones and joint degradation assisted by severe pain and inflammation. It is evident by the studies that 0 candidate genes variations play vital role in its development and progression. Therefore, we investigated the genetic variation of TLR-8, TNF, and ESR-1α genes in the Pakistani population. A case-control study comprising 300 RA, 316 OA, and 412 control subjects was conducted. PCR-RFLP and direct sequencing methods were used for determining genetic variations. Analysis was performed by using PLINK and MEGA 6.0 software. Allelic and genetic frequencies of polymorphisms identified on rs3764879 (TLR-8), rs3764880 (TLR-8), rs5744080 (TLR-8), rs1800629 (TNF), rs2228480 (ESR-1α), and rs1451501590 (ESR-1α) were significantly varied among RA, OA, and controls. Novel functional mutations SCV000844945 and SCV000844946 on TLR-8 as well as a non-functional SCV000804801 and functional variation SCV000804802 on ESR-1α were also identified and reported for the first time in the studied population. Multiple site analyses indicated that polymorphisms on TLR-8 and ESR-1α genes were significant risk factors in disease onset to the next generation. In conclusion, TLR-08 and ESR-1α were significant in the onset of arthritis whereas the TNF was not found as a significant risk factor in the onset of RA and OA.
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Doolittle ML, Saul D, Kaur J, Rowsey JL, Eckhardt B, Vos S, Grain S, Kroupova K, Ruan M, Weivoda M, Oursler MJ, Farr JN, Monroe DG, Khosla S. Skeletal Effects of Inducible ERα Deletion in Osteocytes in Adult Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1750-1760. [PMID: 35789113 PMCID: PMC9474695 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen is known to regulate bone metabolism in both women and men, but substantial gaps remain in our knowledge of estrogen and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) regulation of adult bone metabolism. Studies using global ERα-knockout mice were confounded by high circulating sex-steroid levels, and osteocyte/osteoblast-specific ERα deletion may be confounded by ERα effects on growth versus the adult skeleton. Thus, we developed mice expressing the tamoxifen-inducible CreERT2 in osteocytes using the 8-kilobase (kb) Dmp1 promoter (Dmp1CreERT2 ). These mice were crossed with ERαfl//fl mice to create ERαΔOcy mice, permitting inducible osteocyte-specific ERα deletion in adulthood. After intermittent tamoxifen treatment of adult 4-month-old mice for 1 month, female, but not male, ERαΔOcy mice exhibited reduced spine bone volume fraction (BV/TV (-20.1%, p = 0.004) accompanied by decreased trabecular bone formation rate (-18.9%, p = 0.0496) and serum P1NP levels (-38.9%, p = 0.014). Periosteal (+65.6%, p = 0.004) and endocortical (+64.1%, p = 0.003) expansion were higher in ERαΔOcy mice compared to control (Dmp1CreERT2 ) mice at the tibial diaphysis, reflecting the known effects of estrogen to inhibit periosteal apposition and promote endocortical formation. Increases in Sost (2.1-fold, p = 0.001) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were observed in trabecular bone at the spine in ERαΔOcy mice, consistent with previous reports that estrogen deficiency is associated with increased circulating sclerostin as well as bone SOST mRNA levels in humans. Further, the biological consequences of increased Sost expression were reflected in significant overall downregulation in panels of osteoblast and Wnt target genes in osteocyte-enriched bones from ERαΔOcy mice. These findings thus establish that osteocytic ERα is critical for estrogen action in female, but not male, adult bone metabolism. Moreover, the reduction in bone formation accompanied by increased Sost, decreased osteoblast, and decreased Wnt target gene expression in ERαΔOcy mice provides a direct link in vivo between ERα and Wnt signaling. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L. Doolittle
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Dominik Saul
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Japneet Kaur
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Jennifer L. Rowsey
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Brittany Eckhardt
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Stephanie Vos
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Sarah Grain
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Kveta Kroupova
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove and the Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ming Ruan
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Megan Weivoda
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Merry Jo Oursler
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Joshua N. Farr
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - David G. Monroe
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
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12
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Biason-Lauber A, Lang-Muritano M. Estrogens: Two nuclear receptors, multiple possibilities. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 554:111710. [PMID: 35787463 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Much is known about estrogen action in experimental animal models and in human physiology. This article reviews the mechanisms of estrogen activity in animals and humans and the role of its two receptors α and β in terms of structure and mechanisms of action in various tissues in health and in relationship with human pathologies (e.g., osteoporosis). Recently, the spectrum of clinical pictures of estrogen resistance caused by estrogen receptors gene variants has been widened by our description of a woman with β-receptor defect, which could be added to the already known descriptions of α-receptor defect in women and men and β-receptor defect in men. The essential role of the β-receptor in the development of the gonad stands out. We summarize the clinical pictures due to estrogen resistance in men and women and focus on long-term follow-up of two women, one with α- and the other with β-receptor resistance. Some open questions remain on the complex interactions between the two receptors on bone metabolism and hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, which need further deepening and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Biason-Lauber
- University of Fribourg, Division of Endocrinology, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Mariarosaria Lang-Muritano
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Bone Mass and Osteoblast Activity Are Sex-Dependent in Mice Lacking the Estrogen Receptor α in Chondrocytes and Osteoblast Progenitor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052902. [PMID: 35270044 PMCID: PMC8911122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
While estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is known to be important for bone development and homeostasis, its exact function during osteoblast differentiation remains unclear. Conditional deletion of ERα during specific stages of osteoblast differentiation revealed different bone phenotypes, which were also shown to be sex-dependent. Since hypertrophic chondrocytes can transdifferentiate into osteoblasts and substantially contribute to long-bone development, we aimed to investigate the effects of ERα deletion in both osteoblast and chondrocytes on bone development and structure. Therefore, we generated mice in which the ERα gene was inactivated via a Runx2-driven cyclic recombinase (ERαfl/fl; Runx2Cre). We analyzed the bones of 3-month-old ERαfl/fl; Runx2Cre mice by biomechanical testing, micro-computed tomography, and cellular parameters by histology. Male ERαfl/fl; Runx2Cre mice displayed a significantly increased cortical bone mass and flexural rigidity of the femurs compared to age-matched controls with no active Cre-transgene (ERαfl/fl). By contrast, female ERαfl/fl; Runx2Cre mice exhibited significant trabecular bone loss, whereas in cortical bone periosteal and endosteal diameters were reduced. Our results indicate that the ERα in osteoblast progenitors and hypertrophic chondrocytes differentially contributes to bone mass regulation in male and female mice and improves our understanding of ERα signaling in bone cells in vivo.
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BMP3 Affects Cortical and Trabecular Long Bone Development in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020785. [PMID: 35054971 PMCID: PMC8775420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have a major role in tissue development. BMP3 is synthesized in osteocytes and mature osteoblasts and has an antagonistic effect on other BMPs in bone tissue. The main aim of this study was to fully characterize cortical bone and trabecular bone of long bones in both male and female Bmp3−/− mice. To investigate the effect of Bmp3 from birth to maturity, we compared Bmp3−/− mice with wild-type littermates at the following stages of postnatal development: 1 day (P0), 2 weeks (P14), 8 weeks and 16 weeks of age. Bmp3 deletion was confirmed using X-gal staining in P0 animals. Cartilage and bone tissue were examined in P14 animals using Alcian Blue/Alizarin Red staining. Detailed long bone analysis was performed in 8-week-old and 16-week-old animals using micro-CT. The Bmp3 reporter signal was localized in bone tissue, hair follicles, and lungs. Bone mineralization at 2 weeks of age was increased in long bones of Bmp3−/− mice. Bmp3 deletion was shown to affect the skeleton until adulthood, where increased cortical and trabecular bone parameters were found in young and adult mice of both sexes, while delayed mineralization of the epiphyseal growth plate was found in adult Bmp3−/− mice.
