Flavonoids: an overview

Peony seed meal supplementation enhances semen quality in aged Qinchuan bulls

Healthy Qinchuan bulls aged 8.5-9.5 years were selected and randomly divided into 6 groups based on 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% dietary supplementation of peony seed meal for three months. Overall, linear motility (LM), progressive motility (PM), straight-line velocity (VSL), curvilinear velocity (VCL), and the percentage increase of all sperm grades (A to D) were affected (p<0.05) by the dietary supplementation. LM (29.5 vs. 24.1%), PM (69.4 vs. 60.0%), VLS (38.0 vs. 33.3 μm/s), and VCL (48.3 vs. 44.3 μm/s) were consistently higher in the 6% peony seed meal dietary supplementation groups than in the control group, respectively. A similar pattern was observed in the 8% group. Inversely to sperm grades C and D, grades A and B were higher in all treated groups than the control group, except for the 2% group in sperm grade A. Moreover, the levels of the enzymes Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR; except for 2% peony seed group), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) were higher than the control group. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was lower in all treated groups than in the control group. Dietary supplementation of 2-8% peony seed meal improves the semen quality of aged Qinchuan bulls.

Advances in capillary electrophoresis for plant analysis

Capillary and microchip electrophoresis plays an important role in the analysis of the chemical composition of plants and nutrient soils, which finds applications in plant physiology, agrochemistry, medicine, toxicology and food science. Electrophoretic methods are used to determine minerals such as nutrients, heavy metal ions, primary and secondary metabolites, herbicides, phytohormones, peptides, proteins and extracellular vesicles. Progress is particularly evident in the following topics: i) development of mobile electrophoretic analysers for field-based monitoring of soil mineral supply, ii) direct analysis of xylem sap without sample treatment, iii) coupling of capillary and microchip electrophoresis with mass spectrometry for comprehensive metabolome and proteome characterization, iv) determination of secondary metabolites as biologically active compounds with a range of therapeutic and toxicological effects, v) monitoring of herbicides and their degradation dynamics, vi) research on plant exudates, extracellular vesicles and specific protein interactions.

Integrating network pharmacology and in vivo pharmacological validation to explore the gastroprotective mechanism of Sotetsuflavone against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats: Involvement of JAK2/STAT3 pathway

Sotetsuflavone (SF) is an antioxidant flavonoid derived from the Cycas thouarsii R.Br. plant. Although SF regulates numerous cellular pathways influencing inflammation, its antiinflammatory benefits against gastric ulcers are less well-studied. Hence, it is imperative to thoroughly understand the potential gastroprotective mechanisms of SF. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of SF against indomethacin (IND)-induced gastric ulcers. Network analysis and molecular docking were used to identify the specific targets and pathways related to SF and stomach ulcers. To validate the in vivo pharmacological action of SF, 36 rats were divided into six groups. Ulcer index (UI), protective percentage (PP), gastric mucosal mediators, oxidant/antioxidant status, and inflammatory markers (MIF, M-CSF, and AIF-1) were assessed. Additionally, the expression of PI3K, Akt, Siah2, SOCS3, JAK2, and STAT3 was determined. Stomach histopathology and immunohistochemistry were done. Network pharmacology detected 46 overlapping targets between SF and stomach ulcers, with HIF1A as the primary target among the top hubs. The network also revealed that JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt, and HIF-1A signaling are among the top 50 markedly enriched KEGG pathways. Furthermore, docking results confirmed that SF has a strong binding affinity towards SOCS3, JAK2, STAT3, M-CSF (CSF-1), and AIF-1. Therefore, we hypothesized that the JAK2/STAT3 pathway may be primarily responsible for SF antiinflammatory action. Through up-regulating SOCS3, SF altered the PI3K/Akt pathway, mitigating oxidative stress, blocking the outflow of inflammatory mediators, and impeding gastric ulcer development. Overall, SF, by the SOCS3-mediated JAK2/STAT3 suppression, might considerably reduce oxidative stress, inflammation, and ulceration caused by indomethacin in the stomach.

Solar-driven photochemical synthesis of bismuth-naringin nanoparticles with anticancer properties

Bismuth-naringin (BiNar) nanoparticles were developed using a straightforward sunlight-assisted photochemical method to enhance the properties of naringin. The resulting BiNar colloid consists in semi-spherical particles of approximately 30 nm in size with a negative surface charge. Complexation was elucidated using various spectrometric techniques. The anticancer properties of both naringin and the nanoparticles were evaluated by performing MTT colorimetric assays in human cervical cancer cells. BiNar significantly reduced the viability of cancer cells, underscoring its therapeutic potential.

Therapeutic potential of natural flavonoids in atherosclerosis through endothelium-protective mechanisms: An update

Atherosclerosis and its associated cardiovascular complications remain significant global public health challenges, underscoring the urgent need for effective therapeutic strategies. Endothelial cells are critical for maintaining vascular health and homeostasis, and their dysfunction is a key contributor to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Targeting endothelial dysfunction has, therefore, emerged as a promising approach for the prevention and management of atherosclerosis. Among natural products, flavonoids, a diverse class of plant-derived phenolic compounds, have garnered significant attention for their anti-atherosclerotic properties. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that flavonoids can mitigate endothelial dysfunction, highlighting their potential as endothelial dysfunction-targeted therapeutics for atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the roles of natural flavonoids in modulating various aspects of endothelial dysfunction and their therapeutic effects on atherosclerosis, focusing on the underlying molecular mechanisms. We also discuss the challenges and future prospects of translating natural flavonoids into clinical applications for cardiovascular medicine. This review aims to provide critical insights to advance the development of novel endothelium-protective pharmacotherapies for atherosclerosis.

Phytoestrogens as potential anti-osteoporosis nutraceuticals: Major sources and mechanism(s) of action

By 2050, the global aging population is predicted to reach 1.5 billion, highlighting the need to enhance the quality of life of the elderly population. Osteoporotic fractures are projected to affect one in three women and one in five men over age 50. Initial treatments for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women include antiresorptive agents such as bisphosphonates, strontium ranelate, estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). However, these do not rebuild bone, limiting their effectiveness. Denosumab, an FDA-approved antiresorptive monoclonal antibody, also has drawbacks including high costs, biannual subcutaneous injections, slow healing, impaired bone growth and side effects like eczema, flatulence, cellulitis, osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) and an increased risk of spinal fractures after discontinuation of treatment. Nutraceuticals, particularly phytoestrogens, are gaining attention for their health benefits and safety in osteoporosis prevention, management and treatment. Phytoestrogens are plant metabolites similar to mammalian estrogens and include isoflavones, coumestans, lignans, stilbenes, and flavonoids. They interact with estrogen receptor isoforms ERα and ERβ, acting as agonists or antagonists based on concentration and bioavailability. Their tissue-selective activities are particularly significant: anti-estrogenic effects in reproductive tissues may lower the risk of hormone-related cancers (such as ovarian, uterine, breast and prostate), while estrogenic effects on bone could contribute to the preservation of bone mineral density.Phytoestrogens are, thus, used in managing breast and prostate cancers, cardiovascular diseases, menopause and osteoporosis. The present review focuses on the botanical origin, classification, sources and mechanism(s) of action of major phytoestrogens, their potential in prevention and management of osteoporosis and the requirement for additional clinical trials to achieve more definitive outcomes in order to confirm their efficacy and dosage safety.

Protective effects of sinensetin against oxidative stress damage induced by AAPH in the brain-gut

Sinensetin (SIN for short) is one of the most common polymethoxyflavonoids found in citrus fruits. Recently, it has been extensively studied due to its ability to prevent or treat a wide range of diseases, including diabetes, obesity, neurological disorders, and cancer. Oxidative stress is closely related to the pathogenesis of many diseases. Based on literature research and the results of our previous experiments, we found that flavonoids have significant antioxidant effects. This study found that sinensetin alleviated AAPH-induced oxidative stress in zebrafish and alleviated intestinal and brain damage (including brain neurons, vascular development, and blood-brain barrier integrity). This study is of great significance for further study of the relationship between gut-brain changes and oxidative stress. This study provides a practical and convenient tool for real-time tracking of the protective effect of natural products on the in vivo oxidative stress model induced by AAPH. In addition, it paves the way for the discovery of more antioxidants in the future.

