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Xiong Z, He Y, Guan W, Lv X, Chen J, Ma D. Investigating the impact of common migration substances found in milk packaging on proteases: A multispectral and molecular docking approach. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 318:124517. [PMID: 38801790 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The effects of common migration substances in milk packaging on digestive protease were studied. We choose the common migrants found in eight types of multi-layer composite milk packaging. Enzyme activity experiments revealed that pepsin activity decreased by approximately 18 % at 500 μg/mL of stearic acid and stearamide treatment, while trypsin activity decreased by approximately 18 % only by stearic acid treatment (500 μg/mL). Subsequently, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and molecular docking technology were employed to investigate the inhibition mechanism of protease activity by migrating substances in three systems: stearic acid-trypsin, stearic acid-pepsin, and stearamide-pepsin. Results showed that the inhibitory effect of stearic acid on trypsin is a reversible mixed inhibition, whereas the inhibitory effects of stearic acid and stearamide on pepsin are non-competitive. In all three systems, ΔH < 0, ΔS < 0, and ΔG < 0, indicating the binding process between the migrant and the protease is a spontaneous exothermic process primarily driven by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces. In addition, their binding constants are all around 104 L/moL, indicating that there are moderate binding affinities exist between migrants and proteases. The binding process results in the quenching of the protease's endogenous fluorescence and induces alterations in the enzyme's secondary structure. Synchronized fluorescence spectroscopy showed that stearic acid enhanced the hydrophobicity near the Tyr residue of trypsin. The molecular docking results indicated that the binding affinity of stearic acid-trypsin, stearic acid-pepsin, and stearamide-pepsin was -22.51 kJ/mol, -12.35 kJ/mol, -19.28 kJ/mol respectively, which consistent with the trend in the enzyme activity results. This study can provide references for the selection of milk packaging materials and the use of processing additives, ensuring food health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Xiong
- College of Packaging Engineering, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519070, China
| | - Yue He
- Zhuhai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Weiyan Guan
- College of Packaging Engineering, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519070, China
| | - Xinguang Lv
- College of Packaging Engineering, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519070, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Da Ma
- College of Packaging Engineering, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519070, China; Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519070 China; Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519070, China.
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Williamson E, Ross IL, Wall BT, Hankamer B. Microalgae: potential novel protein for sustainable human nutrition. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:370-382. [PMID: 37690907 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
To support a global population of ~10 billion people in 2050, dietary protein demand is forecast to increase 32-78% compared to 2017, requiring significantly higher planetary resources. Microalgae are an attractive sustainable protein source compared with current plant and animal sources. Benefits include mass scalability, low CO2 emissions, and significantly reduced land and freshwater use per unit protein. Microalgae are already used as food products and numerous species exhibit high total protein contents and well-balanced essential amino acid (EAA) compositions for human dietary requirements. Microalgae proteins are also bioavailable for human digestion, and downstream processing steps are likely to further enhance protein digestibility. Species, cultivation, and process/product optimisation are actively being developed to enhance their nutritional, social, and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Williamson
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ian L Ross
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Benjamin Hankamer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Impact of process and composition of formulas for elderly on in vitro digestion using the dynamic DIDGI® model. Food Res Int 2023; 167:112716. [PMID: 37087275 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Due to the lower efficiency of the elderly digestion system, new formulations are needed in order to increase the bioaccessibility of macronutrients. The aim of the work was to evaluate the effect of the process of protein sources production using either liquid (F2) vs spray dried milk proteins (F1/F3) and the source of lipids (vegetable oil (F1) vs mix of vegetable oil + bovine milk cream (F2/F3)) ingredients on the macronutrient digestion of three experimental elderly formulas. The dynamic in vitro digestion model DIDGI®, was adapted to simulate the digestive conditions of the elderly. An exhaustive review of the literature was carried out in order to simulate as closely as possible the elderly digestive parameters and constituted the starting point towards a consensus in vitro digestion model that will be proposed soon by the INFOGEST scientific network. The three experimental formulas (F1/F2/F3) differing by the composition and process applied were submitted to the DIDGI® dynamic in vitro digestion over four hours using parameters adapted to the elderly. The three formulas were compared in terms of proteolysis and lipolysis. A slight impact of the process (liquid vs spray-dried) on the degree of proteolysis at the end of digestion was observed with 50.8% for F2 compared to 56.8% for F1 and 52.9% for F3 with<5% of difference between the 3 formulas. Concerning the degree of lipolysis, the addition of bovine cream led to a lesser extent of lipolysis with 63.7 and 60.2% for F2 and F3 respectively versus 66.3% for F1 (containing only vegetable oil). Our results highlighted the beneficial input of the milk fat with a higher level of phospholipids and a lower ω6/ω3 PUFA ratio and can be a good alternative to the use of the vegetable fat in drinks for elderly people.
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Measurement of True Indispensable Amino Acid Digestibility by the Dual Isotope Tracer Technique: A Methodological Review. J Nutr 2023; 153:17-26. [PMID: 36913451 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The digestible indispensable amino acid score uses ileal digestibility of each indispensable amino acid (IAA) of a dietary protein to calculate its protein quality. However, true ileal digestibility, which is the exclusive sum of digestion and absorption of a dietary protein up to the terminal ileum, is difficult to measure in humans. It is traditionally measured using invasive oro-ileal balance methods but can be confounded by endogenous secreted protein in the intestinal lumen, although the use of intrinsically labeled protein corrects for this. A recent, minimally invasive dual isotope tracer technique is now available to measure true IAA digestibility of dietary protein sources. This method involves simultaneous ingestion of 2 intrinsically but differently (stable) isotopically labeled proteins, a (2H or 15N-labeled) test protein and (13C-labeled) reference protein whose true IAA digestibility is known. Using a plateau-feeding protocol, the true IAA digestibility is determined by comparing the steady state ratio of blood to meal test protein IAA enrichment to the similar reference protein IAA ratio. The use of intrinsically labeled protein also distinguishes between IAA of endogenous and dietary origin. The collection of blood samples makes this method minimally invasive. As the α-15N and α-2H atoms of AAs of the intrinsically labeled protein are prone to label loss because of transamination, underestimation of digestibility, appropriate correction factors need to be employed when using 15N or 2H labeled test protein. The true IAA digestibility values of highly digestible animal protein by the dual isotope tracer technique are comparable to that measured by direct oro-ileal balance measurements, but no data are yet available for proteins with lower digestibility. A major advantage is that the minimally invasive method allows for true IAA digestibility measurement in humans across different age groups and physiological conditions.
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Cortés-Quezada M, Parada AM, Videla X, Valdés JA, Gonzalez-Catrilelbún S, Aspée A, Nario A, Rivas-Aravena A. Labelling fish diets with 15 N -Leucine for monitoring feed consumption and bio-distribution in Atlantic salmon. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1096-1103. [PMID: 35348306 PMCID: PMC9122439 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding represents 50–70% of the cost of production in salmon farming, higher than any other animal farm. The improvement of this percentage is challenging as the food is thrown into the fish tank, there is no quantification of the amount of food that is consumed by the fish. In consequence, it is difficult to adjust the food composition making it more nutritive or promoting food consumption by fish. In this study, to investigate food consumption, bio‐distribution and food residues, leucine containing 15N (a stable isotope of nitrogen) was used to label the fish food. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) weighing 100–120 g were maintained in 30 L tanks at a density of 14 kg/m3. Fishes were fed daily at 1% of the fish weight with pellet labelled with 15N‐leucine. The 15N incorporation was determined 14 hours after the feeding in all the fish organs. Results showed that 14 hours after the administration of a single dose of labelled food to Atlantic salmon enables the detection of the tracer in the whole organism allowing determining the food consumption. Through the analysis of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), we showed that the trunk, pyloric caeca and head incorporate the highest level of the marker (72.7, 8.7 and 5.7%, respectively). This methodology would permit monitoring feeding to minimize food loss, improve administration methodologies or select the preferred foods for the fish, among others to reduce production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirta Cortés-Quezada
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Parada
- Departamento de Tecnologías Nucleares, Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Las Condes, Chile
| | - Ximena Videla
- Departamento de Tecnologías Nucleares, Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Las Condes, Chile
| | - Juan Antonio Valdés
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alexis Aspée
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adriana Nario
- Departamento de Tecnologías Nucleares, Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Las Condes, Chile
| | - Andrea Rivas-Aravena
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
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Tessier R, Calvez J, Airinei G, Khodorova N, Kapel R, Quinsac A, Galet O, Piedcoq J, Benamouzig R, Tomé D, Gaudichon C. The True Amino Acid Digestibility of 15N-Labelled Sunflower Biscuits Determined with Ileal Balance and Dual Isotope Methods in Healthy Humans. J Nutr 2022; 152:698-706. [PMID: 34910189 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sunflower is a promising protein source but data on amino acid (AA) digestibility are lacking in humans. Classically, the determination of AA digestibility requires ileal digesta sampling. The dual isotope method is minimally invasive but has not been compared to the conventional approach. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the true ileal digestibility of sunflower AAs in healthy volunteers who ate biscuits containing 15nitrogen (N) protein isolate, in comparison with the dual isotope method. METHODS Twelve healthy volunteers (men and women; 40.4 ± 10.5 years old; BMI, 23.7 ± 2.9 kg/m2) were equipped with a naso-ileal tube. For 4 hours, they consumed 9 repeated meals comprising 15N-sunflower protein biscuits together with 13carbon (C)-AAs, carried either in chocolate (SUN + Ch; n = 7) or apple puree (SUN + P; n = 5). Ileal digesta and blood were sampled throughout 8 hours after ingestion of the first meal. The 15N and 13C AA enrichments were measured in digesta to determine ileal digestibility directly and in plasma to determine lysine and threonine digestibility using the dual isotope method. Differences between methods and between vector groups were analyzed using paired and unpaired t-tests, respectively. RESULTS The ileal digestibility of sunflower indispensable AAs (IAA) was 89% ± 5.3%, with threonine and lysine having the lowest digestibility. In the SUN + Ch meal, IAA digestibility was 3% below that of SUN + P (P < 0.05). The mean free 13C-AA ileal digestibility was 98.1% ± 0.9%. No matter which matrix was used to carry 13C-AAs, plasma 15N and 13C-AA kinetics displayed a 1-hour offset. Digestibility obtained with the dual isotope method (70.4% ± 6.0% for threonine and 75.9% ± 22.3% for lysine) was below the target values. CONCLUSIONS The ileal digestibility of IAAs from a sunflower isolate incorporated in a biscuit was close to 90% in healthy adults. Under our experimental conditions, the dual isotope method provided lower values than the usual method. Further protocol developments are needed to validate the equivalence between both methods. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04024605.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Tessier