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Chen P, Li B, Ou-Yang L. Role of estrogen receptors in health and disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:839005. [PMID: 36060947 PMCID: PMC9433670 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.839005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ERs) regulate multiple complex physiological processes in humans. Abnormal ER signaling may result in various disorders, including reproductive system-related disorders (endometriosis, and breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer), bone-related abnormalities, lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal disease, urogenital tract disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cutaneous melanoma. ER alpha (ERα), ER beta (ERβ), and novel G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) have been identified as the most prominent ERs. This review provides an overview of ERα, ERβ, and GPER1, as well as their functions in health and disease. Furthermore, the potential clinical applications and challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo Li
- *Correspondence: Bo Li, libo‐‐
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16
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TRPV6 is a potential regulator of bone resorption in bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency. iScience 2021; 24:103261. [PMID: 34778726 PMCID: PMC8577076 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise effect of estrogen (E2) on osteoclast function is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 6 (TRPV6) in E2-mediated osteoclast function and to characterize the relevant underlying mechanisms. Here, we found that Trpv6 is drastically decreased in ovariectomy operation animals and the administration of E2 results in an increased expression of Trpv6 in osteoclasts. In contrast, Trpv6 depletion significantly blocked the inhibitory effects of E2 on bone resorption activity, and silencing Trpv6 alleviated E2-induced osteoclast apoptosis. In addition, we found that E2 regulates the transcription of Trpv6 through ERα, by interacting with C/EBPβ and NF-κB. Chip assay analysis indicated that C/EBPβ regulates Trpv6 transcription by binding to Trpv6 promoter fragments −1,866 nt to −1,761 nt and −2,685 nt to −2,580 nt, whereas NF-κB binds to the −953 nt to −851 nt region. We conclude that TRPV6 has a significant effect on E2-mediated osteoclast function. E2 induces Trpv6 expression in osteoclasts TRPV6 was involved in the effect of E2-mediated osteoclast function E2 regulates the transcription of Trpv6 through Erα in osteoclasts
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Up-regulation of SIRT1 induced by 17beta-estradiol promotes autophagy and inhibits apoptosis in osteoblasts. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:23652-23671. [PMID: 34711685 PMCID: PMC8580331 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common systemic skeletal metabolism disorder resulting in bone fragility and increased fracture risk. Silent information regulator factor 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) is crucial in the regulation of several biological processes, including bone metabolism, autophagy, apoptosis, and aging. This study aimed to assess whether the up-regulation of SIRT1 induced by 17beta-estradiol (17β-E2) could promote autophagy and inhibit apoptosis in osteoblasts via the AMPK-mTOR and FOXO3a pathways, respectively. The study found that 17β-E2 (10-6 M) administration induced the up-regulation of SIRT1 in osteoblasts. Up-regulation of SIRT1 induced by 17β-E2 increased the expression level of LC3, Beclin-1, Bcl-2, p-AMPK, FOXO3a but decreased caspase-3 and p-mTOR expression, and then promoted autophagy and inhibited apoptosis. More autophagosomes were observed under a transmission electron microscope (TEM) in 17β-E2 and SRT1720 (a selective SIRT1 activator) co-treated group. When Ex527 (a SIRT1-specific inhibitor) was pretreated, the reversed changes were observed. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that the up-regulation of SIRT1 induced by 17β-E2 could promote autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR pathway and inhibit apoptosis via the FOXO3a activation in osteoblasts, and SIRT1 might become a more significant target in osteoporosis treatment.
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Haffner-Luntzer M, Fischer V, Ignatius A. Differences in Fracture Healing Between Female and Male C57BL/6J Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:712494. [PMID: 34434120 PMCID: PMC8381649 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.712494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mice are increasingly used in fracture healing research because of the opportunity to use transgenic animals. While both, male and female mice are employed, there is no consensus in the literature whether fracture healing differs between both sexes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze diaphyseal fracture healing in female and male C57BL/6J mice, a commonly used mouse strain in bone research. Methods For that purpose, 12-week-old Female (17–20 g) and Male mice (22–26 g) received a standardized femur midshaft osteotomy stabilized by an external fixator. Mice were euthanized 10 and 21 days after fracture and bone healing was analyzed by biomechanical testing, μCT, histology, immunohistochemistry and qPCR. Results Ten days after fracture, Male mice displayed significantly more cartilage but less fibrous tissue in the fracture callus compared to Female mice, whereas the amount of bone did not differ. At day 21, Male mice showed a significantly larger fracture callus compared to Female mice. The relative amount of bone in the fracture callus did not significantly differ between both sexes, whereas its tissue mineral density was significantly higher in Male mice on day 21, indicating more mature bone and slightly more rapid fracture healing. These results were confirmed by a significantly greater absolute bending stiffness of the fractured femurs of Male mice on day 21. On the molecular level, Male mice displayed increased active β-catenin expression in the fracture callus, whereas estrogen receptor α (ERα) expression was lower. Conclusion These results suggest that Male mice display more rapid fracture healing with more prominent cartilaginous callus formation. This might be due to the higher weight of Male mice, resulting in increased mechanical loading of the fracture. Furthermore, Male mice displayed significantly greater activation of osteoanabolic Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which might also contribute to more rapid bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Haffner-Luntzer
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Centre Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Verena Fischer
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Centre Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Centre Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Isojima T, Sims NA. Cortical bone development, maintenance and porosity: genetic alterations in humans and mice influencing chondrocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5755-5773. [PMID: 34196732 PMCID: PMC11073036 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03884-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cortical bone structure is a crucial determinant of bone strength, yet for many years studies of novel genes and cell signalling pathways regulating bone strength have focused on the control of trabecular bone mass. Here we focus on mechanisms responsible for cortical bone development, growth, and degeneration, and describe some recently described genetic-driven modifications in humans and mice that reveal how these processes may be controlled. We start with embryonic osteogenesis of preliminary bone structures preceding the cortex and describe how this structure consolidates then matures to a dense, vascularised cortex containing an increasing proportion of lamellar bone. These processes include modelling-induced, and load-dependent, asymmetric cortical expansion, which enables the cortex's transition from a highly porous woven structure to a consolidated and thickened highly mineralised lamellar bone structure, infiltrated by vascular channels. Sex-specific differences emerge during this process. With aging, the process of consolidation reverses: cortical pores enlarge, leading to greater cortical porosity, trabecularisation and loss of bone strength. Each process requires co-ordination between bone formation, bone mineralisation, vascularisation, and bone resorption, with a need for locational-, spatial- and cell-specific signalling pathways to mediate this co-ordination. We will discuss these processes, and a number of cell-signalling pathways identified in both murine and human genetic studies to regulate cortical bone mass, including signalling through gp130, STAT3, PTHR1, WNT16, NOTCH, NOTUM and sFRP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Isojima
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC, 3122, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC, 3122, Australia.
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
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Noirrit-Esclassan E, Valera MC, Tremollieres F, Arnal JF, Lenfant F, Fontaine C, Vinel A. Critical Role of Estrogens on Bone Homeostasis in Both Male and Female: From Physiology to Medical Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041568. [PMID: 33557249 PMCID: PMC7913980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is a multi-skilled tissue, protecting major organs, regulating calcium phosphate balance and producing hormones. Its development during childhood determines height and stature as well as resistance against fracture in advanced age. Estrogens are key regulators of bone turnover in both females and males. These hormones play a major role in longitudinal and width growth throughout puberty as well as in the regulation of bone turnover. In women, estrogen deficiency is one of the major causes of postmenopausal osteoporosis. In this review, we will summarize the main clinical and experimental studies reporting the effects of estrogens not only in females but also in males, during different life stages. Effects of estrogens on bone involve either Estrogen Receptor (ER)α or ERβ depending on the type of bone (femur, vertebrae, tibia, mandible), the compartment (trabecular or cortical), cell types involved (osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes) and sex. Finally, we will discuss new ongoing strategies to increase the benefit/risk ratio of the hormonal treatment of menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Noirrit-Esclassan
- I2MC, INSERM UMR 1297, University of Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France; (E.N.-E.); (M.-C.V.); (F.T.); (J.-F.A.); (F.L.); (C.F.)
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Cécile Valera
- I2MC, INSERM UMR 1297, University of Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France; (E.N.-E.); (M.-C.V.); (F.T.); (J.-F.A.); (F.L.); (C.F.)
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Tremollieres
- I2MC, INSERM UMR 1297, University of Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France; (E.N.-E.); (M.-C.V.); (F.T.); (J.-F.A.); (F.L.); (C.F.)