Antibiotic potentiators as a promising strategy for combating antibiotic resistance

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical global health challenge. It arises from pathogens' resistance to antibiotics due to misuse, overuse, and insufficient regulation. As new antibiotics emerge slowly, antibiotic potentiators can enhance existing treatments against resistant strains. Challenges such as toxicity and regulatory barriers necessitate further studies to optimize these agents. This review examines the mechanisms, sources, and recent advancements in antibiotic potentiation while highlighting its potential to combat AMR.

Ginsenoside-Enriched Panax ginseng Sprouts Cultivated from Aquaponic System with a Novel Nutrient Solution Regulate LPS-Induced Inflammatory Cytokines and UVB-Induced Photoaging Responses via MAPK/AP-1 Signaling Pathways

Panax ginseng sprouts (GSs) have attracted attention as functional resources due to their short cultivation time and enriched ginsenoside content. This study aimed to evaluate the bioactivities of GSs cultivated using kelp fermentates (KF) as a nutrient solution under a smart-farming system. Ginsenoside-enriched extract (FGE), its water-soluble saponin fraction (WFGE), and 70% ethanol-soluble saponin fraction (EFGE) were analyzed for phytochemical contents and biological activities. The EFGE exhibited the highest levels of eight major ginsenosides, including Rg1, Rb1, Rc, Rg2, Rb2, Rd, Rf, and F2. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were significantly higher in KF-treated ginseng and their crude saponin fractions, with EFGE showing the highest values. WFGE and EFGE indicated strong antioxidant activity through ABTS radical scavenging assays. In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, all extracts significantly inhibited nitric oxide production and downregulated IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 expression. Moreover, UVB-irradiated human fibroblasts (Hs68) treated with KF-derived fractions showed increased cell viability, enhanced procollagen synthesis, and reduced MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression. These effects were associated with suppression of MAPK/AP-1 signaling. In conclusion, GSs cultivated with KF exhibit notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-photoaging activities, suggesting their potential as natural ingredients for skin health applications.

In silico molecular docking and predictive ADME properties, in vitro antioxidant scavenging capacities, and in vivo pharmacological activities to study the potential of Pterocarpus mildbraedii's Harms (Fabaceae) in preventing vaginal dysbiosis and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in an estropause rat model

Vaginal dysbiosis (VaD) is a common issue among menopausal women, who are particularly susceptible to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Pterocarpus sp. are known to induce estrogen-like activities, which are the key pathways for menopause-related disorders. This study aims to evaluate the potential of Pterocarpus mildbraedii water extract on VaD and CVD risk factors using an estropause (EP) rat model. Furthermore, predictive ADME properties and molecular docking with target proteins were assessed to develop alternative medicinal treatments for menopause. The secondary metabolites in P. mildbraedii water extract (Pm) were analyzed using UHPLC-MS and quantitative phytochemistry methods. The extract's ability to scavenge free radicals was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP tests. Molecular docking assessed the extract's binding ability to various receptors. SwissADME and Molinspiration were utilized to predict its pharmacokinetic and bioactivity properties. Subsequently, the therapeutic potential of Pm was assessed in rats, focusing on its estrogen-like, eubiotic, and cardioprotective activities. UHPLC-MS enables us to identify several compounds. Predictive ADME analyses have indicated that most compounds comply with Lipinski's Rule of Five for oral drugs. Additionally, they inhibit CYP1A2 and bind to several receptors and enzymes through conventional hydrogen bonding. In rats, ovariectomy-induced EP reduced glycogen levels and vaginal lactic acid and decreased in the population of Lactobacillus spp., which is characteristic of VaD. This condition also increases CVD risk factors. Overall, this study underscores the potential of Pterocarpus mildbraedii in preventing VaD and CVD risk factors related to hypoestrogenism. This extract positions itself as a promising alternative treatment for menopause-related disorders.

Phlomis genus: bridging tradition and science in medicinal Research-a review of phytochemistry and pharmacological properties

The genus Phlomis contains more than 100 species distributed in North Africa and the Mediterranean region. This review highlights Phlomis-derived compounds' biological and pharmacological properties and their essential oils, with a special emphasis on anticancer activities. Relevant data was collected from scientific sources including Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, and Springer Link by using the keyword "Phlomis". Also, the latest version of the plants' names was checked by www.worldfloraonline.org. Important Phytochemicals compounds like flavonoids, iridoids, and alkaloids, which were isolated from different Phlomis species showed significant biological activity, and inhibitory effects on various cancer cells (MCF-7, A549, HepG2, HT-29, etc.) via different mechanisms. The collected data strongly underpins the viewpoint that species belonging to the Phlomis genus have diverse biological and pharmaceutical activities to treat various diseases, including cancer, and their remarkable antimicrobial properties with no or minimal health and environmental hazards.

Bi-functional transcription factor SlbHLH95 regulates fruits flavonoid metabolism and grey mould resistance in tomato

Flavonoids are polyphenolic secondary metabolites in tomato fruit with important roles in nutritional quality. Dissecting the transcriptional regulatory network modulating flavonoid metabolism is the first step to improve the nutritional quality of tomato fruits through molecular breeding technology. In this study, we identified a transcription factor SlbHLH95 as a key regulator in flavonoid metabolism through analysis of the MicroTom Metabolic Network (MMN) data set. Functional analyses revealed that knockout of SlbHLH95 increased the accumulation of naringenin, while the levels of rutin and nictoflorin decreased. Conversely, overexpression of SlbHLH95 resulted in an opposite pattern of accumulation of flavonoids. Transactivation assays showed that SlbHLH95 positively activated the expression of SlF3H and SlFLS, two key enzyme-encoding genes in the flavonoid pathway, while repressing the expression of SlCHS1. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrated that SlbHLH95 could directly bind to the promoters of SlF3H and SlFLS, although it could not bind to the promoter of SlCHS1. Furthermore, SlbHLH95 interacted with the transcription factor SlMYB12 and coordinately regulated the expression of SlF3H and SlFLS. Beyond its role in flavonoid metabolism, SlbHLH95 positively regulated the grey mould resistance in tomato fruits by repressing SlBG10. Overall, our findings revealed the important role of bi-functional SlbHLH95 in flavonoid metabolism and grey mould resistance in tomato fruits by acting as both a transcriptional activator and a repressor. This study provides new insights into strategies for improving fruit quality and enhancing fruit disease resistance through targeted genetic modulation.

Targeting the MAPK signaling pathway: implications and prospects of flavonoids in 3P medicine as modulators of cancer cell plasticity and therapeutic resistance in breast cancer patients

Cancer drug resistance poses a significant challenge in oncology, primarily driven by cancer cell plasticity, which promotes tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic evasion in many different cancers. Breast cancers (BCs) are a prominent example of that, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases and 670,000 BC-related deaths registered worldwide annually. Triple-negative BC is especially challenging for treatments demonstrating particularly aggressive disease course, an early manifestation of metastatic disease, frequent drug-resistant cancer types, and poor individual outcomes. Although chemosensitizing agents have been developed, their clinical utility in oncology remains unproven. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is considered a critical regulator of intracellular and extracellular signaling highly relevant for both - genetic and epigenetic modifications. Dysregulation of the MAPK signaling pathways plays a significant role in conferring chemoresistance in BC. Contextually, targeting the MAPK pathway represents a promising strategy for overcoming drug resistance and enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer agents in BC treatment. On the other hand, flavonoids, a prominent class of phytochemicals, are key modulators of MAPK signaling. Flavonoids interact with the ERK, JNK, p38, and ERK5 pathways of the MAPK signaling cascade and present a promising avenue for developing novel anti-cancer therapies and re-sensitizing agents for the treatment of BC. Compounds such as quercetin, kaempferol, genistein, luteolin, myricetin, EGCG, baicalein, baicalin, nobiletin, morin, delphinidin, acacetin, isorhamnetin, apigenin, silymarin, among others, have been identified as specific modulators of MAPK signaling, exerting complex downstream effects in BC cells increasing therewith drug efficacy and suppressing tumor growth and aggressivity. These properties reflect mechanisms of great clinical relevance to overcome therapeutic resistance in overall BC management. This article highlights corresponding mechanisms and provides clinically relevant illustrations in the framework of 3P medicine for primary (protection of individuals at high risk against health-to-disease transition) and secondary care (protection against metastatic BC progression). 3PM novelty makes good use of patient phenotyping and stratification, predictive multi-level diagnostics, and application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools to the individualized interpretation of big data - all proposed for cost-effective treatments tailored to individualized patient profiles with clear benefits to patients and advanced BC management.

