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Zheng Y, Zhang X, Wang Z, Zhang R, Wei H, Yan X, Jiang X, Yang L. MCC950 as a promising candidate for blocking NLRP3 inflammasome activation: A review of preclinical research and future directions. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024:e2400459. [PMID: 39180246 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a key component of the innate immune system that triggers inflammation and pyroptosis and contributes to the development of several diseases. Therefore, blocking the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome has therapeutic potential for the treatment of these diseases. MCC950, a selective small molecule inhibitor, has emerged as a promising candidate for blocking NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Ongoing research is focused on elucidating the specific targets of MCC950 as well as assessfing its metabolism and safety profile. This review discusses the diseases that have been studied in relation to MCC950, with a focus on stroke, Alzheimer's disease, liver injury, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and sepsis, using bibliometric analysis. It then summarizes the potential pharmacological targets of MCC950 and discusses its toxicity. Furthermore, it traces the progression from preclinical to clinical research for the treatment of these diseases. Overall, this review provides a solid foundation for the clinical therapeutic potential of MCC950 and offers insights for future research and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Zheng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Huayuan Wei
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Yan
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Medicial Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, Jinghai, China
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Bouhaben J, Delgado-Lima AH, Delgado-Losada ML. The role of olfactory dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 123:105425. [PMID: 38615524 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This comprehensive meta-analysis investigates the association between olfactory deficits in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS A thorough search across databases identified articles analyzing olfactory status in MCI or AD patients. Methodological quality assessment followed PRISMA guidelines. Hedges' g effect size statistic computed standard mean differences and 95% confidence intervals. Moderator analysis was conducted. RESULTS Among the included studies (65 for MCI and 61 for AD), odor identification exhibited larger effect sizes compared to odor threshold and discrimination, in both MCI and AD samples. Moderate effect size is found in OI scores in MCI (k = 65, SE = 0.078, CI 95% = [-1.151, -0.844]). Furthermore, compared to MCI, AD had moderate to large heterogeneous effects in olfactory identification (k = 61, g = -2.062, SE = 0.125, CI 95% = [-2.308, -1.816]). Global cognitive status is positively related to olfactory identification impairment in both MCI (k = 57, Z = 2.74, p = 0.006) and AD (k = 53, Z = 5.03, p < 0.0001) samples. CONCLUSION Olfactory impairments exhibit a notable and substantial presence in MCI. Among these impairments, odor identification experiences the greatest decline in MCI, mirroring the primary sensory deficit observed in AD. Consequently, the incorporation of a straightforward odor identification test is advisable in the evaluation of individuals vulnerable to the onset of AD, offering a practical screening tool for early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Bouhaben
- Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy Department, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain
| | - Alice Helena Delgado-Lima
- Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy Department, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain
| | - María Luisa Delgado-Losada
- Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy Department, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain.
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3
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Diez I, Ortiz-Terán L, Ng TSC, Albers MW, Marshall G, Orwig W, Kim CM, Bueichekú E, Montal V, Olofsson J, Vannini P, El Fahkri G, Sperling R, Johnson K, Jacobs HIL, Sepulcre J. Tau propagation in the brain olfactory circuits is associated with smell perception changes in aging. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4809. [PMID: 38844444 PMCID: PMC11156945 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The direct access of olfactory afferents to memory-related cortical systems has inspired theories about the role of the olfactory pathways in the development of cortical neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we used baseline olfactory identification measures with longitudinal flortaucipir and PiB PET, diffusion MRI of 89 cognitively normal older adults (73.82 ± 8.44 years; 56% females), and a transcriptomic data atlas to investigate the spatiotemporal spreading and genetic vulnerabilities of AD-related pathology aggregates in the olfactory system. We find that odor identification deficits are predominantly associated with tau accumulation in key areas of the olfactory pathway, with a particularly strong predictive power for longitudinal tau progression. We observe that tau spreads from the medial temporal lobe structures toward the olfactory system, not the reverse. Moreover, we observed a genetic background of odor perception-related genes that might confer vulnerability to tau accumulation along the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibai Diez
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Laura Ortiz-Terán
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- UMASS Memorial Medical Center, UMASS Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Thomas S C Ng
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark W Albers
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Gad Marshall
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William Orwig
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard University, Department of Psychology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chan-Mi Kim
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elisenda Bueichekú
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor Montal