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
| | - Juliane Calvez
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
| | - Gheorghe Airinei
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France.,Service d'Hépatogastroentérologie, Hôpital Avicenne, APHP, Bobigny, France
| | - Nadezda Khodorova
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
| | - Romain Kapel
- LRGP Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS 7274, Université de Lorraine, Plateforme SVS, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Julien Piedcoq
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
| | - Robert Benamouzig
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France.,Service d'Hépatogastroentérologie, Hôpital Avicenne, APHP, Bobigny, France
| | - Daniel Tomé
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
| | - Claire Gaudichon
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
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Bandyopadhyay S, Kashyap S, Calvez J, Devi S, Azzout-Marniche D, Tomé D, Kurpad AV, Gaudichon C. Evaluation of Protein Quality in Humans and Insights on Stable Isotope Approaches to Measure Digestibility - A Review. Adv Nutr 2021; 13:1131-1143. [PMID: 34755836 PMCID: PMC9340995 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University expert consultations on protein requirements and quality have emphasized the need for the new Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS), as a measure of protein quality. This requires human measurements of the true ileal digestibility of individual indispensable amino acids (IAAs) until the end of the small intestine. Digestibility is measured using standard oro-ileal balance methods, which can only be achieved by an invasive naso-ileal intubation in healthy participants or fistulation at the terminal ileum. Significant efforts have been made over the last 2 decades to develop noninvasive or minimally invasive methods to measure IAA digestibility in humans. The application of intrinsically labeled (with stable isotopes like 13C, 15N, and 2H) dietary proteins has helped in circumventing the invasive oro-ileal balance techniques and allowed the differentiation between endogenous and exogenous protein. The noninvasive indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique, which is routinely employed to measure IAA requirements, has been modified to estimate metabolic availability (a sum of digestibility and utilization) of IAA in foods, but provides an estimate for a single IAA at a time and is burdensome for participants. The recently developed minimally invasive dual isotope tracer method measures small intestinal digestibility of multiple amino acids at once and is suitable for use in vulnerable groups and disease conditions. However, it remains to be validated against standard oro-ileal balance techniques. This review critically evaluates and compares the currently available stable isotope-based protein quality evaluation methods with a focus on the digestibility and metabolic availability measurements in humans. In view of building a reliable DIAAS database of various protein sources and subsequently supporting protein content claims in food labeling, a re-evaluation and harmonization of the available methods are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulagna Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Sindhu Kashyap
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Juliane Calvez
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE (National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment), UMR PNCA (Research Unit for Nutrition Physiology and Dietary Behavior), Paris, France
| | - Sarita Devi
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Dalila Azzout-Marniche
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE (National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment), UMR PNCA (Research Unit for Nutrition Physiology and Dietary Behavior), Paris, France
| | - Daniel Tomé
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE (National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment), UMR PNCA (Research Unit for Nutrition Physiology and Dietary Behavior), Paris, France
| | - Anura V Kurpad
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India,Department of Physiology, St. John's Medical College, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
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Kashyap S, Shivakumar N, Sejian V, Deutz NEP, Preston T, Sreeman S, Devi S, Kurpad AV. Goat milk protein digestibility in relation to intestinal function. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:845-853. [PMID: 33677496 PMCID: PMC8023838 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milk is an important high-quality animal protein source in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Although the true ileal digestibility and absorption of milk has been shown to be high in French adults, this may be lower in individuals from LMICs who are at risk of environmental enteropathy. OBJECTIVE To determine the true ileal indispensable amino acid (IAA) digestibility of intrinsically labeled goat milk protein in South Indian women of reproductive age (WRA), using the dual-isotope tracer technique, and to measure intestinal absorption of amino acid and inert sugar in the same participants using L-allo-isoleucine and a dual-sugar assay. METHODS Milk with 2H-labeled protein collected from a lactating goat fed intrinsically 2H-labeled fodder (maize and cowpea) was spray dried. Labeled milk protein was administered in a plateau feeding protocol to WRA with normal BMI, in whom urinary lactulose and mannitol recovery and the lactulose/mannitol ratio (LMR) were measured, to determine its true ileal IAA digestibility by the dual-isotope tracer technique with a reference U-13C-amino acid mixture. A phenylalanine absorption index was calculated from the plasma to meal ratio of 13C9 phenylalanine within the digestibility protocol. On a separate day, the allo-isoleucine absorption index was estimated from the ratio of plasma allo-isoleucine enrichments after oral 13C6-15N-L- and intravenous 2H10-L-allo-isoleucine administration. RESULTS The means ± SDs of true ileal IAA digestibility of goat milk protein, lactulose and mannitol recovery, LMR, allo-isoleucine and phenylalanine absorption index were 94.0 ± 2.9%, 0.09 ± 0.03%, 7.9 ± 2.3%, 0.012 ± 0.004, 88.4 ± 3.8% and 24.5 ± 1.6%, respectively. The LMR correlated with the allo-isoleucine absorption index (rs = -0.93, P = 0.008). CONCLUSION The true ileal digestibility of goat milk protein in South Indian WRA with normal intestinal absorptive function and integrity was comparable to earlier estimates in healthy French adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Kashyap
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Nirupama Shivakumar
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Veerasamy Sejian
- ICAR—National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bangalore, India
| | - Nicolaas E P Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Preston
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride, Scotland, UK
| | - Sheshshayee Sreeman
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Sarita Devi
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Anura V Kurpad
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
- Department of Physiology, St. John's Medical College, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
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Reynaud Y, Buffière C, Cohade B, Vauris M, Liebermann K, Hafnaoui N, Lopez M, Souchon I, Dupont D, Rémond D. True ileal amino acid digestibility and digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAASs) of plant-based protein foods. Food Chem 2021; 338:128020. [PMID: 32932087 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant-based protein foods are increasingly common, but data on their nutritional protein quality are scarce. This study evaluated it for seitan (wheat-based food), tofu (soya-based food), soya milk, and a pea emulsion. The true ileal digestibility (TID) of their amino acids was determined in minipigs, to calculate the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS). The TID of the proteins was high and not significantly different between the foods tested: 97% for seitan, 95% for tofu, 92% for soya milk and 94% for pea emulsion. There were only minor differences in individual amino acid TIDs. DIAAS ranking was thus essentially driven by the amino acid composition of the food: soya-based food > pea emulsion > seitan. Nevertheless, the lower TID of sulphur-containing amino acids in tofu than in soya milk induced a significant decrease in DIAAS (from 117% to 97%), highlighting the importance of the matrix effect on nutritional protein quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Reynaud
- IMPROVE SAS, F-80480 Dury, France; STLO, INRAE, INSTITUT AGRO, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Caroline Buffière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Benoît Cohade
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Mélissa Vauris
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Kevin Liebermann
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Noureddine Hafnaoui
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | | | - Isabelle Souchon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, SayFood, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
| | | | - Didier Rémond
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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11
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Roy D, Ye A, Moughan PJ, Singh H. Composition, Structure, and Digestive Dynamics of Milk From Different Species-A Review. Front Nutr 2020; 7:577759. [PMID: 33123547 PMCID: PMC7573072 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.577759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The traditional dairy-cattle-based industry is becoming increasingly diversified with milk and milk products from non-cattle dairy species. The interest in non-cattle milks has increased because there have been several anecdotal reports about the nutritional benefits of these milks and reports both of individuals tolerating and digesting some non-cattle milks better than cattle milk and of certain characteristics that non-cattle milks are thought to share in common with human milk. Thus, non-cattle milks are considered to have potential applications in infant, children, and elderly nutrition for the development of specialized products with better nutritional profiles. However, there is very little scientific information and understanding about the digestion behavior of non-cattle milks. Scope and Approach: The general properties of some non-cattle milks, in comparison with human and cattle milks, particularly focusing on their protein profile, fat composition, hypoallergenic potential, and digestibility, are reviewed. The coagulation behaviors of different milks in the stomach and their impact on the rates of protein and fat digestion are reviewed in detail. Key findings and Conclusions: Milk from different species vary in composition, structure, and physicochemical properties. This may be a key factor in their different digestion behaviors. The curds formed in the stomach during the gastric digestion of some non-cattle milks are considered to be relatively softer than those formed from cattle milk, which is thought to contribute to the degree to which non-cattle milks can be easily digested or tolerated. The rates of protein and fat delivery to the small intestine are likely to be a function of the macro- and micro-structure of the curd formed in the stomach, which in turn is affected by factors such as casein composition, fat globule and casein micelle size distribution, and protein-to-fat ratio. However, as no information on the coagulation behavior of non-cattle milks in the human stomach is available, in-depth scientific studies are needed in order to understand the impact of compositional and structural differences on the digestive dynamics of milk from different species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Harjinder Singh