Naringenin as potentiator of norfloxacin efficacy through inhibition of the NorA efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus

Bacterial resistance is a major challenge in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections, with efflux mechanisms highlighted as reducing the efficacy of antibiotics. In this study, we investigated the potential of naringenin, a natural flavonoid, as an antibacterial agent and efflux pump inhibitor in S. aureus strains 1199 and 1199B. The studies used minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, ethidium bromide (EtBr) fluorescence emission enhancement assays, cell membrane permeability assays, and in silico molecular docking and ADME prediction assays. Naringenin showed no relevant antibacterial activity (MIC ≥1024 μg/mL). However, it potentiated the effect of norfloxacin and EtBr, reducing their MICs and increasing the fluorescence emission of EtBr, suggesting a possible inhibition of the NorA efflux pump. Bacterial membrane permeability was not significantly affected. Molecular docking assays indicated that naringenin interacts with the chlorpromazine binding site and has more favorable affinity energy than the chlorpromazine-NorA complex. ADME prediction showed favorable physicochemical properties, good oral absorption, metabolic stability and central nervous system safety. Therefore, naringenin demonstrates the potential to reverse the efficacy of norfloxacin in S. aureus by associating with efflux inhibition through effective interactions with the NorA protein, suggesting its therapeutic potential against bacterial resistance.

Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanisms and the regulatory role of LjAN2 in Lonicera japonica

Lonicera japonica flowers are a very commonly used traditional Chinese herb. Anthocyanins are the source of flower pigments, and also are renowned for their therapeutic activities. However, the specific anthocyanin composition and regulatory mechanisms governing their accumulation in L. japonica varieties remain unclear. Here, we first investigated the changes in flower color and anthocyanin content during development in the green flower (GFLJ) and the purple flower (PFLJ) cultivars of L. japonica. Results show GFLJ has green flowers and PFLJ has purple flowers, which are especially remarkable during S3-S4 stages. Accordingly, PFLJ had much higher (>10 times) anthocyanins contents at all the six flower stages than those of GFLJ. Further metabolomic analysis in S3 stage flowers found that most anthocyanins showed increased accumulation, whereas flavones and flavonols showed decreased accumulation in PFLJ compared to GFLJ. Transcriptome analysis identified 21 (85.7 % upregulated) anthocyanin synthase gene DEGs, and 23 MYB transcription factor (TF) DEGs (play essential roles in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis). In addition, 19 GST and 14 MATE DEGs (play key roles in anthocyanins accumulation) were identified. Further, we found a novel MYB TF (LjAN2) that showed much higher expression in PFLJ. LjAN2 overexpression in tobacco led to purple leaves, and the upregulation of anthocyanin synthase genes (NtCHS and NtANS), as well as increased anthocyanin accumulation. This research offers a comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis of anthocyanin biosynthesis in L. japonica, highlighting its potential applications in the pharmaceutical industry.

Metabolomic analysis of flavonoid diversity and biosynthetic pathways in whole grains

Whole grains represent key components of a healthy diet, helping to meet the nutritional needs of consumers and playing a crucial role in preventing chronic diseases. Whole grains are rich in various types of flavonoids with antioxidants and health-promoting properties at varying levels. This article defines and elucidates different whole grain types, analyses the advantages and disadvantages of commonly used metabolomics instruments, and systematically organises and classifies flavonoids detected in whole grains. Additionally, we mapped flavonoid biosynthetic pathways and discussed the usefulness of metabolomic techniques in elucidating the functions of key genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. The MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complex regulates flavonoid biosynthesis during seed development, regulating seed colour and flavonoid content. In addition, MBW complex expression is highly tissue-specific; it is preferentially expressed in purple or black tissues. This review describes flavonoid diversity and biosynthetic pathways in whole grains and provides a theoretical foundation for functional whole grain development and usage.

Cisplatin-Induced Muscle Wasting and Atrophy: Molecular Mechanism and Potential Therapeutic Interventions

Platinum-based chemotherapeutics, particularly cisplatin, are crucial in the treatment of various malignancies due to their strong antitumor effects. However, a significant side effect of cisplatin is muscle atrophy, which severely impairs physical strength, diminishes quality of life and complicates cancer therapy. Cisplatin-induced muscle wasting arises from a complex interplay of enhanced proteolysis, reduced muscle protein synthesis and systemic inflammation. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy is vital for identifying new therapeutic targets. This review systematically explores molecular-based therapies and plant-derived natural compounds, providing a comprehensive overview of their efficacy in vivo and in vitro for preventing cisplatin-induced muscle atrophy. Both molecular-based therapies and plant-derived natural compounds present promising strategies for mitigating cisplatin-induced muscle atrophy. Ghrelin, growth hormone secretagogues and testosterone stimulate anabolic pathways and reduce muscle degradation, whereas natural compounds like capsaicin and naringenin exert protective effects by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of muscle atrophy, combined with optimized therapeutic applications, may facilitate the clinical translation of these interventions to improve outcomes for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Targeting Nudix Hydrolase 5 with Bioactive Flavonoids: Molecular Dynamics and Docking Studies for Breast Cancer Therapy

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent malignancy among women globally and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Consequently, there is an urgent need for new, effective treatment strategies for breast cancer. Research has shown that the enzyme nudix hydrolase 5 (NUDT5) plays a critical role in promoting breast cancer aggressiveness and serves as a key regulator of oncogenic pathways. The development of NUDT5 inhibitors presents a viable strategy for enhancing treatment results in managing BC. The ability of the flavonoids to modulate key biochemical pathways and improve therapeutic outcomes highlights their promise in developing novel breast cancer treatments. Hence, the main objective of the present investigation is to identify the potential interaction of structurally diverse bioactive flavonoids with the active site of the target NUDT5. Our docking analysis revealed that the flavonoids such as naringin and genistein have shown a significant binding association with residues Arg51, Asp60, Gln82, Arg84, Ala96, Leu98, Glu112, Glu116, Met132, Cys139, Ile141, and Glu166 of NUDT5, suggesting its potential as a potent inhibitor. The stabilizing effects of these leads (naringin and genistein) were further validated using molecular dynamics investigations, including RMSD, RMRF, Rg, SASA, PCA, and FEL. The results of the MD simulation studies evidenced a more significant interaction between genistein and NUDT5, indicating a steady and robust affinity, making genistein a more promising inhibitor. In conclusion, the flavonoid genistein has a strong potential as a therapeutic agent for targeting NUDT5 in breast cancer treatment making it viable candidates for further preclinical and clinical investigations.

In silico studies to understand the interactions of flavonoid inhibitor with nsp12-RNA dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2 and its homologs

Aim

COVID 19 continues to be a major health concern. RNA dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2 which is crucial for replication is therefore a potential drug target.

Methodology

Based on experimental structures of RdRp from SARS-CoV-2, computational models were generated of its homologs from SARS-C o V-1, MERS and Bat. SARS CoV-2 RdRp was used for virtual screening at nucleotide binding site with molecule from COCONUT Natural Products database using Glide. Complexes with the top inhibitor molecule were modelled using Discovery Studio and Desmond suite of programs.

Results

SARS-CoV-2 RdRp has a minimum of 80 % sequence similarity with its homologs, with the secondary structural elements, catalytic residues and metal binding residues being conserved. Certain residue variations in SARS-CoV-2 RdRp seems to be responsible for the stability of the enzyme. Docking and simulation studies showed that a flavonoid molecule with Coconut ID: CNP0127177.0 (HHF318) has binding affinity in low nano-molar range against RdRp from SARS-CoV-2 which was comparable or better than currently used inhibitors. This affinity stems from cationic-π with Arg555, and π-stacking interactions with a nucleobase of RNA. Molecule also engages with other residues that are crucial for its functions. This flavonoid molecule has similar physio-chemical properties like ATP towards SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, and has low potency for human ATP binding proteins.

Conclusion

HHF318 is a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp with good potency, specificity and pharmacokinetic properties for it to be developed as a drug candidate for COVID19.