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonas Olofsson
- Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrizia Vannini
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georges El Fahkri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reisa Sperling
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith Johnson
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heidi I L Jacobs
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorge Sepulcre
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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4
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Liu D, Lu J, Wei L, Yao M, Yang H, Lv P, Wang H, Zhu Y, Zhu Z, Zhang X, Chen J, Yang QX, Zhang B. Olfactory deficit: a potential functional marker across the Alzheimer's disease continuum. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1309482. [PMID: 38435057 PMCID: PMC10907997 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1309482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent form of dementia that affects an estimated 32 million individuals globally. Identifying early indicators is vital for screening at-risk populations and implementing timely interventions. At present, there is an urgent need for early and sensitive biomarkers to screen individuals at risk of AD. Among all sensory biomarkers, olfaction is currently one of the most promising indicators for AD. Olfactory dysfunction signifies a decline in the ability to detect, identify, or remember odors. Within the spectrum of AD, impairment in olfactory identification precedes detectable cognitive impairments, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and even the stage of subjective cognitive decline (SCD), by several years. Olfactory impairment is closely linked to the clinical symptoms and neuropathological biomarkers of AD, accompanied by significant structural and functional abnormalities in the brain. Olfactory behavior examination can subjectively evaluate the abilities of olfactory identification, threshold, and discrimination. Olfactory functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can provide a relatively objective assessment of olfactory capabilities, with the potential to become a promising tool for exploring the neural mechanisms of olfactory damage in AD. Here, we provide a timely review of recent literature on the characteristics, neuropathology, and examination of olfactory dysfunction in the AD continuum. We focus on the early changes in olfactory indicators detected by behavioral and fMRI assessments and discuss the potential of these techniques in MCI and preclinical AD. Despite the challenges and limitations of existing research, olfactory dysfunction has demonstrated its value in assessing neurodegenerative diseases and may serve as an early indicator of AD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Liu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaming Lu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangpeng Wei
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Yao
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiquan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pin Lv
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoyao Wang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajing Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengyang Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiu Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing X. Yang
- Department of Radiology, Center for NMR Research, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, China
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5
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Zhong Y, Du Q, Wang Z, Zheng Q, Yang M, Hu P, Yang Q, Xu H, Wu Z, Huang X, Li H, Tang M, Zeng H, Zhu L, Ren G, Cao M, Liu Y, Wang H. Antidepressant effect of Perilla frutescens essential oil through monoamine neurotransmitters and BDNF/TrkB signal pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116840. [PMID: 37355083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese medicine posits that affect-mind ill-being is the primary cause of depression, with Qi movement stagnation as its pathogenesis. As such, clinical treatment for depression should prioritize regulating Qi and relieving depressive symptoms. The pharmacological properties of traditional Chinese medicine indicate that Perilla frutescens may have potential therapeutic effects on depression and other neuropsychiatric diseases due to its ability to regulate Qi and alleviate depressive symptoms. Although previous studies have reported the antidepressant effects of Perilla frutescens, the mechanism underlying PFEO inhalation-mediated antidepressant effect remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this investigation is to elucidate the antidepressant mechanisms of PFEO by examining its effects on monoamine neurotransmitters and the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS The CUMS rat model of depression was established, and the depressive state of the animals was assessed through sucrose preference and forced swim tests. ELISA assays were conducted to determine monoamine neurotransmitter levels in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of rats. Immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and RT-PCR experiments were employed to investigate the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway's regulation of depression via PFEO inhalation. RESULTS It has been observed that inhalation administration of PFEO can significantly enhance the preference for sugar water in CUMS rats and reduce their immobility time during forced swimming. Additionally, there was an increase in the levels of monoamine transmitters in both the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of these rats. Furthermore, there was an upregulation in the expression levels of BDNF and TrkB positive cells as well as BDNF and TrkB proteins within both regions, along with increased BDNF mRNA and TrkB mRNA expression levels. CONCLUSION The antidepressant effect of PFEO via inhalation administration is speculated to be mediated through the monoamine neurotransmitters and BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Qing Du
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Ziqian Wang
- Jiangxi Drug Inspection Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Qin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China.