- Menopause and Metabolic Bone Disease Center, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, University Hospital of Toulouse, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Francois Arnal
- I2MC, INSERM UMR 1297, University of Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France; (E.N.-E.); (M.-C.V.); (F.T.); (J.-F.A.); (F.L.); (C.F.)
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- I2MC, INSERM UMR 1297, University of Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France; (E.N.-E.); (M.-C.V.); (F.T.); (J.-F.A.); (F.L.); (C.F.)
| | - Coralie Fontaine
- I2MC, INSERM UMR 1297, University of Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France; (E.N.-E.); (M.-C.V.); (F.T.); (J.-F.A.); (F.L.); (C.F.)
| | - Alexia Vinel
- I2MC, INSERM UMR 1297, University of Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France; (E.N.-E.); (M.-C.V.); (F.T.); (J.-F.A.); (F.L.); (C.F.)
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-5-61-77-36-10
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21
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Mantri AV, Allaway HCM, Brezicha JE, Hogan HA, Bloomfield SA. Oral Estradiol Impact on Mitigating Unloading-Induced Bone Loss in Ovary-Intact Rats. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2021; 92:65-74. [PMID: 33468286 DOI: 10.3357/amhp.5668.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The impact of the spaceflight environment on endogenous estrogen production in female crewmembers and the resulting impact on other adaptations, like bone loss, is an under-investigated topic. Hence, we investigated the interaction of exogenous 17- estradiol (E2) treatment and disuse to test the hypothesis that E2 treatment would mitigate disuse-induced bone loss.METHODS: There were 40 virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats (5 mo old) randomized to placebo (PL; 0 ppm E2) or estrogen (E2; 10 ppm E2) treatments, delivered via custom-made rodent diets; half of each group was randomized to either weightbearing (WB) or hindlimb unloading (HU) for 39 d.RESULTS: We observed expected lower values after HU (615%) in volumetric BMD and cross-sectional areas at the proximal tibia metaphysis (PTM, by pQCT), 20% lower %BV/TV (nonsignificant) at the PTM, and 11% lower femoral neck maximal load; none of these HU-induced impacts were modified by E2. Impaired PTM periosteal expansion was observed in all E2-treated rats, with smaller (13 to 18%) cross-sectional areas. Midshaft tibial geometry was unaffected by E2 treatment, but large reductions (73 to 81%) in periosteal bone formation indices were observed in E2-treated rats.DISCUSSION: In summary, modest supplementation of exogenous E2 did not mitigate decrements in volumetric BMD, PTM cross-sectional geometry, or femoral neck strength observed with HU. However, numerous independent impacts of E2 treatment were observed, with significant suppression of periosteal bone formation indices. If maintained over time, this might impact negatively on cortical bone integrity during prolonged nonweightbearing.Mantri AV, Allaway HCM, Brezicha JE, Hogan HA, Bloomfield SA. Oral estradiol impact on mitigating unloading-induced bone loss in ovary-intact rats. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(2):6574.
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22
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Gustafsson KL, Farman HH, Nilsson KH, Henning P, Movérare-Skrtic S, Lionikaite V, Lawenius L, Engdahl C, Ohlsson C, Lagerquist MK. Arginine site 264 in murine estrogen receptor-α is dispensable for the regulation of the skeleton. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E160-E168. [PMID: 33225718 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00349.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of arginine 264 in ERα has been shown to abrogate rapid membrane ERα-mediated endothelial effects. Our novel finding that mutation of R264 is dispensable for ERα-mediated skeletal effects supports the concept that R264 determines tissue specificity of ERα. Estrogen protects against bone loss but is not a suitable treatment due to adverse effects in other tissues. Therefore, increased knowledge regarding estrogen signaling in estrogen-responsive tissues is warranted to aid the development of bone-specific estrogen treatments. Estrogen receptor-α (ERα), the main mediator of estrogenic effects in bone, is widely subjected to posttranslational modifications (PTMs). In vitro studies have shown that methylation at site R260 in the human ERα affects receptor localization and intracellular signaling. The corresponding amino acid R264 in murine ERα has been shown to have a functional role in endothelium in vivo, although the methylation of R264 in the murine gene is yet to be empirically demonstrated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether R264 in ERα is involved in the regulation of the skeleton in vivo. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) analysis at 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo of age showed no differences in total body areal bone mineral density (BMD) between R264A and wild type (WT) in either female or male mice. Furthermore, analyses using computed tomography (CT) demonstrated that trabecular bone mass in tibia and vertebra and cortical thickness in tibia were similar between R264A and WT mice. In addition, R264A females displayed a normal estrogen treatment response in trabecular bone mass as well as in cortical thickness. Furthermore, uterus, thymus, and adipose tissue responded similarly in R264A and WT female mice after estrogen treatment. In conclusion, our novel finding that mutation of R264 in ERα does not affect the regulation of the skeleton, together with the known role of R264 for ERα-mediated endothelial effects, supports the concept that R264 determines tissue specificity of ERα.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mutation of arginine 264 in ERα has been shown to abrogate rapid membrane ERα-mediated endothelial effects. Our novel finding that mutation of R264 is dispensable for ERα-mediated skeletal effects supports the concept that R264 determines tissue specificity of ERα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin L Gustafsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helen H Farman
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin H Nilsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petra Henning
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Movérare-Skrtic
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vikte Lionikaite
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lina Lawenius
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Engdahl
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie K Lagerquist
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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23
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Ohlsson C, Gustafsson KL, Farman HH, Henning P, Lionikaite V, Movérare-Skrtic S, Sjögren K, Törnqvist AE, Andersson A, Islander U, Bernardi AI, Poutanen M, Chambon P, Lagerquist MK. Phosphorylation site S122 in estrogen receptor α has a tissue-dependent role in female mice. FASEB J 2020; 34:15991-16002. [PMID: 33067917 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901376rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen treatment increases bone mass and reduces fat mass but is associated with adverse effects in postmenopausal women. Knowledge regarding tissue-specific estrogen signaling is important to aid the development of new tissue-specific treatments. We hypothesized that the posttranslational modification phosphorylation in estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) may modulate ERα activity in a tissue-dependent manner. Phosphorylation of site S122 in ERα has been shown in vitro to affect ERα activity, but the tissue-specific role in vivo is unknown. We herein developed and phenotyped a novel mouse model with a point mutation at the phosphorylation site 122 in ERα (S122A). Female S122A mice had increased fat mass and serum insulin levels but unchanged serum sex steroid levels, uterus weight, bone mass, thymus weight, and lymphocyte maturation compared to WT mice. In conclusion, phosphorylation site S122 in ERα has a tissue-dependent role with an impact specifically on fat mass in female mice. This study is the first to demonstrate in vivo that a phosphorylation site in a transactivation domain in a nuclear steroid receptor modulates the receptor activity in a tissue-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin L Gustafsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helen H Farman
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petra Henning
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vikte Lionikaite
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Movérare-Skrtic
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klara Sjögren
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna E Törnqvist
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annica Andersson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Islander
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Angelina I Bernardi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, ULP, Collège de France, Illkirch-Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie K Lagerquist
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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24
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Li S, Liu Q, Wu D, He T, Yuan J, Qiu H, Tickner J, Zheng SG, Li X, Xu J, Rong L. PKC-δ deficiency in B cells displays osteopenia accompanied with upregulation of RANKL expression and osteoclast-osteoblast uncoupling. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:762. [PMID: 32938907 PMCID: PMC7494897 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02947-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PKC-δ is an important molecule for B-cell proliferation and tolerance. B cells have long been recognized to play a part in osteoimmunology and pathological bone loss. However, the role of B cells with PKC-δ deficiency in bone homeostasis and the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We generated mice with PKC-δ deletion selectively in B cells by crossing PKC-δ-loxP mice with CD19-Cre mice. We studied their bone phenotype using micro-CT and histology. Next, immune organs were obtained and analyzed. Western blotting was used to determine the RANKL/OPG ratio in vitro in B-cell cultures, ELISA assay and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze in vivo RANKL/OPG balance in serum and bone sections respectively. Finally, we utilized osteoclastogenesis to study osteoclast function via hydroxyapatite resorption assay, and isolated primary calvaria osteoblasts to investigate osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. We also investigated osteoclast and osteoblast biology in co-culture with B-cell supernatants. We found that mice with PKC-δ deficiency in B cells displayed an osteopenia phenotype in the trabecular and cortical compartment of long bones. In addition, PKC-δ deletion resulted in changes of trabecular bone structure in association with activation of osteoclast bone resorption and decrease in osteoblast parameters. As expected, inactivation of PKC-δ in B cells resulted in changes in spleen B-cell number, function, and distribution. Consistently, the RANKL/OPG ratio was elevated remarkably in B-cell culture, in the serum and in bone specimens after loss of PKC-δ in B cells. Finally, in vitro analysis revealed that PKC-δ ablation suppressed osteoclast differentiation and function but co-culture with B-cell supernatant reversed the suppression effect, as well as impaired osteoblast proliferation and function, indicative of osteoclast–osteoblast uncoupling. In conclusion, PKC-δ plays an important role in the interplay between B cells in the immune system and bone cells in the pathogenesis of bone lytic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfu Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qiuli Liu
- The Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong, China
| | - Depeng Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianwei He
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinbo Yuan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Heng Qiu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jennifer Tickner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Guangdong, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Limin Rong
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China.