Blue Light Sonata: Dynamic variation of red:blue ratio during the photoperiod differentially affects leaf photosynthesis, pigments, and growth in lettuce

Vertical farming (VF) has unparalleled capacity to highly customize plant growth environments. In VF, red and blue LED lights are predominantly used as the two main wavelengths for photosynthesis. For many plants, red light increases biomass, and blue light can increase nutritional content. Because red light is more cost- and energy-efficient to produce than blue light, refined growth recipes are imperative to mutualistically improve efficiency with crop yield and quality. This study's aim was to balance lighting energy-use with growth and nutritional quality by using "dynamic lighting" recipes to reduce durations of high-intensity blue light. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was grown for 21 days at 220 μmol m-2 s-1, receiving one of five R:B ratios (R:B100:0, R:B95:5, R:B89:11, R:B50:50, and R:B0:100) for either the whole 18-h photoperiod (Whole Day), the first 6 h of the photoperiod (Morning), or the last 6 h of the photoperiod (Evening). Morning and Evening treatments received low blue (R:B89:11) for the remaining 12 h of the day. The Morning and Evening high blue treatments had greater fresh weight and leaf area than their respective Whole Day treatments, attributed to reduced instantaneous leaf photosynthesis under high blue. High blue reduced photosynthesis during only the 6 h of Morning and Evening treatments, compared to the full impact of static high blue for 18-h Whole Day treatments. Intriguingly, with only 6 h of R:B0:100, Morning and Evening treatments had the same high anthocyanin content as lettuce grown for 18 h under R:B0:100. Therefore, daily blue light fraction can be reduced by using dynamic treatments to more efficiently promote growth and nutritional quality.

Harnessing the benefits of seed oils: a comprehensive study on their role in functional foods

There has been a growing interest in functional foods in recent years to improve health and boost immunity, particularly since the COVID-19 pandemic, which reflects their significant role in promoting health and preventing various diseases, especially metabolic disorders. This study investigated the antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and prebiotic activities of six different oils: Calotropis procera oil (CPO), Chia seed oil (CSO), Moringa oil (MO), Neem oil (NO), Black seed oil (BSO), and Wheat germ oil (WGO) and their potential applications in health and nutrition. The DPPH and ABTS assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of these oils. A good diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) method were used to investigate the antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi of human interest. Also, the prebiotic activities of oils were tested on three probiotic strains of Lactobacillus to evaluate their role in promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria against the pathogenic E. coli. Furthermore, the haematological effect of these oils was investigated in vitro through measuring their anticoagulant, and Fibrinolytic activity. The results demonstrated that DPPH assay revealed that CPO and WGO exhibited the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 15.2 µg/mL and 18.7 µg/mL, respectively, while BSO showed the least activity with an IC50 of 45.3 µg/mL. Antimicrobial activity, assessed using inhibition zone diameters, showed that CPO had the strongest effect against Staphylococcus aureus with a zone of 22 mm, followed by CSO at 19 mm. In terms of anticoagulant activity, CSO demonstrated the most potent fibrinolytic effect with a clot lysis percentage of 78%, while MO exhibited weaker activity at 35%. Prebiotic testing revealed that individual oils had limited effects on Lactobacillus growth, but a synergistic blend enhanced growth by 25% compared to controls. Overall, this study highlights the diverse health benefits of these oils and their potential as functional food ingredients that could contribute to improved health.

Flavonoids and their role in oxidative stress, inflammation, and human diseases

Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are important drivers in the pathogenesis and progression of many chronic diseases, such as cancers of the breast, kidney, lung, and others, autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis), cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, atherosclerosis, arrhythmia), neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease), mental disorders (depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder), gastrointestinal disorders (inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer), and other disorders. With the increasing demand for less toxic and more tolerable therapies, flavonoids have the potential to effectively modulate the responsiveness to conventional therapy and radiotherapy. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and plant-derived beverages. Six of the twelve structurally different flavonoid subgroups are of dietary significance and include anthocyanidins (e.g. pelargonidin, cyanidin), flavan-3-ols (e.g. epicatechin, epigallocatechin), flavonols (e.g. quercetin, kaempferol), flavones (e.g. luteolin, baicalein), flavanones (e.g. hesperetin, naringenin), and isoflavones (daidzein, genistein). The health benefits of flavonoids are related to their structural characteristics, such as the number and position of hydroxyl groups and the presence of C2C3 double bonds, which predetermine their ability to chelate metal ions, terminate ROS (e.g. hydroxyl radicals formed by the Fenton reaction), and interact with biological targets to trigger a biological response. Based on these structural characteristics, flavonoids can exert both antioxidant or prooxidant properties, modulate the activity of ROS-scavenging enzymes and the expression and activation of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)), induce apoptosis and autophagy, and target key signaling pathways, such as the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Bcl-2 family of proteins. This review aims to briefly discuss the mutually interconnected aspects of oxidative and inflammatory mechanisms, such as lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, DNA damage, and the mechanism and resolution of inflammation. The major part of this article discusses the role of flavonoids in alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation, two common components of many human diseases. The results of epidemiological studies on flavonoids are also presented.

Biological Effects of Rosaceae Species in Skin Disorders-An Up-To-Date Overview

The Rosaceae family, comprising over 3000 species, has been extensively investigated for its therapeutic potential, particularly in dermatological applications. Skin illnesses have become in recent years a serious burden worldwide, with more than 3 billion individuals of all ages affected by a skin condition. This review focuses on approximately 50 species from genera such as Rosa, Rubus, Prunus, Potentilla, and especially Eriobotrya japonica, which have shown promising biological effects due to their diverse bioactive compounds. This review provides a current perspective on the recent scientific literature that highlights the role of Rosaceae members in managing various skin disorders. Key dermatological conditions addressed include dermatitis, acne, skin aging, melanoma, and psoriasis. By summarizing both in vitro and in vivo findings, this review underscores the importance of Rosaceae species in the development of plant-based dermatological therapies and encourages further research into their mechanisms of action and clinical potential.

Derrisisoflavone-B interferes with AHL-mediated quorum sensing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and decreased pathogenicity in Caenorhabditis elegans infection model

The alarming situation of drug resistance demands novel antimicrobial strategies. Treatment of infections due to ESKAPE pathogens, especially by P. aeruginosa became challenging over the time. Acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) autoinducer based cell communication is one of the major mechanism contributing to this pathogen's virulence as well as biofilm formation. Derrisisoflavone- B (DIF-B) is an unexplored diprenylated isoflavonoid mostly isolated from Derris sp. Our study evaluated the anti-quorum sensing and anti-biofilm efficiency of DIF-B against the pathogen P. aeruginosa PAO1. In vitro tests revealed that compound DIF-B inhibited the quorum sensing associated virulence factors (Pyocyanin, LasA protease, LasB elastase, and total protease) more than 60%. Biofilm formation was also inhibited considerably. Significant inhibition of biofilm components including rhamnolipid, alginate and total exopolysaccharide was observed as well. Downregulation of AHL based quorum sensing transcriptional regulators, autoinducer synthase genes and virulence associated genes highlighted the anti-quorum sensing potential of DIF-B. In vivo experiments in C. elegans confirmed the non-toxicity of DIF-B, and their efficacy on survival of the infected worms. In silico studies evaluated the binding affinity of DIF-B to AHL based receptors, stability of receptor/ligand complex, chemical reactivity, pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity.

Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Profiles of Farmed and Wild Watermeal (Wolffia globosa)

This study assessed the nutritional composition, bioactive compounds, phytosterol content, amino acids, and fatty acid profiles of watermeal cultivated under farm conditions (WF1) and harvested from natural environments (WF2 and WF3). WF1 exhibited the highest levels of protein (22.7%), dietary fiber (16.5%), total phenolic content (3.9 mg GAE/g DW), and total flavonoid content (5.0 mg QE/g DW). Chlorophyll and β-glucan contents were comparable across all samples. WF1 also showed the highest total amino acid content, while WF2 had the highest lysine and tryptophan levels. Although essential amino acid profiles were slightly below WHO/FAO/UNU reference values, watermeal remains a promising complementary plant protein source. Fatty acid analysis revealed a consistently high α-linolenic acid content (30%) across all samples, highlighting its value as a natural source of omega-3 fatty acids. Minor differences in amino acid and fatty acid profiles suggest an influence of environmental conditions. The most pronounced difference between the farmed and naturally sourced samples was observed in phytosterol content, which was highest in the farmed sample. Overall, despite variations in cultivation sources, watermeal consistently exhibits a rich nutritional profile, reinforcing its potential as a sustainable, nutrient-rich biomaterial for functional food applications.