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China.
| | - Pengyi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China.
| | - Qiyue Yang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610032, China
| | - Huanhua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Huiting Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Mingxia Tang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Huiming Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Liyun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Guilin Ren
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Ming Cao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
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6
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Yamashita Y, Shoji Y, Yanagimoto H, Morita K, Kodama H, Tsuruhisa Y, Ookawa J. A characteristic of olfactory function in four types of dementia and non-dementia subjects using smell identification test. Psychogeriatrics 2024; 24:25-34. [PMID: 37963486 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For those outpatients who were consulted for memory loss, the Japanese version of University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT-J) was performed to examine olfactory function. In the same way, the revised version of Hasegawa Dementia Scale, Mini Mental State Examination, Clinical Dementia Rating and brain magnetic resonance imaging were used to investigate the cognitive function. In the present study, we evaluated the olfactory function of elderly subjects, including those with dementia, by means of UPSIT-J and we examined their characteristics. METHODS The characteristics of dementia as Alzheimer type group (AD.G), mixed type group (MixD.G), vascular type group (VaD.G), dementia with Lewy bodies group (DLB.G) and the groups which had no dementia as low score group (LS.G), high score group (HS.G), and healthy group (H.G), were examined. RESULTS The numbers of olfactory discriminating scores (nODS) were significantly lower in all the dementia groups than in all the LS.G, HS.G and the H.G. No significant difference was observed in nODS between AD.G and DLB.G. The rate of nODS with less than five scores were as follows: AD.G (80.1%), MixD.G (91.5%), VaD.G (63.1%), DLB.G (89.6%), LS.G (50.8%), HS.G (18.6%), H.G (15.6%). A significant positive correlation was found between nODS and Hasegawa Dementia Scale and Mini Mental State Examination scores (r = 0.567, r = 0.532, respectively), which was significant negatively correlated for Clinical Dementia Rating (r = -0.578). A significant negative correlation was observed between nODS and Z score of voxel-based specific regional analysis for Z score of Alzheimer's disease (VSRAD) (r = 0.463). CONCLUSION nODS showed a significant correlation between cognitive function tests and brain atrophy level. These results indicate that UPSIT-J is considered a psycho-physiological index useful for the diagnosis and early detection of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuji Yamashita
- Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Shoji
- Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yanagimoto
- Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Morita
- Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
- Nakamura Hospital, Medical Corporation Souwa Kai, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideya Kodama
- Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yuuki Tsuruhisa
- Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Junji Ookawa
- Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute of Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
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7
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McLaren AMR, Kawaja MD. Olfactory Dysfunction and Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:811-827. [PMID: 38728185 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, and it is one of the leading causes of death globally. Identification and validation of biomarkers that herald the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease is of paramount importance for early reliable diagnosis and effective pharmacological therapy commencement. A substantial body of evidence has emerged demonstrating that olfactory dysfunction is a preclinical symptom of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. While a correlation between olfactory dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease onset and progression in humans exists, the mechanism underlying this relationship remains unknown. The aim of this article is to review the current state of knowledge regarding the range of potential factors that may contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease-related olfactory dysfunction. This review predominantly focuses on genetic mutations associated with Alzheimer's disease including amyloid-β protein precursor, presenilin 1 and 2, and apolipoprotein E mutations, that may (in varying ways) drive the cellular events that lead to and sustain olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D Kawaja
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, ON, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, ON, Canada
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8
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Area-Gomez E, Schon EA. Towards a Unitary Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:1243-1275. [PMID: 38578892 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The "amyloid cascade" hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis invokes the accumulation in the brain of plaques (containing the amyloid-β protein precursor [AβPP] cleavage product amyloid-β [Aβ]) and tangles (containing hyperphosphorylated tau) as drivers of pathogenesis. However, the poor track record of clinical trials based on this hypothesis suggests that the accumulation of these peptides is not the only cause of AD. Here, an alternative hypothesis is proposed in which the AβPP cleavage product C99, not Aβ, is the main culprit, via its role as a regulator of cholesterol metabolism. C99, which is a cholesterol sensor, promotes the formation of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAM), a cholesterol-rich lipid raft-like subdomain of the ER that communicates, both physically and biochemically, with mitochondria. We propose that in early-onset AD (EOAD), MAM-localized C99 is elevated above normal levels, resulting in increased transport of cholesterol from the plasma membrane to membranes of intracellular organelles, such as