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25
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Farnezi Bassi AP, Bizelli VF, Brasil LFDM, Pereira JC, Al-Sharani HM, Momesso GAC, Faverani LP, Lucas FDA. Is the Bacterial Cellulose Membrane Feasible for Osteopromotive Property? MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10090230. [PMID: 32932731 PMCID: PMC7558580 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10090230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Guided bone regeneration was studied to establish protocols and develop new biomaterials that revealed satisfactory results. The present study aimed to comparatively evaluate the efficiency of the bacterial cellulose membrane (Nanoskin®) and collagen membrane Bio-Gide® in the bone repair of 8-mm critical size defects in rat calvaria. Seventy-two adult male rats were divided into three experimental groups (n = 24): the CG—membrane-free control group (only blood clot, negative control), BG—porcine collagen membrane group (Bio-Guide®, positive control), and BC—bacterial cellulose membrane group (experimental group). The comparison periods were 7, 15, 30, and 60 days postoperatively. Histological, histometric, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. The quantitative data were subjected to 2-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-test, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. At 30 and 60 days postoperatively, the BG group showed more healing of the surgical wound than the other groups, with a high amount of newly formed bone (p < 0.001), while the BC group showed mature connective tissue filling the defect. The inflammatory cell count at postoperative days 7 and 15 was higher in the BC group than in the BG group (Tukey’s test, p = 0.006). At postoperative days 30 and 60, the area of new bone formed was greater in the BG group than in the other groups (p < 0.001). Immunohistochemical analysis showed moderate and intense immunolabeling of osteocalcin and osteopontin at postoperative day 60 in the BG and BC groups. Thus, despite the promising application of the BC membrane in soft-tissue repair, it did not induce bone repair in rat calvaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Farnezi Bassi
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University, UNESP, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16015-050, Brazil; (V.F.B.); (L.F.d.M.B.); (J.C.P.); (G.A.C.M.); (L.P.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-18-36363242
| | - Vinícius Ferreira Bizelli
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University, UNESP, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16015-050, Brazil; (V.F.B.); (L.F.d.M.B.); (J.C.P.); (G.A.C.M.); (L.P.F.)
| | - Leticia Freitas de Mendes Brasil
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University, UNESP, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16015-050, Brazil; (V.F.B.); (L.F.d.M.B.); (J.C.P.); (G.A.C.M.); (L.P.F.)
| | - Járede Carvalho Pereira
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University, UNESP, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16015-050, Brazil; (V.F.B.); (L.F.d.M.B.); (J.C.P.); (G.A.C.M.); (L.P.F.)
| | - Hesham Mohammed Al-Sharani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Ibb University, Ibb 16015-050, Yemen;
| | - Gustavo Antonio Correa Momesso
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University, UNESP, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16015-050, Brazil; (V.F.B.); (L.F.d.M.B.); (J.C.P.); (G.A.C.M.); (L.P.F.)
| | - Leonardo P. Faverani
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University, UNESP, School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16015-050, Brazil; (V.F.B.); (L.F.d.M.B.); (J.C.P.); (G.A.C.M.); (L.P.F.)
| | - Flavia de Almeida Lucas
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University, UNESP, School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16050-698, Brazil;
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26
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Lee M, Park SJ, Moon YJ, In G, Kim JH, Kim SW, Lee MH, Kim OK. Combination of Sargassum fusiforme and Pueraria lobata Extracts Alleviates Postmenopausal Symptoms in Ovariectomized Rats. J Med Food 2020; 23:735-744. [PMID: 32460593 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen, produced mainly in the ovaries, plays a role in sexual development, metabolism, and bone formation. Thus, estrogen deficiency due to menopause can lead to overweight, dyslipidemia, and osteoporosis. In this study, we compared the effects of extracts of Sargassum fusiforme, Pueraria lobata, and their mixtures at various ratios on osteosarcoma SaOS-2 cells and investigated the effect of PS31 (P. lobata: S. fusiforme = 3:1, KGC02PS) on postmenopausal symptoms in ovariectomized rats. PS31 supplementation, as little as 100 mg/kg BW, effectively reduced ovariectomy-induced weight gain, and total triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations in serum. In addition, PS31 supplementation prevented bone density loss, inhibited bone resorption, and reduced the expression of catabolic factors in bone. However, PS31 supplementation did not affect uterus weight and expression of c-Jun and c-Fos, which suggests that the mechanism of action of PS31 is distinct from that of estrogen. Taken together, we demonstrated that PS31 supplementation alleviated postmenopausal symptoms, including overweight, dyslipidemia, and osteoporosis. Therefore, PS31 could be potentially used as food supplement to prevent postmenopausal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhee Lee
- Research Institute of Clinical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jeung Park
- Research Institute of Clinical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jeong Moon
- Research Institute of Clinical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyo In
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Han Kim
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyang Lee
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Kyung Kim
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Human Ecology Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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27
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Nuclear receptors in osteoclasts. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 53:8-17. [PMID: 32569976 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells that play an essential role in the remodeling of bone under physiological conditions and numerous pathological conditions, such as osteoporosis, bone metastasis, and inflammatory bone erosion. Nuclear receptors are crucial to various physiological processes, including metabolism, development and inflammation, and function as transcription factors to activate target genes. Synthetic ligands of nuclear receptors are also available for the treatment of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. However, dysregulated bone phenotypes have been documented in patients who take synthetic nuclear receptor ligands as a therapy. Therefore, the effect of nuclear receptors on bone cells has become an important area of exploration; additionally, the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of nuclear receptors in osteoclasts have not been completely understood. Here, we cover the recent progress in our understanding of the roles of nuclear receptors in osteoclasts.