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Egger L, Ménard O, Abbühl L, Duerr D, Stoffers H, Berthoud H, Meola M, Badertscher R, Blaser C, Dupont D, Portmann R. Higher microbial diversity in raw than in pasteurized milk Raclette-type cheese enhances peptide and metabolite diversity after in vitro digestion. Food Chem 2020; 340:128154. [PMID: 33010641 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Numerous bacteria are responsible for hydrolysis of proteins during cheese ripening. The raw milk flora is a major source of bacterial variety, starter cultures are needed for successful acidification of the cheese and proteolytic strains like Lactobacillus helveticus, are added for flavor improvement or acceleration of ripening processes. To study the impact of higher bacterial diversity in cheese on protein hydrolysis during simulated human digestion, Raclette-type cheeses were produced from raw or heat treated milk, with or without proteolytic L. helveticus and ripened for 120 days. Kinetic processes were studied with a dynamic (DIDGI®) in vitro protocol and endpoints with the static INFOGEST in vitro digestion protocol, allowing a comparison of the two in vitro protocols at the level of gastric and intestinal endpoints. Both digestion protocols resulted in comparable peptide patterns after intestinal digestion and higher microbial diversity in cheeses led to a more diverse peptidome after simulated digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotti Egger
- Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstr. 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | - Lychou Abbühl
- Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstr. 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Desirée Duerr
- Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstr. 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Marco Meola
- Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstr. 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Carola Blaser
- Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstr. 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Reto Portmann
- Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstr. 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
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13
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Reitelseder S, Tranberg B, Agergaard J, Dideriksen K, Højfeldt G, Merry ME, Storm AC, Poulsen KR, Hansen ET, van Hall G, Lund P, Holm L. Phenylalanine stable isotope tracer labeling of cow milk and meat and human experimental applications to study dietary protein-derived amino acid availability. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:3652-3662. [PMID: 32334880 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Availability of dietary protein-derived amino acids (AA) is an important determinant for their utilization in metabolism and for protein synthesis. Intrinsic labeling of protein is the only method to directly trace availability and utilization. The purpose of the present study was to produce labeled milk and meat proteins and investigate how dietary protein-derived AA availability is affected by the protein-meal matrix. METHODS Four lactating cows were infused with L-[ring-d5]phenylalanine and one with L-[15N]phenylalanine for 72 h. Milk was collected, and three of the [d5]phenylalanine cows were subsequently slaughtered. Two human studies were performed to explore plasma AA availability properties utilizing the labeled proteins. One study compared the intake of whey protein either alone or together with carbohydrates-fat food-matrix. The other study compared the intake of meat hydrolysate with minced beef. Cow blood, milk, meat and human blood samples were collected and analyzed by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Whey and caseinate acquired label to 15-20 mol percent excess (MPE), and the meat proteins reached 0.41-0.73 MPE. The [d5]phenylalanine appeared fast in plasma and peaked 30 min after whey protein alone and meat hydrolysate intake, whereas whey protein with a food-matrix and the meat minced beef postponed the [d5]phenylalanine peak until 2 and 1 h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Phenylalanine stable isotope-labeled milk and meat were produced and proved a valuable tool to investigate AA absorption characteristics. Dietary protein in food-matrices showed delayed postprandial plasma AA availability as compared to whey protein alone and meat hydrolysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Reitelseder
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Britt Tranberg
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jakob Agergaard
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kasper Dideriksen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Grith Højfeldt
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Marie Emily Merry
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Adam C Storm
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University Foulum, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet.
| | - Peter Lund
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University Foulum, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Lars Holm
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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14
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Mulet-Cabero AI, Mackie AR, Brodkorb A, Wilde PJ. Dairy structures and physiological responses: a matter of gastric digestion. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 60:3737-3752. [PMID: 32056441 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1707159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Digestion and health properties of food do not solely rely on the sum of nutrients but are also influenced by food structure. Dairy products present an array of structures due to differences in the origin of milk components and the changes induced by processing. Some dairy structures have been observed to induce specific effects on digestion rates and physiological responses. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Gastric digestion plays a key role in controlling digestion kinetics. The main objective of this review is to expose the relevance of gastric phase as the link between dairy structures and physiological responses. The focus is on human and animal studies, and physiological relevant in vitro digestion models. Data collected showed that the structure of dairy products have a profound impact on rate of nutrient bioavailability, absorption and physiological responses, suggesting gastric digestion as the main driver. Control of gastric digestion can be a tool for delivering specific rates of nutrient digestion. Therefore, the design of food structure targeting specific gastric behavior could be of great interest for particular population needs e.g. rapid nutrient digestion will benefit elderly, and slow nutrient digestion could help to enhance satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan R Mackie
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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15
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Walther B, Lett AM, Bordoni A, Tomás‐Cobos L, Nieto JA, Dupont D, Danesi F, Shahar DR, Echaniz A, Re R, Fernandez AS, Deglaire A, Gille D, Schmid A, Vergères G. GutSelf: Interindividual Variability in the Processing of Dietary Compounds by the Human Gastrointestinal Tract. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900677. [PMID: 31483113 PMCID: PMC6900003 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional research is currently entering the field of personalized nutrition, to a large extent driven by major technological breakthroughs in analytical sciences and biocomputing. An efficient launching of the personalized approach depends on the ability of researchers to comprehensively monitor and characterize interindividual variability in the activity of the human gastrointestinal tract. This information is currently not available in such a form. This review therefore aims at identifying and discussing published data, providing evidence on interindividual variability in the processing of the major nutrients, i.e., protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, along the gastrointestinal tract, including oral processing, intestinal digestion, and absorption. Although interindividual variability is not a primary endpoint of most studies identified, a significant number of publications provides a wealth of information on this topic for each category of nutrients. This knowledge remains fragmented, however, and understanding the clinical relevance of most of the interindividual responses to food ingestion described in this review remains unclear. In that regard, this review has identified a gap and sets the base for future research addressing the issue of the interindividual variability in the response of the human organism to the ingestion of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Walther
- AgroscopeFederal Department of Economic AffairsEducation and Research EAER3003BerneSwitzerland
| | - Aaron M. Lett
- Section for Nutrition ResearchDepartment of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Alessandra Bordoni
- Department of Agri‐Food Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of Bologna47521CesenaItaly
| | | | | | - Didier Dupont
- UMR 1253Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'ŒufINRA35000RennesFrance
| | - Francesca Danesi
- Department of Agri‐Food Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of Bologna47521CesenaItaly
| | - Danit R. Shahar
- Department of Public HealthThe S. Daniel Abraham International Center for Health and NutritionBen‐Gurion University of the Negev84105Beer‐ShevaIsrael
| | - Ana Echaniz
- Cambridge Food Science LtdCB23 5ABCambridgeUK
| | - Roberta Re
- Cambridge Food Science LtdCB23 5ABCambridgeUK
| | | | - Amélie Deglaire
- UMR 1253Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'ŒufINRA35000RennesFrance
| | - Doreen Gille
- AgroscopeFederal Department of Economic AffairsEducation and Research EAER3003BerneSwitzerland
| | - Alexandra Schmid
- AgroscopeFederal Department of Economic AffairsEducation and Research EAER3003BerneSwitzerland
| | - Guy Vergères
- AgroscopeFederal Department of Economic AffairsEducation and Research EAER3003BerneSwitzerland
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16
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Ménard O, Famelart MH, Deglaire A, Le Gouar Y, Guérin S, Malbert CH, Dupont D. Gastric Emptying and Dynamic In Vitro Digestion of Drinkable Yogurts: Effect of Viscosity and Composition. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1308. [PMID: 30223532 PMCID: PMC6163255 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric emptying of food is mainly driven by the caloric concentration, the rheological properties of the chyme, and the physical state (liquid/solid) of food once in the stomach. The present work investigated: (1) The effect of the composition and the viscosity of drinkable yogurts on gastric emptying in pigs, and (2) the behavior of yogurts during dynamic in vitro digestion. Three isocaloric liquid yogurts were manufactured: Two enriched in protein and fiber showing either a low (LV) or high (HV) viscosity, one control enriched in sugar and starch (CT). They were labelled with 99mTc-sulfur colloid and given to pigs (n = 11) to determine gastric emptying pattern by gamma scintigraphy. Then dynamic in vitro digestion of the yogurts was done using the parameters of gastric emptying determined in vivo. Gastric emptying half-times were significantly longer for LV than CT, whereas HV exhibited an intermediate behavior. In vitro gastric digestion showed a quick hydrolysis of caseins, whereas whey proteins were more resistant in the stomach particularly for LV and HV. During the intestinal phase, both whey proteins and caseins were almost fully hydrolyzed. Viscosity was shown to affect the behavior of yogurt in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Ménard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agrocampus Ouest, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf (STLO), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Marie-Hélène Famelart
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agrocampus Ouest, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf (STLO), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Amélie Deglaire
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agrocampus Ouest, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf (STLO), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Yann Le Gouar
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agrocampus Ouest, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf (STLO), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Sylvie Guérin
- Institut Nutrition-Métabolisme-Cancer, INRA, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Rennes 1, Domaine de la prise, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France.