Unveiling Therapeutic Powers of Indigenous Flora: Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Properties of Horwoodia dicksoniae

Background:Horwoodia dicksoniae Turrill. (Brassicaceae) and Stipa capensis Thunb. (Poaceae) are commonly grown in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This study evaluated the antibacterial and antifungal potential of these plants. H. dicksoniae extract was further subjected to antioxidant, anticancer, GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, and in silico analyses. Results: H. dicksoniae extract presented a higher antimicrobial efficiency than S. capensis extract by effectively inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans. H. dicksoniae ethanolic extract also demonstrated promising antioxidant and anticancer properties against the human colon cancer cell line HCT-116. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 12 natural compounds in the H. dicksoniae extract, whereas LC-MS/MS analysis revealed 19 different compounds in negative ion mode and 25 in positive ion mode. Furthermore, the presence of bioactive compounds in the H. dicksoniae extract, such as flavonoids (acacetin and hesperetin) and caffeic acid, confirmed the observed antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Molecular docking revealed promising interactions between various bioactive compounds and target proteins associated with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. Conclusions: This study is the first to report GC-MS and LC-MS/MS analyses of H. dicksoniae ethanolic extract. The findings provide valuable insights into the potential mechanisms and therapeutic applications of the identified bioactive compounds. Thus, the present work can serve as a platform for the isolation of natural compounds from H. dicksoniae extract, which may play a significant role in the discovery and design of new drugs for the treatment of human diseases.

Balancing the Oral Redox State: Endogenous and Exogenous Sources of Reactive Oxygen Species and the Antioxidant Role of Lamiaceae and Asteraceae

Background/Objectives: Oral health is a complex concept involving physical, psychological, emotional, and social components. A key factor in maintaining oral tissue integrity is redox balance, which is disrupted by oxidative stress (OS) through an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses. This study examines the contribution of endogenous and exogenous sources to OS and explores the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants from the Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families in restoring redox homeostasis and improving oral health. Methods: A literature review was conducted, analyzing the role of OS in oral diseases and the antioxidant mechanisms of selected Asteraceae species. Special attention was given to their phytochemical contents-polyphenols, flavonoids, and essential oils-and their biological relevance to oral health. Results: OS plays a critical role in the onset and progression of oral conditions such as caries, periodontitis, gingivitis, aphthous ulcers, abscesses, precancerous lesions, and oral cancers. ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) cause inflammation, tissue breakdown, and salivary gland dysfunction. Asteraceae plants like Matricaria chamomilla, Calendula officinalis, Cichorium intybus, Taraxacum officinale, Arctium lappa, Achillea millefolium, and Solidago virgaurea demonstrate notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties that help counteract OS and support oral homeostasis. Conclusions: Asteraceae and Lamiaceae species show high therapeutic potential in addressing OS-related oral disorders. Their bioactive compounds aid in restoring redox balance and protecting oral tissues. These findings support the integration of phytotherapeutic agents into oral healthcare and call for further clinical validation of plant-based strategies for disease prevention and management.

Development of Dolichos lablab loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for the mitigation of diabetes mellitus

In recent years, nano technology emerged as a significant approach in drug delivery. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles are on forefront in field of nanotechnology, Lipid nanoparticles have an opportunity to create novel therapies because of their special size-dependent characteristics. This research work was aimed to formulate and optimize Dolichos lablab phytoextract fraction (DLPEF) loaded Nano Lipid Carrier (NLC) and to evaluate its anti-diabetic potential. DLPEF loaded nano lipid particles preparations were made using hot homogenization method and were characterized for particle size, shape, drug loading, in vitro drug release and were screened in-vivo for anti-diabetic activity. From our resulting data, an optimized formulation of DLPEF loaded NLC showed promising results. They were found to be spherical size of 104.7 nm, Polydispersity Index and Drug Loading for the optimized nanolipid carrier preparation were found at 0.667 ± 2.3 and 35.30 ± 3.2% respectively. The in vitro drug release for optimized NLC formulation was found to be 85% ± 2.2 for 18 h. No changes were observed in shape and morphology, confirmed through TEM and SEM after 3 months of stability studies. Diabetes was induced by Streptozotocin, DLPEF NLC treated group showed reduced glucose concentration. The histopathological alterations were also studied in all experimental groups, results of DLPEF NLC treated group showed regeneration of islet cells of pancreas. Thus we could concur that DLPEF NF has almost the same therapeutic potential as standard drug. In conclusion, Dolichos lablab phytoextract NLC substantially improved the solubility, stability and efficacy of the fraction making it a treatment option for diabetes mellitus.

Phytochemicals Alleviate Tumorigenesis by Regulation of M1/M2 Polarization: A Systematic Review of the Current Evidence

Cancers are increasingly common and significantly impact patients' quality of life and longevity. The role of macrophages in tumorigenesis is critical, and natural compounds have long been recognized as valuable sources of bioactive agents for treating this condition. However, no systematic review has been performed on the role of phytochemicals impacting tumorigenesis by M1/M2 macrophage polarization. The aim of this study is to systematically review phytochemicals that relieve tumorigenesis by impacting M1/M2 macrophage polarization and investigate related signaling pathways. This systematic review adheres to PRISMA 2020 guidelines and statements. Scientific databases, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science, have been searched from inception to October 2023. This review includes English original articles on the role of phytochemicals, whole plant extracts, and polyherbal formulas in ameliorating tumorigenesis through M1/M2 polarization while excluding non-English articles, non-original research, and unrelated studies according to title, abstract, and full-text screening. Shreds of evidence were gathered from cellular and animal studies about the beneficial impacts of phytochemicals against tumorigenesis by impacting M1/M2 macrophage polarization. Critical assessment of in vitro and in vivo studies was performed by the CRIS and ARRIVE guidelines. Due to the high level of heterogeneity of the collected data, only a narrative synthesis was performed. Of 741 collected articles, only 35 remained. Polyphenols are the most highlighted group. Phytochemicals affect cytokines related to M1, such as CD80, CD86, CD64, and iNOS, and M2, like CXCR-1, CXCR-2, and TGF-β, in various cancer models. Together, these compounds exerted protective effects against tumorigenesis in preclinical cancer models. Furthermore, high-quality clinical experiments are recommended to cover the limitations of the current study, which are reliance on preclinical evidence, lack of clinical trials, and exclusion of non-English and grey literature.

Functional Approaches to Discover New Compounds via Enzymatic Modification: Predicted Data Mining Approach and Biotransformation-Guided Purification

In the field of biotechnology, natural compounds isolated from medicinal plants are highly valued; however, their discovery, purification, biofunctional characterization, and biochemical validation have historically involved time-consuming and laborious processes. Two innovative approaches have emerged to more efficiently discover new bioactive substances: the predicted data mining approach (PDMA) and biotransformation-guided purification (BGP). The PDMA is a computational method that predicts biotransformation potential, identifying potential substrates for specific enzymes from numerous candidate compounds to generate new compounds. BGP combines enzymatic biotransformation with traditional purification techniques to directly identify and isolate biotransformed products from crude extract fractions. This review examines recent research employing BGP or the PDMA for novel compound discovery. This research demonstrates that both approaches effectively allow for the discovery of novel bioactive molecules from natural sources, the enhancement of the bioactivity and solubility of existing compounds, and the development of alternatives to traditional methods. These findings highlight the potential of integrating traditional medicinal knowledge with modern enzymatic and computational tools to advance drug discovery and development.

Flavanones as Modulators of Gut Microbiota and Cognitive Function

Flavanones, a key subclass of flavonoids, exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Predominantly found in citrus fruits, they occur in both aglycone and glycosylated forms, undergoing extensive metabolic transformation upon ingestion. Recent evidence suggests that flavanones, such as naringenin and hesperidin, influence gut microbiota composition, fostering a balance between beneficial and pathogenic bacterial populations. The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in regulating the gut-brain axis, impacting cognitive function through the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), neurotransmitters, and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The modulation of the gut microbiome by flavanones has been associated with improvements in cognitive performance and a reduced risk of neurodegenerative disorders. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of major flavanones, their metabolic pathways, and their impact on gut microbiota and cognitive function. It covers the fundamental mechanisms through which flavanones exert their effects, as well as their potential therapeutic applications for brain health and neuroprotection. Despite promising findings, further research is needed to determine optimal dosages, strategies to enhance bioavailability, and long-term safety profiles.