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28
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Li S, He T, Wu D, Zhang L, Chen R, Liu B, Yuan J, Tickner J, Qin A, Xu J, Rong L. Conditional Knockout of PKC-δ in Osteoclasts Favors Bone Mass Accrual in Males Due to Decreased Osteoclast Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:450. [PMID: 32582715 PMCID: PMC7295979 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C delta (PKC-δ) functions as an important regulator in bone metabolism. However, the precise involvement of PKC-δ in the regulation of osteoclasts remains elusive. We generated an osteoclast specific PKC-δ knockout mouse strain to investigate the function of PKC-δ in osteoclast biology. Bone phenotype was investigated using microcomputed tomography. Osteoclast and osteoblast parameters were assessed using bone histomorphometry, and analysis of osteoclast formation and function with osteoclastogensis and hydroxyapatite resorption assays. The molecular mechanisms by which PKC-δ regulated osteoclast function were dissected by Western Blotting, TUNEL assay, transfection and transcriptome sequencing. We found that ablation of PKC-δ in osteoclasts resulted in an increase in trabecular and cortical bone volume in male mice, however, the bone mass phenotype was not observed in female mice. This was accompanied by decreased osteoclast number and surface, and Cathepsin-K protein levels in vivo, as well as decreased osteoclast formation and resorption in vitro in a male-specific manner. PKC-δ regulated androgen receptor transcription by binding to its promoter, moreover, PKC-δ conditional knockout did not increase osteoclast apoptosis but increased MAPK signaling and enhanced androgen receptor transcription and expression, finally leding to significant alterations in gene expression and signaling changes related to extracellular matrix proteins specifically in male mice. In conclusion, PKC-δ plays an important role in osteoclast formation and function in a male-specific manner. Our work reveals a previously unknown target for treatment of gender-related bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfu Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianwei He
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China
| | - Depeng Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangming Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiqiang Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinbo Yuan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jennifer Tickner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - An Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Limin Rong
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, China
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29
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Ohlsson C, Farman HH, Gustafsson KL, Wu J, Henning P, Windahl SH, Sjögren K, Gustafsson JÅ, Movérare-Skrtic S, Lagerquist MK. The effects of estradiol are modulated in a tissue-specific manner in mice with inducible inactivation of ERα after sexual maturation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E646-E654. [PMID: 32125882 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00018.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mouse models with lifelong inactivation of estrogen receptor-α (ERα) show that ERα is the main mediator of estrogenic effects in bone, thymus, uterus, and fat. However, ERα inactivation early in life may cause developmental effects that confound the adult phenotypes. To address the specific role of adult ERα expression for estrogenic effects in bone and other nonskeletal tissues, we established a tamoxifen-inducible ERα-inactivated model by crossing CAGG-Cre-ER and ERαflox/flox mice. Tamoxifen-induced ERα inactivation after sexual maturation substantially reduced ERα mRNA levels in cortical bone, trabecular bone, thymus, uterus, gonadal fat, and hypothalamus, in CAGG-Cre-ERαflox/flox (inducible ERαKO) compared with ERαflox/flox (control) mice. 17β-estradiol (E2) treatment increased trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV), cortical bone area, and uterine weight, while it reduced thymus weight and fat mass in ovariectomized control mice. The estrogenic responses were substantially reduced in inducible ERαKO mice compared with control mice on BV/TV (-67%), uterine weight (-94%), thymus weight (-70%), and gonadal fat mass (-94%). In contrast, the estrogenic response on cortical bone area was unaffected in inducible ERαKO compared with control mice. In conclusion, using an inducible ERαKO model, not confounded by lack of ERα during development, we demonstrate that ERα expression in sexually mature female mice is required for normal E2 responses in most, but not all, tissues. The finding that cortical, but not trabecular bone, responds normally to E2 treatment in inducible ERαKO mice strengthens the idea of cortical and trabecular bone being regulated by estrogen via different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helen H Farman
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin L Gustafsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jianyao Wu
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petra Henning
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara H Windahl
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Klara Sjögren
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Novum, Sweden
| | - Sofia Movérare-Skrtic
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie K Lagerquist
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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30
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6'-Methoxy Raloxifene-analog enhances mouse bone properties with reduced estrogen receptor binding. Bone Rep 2020; 12:100246. [PMID: 32016137 PMCID: PMC6992940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Raloxifene (RAL) is an FDA-approved drug used to treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. RAL suppresses bone loss primarily through its role as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). This hormonal estrogen therapy promotes unintended side effects, such as hot flashes and increased thrombosis risk, and prevents the drug from being used in some patient populations at-risk for fracture, including children with bone disorders. It has recently been demonstrated that RAL can have significant positive effects on overall bone mechanical properties by binding to collagen and increasing bone tissue hydration in a cell-independent manner. A Raloxifene-Analog (RAL-A) was synthesized by replacing the 6-hydroxyl substituent with 6-methoxy in effort to reduce the compound's binding affinity for estrogen receptors (ER) while maintaining its collagen-binding ability. It was hypothesized that RAL-A would improve the mechanical integrity of bone in a manner similar to RAL, but with reduced estrogen receptor binding. Molecular assessment showed that while RAL-A did reduce ER binding, downstream ER signaling was not completely abolished. In-vitro, RAL-A performed similarly to RAL and had an identical concentration threshold on osteocyte cell proliferation, differentiation, and function. To assess treatment effect in-vivo, wildtype (WT) and heterozygous (OIM+/−) female mice from the Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) murine model were treated with either RAL or RAL-A from 8 weeks to 16 weeks of age. There was an untreated control group for each genotype as well. Bone microarchitecture was assessed using microCT, and mechanical behavior was assessed using 3-point bending. Results indicate that both compounds produced analogous gains in tibial trabecular and cortical microarchitecture. While WT mechanical properties were not drastically altered with either treatment, OIM+/− mechanical properties were significantly enhanced, most notably, in post-yield properties including bone toughness. This proof-of-concept study shows promising results and warrants the exploration of additional analog iterations to further reduce ER binding and improve fracture resistance.
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31
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Zhao J, Huang M, Zhang X, Xu J, Hu G, Zhao X, Cui P, Zhang X. MiR-146a Deletion Protects From Bone Loss in OVX Mice by Suppressing RANKL/OPG and M-CSF in Bone Microenvironment. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:2149-2161. [PMID: 31356686 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs play important roles in osteoporosis and show great potential for diagnosis and therapy of osteoporosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that miR-146a affects osteoblast (OB) and osteoclast (OC) formation. However, these findings have yet to be identified in vivo, and it is unclear whether miR-146a is related to postmenopausal osteoporosis. Here, we demonstrated that miR-146a knockout protects bone loss in mouse model of estrogen-deficient osteoporosis, and miR-146a inhibits OB and OC activities in vitro and in vivo. MiR-146a-/- mice displayed the same bone mass as the wild type (WT) but exhibited a stronger bone turnover than the WT did under normal conditions. Nevertheless, miR-146a-/- mice showed an increase in bone mass after undergoing ovariectomy (OVX) compared with those subjected to sham operation. OC activities were impaired in the miR-146a-/- mice exposed to estrogen deficiency, which was diametrically opposite to the enhanced bone resorption ability of WT. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) from a bone microenvironment affect this extraordinary phenomenon. Therefore, our results implicate that miR-146a plays a key role in estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis, and the inhibition of this molecule provides skeleton protection. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjian Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Guoli Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Penglei Cui
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
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32
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Erem S, Atfi A, Razzaque MS. Anabolic effects of vitamin D and magnesium in aging bone. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 193:105400. [PMID: 31175968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Decreased bone mass and an increased risk of bone fractures become more common with age. This condition is often associated with osteoporosis and is caused by an imbalance of bone resorption and new bone formation. Lifestyle factors that affect the risk of osteoporosis include alcohol, diet, hormones, physical activity, and smoking. Calcium and vitamin D are particularly important for the age-related loss of bone density and skeletal muscle mass, but other minerals, such as magnesium, also have an important role. Here, we summarize how optimal magnesium and vitamin D balance improve health outcomes in the elderly, the role of magnesium and vitamin D on bone formation, and the implications of widespread deficiency of these factors in the United States and worldwide, particularly in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Erem
- Department of Pathology, Saba University School of Medicine, Saba, Dutch Caribbean, Netherlands
| | - Azeddine Atfi
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mohammed S Razzaque
- Department of Pathology, Saba University School of Medicine, Saba, Dutch Caribbean, Netherlands; College of Advancing & Professional Studies (CAPS), University of Massachusetts Boston (UMB), Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA.
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33
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Increased autophagy in EphrinB2-deficient osteocytes is associated with elevated secondary mineralization and brittle bone. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3436. [PMID: 31366886 PMCID: PMC6668467 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineralized bone forms when collagen-containing osteoid accrues mineral crystals. This is initiated rapidly (primary mineralization), and continues slowly (secondary mineralization) until bone is remodeled. The interconnected osteocyte network within the bone matrix differentiates from bone-forming osteoblasts; although osteoblast differentiation requires EphrinB2, osteocytes retain its expression. Here we report brittle bones in mice with osteocyte-targeted EphrinB2 deletion. This is not caused by low bone mass, but by defective bone material. While osteoid mineralization is initiated at normal rate, mineral accrual is accelerated, indicating that EphrinB2 in osteocytes limits mineral accumulation. No known regulators of mineralization are modified in the brittle cortical bone but a cluster of autophagy-associated genes are dysregulated. EphrinB2-deficient osteocytes displayed more autophagosomes in vivo and in vitro, and EphrinB2-Fc treatment suppresses autophagy in a RhoA-ROCK dependent manner. We conclude that secondary mineralization involves EphrinB2-RhoA-limited autophagy in osteocytes, and disruption leads to a bone fragility independent of bone mass. Osteoblasts mediate bone formation, and their differentiation requires expression of EphrinB2. Here, the authors show that EphrinB2 is also expressed by osteocytes, and that its genetic ablation in mice is associated with altered autophagy, elevated mineralization and brittle bone.