| | | | - Didier Dupont
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agrocampus Ouest, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf (STLO), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
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17
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Krämer L, Jäger C, Trezzi JP, Jacobs DM, Hiller K. Quantification of Stable Isotope Traces Close to Natural Enrichment in Human Plasma Metabolites Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites 2018; 8:metabo8010015. [PMID: 29443915 PMCID: PMC5876004 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, changes in metabolic fluxes following consumption of stable isotope-enriched foods are usually limited to the analysis of postprandial kinetics of glucose. Kinetic information on a larger diversity of metabolites is often lacking, mainly due to the marginal percentage of fully isotopically enriched plant material in the administered food product, and hence, an even weaker 13C enrichment in downstream plasma metabolites. Therefore, we developed an analytical workflow to determine weak 13C enrichments of diverse plasma metabolites with conventional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The limit of quantification was increased by optimizing (1) the metabolite extraction from plasma, (2) the GC-MS measurement, and (3) most importantly, the computational data processing. We applied our workflow to study the catabolic dynamics of 13C-enriched wheat bread in three human subjects. For that purpose, we collected time-resolved human plasma samples at 16 timepoints after the consumption of 13C-labeled bread and quantified 13C enrichment of 12 metabolites (glucose, lactate, alanine, glycine, serine, citrate, glutamate, glutamine, valine, isoleucine, tyrosine, and threonine). Based on isotopomer specific analysis, we were able to distinguish catabolic profiles of starch and protein hydrolysis. More generally, our study highlights that conventional GC-MS equipment is sufficient to detect isotope traces below 1% if an appropriate data processing is integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Krämer
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, BRICS, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Christian Jäger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Université du Luxembourg, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Jean-Pierre Trezzi
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Université du Luxembourg, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
- Integrated Biobank of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg.
| | - Doris M Jacobs
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, BRICS, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
- Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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18
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Butler RN, Kosek M, Krebs NF, Loechl CU, Loy A, Owino VO, Zimmermann MB, Morrison DJ. Stable Isotope Techniques for the Assessment of Host and Microbiota Response During Gastrointestinal Dysfunction. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64:8-14. [PMID: 27632432 PMCID: PMC5214897 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The International Atomic Energy Agency convened a technical meeting on environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) in Vienna (October 28-30, 2015; https://nucleus.iaea.org/HHW/Nutrition/EED_Technical_Meeting/index.html) to bring together international experts in the fields of EED, nutrition, and stable isotope technologies. Advances in stable isotope-labeling techniques open up new possibilities to improve our understanding of gastrointestinal dysfunction and the role of the microbiota in host health. In the context of EED, little is known about the role gut dysfunction may play in macro- and micronutrient bioavailability and requirements and what the consequences may be for nutritional status and linear growth. Stable isotope labeling techniques have been used to assess intestinal mucosal injury and barrier function, carbohydrate digestion and fermentation, protein-derived amino acid bioavailability and requirements, micronutrient bioavailability and to track microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions at the single cell level. The noninvasive nature of stable isotope technologies potentially allow for low-hazard, field-deployable tests of gut dysfunction that are applicable across all age groups. The purpose of this review is to assess the state-of-the-art use of stable isotope technologies and to provide a perspective on where these technologies can be exploited to further our understanding of gut dysfunction in EED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross N Butler
- *School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia †Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD ‡Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora §Nutrition and Health-Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency ||Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbial and Ecosystem Science, Research Network Chemistry meets Microbiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria ¶Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland #Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, East Kilbride, Scotland, UK
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19
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Phillips SM, Chevalier S, Leidy HJ. Protein "requirements" beyond the RDA: implications for optimizing health. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:565-572. [PMID: 26960445 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2023]
Abstract
Substantial evidence supports the increased consumption of high-quality protein to achieve optimal health outcomes. A growing body of research indicates that protein intakes well above the current Recommended Dietary Allowance help to promote healthy aging, appetite regulation, weight management, and goals aligned with athletic performance. Higher protein intakes may help prevent age-related sarcopenia, the loss of muscle mass, and strength that predisposes older adults to frailty, disability, and loss of autonomy. Higher protein diets also improve satiety and lead to greater reductions in body weight and fat mass compared with standard protein diets, and may therefore serve as a successful strategy to help prevent and/or treat obesity. Athletes can also benefit from higher protein intakes to maximize athletic performance given the critical role protein plays in stimulating muscle protein remodelling after exercise. Protein quality, per meal dose, and timing of ingestion are also important considerations. Despite persistent beliefs to the contrary, we can find no evidence-based link between higher protein diets and renal disease or adverse bone health. This brief synopsis highlights recent learnings based on presentations at the 2015 Canadian Nutrition Society conference, Advances in Protein Nutrition across the Lifespan. Current evidence indicates intakes in the range of at least 1.2 to 1.6 g/(kg·day) of high-quality protein is a more ideal target for achieving optimal health outcomes in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Phillips
- a Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group - Protein Metabolism Research Lab, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Chevalier
- b Department of Medicine, McGill University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- c School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, Crabtree Nutrition Laboratories, 1001, boul. Décarie, E02.7226 Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Heather J Leidy
- d Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65203, USA
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20
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McCue MD, Welch KC. (13)C-Breath testing in animals: theory, applications, and future directions. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 186:265-85. [PMID: 26660654 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The carbon isotope values in the exhaled breath of an animal mirror the carbon isotope values of the metabolic fuels being oxidized. The measurement of stable carbon isotopes in carbon dioxide is called (13)C-breath testing and offers a minimally invasive method to study substrate oxidation in vivo. (13)C-breath testing has been broadly used to study human exercise, nutrition, and pathologies since the 1970s. Owing to reduced use of radioactive isotopes and the increased convenience and affordability of (13)C-analyzers, the past decade has witnessed a sharp increase in the use of breath testing throughout comparative physiology--especially to answer questions about how and when animals oxidize particular nutrients. Here, we review the practical aspects of (13)C-breath testing and identify the strengths and weaknesses of different methodological approaches including the use of natural abundance versus artificially-enriched (13)C tracers. We critically compare the information that can be obtained using different experimental protocols such as diet-switching versus fuel-switching. We also discuss several factors that should be considered when designing breath testing experiments including extrinsic versus intrinsic (13)C-labelling and different approaches to model nutrient oxidation. We use case studies to highlight the myriad applications of (13)C-breath testing in basic and clinical human studies as well as comparative studies of fuel use, energetics, and carbon turnover in multiple vertebrate and invertebrate groups. Lastly, we call for increased and rigorous use of (13)C-breath testing to explore a variety of new research areas and potentially answer long standing questions related to thermobiology, locomotion, and nutrition.
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21
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Protein Modification During Ingredient Preparation and Food Processing: Approaches to Improve Food Processability and Nutrition. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-014-1326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Barbé F, Ménard O, Gouar YL, Buffière C, Famelart MH, Laroche B, Feunteun SL, Rémond D, Dupont D. Acid and rennet gels exhibit strong differences in the kinetics of milk protein digestion and amino acid bioavailability. Food Chem 2014; 143:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
The nutritive value of food protein sources is dependent on the amino acid composition and the bioavailability of the nutritionally indispensable amino acids. Traditionally the methods developed to determine amino acid bioavailability have focused on intestinal absorption or digestibility, which is calculated as the percent of amino acid intake that does not appear in digesta or faeces. Traditional digestibility based methods do not always account for gut endogenous amino acid losses or absorbed amino acids which are unavailable due to the effect of heat processing and the presence of anti-nutritional factors, though methods have been developed to address these issues. Furthermore, digestibility based methods require the use of animal models, thus there is a need to developin vivomethods that can be applied directly in human subjects to identify the proportion of dietary amino acids which is bioavailable, or metabolically available to the body for protein synthesis following digestion and absorption. The indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method developed in our laboratory for humans has been systematically applied to determine almost all indispensable amino acid requirements in adult humans. Oxidation of the indicator amino acid is inversely proportional to whole body protein synthesis and responds rapidly to changes in the bioavailability of amino acids for metabolic processes. Using the IAAO concept, we developed a newin vivomethod in growing pigs, pregnant sows and adult humans to identify the metabolic availability of amino acids in foods. The stable isotope based metabolic availability method is suitable for rapid and routine analysis in humans, and can be used to integrate amino acid requirement data with dietary amino acid availability of foods.
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Ileal and faecal protein digestibility measurement in humans and other non-ruminants – a comparative species view. Br J Nutr 2012; 108 Suppl 2:S247-57. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512002395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A comparative non-ruminant species view of the contribution of the large intestinal metabolism to inaccuracies in nitrogen and amino acid absorption measurements is provided to assess potential implications for the determination of crude protein/amino acid digestibility in adult humans consuming lower digestible protein sources. Most of the amino acids in the hindgut are constituents of the microorganisms and significant microbial metabolism of dietary and endogenous amino acids occurs. Bacterial metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds leads to a significant disappearance of nitrogen in the large intestine. Literature data show that some 79 % of the nitrogen entering the large intestine of the horse is absorbed. For dogs, sows, and growing pigs these estimates are 49, 34 and 16 %, respectively. The coefficient of gut differentiation of humans compares closely to that of dogs while the coefficient of fermentation in humans is the lowest of all non-ruminant species and closest to that of cats and dogs. Large intestinal digesta transit times of humans compare closest to adult dogs. Significant amino acid metabolism has been shown to occur in the large intestine of the adult dog. Use of the growing pig as an animal model is likely to underestimate the fermentation of amino acids in the human large intestine. Based on the significant degree of fermentation of nitrogen-containing components in the large intestine of several non-ruminant species, it can be expected that determination of amino acid digestibility at a faecal level in humans consuming low quality proteins would not provide accurate estimates of the amino acids absorbed by the intestine.