Mechanism of flavonoid myricetin modulated aggregation in α-Synuclein and its familial mutants E46K and A30P

Inhibiting the aggregation of α-Synuclein (α-Syn) and its familial mutants E46K and A30P has emerged as one of the effective therapeutic strategies against Parkinson's disease (PD). The inhibition and modulation of α-Syn/E46K/A30P fibrillation as well as disaggregation of their pre-formed fibrils by a natural flavonoid myricetin (Myr) is studied. The binding of Myr with α-Syn and its mutants with the affinity ranging 104-105 M-1. The isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) results indicate the involvement of hydrogen binding/ionic and hydrophobic interactions in the binding process. The aggregation kinetics studies demonstrate that Myr inhibits aggregation of α-Syn/E46K/A30P in a concentration dependent manner. Seeding experiments demonstrate that the protein aggregates formed in the presence of Myr do not further instigates aggregation in healthy proteins. Myr also modulates the aggregation process of protein when added after the onset of aggregation. Circular dichroism (CD) show that Myr delays the structural transition of native α-Syn/E46K/A30P into β-sheets rich fibrillar structures. Myr also disassemble the pre-formed fibrillar structures of α-Syn its mutants. These outcomes offer profound insight into the modulatory mechanism of aggregation of α-Syn, E46K and A30P by Myr, thereby suggesting its potential role in designing combination therapies against protein fibrillation related disorders.

In vitro senescence and senolytic functional assays

A detailed understanding of aging biology and the development of anti-aging therapeutic strategies remain imperative yet inherently challenging due to the protracted nature of aging. Cellular senescence arises naturally through replicative exhaustion and is accelerated by clinical treatments or environmental stressors. The accumulation of senescent cells-defined by a loss of mitogenic potential, resistance to apoptosis, and acquisition of a pro-inflammatory secretory phenotype-has been implicated as a key driver of chronic disease, tissue degeneration, and organismal aging. Recent studies have highlighted the therapeutic promise of senolytic drugs, which selectively eliminate senescent cells. Compelling results from preclinical animal studies and ongoing clinical trials underscore this potential. However, the clinical translation of senolytics requires further pharmacological validation to refine selectivity, minimize toxicity, and determine optimal dosing. Equally important is the evaluation of senolytics' potential to restore tissue structure and function by reducing the senescent cell burden. In vitro tissue culture models offer a powerful platform to advance these efforts. This review summarizes the current landscape of in vitro systems used for inducing cellular senescence-referred to as "senescence assays"-and for screening senolytic drugs-referred to as "senolytic assays". We conclude by discussing key challenges to improving mechanistic insight, predictive accuracy, and clinical relevance in senolytic drug development, as well as emerging applications of senolytic therapies.

Role of Flavonoids in Protecting Against Neurodegenerative Diseases-Possible Mechanisms of Action

Neurodegenerative and mood disorders represent growing medical and social problems, many of which are produced by oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, disruption in the metabolism of various neurotransmitters, and some disturbances in lipid/carbohydrate homeostasis. Biologically active plant compounds, including flavonoids, have been shown to exert a positive impact on central nervous system function. This review assesses the studies of naturally occurring flavonoids belonging to various polyphenol subclasses and their mechanisms of neuroprotective action, especially against neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Most of the studied phytochemicals possess anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. These phytochemicals have been considered as compounds that reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and can be used in the treatment of neurological diseases. The neuroprotective actions of some flavonoids may entail mechanisms that regulate reactive oxygen species generation and modify inflammatory pathways, and they should be considered as therapeutic agents.

Limitation of the Lytic Effect of Bacteriophages on Salmonella and Other Enteric Bacterial Pathogens and Approaches to Overcome

Bacteriophages (phages) have emerged as promising agents for combating bacterial pathogens, including nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica (S. enterica), the most common foodborne pathogen worldwide. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) S. enterica poses a severe healthcare issue. Nowadays, many countries worldwide have banned antibiotics for animal feeds or additives, and various strategies have been developed and gained popularity for their potential to address S. enterica infection. Among these strategies, phage therapy shows more promise because of its ability to specifically target bacterial pathogens without disrupting the beneficial microbiota or animal/human cells. Phages are viruses that rupture host cells through the lysis of phage-encoded endolysin proteins. Nonetheless, phages also face various challenges, including phage resistance, gene transduction, serovar diversity, and the immune response of animal/human organisms, which limit the efficacy of S. enterica. Due to this limitation of phages, endolysin, as a lytic protein for bacterial cells derived from phages, has been demonstrated as another promising solution against various bacterial pathogens, including AMR. This review is aimed at discussing the benefits and limitations of phage therapies and exploring the promising potential of phage-encoded endolysins in controlling S. enterica.

Overexpression of soybean flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase enhances plant salt tolerance by promoting ascorbic acid biosynthesis

INTRODUCTION

Salt stress is a major cause of crop loss. Soybean (Glycine max), a globally vital legume crop, faces mounting yield constraints due to soil salinization. It is known that the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway involving flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) plays an important role in salt tolerance. However, the precise molecular basis of F3'H-mediated salt tolerance remains inadequately characterized.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to elucidate the function and explore the pleiotropic molecular basis of F3'H protein in soybean salt tolerance. Innovation on elite new crop varieties facilitates breeding and production applications on salt tolerance.

METHODS

We employed CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout and Agrobacterium-based overexpression to generate GmF3'H allelic variants and ectopic expression in soybeans. Sanger sequencing and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to confirm the specificity of gene editing and quantify expression levels in overexpression transgenic plants, respectively. As well as Subcellular localization analysis, Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay, LUC activity assay and plant physiological measurements were carried out to elucidate the F3'H-mediated salt tolerance molecular basis in plants.

RESULTS

In this study, we identified the flavonoid 3' hydroxylase gene (GmF3'H) in soybeans, which as a master regulator of salt stress adaptation during seed germination and seedling stages in both soybean and Arabidopsis thaliana. Furthermore, our study revealed that the evolutionarily conserved F3'H protein competitively binds to the photomorphogenic factor COP9 signalosome subunit 5B (CSN5B) and disrupts its interaction with GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase 1 (VTC1), a key enzyme in ascorbate biosynthesis. This competitive inhibition redirects metabolic flux toward the L-galactose pathway, leading to an increase in ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis. The enhanced AsA production subsequently improves seedling salt stress tolerance in plants by maintaining redox homeostasis through ROS scavenging.

CONCLUSION

The discovery and characterization of F3'H-mediated salt tolerance provide a crucial framework for the genetic improvement of crops. This work provides new insights into plant salt stress tolerance and develops innovative strategies to enhance broad-spectrum salt tolerance, a crucial aspect for ensuring food security in crops.

Syzygium cumini Fruit Extract and Quercetin Ameliorate Cadmium-Induced Ovarian Apoptosis in Rats Via miRNA- 204 - 5p-Mediated Bcl- 2 Upregulation and Bax/Caspase 9/Caspase 3 Downregulation

The correlation between exposure to environmental pollutants and adverse impacts on fertility has been documented. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic elements that impairs female reproductive capacity. Syzygium cumini is a plant that contains polyphenols with strong antioxidant properties. Our study aimed to investigate the possible protective effects of Syzygium cumini fruit extract (SCFE) and quercetin (QU) against Cd-induced ovarian toxicity and apoptosis in rats assisted by measuring oxidative stress markers, hormonal profile, intrinsic apoptotic pathway, miRNA-204-5p, and histopathology. For that, 45 adult female rats were divided randomly into five groups; control, cadmium chloride (CdCl2), CdCl2 + QU, CdCl2 + SCFE200, and CdCl2 + SCFE400, and the experiment lasted 35 days. Cadmium exposure induced irregular estrus cycle, and oxidative challenges, as evidenced by increased malondialdehyde and decreased antioxidant indicators that include superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione, and hormonal imbalances, including reduced follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, anti-mullarian hormone, estrogen, and progesterone levels. Additionally, Cd triggered ovarian apoptosis through upregulating miRNA- 204 - 5p expression that in turn downregulated Bcl- 2 and upregulated the members of intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway including Bax and caspases 3, 9. The histopathological findings, morphometric and lesion scoring in ovarian, and uterine tissues confirmed the negative impacts of Cd. Interestingly, treatment with QU or SCFE, especially at the higher dose (400 mg/kg), significantly ameliorated these Cd-induced adverse effects, suggesting their potential as protective agents against ovarian toxicity.