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34
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Hammes SR, Levin ER. Impact of estrogens in males and androgens in females. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1818-1826. [PMID: 31042159 DOI: 10.1172/jci125755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens and estrogens are known to be critical regulators of mammalian physiology and development. While these two classes of steroids share similar structures (in general, estrogens are derived from androgens via the enzyme aromatase), they subserve markedly different functions via their specific receptors. In the past, estrogens such as estradiol were thought to be most important in the regulation of female biology, while androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were believed to primarily modulate development and physiology in males. However, the emergence of patients with deficiencies in androgen or estrogen hormone synthesis or actions, as well as the development of animal models that specifically target androgen- or estrogen-mediated signaling pathways, have revealed that estrogens and androgens regulate critical biological and pathological processes in both males and females. In fact, the concept of "male" and "female" hormones is an oversimplification of a complex developmental and biological network of steroid actions that directly impacts many organs. In this Review, we will discuss important roles of estrogens in males and androgens in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Hammes
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Ellis R Levin
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, UCI, Irvine, California, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, UCI and United States Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California, USA
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35
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Hewitt SC, Korach KS. Estrogen Receptors: New Directions in the New Millennium. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:664-675. [PMID: 29901737 PMCID: PMC6173474 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen years have passed since our previous review in this journal in 1999 regarding estrogen receptors. At that time, we described the current assessments of the physiological activities of estrogen and estrogen receptors. Since that time there has been an explosion of progress in our understanding of details of estrogen receptor-mediated processes from the molecular and cellular level to the whole organism. In this review we discuss the basic understanding of estrogen signaling and then elaborate on the progress and current understanding of estrogen receptor actions that have developed using new models and continuing clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia C Hewitt
- Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Endocrinology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Endocrinology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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36
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Wang Y, Lu Y, Li Z, Zhou Y, Gu Y, Pang X, Wu J, Gobin R, Yu J. Oestrogen receptor α regulates the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of stem cells from apical papilla via ERK and JNK MAPK pathways. Cell Prolif 2018; 51:e12485. [PMID: 30069950 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oestrogen receptor (ER) is a common nucleus receptor that is essential for the regulation of cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. This study was to examine whether ERα can affect the proliferation and odonto/osteogenic differentiation of stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Stem cells from apical papillas were isolated, purified and then transfected with ERα lentiviruses. The proliferation capacity was investigated by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and flow cytometry. The odonto/osteogenic differentiation ability was analysed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red staining, western blot assay (WB) and real-time RT-PCR. MAPK pathway and its downstream transcriptional factors were explored by WB assay. RESULTS As indicated by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, ERα had no significant effect on the proliferation of SCAPs. When ERα was overexpressed, the ALP activity and the formation of calcified nodules were significantly enhanced in SCAPs. Moreover, the odonto/osteogenic markers (DMP1/DMP1, DSPP/DSP, RUNX2/RUNX2, OCN/OCN) in SCAPs were significantly up-regulated at both mRNA and protein levels. On the contrary, the odonto/osteogenic differentiation ability of SCAPs was remarkably inhibited after suppression of ERα. Mechanistically, the protein levels of phosphorylated ERK and JNK significantly increased after ERα overexpression. Moreover, some downstream transcriptional factors of MAPK pathway were simultaneously activated by ERα overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Together, the data accumulated here indicated that ERα can enhance the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of SCAPs via ERK and JNK MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province, Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Endodontic Department, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yadie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province, Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Endodontic Department of the West Branch of Hangzhou Dental Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zehan Li
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province, Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Endodontic Department, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yixiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province, Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,IVY Dental Clinic, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongchun Gu
- Department of Dentistry and Central Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Wujiang District, Nantong University, Suzhou, Nantong, China
| | - Xiyao Pang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province, Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Endodontic Department, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jintao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province, Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Endodontic Department, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Romila Gobin
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province, Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinhua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province, Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Endodontic Department, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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37
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Vinel A, Coudert AE, Buscato M, Valera MC, Ostertag A, Katzenellenbogen JA, Katzenellenbogen BS, Berdal A, Babajko S, Arnal JF, Fontaine C. Respective role of membrane and nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) α in the mandible of growing mice: Implications for ERα modulation. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:1520-1531. [PMID: 29624728 PMCID: PMC6563159 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens play an important role in bone growth and maturation as well as in the regulation of bone turnover in adults. Although the effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) are well documented in long bones and vertebrae, little is known regarding its action in the mandible. E2 actions could be mediated by estrogen receptor (ER) α or β. ERs act primarily as transcriptional factors through two activation functions (AFs), AF1 and AF2, but they can also elicit membrane-initiated steroid signaling (MISS). The aim of the present study was to define ER pathways involved in E2 effects on mandibular bone. Using mice models targeting ERβ or ERα, we first show that E2 effects on mandibular bone are mediated by ERα and do not require ERβ. Second, we show that nuclear ERαAF2 is absolutely required for all the actions of E2 on mandibular bone. Third, inactivation of ERαMISS partially reduced the E2 response on bone thickness and volume, whereas there was no significant impact on bone mineral density. Altogether, these results show that both nuclear and membrane ERα are requested to mediate full estrogen effects in the mandible of growing mice. Finally, selective activation of ERαMISS is able to exert an effect on alveolar bone but not on the cortical compartment, contrary to its protective action on femoral cortical bone. To conclude, these results highlight similarities but also specificities between effects of estrogen in long bones and in the mandible that could be of interest in therapeutic approaches to treat bone mass reduction. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Vinel
- INSERM-U 1048, I2MC, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Amelie E Coudert
- Molecular Oral Pathophysiology Team, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM-U 1138, University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Melissa Buscato
- INSERM-U 1048, I2MC, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Agnès Ostertag
- UMR1132, BIOSCAR, University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | - Benita S Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ariane Berdal
- Molecular Oral Pathophysiology Team, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM-U 1138, University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Babajko
- Molecular Oral Pathophysiology Team, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM-U 1138, University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
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38
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Song T, Lin T, Ma J, Guo L, Zhang L, Zhou X, Ye T. Regulation of TRPV5 transcription and expression by E2/ERα signalling contributes to inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:4738-4750. [PMID: 30063124 PMCID: PMC6156443 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing of osteoclasts formation and activity because of oestrogen (E2) deficiency is very important in the aetiology of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Our previous studies showed that E2 inhibited osteoclastic bone resorption by increasing the expression of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 5 (TRPV5) channel. However, the exact mechanism by which E2 increases TRPV5 expression is not fully elucidated. In this study, Western blot, quantitative real‐time PCR, tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase staining, F‐actin ring staining, chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase assay were applied to explore the mechanisms that E2‐induced TRPV5 expression contributes to the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. The results showed that silencing or overexpressing of TRPV5 significantly affected osteoclasts differentiation and activity. Silencing of TRPV5 obviously alleviated E2‐inhibited osteoclastogenesis, resulting in increasing of bone resorption. E2 stimulated mature osteoclasts apoptosis by increasing TRPV5 expression. Further studies showed that E2 increased TRPV5 expression through the interaction of the oestrogen receptor α (ERα) with NF‐κB, which could directly bind to the fragment of −286 nt ~ −277 nt in the promoter region of trpv5. Taken together, we conclude that TRPV5 plays a dominant effect in E2‐mediated osteoclasts formation, bone resorption activity and osteoclasts apoptosis. Furthermore, NF‐κB plays an important role in the transcriptional activation of E2‐ERα stimulated TRPV5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Song