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25
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Airinei G, Gaudichon C, Bos C, Bon C, Kapel N, Bejou B, Raynaud JJ, Luengo C, Aparicio T, Levy P, Tome D, Benamouzig R. Postprandial protein metabolism but not a fecal test reveals protein malabsorption in patients with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Clin Nutr 2011; 30:831-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Phillips SM, Tang JE, Moore DR. The role of milk- and soy-based protein in support of muscle protein synthesis and muscle protein accretion in young and elderly persons. J Am Coll Nutr 2010; 28:343-54. [PMID: 20368372 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2009.10718096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The balance between muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB) is dependent on protein consumption and the accompanying hyperaminoacidemia, which stimulates a marked rise in MPS and mild suppression of MPB. In the fasting state, however, MPS declines sharply and MPB is increased slightly. Ultimately, the balance between MPS and MPB determines the net rate of muscle growth. Accretion of new muscle mass beyond that of normal growth can occur following periods of intense resistance exercise. Such muscle accretion is an often sought-after goal of athletes. There needs to be, however, an increased appreciation of the role that preservation of muscle can play in offsetting morbidities associated with the sarcopenia of aging, such as type 2 diabetes and declines in metabolic rate that can lead to fat mass accumulation followed by the onset or progression of obesity. Emerging evidence shows that consumption of different types of proteins can have different stimulatory effects on the amplitude and possibly duration that MPS is elevated after feeding; this may be particularly significant after resistance exercise. This effect may be due to differences in the fundamental amino acid composition of the protein (i.e., its amino acid score) and its rate of digestion. Milk proteins, specifically casein and whey, are the highest quality proteins and are quite different in terms of their rates of digestion and absorption. New data suggest that whey protein is better able to support MPS than is soy protein, a finding that may explain the greater ability of whey protein to support greater net muscle mass gains with resistance exercise. This review focuses on evidence showing the differences in responses of MPS, and ultimately muscle protein accretion, to consumption of milk- and soy-based supplemental protein sources in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, CANADA.
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Inglingstad RA, Devold TG, Eriksen EK, Holm H, Jacobsen M, Liland KH, Rukke EO, Vegarud GE. Comparison of the digestion of caseins and whey proteins in equine, bovine, caprine and human milks by human gastrointestinal enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1051/dst/2010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Hepatoprotective effects of whey protein isolate against acute liver toxicity induced by dimethylnitrosamine in rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-010-0986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Elango R, Ball RO, Pencharz PB. Amino acid requirements in humans: with a special emphasis on the metabolic availability of amino acids. Amino Acids 2009; 37:19-27. [PMID: 19156481 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Due to advances made in the development of stable isotope based carbon oxidation methods, the determination of amino acid requirements in humans has been an active area of research for the past 2 decades. The indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method developed in our laboratory for humans has been systematically applied to determine almost all indispensable amino acid requirements in adult humans. Nutritional application of experimentally derived amino acid requirement estimates depends upon the capacity of food proteins to meet the amino acid requirements in humans. Therefore, there is a need to know the proportion of dietary amino acids which are bioavailable, or metabolically available to the body for protein synthesis following digestion and absorption. Although this concept is widely applied in animal nutrition, it has not been applied to human nutrition due to lack of data. We developed a new in vivo method in growing pigs to identify the metabolic availability of amino acids in foods using the IAAO concept. This metabolic availability method has recently been adapted for use in humans. As this newly developed IAAO based method to determine metabolic availability of amino acids in foods is suitable for rapid and routine analysis in humans, it is a major step forward in defining the protein quality of food sources and integrating amino acid requirement data with dietary amino acid availability of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajavel Elango
- Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown are simultaneous ongoing processes. Here, we examine evidence for how protein quality can affect exercise-induced muscle protein anabolism or protein balance (MPS minus muscle protein breakdown). Evidence is highlighted showing differences in the responses of MPS, and muscle protein accretion, with ingestion of milk-based and soy-based proteins in young and elderly persons. RECENT FINDINGS Protein consumption, and the accompanying hyperaminoacidemia, stimulates an increase in MPS and a small suppression of muscle protein breakdown. Beyond the feeding-induced rise in MPS, small incremental addition of new muscle protein mass occurs following intense resistance exercise which over time (i.e. resistance training) leads to muscle hypertrophy. Athletes make use of the paradigm of resistance training and eating to maximize the gains in their skeletal muscle mass. Importantly, however, metabolically active skeletal muscle can offset the morbidities associated with the sarcopenia of aging such as type II diabetes, decline in aerobic fitness and the reduction in metabolic rate that can lead to fat mass accumulation. SUMMARY Recent evidence suggests that consumption of different proteins can affect the amplitude and possibly duration of MPS increases after feeding and this effect interacts and is possibly accentuated with resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Tang
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Lacroix M, Bon C, Bos C, Léonil J, Benamouzig R, Luengo C, Fauquant J, Tomé D, Gaudichon C. Ultra high temperature treatment, but not pasteurization, affects the postprandial kinetics of milk proteins in humans. J Nutr 2008; 138:2342-7. [PMID: 19022955 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.096990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the chemical and physical modifications to milk proteins induced by technological treatments have been characterized extensively, their nutritional consequences have rarely been assessed in humans. We measured the effect of 2 technological treatments on the postprandial utilization of milk nitrogen (N), pasteurization (PAST) and ultra high temperature (UHT), compared with microfiltration (MF), using a sensitive method based on the use of milk proteins intrinsically labeled with (15)N. Twenty-five subjects were studied after a 1-wk standardization of their diet. On the day of the investigation, they ingested a single test meal corresponding to 500 mL of either MF, PAST, or UHT defatted milk. Serum amino acid (AA) levels as well as the transfer of (15)N into serum protein and AA, body urea, and urinary urea were determined throughout the 8-h postprandial period. The kinetics of dietary N transfer to serum AA, proteins, and urea did not differ between the MF and PAST groups. The transfer of dietary N to serum AA and protein and to body urea was significantly higher in UHT than in either the PAST or MF group. Postprandial deamination losses from dietary AA represented 25.9 +/- 3.3% of ingested N in the UHT group, 18.5 +/- 3.0% in the MF group, and 18.6 +/- 3.7% in the PAST group (P < 0.0001). The higher anabolic use of dietary N in plasma proteins after UHT ingestion strongly suggests that these differences are due to modifications to digestive kinetics and the further metabolism of dietary proteins subsequent to this particular treatment of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Lacroix
- INRA, AgroParisTech UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, CRNH-IdF, Paris, France
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Juillet B, Fouillet H, Bos C, Mariotti F, Gausserès N, Benamouzig R, Tomé D, Gaudichon C. Increasing habitual protein intake results in reduced postprandial efficiency of peripheral, anabolic wheat protein nitrogen use in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87:666-78. [PMID: 18326606 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/87.3.666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The postprandial retention of dietary protein decreases when the prevailing protein intake increases. OBJECTIVE We investigated the influence of the prevailing protein intake on the regional utilization and anabolic use of wheat protein during the postprandial non-steady state in humans. DESIGN Healthy adults (n = 8) were adapted for 7 d, first to a normal-protein diet (NP: 1 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)) and then to a high-protein diet (HP: 2 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)). After each adaptation period, the subjects received the same single, solid mixed meal containing [15N]-labeled wheat protein. The postprandial kinetics of dietary nitrogen were then measured for 8 h in blood and urine. These data were further analyzed by using a multicompartmental model to predict the postprandial kinetics of dietary nitrogen in unsampled pools. RESULTS The postprandial whole-body retention of wheat protein nitrogen, measured 8 h after meal ingestion, decreased by 10% when the subjects switched from the NP diet to the HP diet. According to modeling results, this resulted from an increased splanchnic utilization of dietary nitrogen for urea production, whereas its incorporation into splanchnic proteins was unchanged, leading to a 20-30% decrease in peripheral availability and anabolic use in HP-adapted compared with NP-adapted subjects having ingested the same protein load. CONCLUSIONS By combining clinical experimentation with compartmental modeling, we provide a global overview of postprandial dietary protein metabolism. Increasing prior protein intake was shown to reduce the postprandial retention of wheat protein nitrogen, mainly by diminishing the efficiency of its peripheral availability and anabolic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Juillet
- INRA, AgroParisTech, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, CRNH-IdF, Paris, France
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Moughan PJ. Amino acid availability: aspects of chemical analysis and bioassay methodology. Nutr Res Rev 2007; 16:127-41. [DOI: 10.1079/nrr200365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIt is important to be able to characterise foods and feedstuffs according to their available amino acid contents. This involves being able to determine amino acids chemically and the conduct of bioassays to determine amino acid digestibility and availability. The chemical analysis of amino acids is not straightforward and meticulousness is required to achieve consistent results. In particular and for accuracy, the effect of hydrolysis time needs to be accounted for. Some amino acids (for example, lysine) can undergo chemical modification during the processing and storage of foods, which interferes with amino acid analysis. Furthermore, the modified amino acids may also interfere with the determination of digestibility. A new approach to the determination of available lysine using a modifiedin vivodigestibility assay is discussed. Research is required into other amino acids susceptible to structural damage. There is recent compelling scientific evidence that bacterial activity in the small intestine of animals and man leads to the synthesis and uptake of dietary essential amino acids. This has implications for the accuracy of the ileal-based amino acid digestibility assay and further research is required to determine the extent of this synthesis, the source of nitrogenous material used for the synthesis and the degree of synthesis net of amino acid catabolism. Although there may be potential shortcomings in digestibility assays based on the determination of amino acids remaining undigested at the terminal ileum, there is abundant evidence in simple-stomached animals and growing evidence in human subjects that faecal-based amino acid digestibility coefficients are misleading. Hindgut microbial metabolism significantly alters the undigested dietary amino acid profile. The ileal amino acid digestibility bioassay is expected to be more accurate than its faecal-based counterpart, but correction of the ileal amino acid flow for amino acids of endogenous origin is necessary. Approaches to correcting for the endogenous component are discussed.