Exploring Postharvest Metabolic Shifts and NOX2 Inhibitory Potential in Strawberry Fruits and Leaves via Untargeted LC-MS/MS and Chemometric Analysis

Background/Objectives: Strawberries are highly appreciated for their rich phytochemical composition, but rapid postharvest deterioration limits their shelf life and nutritional quality. This study aimed to investigate the metabolic changes occurring in both strawberry fruits and leaves during storage and to evaluate the NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) inhibitory potential of strawberry-derived metabolites. Methods: Untargeted LC-MS/MS analysis was conducted on fruit and leaf tissues stored at 8 ± 0.5 °C. A total of 37 metabolites were identified, including organic acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. Multivariate statistical analyses (ANOVA, PLS-DA, and volcano plots) were used to assess temporal and tissue-specific metabolic shifts. Additionally, a machine learning-based predictive model was applied to evaluate the NOX2 inhibitory potential of 24 structurally characterized metabolites. Results: Storage induced significant and tissue-specific metabolic changes. In fruits, malic acid, caffeic acid, and quercetin-3-glucuronide showed notable variations, while ellagic acid aglycone and galloylquinic acid emerged as prominent markers in leaves. The predictive model identified 21 out of 24 metabolites as likely NOX2 inhibitors, suggesting potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivity. Conclusions: These findings provide new insights into postharvest biochemical dynamics in both strawberry fruits and leaves. The results highlight the value of leaves as a source of bioactive compounds and support their potential valorization in functional food and nutraceutical applications.

Structures and biological activities of anti-osteoporotic drugs: An overview of promising small-molecule therapeutics for the treatment of osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic skeletal disorder of the skeleton, stemming from a cellular imbalance between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. This imbalance causes bones to become weak and brittle, thus increasing the risk of fractures. The prevalence of osteoporosis escalates with advancing age, thereby presenting a considerable public health challenge that has elicited substantial public concern. Existing anti-osteoporotic drugs typically act by inhibiting bone resorption, promoting bone formation, and exerting a dual effect. Yet, most of these pharmaceuticals have fundamental limitations, such as targeting only one specific site and a tendency to cause side effects. With advancements in anti-osteoporotic medications, numerous new small-molecule drugs have been developed and synthesized. These novel active compounds exhibit good anti-osteoporotic activity both in vitro and in vivo by enhancing osteoblast differentiation and mineralization, as well as inhibiting osteoclast resorption. The present study seeks to review the development and current status of new compounds exhibiting anti-osteoporotic activity, to establish a solid foundation for preventing and treating osteoporosis, promoting pharmacological research, and aiding in developing new medications.

Dietary flavonoids in health and diseases: A concise review of their role in homeostasis and therapeutics

Over the past few decades, extensive research has delved into the health advantages of flavonoids, exploring their physiological effects through cell-based assays, epidemiological studies, and human intervention trials. The regular intake of plant-derived flavonoids has shown therapeutic potential against noncommunicable pathophysiological conditions, including carcinoma and various inflammatory disorders. Among the myriads of flavonoids, many have been shown to inhibit the aggregation of amyloid-beta peptides in Alzheimer's disease, while anthocyanins exhibit cardioprotective effects by improving endothelial function and lowering blood pressure. In addition, their efficacy is known to manage infectious communicable diseases caused by various bacteria and viruses, such as S. pneumoniae and SARS-CoV-2. Currently, flavonoids are being used to develop new drugs for both communicable and noncommunicable diseases because of their intricate metabolism and bioavailability, leveraging their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This concise review provides insights into the potential of flavonoids for therapeutics and disease management, particularly with respect to cardiovascular health, neuroprotection, and antimicrobial action. The implications of these findings underscore the necessity for further exploration of flavonoid-rich diets and their incorporation into therapeutic practices to harness their full health benefits.

Beacon of Hope for Age-Related Retinopathy: Antioxidative Mechanisms and Pre-Clinical Trials of Quercetin Therapy

Age-related retinopathy is one of the leading causes of visual impairment and irreversible blindness, characterized by progressive neuronal and myelin loss. The damages caused by oxidation contributes to the hallmarks of aging and represents fundamental components in pathological pathways that are thought to drive multiple age-related retinopathies. Quercetin (Que), a natural polyphenol abundant in vegetables, herbs, and fruits, has been extensively studied for its long-term antioxidative effects mediated through diverse mechanisms. Additionally, Que and its derivatives exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological characteristics in the cellular responses of age-related retinopathy induced by oxidative stress, including anti-inflammatory, anti-neovascularization, regulatory, and neuroprotective effects in autophagy and apoptosis processes. This review mainly focuses on the antioxidative mechanisms and curative effects of Que treatment for various age-related retinopathies, such as retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. Furthermore, we discuss emerging technologies and methods involving Que and its derivatives in the therapeutic strategies for age-related retinopathies, highlighting their promise for clinical translation.

Metabolomics Combined with Photosynthetic Analysis Reveals Potential Mechanisms of Phenolic Compound Accumulation in Lonicera japonica Induced by Nitrate Nitrogen Supply

Mineral nutrition is of vital importance in plant growth and secondary metabolites accumulation, and thereby in the nutritional value of plants. In Lonicera japonica, a preference to nitrate (NO3--N) in comparison to ammonium (NH4+-N) was found in our previous study, which can be revealed from the rapid growth rate of L. japonica under NO3--N. This study assessed whether a preference for nitrogen sources could invoke metabolic reprogramming and interrelationships between factors. NO3--fed plants exhibited substantial enhancement of carbon stimulation, which was strongly and positively correlated with mesophyll conductance. As a result, the elevated carbon flux by NO3- supplement was shuttled to phenolic metabolites synthesis, including flavones and caffeoylquinic acids compounds. Notably, the stimulation was triggered by changes in the NO3- and C/N ratio and was mediated by the induction of several enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway. On the contrary, NH4+ plants showed an increment in the content of nitrogen, carbohydrates, and amino acids (mainly a strong increase in citrulline and theanine). Within secondary metabolism, NH4+ may involve active lignin metabolism, showing a dramatic increment in hydroxy-ferulic acid and lignin content. This work provides significant insights regarding the mechanisms of L. japonica in response to diverse nitrogen regimes and effective strategies of nitrogen fertilizer input for L. japonica.

De Novo Artificial Biosynthesis of 3-Hydroxyphloretin in Escherichia coli

3-Hydroxyphloretin (3-OH phloretin), a dihydrochalcone compound containing a catechol moiety, is naturally present in apples and exhibits potent anti-adipogenic, anti-obesity, and anticancer activities. In this study, we developed a modular co-culture platform enabling the de novo biosynthesis of 3-OH phloretin from glucose in Escherichia coli. We demonstrated that 4-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (Sam5), derived from Saccharothrix espanaensis, efficiently catalyzes the hydroxylation of phloretin to 3-OH phloretin. The engineered co-culture system comprised two functional modules: an upstream module that converts l-tyrosine to phloretic acid through the expression of tyrosine ammonia-lyase and enoate reductase genes, and a downstream module that converts phloretic acid to 3-OH phloretin via the sequential action of 4-coumarate-CoA ligase, a mutated chalcone synthase, and Sam5. Using this system, we successfully achieved the de novo production of 3-OH phloretin at a titer of 4.69 mg/L from glucose. In parallel, the artificial biosynthetic pathway also yielded phloretic acid and 3-hydroxyphloretic acid (3-OH phloretic acid) at titers of 161.7 and 176.2 mg/L, respectively, in an engineered l-tyrosine-overproducing E. coli strain. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first successful establishment of an artificial biosynthetic route for the production of both 3-OH phloretic acid and 3-OH phloretin directly from glucose in E. coli. This platform lays the groundwork for the microbial production of valuable dihydrochalcone compounds and holds promise for further optimization toward industrial-scale applications.