- Department of Orthopaedic surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Second Military Medical University, shanghai, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianwen Ye
- Department of Orthopaedic surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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39
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Nakatsukasa K, Koyama H, Ouchi Y, Ono H, Sakaguchi K, Matsuda T, Kato M, Ishikawa T, Yamada K, Yoshimura M, Koizumi K, Sakurai T, Shigematsu H, Takahashi S, Taira S, Suzuki M, Narui K, Niikura N, Hasegawa Y, Miura D, Konishi E, Taguchi T. Effect of denosumab on low bone mineral density in postmenopausal Japanese women receiving adjuvant aromatase inhibitors for non-metastatic breast cancer: 24-month results. Breast Cancer 2018; 26:106-112. [DOI: 10.1007/s12282-018-0896-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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40
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Kadel S, Kovats S. Sex Hormones Regulate Innate Immune Cells and Promote Sex Differences in Respiratory Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1653. [PMID: 30079065 PMCID: PMC6062604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in the incidence and severity of respiratory virus infection are widely documented in humans and murine models and correlate with sex biases in numbers and/or functional responses of innate immune cells in homeostasis and lung infection. Similarly, changes in sex hormone levels upon puberty, pregnancy, and menopause/aging are associated with qualitative and quantitative differences in innate immunity. Immune cells express receptors for estrogens (ERα and ERβ), androgens (AR), and progesterone (PR), and experimental manipulation of sex hormone levels or receptors has revealed that sex hormone receptor activity often underlies sex differences in immune cell numbers and/or functional responses in the respiratory tract. While elegant studies have defined mechanistic roles for sex hormones and receptors in innate immune cells, much remains to be learned about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of ER, PR, and AR in myeloid cells and innate lymphocytes to promote the initiation and resolution of antiviral immunity in the lung. Here, we review the literature on sex differences and sex hormone regulation in innate immune cells in the lung in homeostasis and upon respiratory virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapana Kadel
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Susan Kovats
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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41
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Anti-Osteoporotic Effects of Polysaccharides Isolated from Persimmon Leaves via Osteoclastogenesis Inhibition. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070901. [PMID: 30011853 PMCID: PMC6073770 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.f.) leaves have traditionally been used as a phytomedicine, in health beverages to treat cardiovascular and respiratory disease and to promote maternal health in East Asia. In particular, polysaccharides from persimmon are known to have anti-coagulant, anti-oxidant, and immune-stimulatory activities. However, their beneficial effects against osteoporosis have not been reported. In the present study, we investigated the anti-osteoporotic effects of polysaccharides from persimmon leaves (PLE0) using an in vivo model of ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss and an in vitro system of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation. In the OVX mouse model, PLE0 remarkably improved OVX-induced trabecular bone loss by suppressing osteoclast activity. In primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs), PLE0 dose-dependently inhibited osteoclast differentiation. In addition, PLE0 down-regulated RANKL-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as p38, ERK, and JNK resulting in suppression of nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) expression. Our results indicate that PLE0 has anti-osteoporotic effects in OVX-induced bone loss via inhibition of osteoclast differentiation. Taken together, PLE0 from persimmon may prevent postmenopausal bone loss and osteoporotic bone fragility.
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42
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Salamanna F, Borsari V, Contartese D, Nicoli Aldini N, Fini M. Link between estrogen deficiency osteoporosis and susceptibility to bone metastases: A way towards precision medicine in cancer patients. Breast 2018; 41:42-50. [PMID: 30007267 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Different fields of cancer management consider bone health to be of increasing clinical importance for patients: 1) presence of bone metastases in many solid tumors, 2) use of bone-targeted treatments in the reduction of bone metastasis, 3) effects of cancer treatment on reproductive hormones, critical for normal bone remodeling maintenance. Additionally, bone microenvironment is further complicated by the decline of ovarian sex steroid production and by the related increase in inflammatory factors linked to menopause, which result in accelerated bone loss and increased risk of osteoporosis (OP). Similarly, cancers and metastasis to bone showed a close relationship with sex hormones (particularly estrogen). Thus, these findings raise a question: Could pre-existing estrogen deficiency OP promote and/or influence cancer cell homing and tumor growth in bone? Although some preclinical and clinical evidence exists, it is mandatory to understand this aspect that would be relevant in the clinical theatre, where physicians need to understand the treatments available to reduce the risk of skeletal disease in cancer patients. This descriptive systematic review summarizes preclinical and clinical studies dealing with bimodal interactions between pre-existing estrogen deficiency OP and bone metastasis development and provides evidence supporting differences in tumor growth and colonization between healthy and OP status. Few studies evaluated the impact of estrogen deficiency OP on the susceptibility to bone metastases. Therefore, implementing biological knowledge, could help researchers and clinicians to have a better comprehension of the importance of pre- and post-menopausal bone microenvironment and its clinical implications for precision medicine in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Salamanna
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli RIT Department, IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - V Borsari
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli RIT Department, IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy.
| | - D Contartese
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli RIT Department, IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - N Nicoli Aldini
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli RIT Department, IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - M Fini
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Technology Innovation, Rizzoli RIT Department, IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
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43
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Benyi E, Sävendahl L. The Physiology of Childhood Growth: Hormonal Regulation. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 88:6-14. [PMID: 28437784 DOI: 10.1159/000471876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth patterns of a child changes from uterine life until the end of puberty. Height velocity is highest in utero and declines after birth until puberty when it rises again. Important hormonal regulators of childhood growth are growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1, sex steroids, and thyroid hormone. This review gives an overview of these hormonal regulators of growth and their interplay with nutrition and other key players such as inflammatory cytokines.
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44
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Tang YQ, Li C, Sun XJ, Liu Y, Wang XT, Guo YB, Wang LL, Ma RF, Niu JZ, Fu M, Zhang DW, Li Y. Fructus Ligustri Lucidi modulates estrogen receptor expression with no uterotrophic effect in ovariectomized rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:118. [PMID: 29609586 PMCID: PMC5880075 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence suggests that Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL) plays a beneficial role in preventing the development of osteoporosis. However, the effects of FLL on estrogen receptor (ER) α and ERβ expressions remain unknown. Therefore, in the current study we attempted to probe into the effects of FLL on ERα and ERβ expressions in femurs, tibias and uteri of ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Methods The OVX rats were orally administrated with FLL water extract (3.5 g/kg/day) for 12 weeks. The uteri, femurs, tibias and serum were harvested from rats. The serum levels of estrogen (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were determined by ELISA. The expressions of ERα and ERβ in the femurs and tibias as well as uteri were analysed by western blot and immunohistochemical staining. Results FLL treatment did not increase uterus relative weight in OVX rats. Further, FLL treatment increased ERα expression in the femurs and tibias, and enhanced ERβ expression in the uteri of OVX rats. However, the resulted expression of ERα was stronger than that of ERβ in OVX rats in response to FLL treatment. Meanwhile, administration with FLL to OVX rats increased FSH and LH but did not increase E2 level in the serum. Conclusion FLL treatment shows tissue selection on ERα and ERβ expressions in the femurs and tibias as well as uteri of OVX rats without uterotrophic effect, which may offer the scientific evidence of the efficiency and safety of its clinical application.