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Humayun MA, Elango R, Moehn S, Ball RO, Pencharz PB. Application of the indicator amino acid oxidation technique for the determination of metabolic availability of sulfur amino acids from casein versus soy protein isolate in adult men. J Nutr 2007; 137:1874-9. [PMID: 17634258 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.8.1874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the metabolic availability (MA) of sulfur amino acids in dietary proteins using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique. Five to seven men received graded levels (20, 40, 60, and 70%) of the mean total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) requirement of 13 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) as a crystalline AA mixture, casein, and soy protein isolate (SPI) (40, 50, 60, and 70%), respectively. Five of these subjects received 40% of TSAA requirement from SPI supplemented with methionine to the level of 40% of requirement. These 5 subjects also repeated the level of 60% TSAA requirements from both casein and SPI to assess repeatability. The mean MA of TSAA from SPI (71.8 +/- 3.6%) was lower than from casein (87.4 +/- 3.8%, P < 0.05). Supplementation of SPI with methionine decreased the IAAO (11.5 +/- 0.3% administered dose) compared with unsupplemented SPI (12.8 +/- 0.5% administered dose, P < 0.05). IAAO was similar for repeated measurements of casein and SPI, respectively, at the 60% TSAA intake level (10.8 +/- 1.0 vs. 10.7 +/- 1.2% for casein; 12.7 +/- 1.3 vs. 12.9 +/- 2.6% for SPI). In conclusion, the IAAO technique can be used to determine the MA of AA for protein synthesis in test proteins for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Humayun
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
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Bos C, Airinei G, Mariotti F, Benamouzig R, Bérot S, Evrard J, Fénart E, Tomé D, Gaudichon C. The poor digestibility of rapeseed protein is balanced by its very high metabolic utilization in humans. J Nutr 2007; 137:594-600. [PMID: 17311946 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.3.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed protein (RP, Brassica napus) is used in only animal feed despite its high nutritional potential for human nutrition. We sought to assess the nutritional quality of rapeseed by measuring its real ileal digestibility (RID) and net postprandial protein utilization (NPPU) in humans fed (15)N-RP. Volunteers equipped with an intestinal tube at the jejunal (n = 5) or ileal level (n = 7) ingested a mixed meal containing 27.3 g (15)N-RP and a total energy content of 700 kcal (2.93 MJ). Dietary N kinetics was quantified in intestinal fluid, urine, and blood sampled at regular intervals during the postprandial period. The RID of RP was 84.0 +/- 8.8%. Dietary N at the ileal level was mostly in the form of undigested protein from both 12S and 2S rapeseed fractions. Aminoacidemia was not significantly increased by meal ingestion. The postprandial distribution of dietary N was 5.4 +/- 1.8% in urinary urea and ammonia, 8.2 +/- 3.4% in body urea, and 7.7 +/- 2.0% in plasma protein 8 h after the meal. The NPPU of RP amounted to 70.5 +/- 9.6% and the postprandial biological value (PBV) was high at 83.8 +/- 4.6%. RP has a low RID in humans compared with other plant proteins but also exhibits a very low deamination rate. Thus, the PBV of RP is excellent in humans, being as high as that of milk protein. We conclude that RP has a high nutritional potential for human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bos
- UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, INRA-INAPG, 75005 Paris, France.
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Tipton KD, Witard OC. Protein Requirements and Recommendations for Athletes: Relevance of Ivory Tower Arguments for Practical Recommendations. Clin Sports Med 2007; 26:17-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Juillet B, Saccomani MP, Bos C, Gaudichon C, Tomé D, Fouillet H. Conceptual, methodological and computational issues concerning the compartmental modeling of a complex biological system: Postprandial inter-organ metabolism of dietary nitrogen in humans. Math Biosci 2006; 204:282-309. [PMID: 16806287 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A multi-compartmental model has been developed to describe dietary nitrogen (N) postprandial distribution and metabolism in humans. This paper details the entire process of model development, including the successive steps of its construction, parameter estimation and validation. The model was built using experimental data on dietary N kinetics in certain accessible pools of the intestine, blood and urine in healthy adults fed a [15N]-labeled protein meal. A 13-compartment, 21-parameter model was selected from candidate models of increasing order as being the minimum structure able to properly fit experimental data for all sampled compartments. Problems of theoretical identifiability and numerical identification of the model both constituted mathematical challenges that were difficult to solve because of the large number of unknown parameters and the few experimental data available. For this reason, new robust and reliable methods were applied, which enabled (i) a check that all model parameters could theoretically uniquely be determined and (ii) an estimation of their numerical values with satisfactory precision from the experimental data. Finally, model validation was completed by first verifying its a posteriori identifiability and then carrying out external validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Juillet
- UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, INRA-INAPG, 16 rue C. Bernard, Paris 75005, France
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Lacroix M, Bos C, Léonil J, Airinei G, Luengo C, Daré S, Benamouzig R, Fouillet H, Fauquant J, Tomé D, Gaudichon C. Compared with casein or total milk protein, digestion of milk soluble proteins is too rapid to sustain the anabolic postprandial amino acid requirement. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84:1070-9. [PMID: 17093159 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/84.5.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The in vivo quality of milk protein fractions has seldom been studied in humans. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to compare the postprandial utilization of dietary nitrogen from 3 [(15)N]-labeled milk products: micellar caseins (MC), milk soluble protein isolate (MSPI), and total milk protein (TMP). DESIGN The macronutrient intakes of 23 healthy volunteers were standardized for 1 wk, after which time the subjects ingested a meal containing MC (n = 8), MSPI (n = 7), or TMP (n = 8). [(15)N] was measured for an 8-h period in plasma amino acids, proteins, and urea and in urinary urea. RESULTS The transfer of dietary nitrogen to urea occurred earlier after MSPI ingestion than after MC and TMP ingestion, and concentrations remained high for 8 h, concomitantly with higher but transient hyperaminoacidemia and a higher incorporation of dietary nitrogen into plasma amino acids. In contrast, deamination, postprandial hyperaminoacidemia, and the incorporation of dietary nitrogen into plasma amino acids were lower in the MC and TMP groups. Finally, total postprandial deamination values were 18.5 +/- 2.9%, 21.1 +/- 2.8%, and 28.2 +/- 2.9% of ingested nitrogen in the TMP, MC, and MSPI groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm the major role of kinetics in dietary nitrogen postprandial utilization and highlight the paradox of MSPI, which, despite its high Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score, ensures a rate of amino acid delivery that is too rapid to sustain the anabolic requirement during the postprandial period. Milk proteins had the best nutritional quality, which suggested a synergistic effect between soluble proteins and caseins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Lacroix
- UMR INRA 914, Physiology of Nutrition and Feeding Control Unit, Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, Paris, France
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Phillips SM, Hartman JW, Wilkinson SB. Dietary protein to support anabolism with resistance exercise in young men. J Am Coll Nutr 2005; 24:134S-139S. [PMID: 15798080 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2005.10719454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Resistance exercise is fundamentally anabolic and as such stimulates the process of skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in an absolute sense and relative to skeletal muscle protein breakdown (MPB). However, the net effect of resistance exercise is to shift net protein balance (NPB = MPS - MPB) to a more positive value; however, in the absence of feeding NPB remains negative. Feeding stimulates MPS to an extent where NPB becomes positive, for a transient time. When combined, resistance exercise and feeding synergistically interact to result in NPB being greater than with feeding alone. This feeding- and exercise-induced stimulation of NPB is what, albeit slowly, results in muscle hypertrophy. With this rudimentary knowledge we are now at the point where we can manipulate variables within the system to see what impact these interventions have on the processes of MPS, MPB, and NPB and ultimately and perhaps most importantly, muscle hypertrophy and strength. We used established models of skeletal muscle amino acid turnover to examine how protein source (milk versus soy) acutely affects the processes of MPS and MPB after resistance exercise. Our findings revealed that even when balanced quantities of total protein and energy are consumed that milk proteins are more effective in stimulating amino acid uptake and net protein deposition in skeletal muscle after resistance exercise than are hydrolyzed soy proteins. Importantly, the finding of increased amino acid uptake would be independent of the differences in amino acid composition of the two proteins. We propose that the improved net protein deposition with milk protein consumption is also not due to differences in amino acid composition, but is due to a different pattern of amino acid delivery associated with milk versus hydrolyzed soy proteins. If our acute findings are accurate then we hypothesized that chronically the greater net protein deposition associated with milk protein consumption post-resistance exercise would eventually lead to greater net protein accretion (i.e., muscle fiber hypertrophy), over a longer time period. In young men completing 12 weeks of resistance training (5d/wk) we observed a tendency (P = 0.11) for greater gains in whole body lean mass and whole as greater muscle fiber hypertrophy with consumption of milk. While strength gains were not different between the soy and milk-supplemented groups we would argue that the true significance of a greater increase in lean mass that we observed with milk consumption may be more important in groups of persons with lower initial lean mass and strength such as the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1 CANADA.