Ameliorative effects of date palm kernel extract against fenpropathrin induced male reproductive toxicity

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this work was to examine the fundamental mechanisms of reproductive toxicity in rat models following exposure to Fenpropathrin (FNP). Furthermore, our study explores the novel impacts of Date palm kernel extract (DPK) on these detrimental outcomes.

METHODS

Thirty male Wistar rats were used in the investigation. They were split into six groups: one group received corn oil as a control; two groups received DPK at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg; a group received FNP at 4.7 mg/kg; and two combination groups received DPK and FNP at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, respectively for 60 days.

RESULTS

FNP caused oxidative stress, reduced sperm count, and impaired motility. FNP decreased the expression of the StAR gene and reduced serum testosterone levels. We assessed the histological alterations. In a dose-dependent way, the concurrent administration of DPK extract successfully decreased all the toxicological parameters.

CONCLUSIONS

When taken orally, DPK extract may protect against FNP-induced male reproductive toxicity.

Recent progress in chemistry and bioactivity of novel enzyme inhibitors from natural products: A comprehensive review

The essence of enzymes is to maintain the normal activities of living organisms by catalyzing metabolic reactions and regulating cells. Inhibiting enzyme activity can slow the progression of certain diseases and cure them, making enzymes one of the major targets for disease treatment. The search and development of novel enzyme inhibitors are of great significance for the treatment of certain major diseases. One of the most prominent features of natural products is their complex and diverse structures, which often compliments the synthetic capabilities of medicinal chemistry. Considering the biosynthetic processes of natural molecules in organisms, they exhibit higher similarity and binding potential with biological structures, enabling them to serve as ligands for various enzymes and receptors. In this review, we summarized a total of 226 novel natural products with enzyme inhibitory activity published in 49 articles over the past three years (2022-2024). These natural products (including terpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, polyketides, peptides, anthraquinones, etc.) are derived from plants, microorganisms, and marine organisms. We also discuss some synthetic analogs, with a focus on their structures and biological activities. This review provides useful information for the research and development of novel enzyme inhibitors.

The Role of Selected Flavonoids in Modulating Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress, and chronic neuroinflammation. Growing evidence highlights neuroinflammation-driven by microglial activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine release-as a key contributor to AD pathogenesis and progression. In the absence of effective disease-modifying therapies, attention has turned to natural compounds with multi-target potential. Flavonoids, a diverse class of plant-derived polyphenols, have demonstrated neuroprotective properties through antioxidant activity, modulation of neuroinflammatory pathways, and interference with both Aβ aggregation and tau pathology. This narrative review provides an integrative overview of current findings on the mechanisms of action of key flavonoids-such as quercetin, luteolin, and apigenin-in both preclinical and clinical models. Emphasis is placed on their effects on microglial polarization, oxidative stress reduction, mitochondrial support, and synaptic function enhancement. Moreover, flavonoids show synergistic potential when combined with standard pharmacotherapies, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and may offer broader cognitive benefits in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Despite these promising findings, significant challenges persist, including poor bioavailability, inter-individual variability, and limited long-term clinical data. This review identifies critical gaps in knowledge and outlines future directions, including targeted drug delivery systems, biomarker-guided personalization, and long-duration trials. Flavonoids thus emerge not only as promising neuroprotective agents but also as complementary candidates in the development of future multi-modal strategies for AD treatment.

Preliminary Assessment of Essential and Potentially Toxic Elements in the Most Common Spices in a Developing Country: Health Hazard Implication

In the current study, total concentrations of essential and potentially toxic elements (Ba, Ca, K, P, Na, Mg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) in the most common nine spices (Nigella sativa, Capsicum annum, Piper guineense, Capsicum carvi, Elettaria cardamomum, Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Cinnamomum verum, and Curcuma longa) of fields and markets of Bogra district (Bangladesh) were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry following acid digestion. The findings of the study indicate a good source of essential elements like Ca, K, Na, P, Mg Fe, Zn, and Mn in spices. The average concentrations of K, P, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Ba, Cu, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cr, As, Pb, and Cd in spices were 697, 190, 168, 112, 97.2, 7.35, 6.29, 4.36, 4.21, 3.91, 2.99, 0.81, 0.17, 0.08, and 0.03 mg/kg, respectively. The concentrations of Cr, Cu, and Pb were higher than the recommended level (0.5, 4.5, and 0.1 for Cr, Cu and Pb), which indicates that people would experience potential risks from spices. The daily intake values of all the metals were lower than the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI). Considering child exposure group, total target hazard quotient (THQ) values for all studied elements from a single spice or all examined spices exceeded the threshold value (THQ > 1.0), indicating that the children posed a potential non-cancer risk to the potentially toxic elements. Consumption of Piper guineense, Nigella sativa, Cinnamomum verum, and Curcuma longa may pose carcinogenic health risk due to an incremental lifetime cancer risk (ƩTR) value higher than 10-4.

Evaluation of chemical compositions and biological activities of Dendrobium species

Dendrobium spp. were investigated for their chemical compositions with HPTLC/CMS, and biological properties, including antioxidant activities (DPPH and ABTS.+ assay), and anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The ethanolic extracts of Dendrobium orchid pseudobulbs (D. chrysotoxum; DC, D. fimbriatum; DF, D. lindleyi; DL, and D. pulchellum; DP) were found to contain caffeic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, rutin hydrate and vanillin. While luteolin was shown in D. fimbriatum and D. lindleyi extracts. D. lindleyi, and D. pulchellum extracts presented the high value of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, resulting in a strong antioxidant property. Moreover, D. chrysotoxum extract expressed AChE inhibitory potential. This research indicated that chemical compounds in Dendrobium would be involved with their biological properties, i.e. antioxidant and anti-AChE. This information can be used to support further in-depth research and product development in health, food, and pharmaceutical.

Lactic acid bacterial fermentation as a biotransformation strategy to enhance the bioavailability of phenolic antioxidants in fruits and vegetables: A comprehensive review

Fruits and vegetables (FVs) are rich sources of macro and micro-nutrients crucial for a healthy diet. In addition to these nutrients, FVs also contain fibre and phytochemicals known for their antioxidant properties. Despite the growing evidence of the disease-preventive role of antioxidants in FVs, their bioavailability and bioaccessibility vary significantly and have not been adequately explored. Lactic acid bacterial (LAB) fermentation is considered the most appropriate and accessible biotechnological approach to maintain and enhance the safety, nutritional, sensory and shelf-life properties of perishable foods such as FVs. This review critically assesses how LAB fermentation could be utilised as a promising biotransformation strategy to enhance the bioavailability of antioxidants in FVs. Furthermore, it discusses the potential use of uniquely nutritious Australian native fruits as suitable candidates for LAB fermentation. Further research is essential to identify the beneficial properties of bioactive compounds and effective LAB-based biotransformation strategies to improve the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of antioxidants in FVs.

Interactions between β-lactoglobulin and polyphenols: Mechanisms, properties, characterization, and applications

β-lactoglobulins (βLGs) have a wide range of applications in food because of their ability to emulsify, foam, and gel. This makes them good functional additives. However, their performance depends on temperature, pH, and mineral levels, so their functional qualities are limited in particular applications. How polyphenols (PPs) interact with βLG is crucial for the functional characteristics and quality of dietary compounds. In most food systems, a spontaneous interaction between proteins and PPs results in a "protein-PP conjugate," which is known to affect the sensory, functional, and nutraceutical qualities of food products. The βLG-PP conjugates can be used to enhance the quality of food. This article emphasizes analytical techniques for describing the characteristics of βLG-PP complexes/conjugates. It also goes over the functions of βLG-PP conjugates, including their solubility, thermal stability, emulsifying, and antioxidant qualities. The majority of βLG-PPs interactions is due to non-covalent (H-bonding, electrostatic interactions) or covalent bonds that are mostly caused by βLG or PP oxidation through enzymatic or non-enzymatic mechanisms. Furthermore, the conformation or type of proteins and PPs, as well as environmental factors like pH and temperature, have a significant impact on proteins-PPs interactions. Higher thermal stability, antioxidant activities, and superior emulsifying capabilities of the βLG-PP conjugates make them useful as innovative additives to enhance the quality and functions of food products.