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Xin F, Smith LM, Susiarjo M, Bartolomei MS, Jepsen KJ. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, epigenetics, and skeletal system dysfunction: exploration of links using bisphenol A as a model system. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2018; 4:dvy002. [PMID: 29732168 PMCID: PMC5920333 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvy002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Early life exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been associated with physiological changes of endocrine-sensitive tissues throughout postnatal life. Although hormones play a critical role in skeletal growth and maintenance, the effects of prenatal EDC exposure on adult bone health are not well understood. Moreover, studies assessing skeletal changes across multiple generations are limited. In this article, we present previously unpublished data demonstrating dose-, sex-, and generation-specific changes in bone morphology and function in adult mice developmentally exposed to the model estrogenic EDC bisphenol A (BPA) at doses of 10 μg (lower dose) or 10 mg per kg bw/d (upper dose) throughout gestation and lactation. We show that F1 generation adult males, but not females, developmentally exposed to bisphenol A exhibit dose-dependent reductions in outer bone size resulting in compromised bone stiffness and strength. These structural alterations and weaker bone phenotypes in the F1 generation did not persist in the F2 generation. Instead, F2 generation males exhibited greater bone strength. The underlying mechanisms driving the EDC-induced physiological changes remain to be determined. We discuss potential molecular changes that could contribute to the EDC-induced skeletal effects, with an emphasis on epigenetic dysregulation. Furthermore, we assess the necessity of intact sex steroid receptors to mediate these effects. Expanding future assessments of EDC-induced effects to the skeleton may provide much needed insight into one of the many health effects of these chemicals and aid in regulatory decision making regarding exposure of vulnerable populations to these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Xin
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lauren M Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Martha Susiarjo
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY14642, USA
| | - Marisa S Bartolomei
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karl J Jepsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Kadel S, Ainsua-Enrich E, Hatipoglu I, Turner S, Singh S, Khan S, Kovats S. A Major Population of Functional KLRG1 - ILC2s in Female Lungs Contributes to a Sex Bias in ILC2 Numbers. Immunohorizons 2018; 2:74-86. [PMID: 29568816 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1800008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans show significant sex differences in the incidence and severity of respiratory diseases, including asthma and virus infection. Sex hormones contribute to the female sex bias in type 2 inflammation associated with respiratory diseases, consistent with recent reports that female lungs harbor greater numbers of GATA-3-dependent group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). In this study, we determined whether sex hormone levels govern sex differences in the numbers, phenotype, and function of ILC2s in the murine lung and bone marrow (BM). Our data show that lungs of female mice harbor significantly greater ILC2 numbers in homeostasis, in part due to a major subset of ILC2s lacking killer-cell lectin like receptor G1 (KLRG1), a population largely absent in male lungs. The KLRG1- ILC2s were capable of type 2 cytokine production and increased with age after sexual maturity, suggesting that a unique functional subset exists in females. Experiments with gonadectomized mice or mice bearing either global or lymphocyte restricted estrogen receptor α (Esr1) deficiency showed that androgens rather than estrogens regulated numbers of the KLRG1- ILC2 subset and ILC2 functional capacity in the lung and BM, as well as levels of GATA-3 expression in BM ILC2s. Furthermore, the frequency of BM PLZF+ ILC precursors was higher in males and increased by excess androgens, suggesting that androgens act to inhibit the transition of ILC precursors to ILC2s. Taken together, these data show that a functional subset of KLRG1- ILC2s in females contributes to the sex bias in lung ILC2s that is observed after reproductive age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapana Kadel
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Erola Ainsua-Enrich
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Ibrahim Hatipoglu
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Sean Turner
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Simar Singh
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Sohaib Khan
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Susan Kovats
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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Khosla S, Monroe DG. Regulation of Bone Metabolism by Sex Steroids. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031211. [PMID: 28710257 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a significant public health problem, and a major cause of the disease is estrogen deficiency following menopause in women. In addition, considerable evidence now shows that estrogen is also a major regulator of bone metabolism in men. Since the original description of the effects of estrogen deficiency on bone by Fuller Albright more than 70 years ago, there has been enormous progress in understanding the mechanisms of estrogen and testosterone action on bone using human and mouse models. Although we understand more about the effects of estrogen on bone as compared with testosterone, both sex steroids do play important roles, perhaps in a somewhat compartment-specific (i.e., cancellous vs. cortical bone) manner. This review summarizes our current knowledge of sex steroid action on bone based on human and mouse studies, identifies both agreements and potential discrepancies between these studies, and suggests directions for future research in this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep Khosla
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - David G Monroe
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging and Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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Lu S, Sun C, Miao C, Zhao Z. ERβ compensates for the absence of ERα function to promote osteoblast viability by inhibition of SOST signaling. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:3387-3392. [PMID: 29042923 PMCID: PMC5639354 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ) serve key functions in bone development and maintenance, and in the metabolism of bone mineral. ERβ and ERα form heterodimers, and ERβ negatively regulates the transactivation of ERα. ERβ also inhibits recruitment of ERα to the estrogen-responsive promoters. However, the relationship of ERα and ERβ in the regulation of osteoblast viability and differentiation remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate whether ERβ plays a role in balancing ERα activity in osteoblast cells. Downregulation of ERα by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was found to significantly increase cell cycle arrest at G1 phase (P<0.01). In addition, this effect was found to be significantly enhanced by downregulation of ERβ (P<0.05). Inversely, ERα-knocked down osteoblasts were treated with ERβ agonist 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile (DPN) to activate ERβ. It was found that activation of ERβ significantly rescued the arrest of cell cycle induced by the downregulation of ERα (P<0.05). Furthermore, downregulation of ERα was found to significantly inhibit cell viability (P<0.01), and knockdown of ERβ was found to have a significant synergic effect with ERα downregulation on the inhibition of cell viability (P<0.01). Treatment with ERβ agonist DPN significantly rescued the effects of downregulation of ERα on cell viability (P<0.01). It was also demonstrated that the synergic effects of ERα and ERβ deletion was via upregulation of SOST gene expression, and the subsequent inhibition of OPG and Runx2 gene expression. Thus, ERβ may serve a function in balancing osteoblast viability and differentiation induced by ERα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijin Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Peace Hospital of Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, P.R. China
| | - Changying Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Peace Hospital of Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, P.R. China
| | - Congxiu Miao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Peace Hospital of Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongfu Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Peace Hospital of Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, P.R. China
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Bado I, Gugala Z, Fuqua SAW, Zhang XHF. Estrogen receptors in breast and bone: from virtue of remodeling to vileness of metastasis. Oncogene 2017; 36:4527-4537. [PMID: 28368409 PMCID: PMC5552443 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer. High rates of bone colonization in breast cancer, especially in the subtype expressing estrogen receptors (ERs), suggest tissue-specific proclivities for metastatic tumor formation. The mechanisms behind this subtype-specific organ-tropism remains largely elusive. Interestingly, as the major driver of ER+ breast cancer, ERs also have important roles in bone development and homeostasis. Thus, any agents targeting ER will also inevitably affect the microenvironment, which involves the osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Yet, how such microenvironmental effects are integrated with direct therapeutic responses of cancer cells remain poorly understood. Recent findings on ER mutations, especially their enrichment in bone metastasis, raised even more provocative questions on the role of ER in cancer-bone interaction. In this review, we evaluate the importance of ERs in bone metastasis and discuss new avenues of investigation for bone metastasis treatment based on current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Bado
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Zbigniew Gugala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Suzanne A. W. Fuqua
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Xiang H.-F. Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
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Cooke PS, Nanjappa MK, Ko C, Prins GS, Hess RA. Estrogens in Male Physiology. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:995-1043. [PMID: 28539434 PMCID: PMC6151497 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens have historically been associated with female reproduction, but work over the last two decades established that estrogens and their main nuclear receptors (ESR1 and ESR2) and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) also regulate male reproductive and nonreproductive organs. 17β-Estradiol (E2) is measureable in blood of men and males of other species, but in rete testis fluids, E2 reaches concentrations normally found only in females and in some species nanomolar concentrations of estrone sulfate are found in semen. Aromatase, which converts androgens to estrogens, is expressed in Leydig cells, seminiferous epithelium, and other male organs. Early studies showed E2 binding in numerous male tissues, and ESR1 and ESR2 each show unique distributions and actions in males. Exogenous estrogen treatment produced male reproductive pathologies in laboratory animals and men, especially during development, and studies with transgenic mice with compromised estrogen signaling demonstrated an E2 role in normal male physiology. Efferent ductules and epididymal functions are dependent on estrogen signaling through ESR1, whose loss impaired ion transport and water reabsorption, resulting in abnormal sperm. Loss of ESR1 or aromatase also produces effects on nonreproductive targets such as brain, adipose, skeletal muscle, bone, cardiovascular, and immune tissues. Expression of GPER is extensive in male tracts, suggesting a possible role for E2 signaling through this receptor in male reproduction. Recent evidence also indicates that membrane ESR1 has critical roles in male reproduction. Thus estrogens are important physiological regulators in males, and future studies may reveal additional roles for estrogen signaling in various target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Cooke
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Manjunatha K Nanjappa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - CheMyong Ko
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gail S Prins
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rex A Hess
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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