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Luiking YC, Deutz NEP, Jäkel M, Soeters PB. Casein and Soy Protein Meals Differentially Affect Whole-Body and Splanchnic Protein Metabolism in Healthy Humans. J Nutr 2005; 135:1080-7. [PMID: 15867285 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.5.1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein quality is considered to be dependent on the degree and velocity with which protein is digested, absorbed as amino acids, and retained in the gut as newly synthesized protein. Metabolic animal studies suggest that the quality of soy protein is inferior to that of casein protein, but confirmatory studies in humans are lacking. The study objective was to assess the quality of casein and soy protein by comparing their metabolic effects in healthy human subjects. Whole-body protein kinetics, splanchnic leucine extraction, and urea production rates were measured in the postabsorptive state and during 8-h enteral intakes of isonitrogenous [0.42 g protein/(kg body weight . 8 h)] protein-based test meals, which contained either casein (CAPM; n = 12) or soy protein (SOPM; n = 10) in 2 separate groups. Stable isotope techniques were used to study metabolic effects. With enteral food intake, protein metabolism changed from net protein breakdown to net protein synthesis. Net protein synthesis was greater in the CAPM group than in the SOPM group [52 +/- 14 and 17 +/- 14 nmol/(kg fat-free mass (FFM) . min), respectively; P < 0.02]. Urea synthesis rates decreased during consumption of both enteral meals, but the decrease tended to be greater in the subjects that consumed CAPM (P = 0.07). Absolute splanchnic extraction of leucine was higher in the subjects that consumed CAPM [306 +/- 31 nmol/(kg FFM . min)] vs. those that consumed SOPM [235 +/- 29 nmol/(kg FFM . min); P < 0.01]. In conclusion, a significantly larger portion of soy protein is degraded to urea, whereas casein protein likely contributes to splanchnic utilization (probably protein synthesis) to a greater extent. The biological value of soy protein must be considered inferior to that of casein protein in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette C Luiking
- Maastricht University, Department of Surgery, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Bos C, Juillet B, Fouillet H, Turlan L, Daré S, Luengo C, N'tounda R, Benamouzig R, Gausserès N, Tomé D, Gaudichon C. Postprandial metabolic utilization of wheat protein in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81:87-94. [PMID: 15640465 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/81.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quality of cereal protein has been little studied in humans despite its quantitative importance in the diet, particularly in developing countries. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional value of wheat protein in humans as assessed by the measurement of their real ileal digestibility and postprandial retention. DESIGN Healthy young adults (n = 14) were fitted with an intestinal tube to allow the collection of intestinal fluid in the duodenum or terminal ileum. Subjects received a mixed meal of 136 g wheat toast that contained 24.6 g uniformly and intrinsically [(15)N]-labeled wheat protein. Intestinal fluid, blood, and urine were collected for 8 h postprandially. RESULTS The real ileal digestibility of dietary wheat nitrogen amounted to 90.3 +/- 4.3%. The cumulative amount of dietary nitrogen transferred to the deamination pools reached a plateau at 8 h of 24.7 +/- 6.8% of the amount ingested. The urinary excretion of dietary nitrogen in ammonia was high (0.8 +/- 0.3% of ingested dose). The incorporation of dietary nitrogen into serum protein reached 7.0 +/- 1.9% of the meal. Postprandial wheat protein retention was 66.1 +/- 5.8%. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that wheat proteins had the same true ileal digestibility as did most of the plant proteins already studied in humans, but also that they had a lower postprandial nitrogen retention value. However, this low value was higher than that predicted from the calculation of indispensable amino acid scores, ie, 89% rather than 30-40% of the nutritional value of milk proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bos
- Department of Nutrition Physiology and Feeding Control, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Institut National Agronomique, Paris-Grignon, and the Department of Gastroenterology, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France.
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Geboes KP, Bammens B, Luypaerts A, Malheiros R, Buyse J, Evenepoel P, Rutgeerts P, Verbeke K. Validation of a new test meal for a protein digestion breath test in humans. J Nutr 2004; 134:806-10. [PMID: 15051829 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.4.806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, overall protein assimilation after the ingestion of a pure protein meal was studied. In this study, the kinetics of protein assimilation in humans were investigated after the ingestion of a complex meal, which more closely represents a physiologically normal situation. Overall protein assimilation in humans after the ingestion of a pancake meal, containing 12 g of fat, 27 g of carbohydrate, and 19 g of protein, was evaluated in 26 normal volunteers. Both the egg white and yolk of L-[1-(13)C]-leucine-substituted eggs were used to make the batter. The labeled eggs were produced by feeding laying hens a standard chicken diet supplemented with 3 g/kg of L-[1-(13)C]-leucine (99%, mol:mol). High enrichment levels of protein with adequate labeling patterns were obtained in eggs from laying hens fed the L-[1-(13)C]-leucine-substituted diet. The isotopic enrichment of leucine at plateau was equal in egg white and yolk. The overall tracer recovery in egg proteins was 22.5%. The overall protein assimilation parameters in subjects that consumed the pancake meal did not differ from those obtained in subjects that consumed a single protein meal (mean cumulative (13)C recovery/6 h = 17.22 +/- 4.74%, with a maximal (13)C recovery/h of 5.65 +/- 1.48%, which was attained 145 +/- 25 min after ingestion of the meal). The pancake test meal prepared with eggs intrinsically labeled with L-[1-(13)C]-leucine is ideal for the study of protein assimilation. The incorporation of differently labeled substrates into a single test meal allows the assessment of different gastrointestinal processes in the overall assimilation of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Geboes
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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43
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Morens C, Bos C, Pueyo ME, Benamouzig R, Gausserès N, Luengo C, Tomé D, Gaudichon C. Increasing habitual protein intake accentuates differences in postprandial dietary nitrogen utilization between protein sources in humans. J Nutr 2003; 133:2733-40. [PMID: 12949358 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.9.2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is appropriate to characterize the nutritional value of dietary proteins in humans through the specific study of dietary nitrogen metabolism during the postprandial period. However, the influence of the habitual protein intake on this variable has not been studied. We aimed to describe the influence of prior protein intake on the specific metabolic utilization of dietary nitrogen in humans. Healthy men and women were adapted for 7 d to two diets with a normal [NP, 1 g/(kg x d)] and high protein content [HP, 2 g/(kg x d)]. After each period, they were studied for an 8-h postmeal period after ingesting a single (15)N-labeled mixed meal (0.41 g/kg protein) containing either milk (n = 12) or soy protein (n = 8). The HP diet reduced the peak of dietary N incorporation into free serum amino acids in the soy group but had no effect in the milk group. The incorporation of dietary N into plasma protein was higher after soy than after milk protein, but habitual protein level had no effect. The postprandial retention of milk protein was reduced by the HP diet compared with the NP diet by only 5% and that of soy protein was diminished by 13% (protein source: P < 0.0001, protein level: P < 0.0001, interaction: P < 0.001). In conclusion, the efficiency of the meal N postprandial retention was lower after HP adaptation, but this decrease was much more pronounced for soy than for milk protein, indicating that increasing the habitual protein intake accentuates differences in metabolic utilization among dietary proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Morens
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, 75005 Paris, France
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Ha E, Zemel MB. Functional properties of whey, whey components, and essential amino acids: mechanisms underlying health benefits for active people (review). J Nutr Biochem 2003; 14:251-8. [PMID: 12832028 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(03)00030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Whey proteins and amino acid supplements have a strong position in the sports nutrition market based on the purported quality of proteins and amino acids they provide. Recent studies employing stable isotope methodology demonstrate the ability of whey proteins or amino acid mixtures of similar composition to promote whole body and muscle protein synthesis. Other developing avenues of research explore health benefits of whey that extend beyond protein and basic nutrition. Many bioactive components derived from whey are under study for their ability to offer specific health benefits. These functions are being investigated predominantly in tissue culture systems and animal models. The capacity of these compounds to modulate adiposity, and to enhance immune function and anti-oxidant activity presents new applications potentially suited to the needs of those individuals with active lifestyles. This paper will review the recent literature that describes functional properties of essential amino acids, whey proteins, whey-derived minerals and other compounds and the mechanisms by which they may confer benefits to active people in the context that exercise is a form of metabolic stress. The response to this stress can be positive, as with the accretion of more muscle and improved functionality or greater strength. However, overall benefits may be compromised if immune function or general health is challenged in response to the stress. From a mechanistic standpoint, whey proteins, their composite amino acids, and/or associated compounds may be able to provide substrate and bioactive components to extend the overall benefits of physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan Ha
- Functional Ingredients Research, Inc, Twin Falls, Idaho, USA
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45
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Bos C, Metges CC, Gaudichon C, Petzke KJ, Pueyo ME, Morens C, Everwand J, Benamouzig R, Tomé D. Postprandial kinetics of dietary amino acids are the main determinant of their metabolism after soy or milk protein ingestion in humans. J Nutr 2003; 133:1308-15. [PMID: 12730415 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.5.1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy proteins have been shown to result in lower postprandial nitrogen retention than milk proteins, but the mechanisms underlying these differences have not been elucidated. To investigate this question, we measured the postprandial kinetics of the appearance of individual (15)N-amino acids in the serum of healthy adults after the ingestion of either (15)N-soy (n = 8) or (15)N-milk proteins (n = 8) in a mixed single meal (46 kJ/kg). The kinetics of total and dietary amino acids (AA) in the peripheral circulation were characterized by an earlier and higher peak after soy protein ingestion. Dietary AA levels peaked at 2.5 h in the soy group vs. 3.9 h in the milk group (P < 0.02). This time interval difference between groups was associated with a faster transfer of dietary N into urea in the soy group (peak at 3 vs. 4.75 h in the milk group, P < 0.005) and a higher level of incorporation into the serum protein pool from 3 to 8 h after the soy meal. The dietary AA pattern in the peripheral blood closely reflected the dietary protein AA pattern. Postprandial glucose, insulin, and glucagon levels and profiles did not differ between groups. Soy AA were digested more rapidly and were directed toward both deamination pathways and liver protein synthesis more than milk AA. We conclude that differences in the metabolic postprandial fates of soy and milk proteins are due mainly to differences in digestion kinetics; however, the AA composition of dietary proteins may also play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bos
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon (INA-PG), 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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46
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Gaudichon C, Bos C, Morens C, Petzke KJ, Mariotti F, Everwand J, Benamouzig R, Daré S, Tomé D, Metges CC. Ileal losses of nitrogen and amino acids in humans and their importance to the assessment of amino acid requirements. Gastroenterology 2002; 123:50-9. [PMID: 12105833 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.34233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Irreversible amino acid losses at the human ileum are not taken into account when tracer-derived amino acid requirements are calculated because the data available are scarce. We have investigated amino acid losses at the ileal level in humans after ingestion of a protein meal. METHODS Thirteen volunteers ingested a single meal of 15N milk or soy proteins. The appearance of 15N and 15N amino acids in the ileal effluents collected using an ileal tube was monitored for 8 hours. RESULTS In the soy group, higher losses of endogenous nitrogen, especially originating from amino acids, were observed, as well as a higher flow rate of dietary non-amino acid nitrogen. With soy protein, the digestibilities of valine, threonine, histidine, tyrosine, alanine, and proline were significantly lower than with milk. Ileal losses of leucine, valine, and isoleucine amounted to 12, 10, and 7 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1), respectively. Threonine ileal loss (9-12 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)) was particularly high compared with the current amino acid requirement. CONCLUSIONS Amino acid losses at the human terminal ileum are substantial and depend on the type of dietary protein ingested. Although it remains unclear whether intact amino acids are absorbed in the colon, we suggest that ileal losses should be considered an important component of amino acid requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gaudichon
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, Paris, France.
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Metges CC, Daenzer M, Petzke KJ, Elsner A. Low-abundance plasma and urinary [(15)N]urea enrichments analyzed by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:489-494. [PMID: 12112754 DOI: 10.1002/jms.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report a method for determining plasma und urinary [(15)N]urea enrichments in an abundance range between 0.37 and 0.52 (15)N atom% (0-0.15 atom% excess (APE) (15)N) using a dimethylaminomethylene derivative. Compared with conventional off-line preparation and (15)N analysis of urea, this method requires only small sample volumes (0.5 ml of plasma and 25 microl of urine). The (15)N/(14)N ratio of urea derivatives was measured by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). Two peaks were separated; one was identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) as the complete derivatized urea. Calibration of the complete urea derivative was performed by linear regression of enrichment values of known standard mixtures. Replicate standard (6-465 per thousand delta(15)N) derivatizations showed a relative standard deviation ranging from 0.1 to 7%. In order to test the feasibility of the method, human subjects and rats ingested a single meal containing either 200 mg of [(15)N]glycine (95 AP (15)N) or 0.4 mg of [(15)N]-alpha-lysine (95 AP (15)N), respectively. Urine and plasma were collected at hourly intervals over 7 h after the meal intake. After (15)N glycine intake, maximum urinary urea (15)N enrichments were 330 and 430 per thousand delta(15)N (0.12 and 0.16 APE (15)N) measured by GC/C/IRMS, whereas plasma [(15)N]glycine enrichments were 2.5 and 3.3 APE (15)N in the two human subjects 2 h after the meal. (15)N enrichments of total urine and urine samples devoid of ammonia were higher enriched than urinary [(15)N]urea measured by GC/C/IRMS, reflecting the presence of other urinary N-containing substances (e.g. creatinine). In rats plasma urea (15)N enrichments were 15-20 times higher than those in urinary urea (10-20 per thousand delta(15)N). The different [(15)N]urea enrichments observed after ingestion of [(15)N]-labeled glycine and lysine confirm known differences in the metabolism of these amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia C Metges
- Research Unit 'Nutritional Physiology,' Forschungsinstitut für die Biologie landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere (Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals), D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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48
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Mariotti F, Mahé S, Luengo C, Benamouzig R, Tomé D. Postprandial modulation of dietary and whole-body nitrogen utilization by carbohydrates in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72:954-62. [PMID: 11010937 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/72.4.954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sucrose exerts a sparing effect on whole-body protein metabolism, mainly during the absorptive phase. OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterize the acute postprandial effect of addition of sucrose on deamination of dietary and endogenous nitrogen, with particular consideration being given to the effects of bioavailability. DESIGN Twenty-one subjects equipped with ileal tubes ingested (15)N-labeled soy protein combined with [(13)C]glycine, with (n = 10) or without (n = 11) sucrose. Dietary and endogenous ileal flow of nitrogen were determined from the ileal effluents. The kinetics of dietary amino acid transfer to the blood were characterized by (13)CO(2) enrichment in breath and (15)N enrichment in plasma amino acids. Deamination of dietary and endogenous amino acid was determined from body urea, urinary nitrogen, and (15)N enrichment. RESULTS (13)CO(2) recovery in breath and (15)N plasma amino acid enrichments were highly correlated (R:(2) >/= 0.95, P: < 0.001, for both meals) and markedly delayed by sucrose (half-(13)CO(2) recovery: 274 min compared with 167 min), whereas exogenous and endogenous ileal nitrogen kinetics and balances remained unchanged. Addition of sucrose halved the early (0-2 h) deamination peak of dietary nitrogen and reduced endogenous nitrogen oxidation over the first 4 h. Both were reduced by 18-24% over the 8-h period after the meal. CONCLUSIONS Without changing the nitrogen absorptive balance, sucrose markedly affected the bioavailability profile, which is governed by gastric emptying. Endogenous and dietary nitrogen were not spared in the same way and over the same periods, showing that the metabolism of endogenous and dietary nitrogen may be affected differently by nutritional modulation, even if the effects are of a similar magnitude over the entire postprandial period.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mariotti
- UMR INRA, Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, Unité de Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, Paris, France
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Abstract
The first approach used to study the utilization of nitrogen in the body was based on the measurement of nitrogen balance. Limitations to this method reside in the difficulty of precisely determining nitrogen losses and, more specifically, miscellaneous N losses. These shortcomings are particularly restrictive when investigating adaptation of the organism to different levels of protein intake. The principal issue is to gain a better understanding of the adaptive processes that occur with high protein intakes and the possibility of producing a net protein accretion by nutritional means in different situations. The investigation of protein metabolism in relation to dietary proteins, with a focus on the postprandial phase of nitrogen diurnal cycling, enables a clearer determination of the metabolic pathways for dietary nitrogen as a function of different factors, which include the habitual protein level and intrinsic protein characteristics. We propose that this in vivo approach in humans should be used to validate simpler indices of the nutritional value of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tomé
- Unité Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, 75005 Paris, France
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50
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Fouillet H, Gaudichon C, Mariotti F, Mahé S, Lescoat P, Huneau JF, Tomé D. Compartmental modeling of postprandial dietary nitrogen distribution in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 279:E161-75. [PMID: 10893336 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.1.e161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A linear 11-compartment model was developed to describe and simulate the postprandial distribution of dietary nitrogen. The values of its 15 constant diffusion coefficients were estimated from the experimental measurement of (15)N nitrogen kinetics in the intestine, blood, and urine after the oral administration of (15)N-labeled milk protein in humans. Model structure development, parameter estimation, and sensibility analysis were achieved using SAAM II and SIMUSOLV softwares. The model was validated at each stage of its development by testing successively its a priori and a posteriori identifiability. The model predicted that, 8 h after a meal, the dietary nitrogen retained in the body comprised 28% free amino acids and 72% protein, approximately 30% being recovered in the splanchnic bed vs. 70% in the peripheral area. Twelve hours after the meal, these values had decreased to 18 and 23% for the free amino acid fraction and splanchnic nitrogen, respectively. Such a model constitutes a useful, explanatory tool to describe the processes involved in the metabolic utilization of dietary proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fouillet
- Nutrition humaine et physiologie intestinale, Unité Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, 75231 Paris Cédex 05, France
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