ER/endosomes, thereby upregulating MAM function and driving pathology. By the same token, late-onset AD (LOAD) is triggered by any genetic variant that increases the accumulation of intracellular cholesterol that, in turn, boosts the levels of C99 and again upregulates MAM function. Thus, the functional cause of AD is upregulated MAM function that, in turn, causes the hallmark disease phenotypes, including the plaques and tangles. Accordingly, the MAM hypothesis invokes two key interrelated elements, C99 and cholesterol, that converge at the MAM to drive AD pathogenesis. From this perspective, AD is, at bottom, a lipid disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas", Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eric A Schon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Development>, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Bothwell AR, Resnick SM, Ferrucci L, Tian Q. Associations of olfactory function with brain structural and functional outcomes. A systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 92:102095. [PMID: 37913831 PMCID: PMC10872938 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
In aging, olfactory deficits have been associated with lower cognition and motor function. Olfactory dysfunction is also one of the earliest features of neurodegenerative disease. A comprehensive review of the neural correlates of olfactive function may reveal mechanisms underlying the associations among olfaction, cognition, motor function, and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we summarize existing knowledge on the relationship between brain structural and functional measures and olfaction in older adults without and with cognitive impairment, including Alzheimer's disease. We identified 33 eligible studies (30 MRI/DTI,3 fMRI); 31 were cross-sectional, most assessed odor identification, and few examined multiple brain areas. Lower olfactory function was associated with smaller volumes in the temporal lobe (hippocampus,parahippocampal gyrus,fusiform gyrus), olfactory-related regions (piriform cortex,amygdala,entorhinal cortex), pre- and postcentral gyri, and globus pallidus. During aging, olfactory impairment may be associated with pathology in brain areas important for motor function and cognition, especially memory. Future longitudinal studies that include neuroimaging across different brain areas are warranted to determine the neurobiological changes underlying olfactory changes in the aging brain and the progression of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Bothwell
- Longitudinal Studies Section, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Susan M Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Qu Tian
- Longitudinal Studies Section, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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10
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Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang R, Wang Z, Gan J, Gao Q, Yang L, Xu P, Jiang X. Inflammatory signaling pathways in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease with inhibitors, natural products and metabolites (Review). Int J Mol Med 2023; 52:111. [PMID: 37800614 PMCID: PMC10558228 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricate nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis poses a persistent obstacle to drug development. In recent times, neuroinflammation has emerged as a crucial pathogenic mechanism of AD, and the targeting of inflammation has become a viable approach for the prevention and management of AD. The present study conducted a comprehensive review of the literature between October 2012 and October 2022, identifying a total of 96 references, encompassing 91 distinct pharmaceuticals that have been investigated for their potential impact on AD by inhibiting neuroinflammation. Research has shown that pharmaceuticals have the potential to ameliorate AD by reducing neuroinflammation mainly through regulating inflammatory signaling pathways such as NF‑κB, MAPK, NLRP3, PPARs, STAT3, CREB, PI3K/Akt, Nrf2 and their respective signaling pathways. Among them, tanshinone IIA has been extensively studied for its anti‑inflammatory effects, which have shown significant pharmacological properties and can be applied clinically. Thus, it may hold promise as an effective drug for the treatment of AD. The present review elucidated the inflammatory signaling pathways of pharmaceuticals that have been investigated for their therapeutic efficacy in AD and elucidates their underlying mechanisms. This underscores the auspicious potential of pharmaceuticals in ameliorating AD by impeding neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruifeng Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Jiali Gan
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Qing Gao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Pengjuan Xu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
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11
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Brunert D, Quintela RM, Rothermel M. The anterior olfactory nucleus revisited - an emerging role for neuropathological conditions? Prog Neurobiol 2023:102486. [PMID: 37343762 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Olfaction is an important sensory modality for many species and greatly influences animal and human behavior. Still, much about olfactory perception remains unknown. The anterior olfactory nucleus is one of the brain's central early olfactory processing areas. Located directly posterior to the olfactory bulb in the olfactory peduncle with extensive in- and output connections and unique cellular composition, it connects olfactory processing centers of the left and right hemispheres. Almost 20 years have passed since the last comprehensive review on the anterior olfactory nucleus has been published and significant advances regarding its anatomy, function, and pathophysiology have been made in the meantime. Here we briefly summarize previous knowledge on the anterior olfactory nucleus, give detailed insights into the progress that has been made in recent years, and map out its emerging importance in translational research of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Brunert
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Markus Rothermel
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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12
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Alotaibi MM, De Marco M, Venneri A. Sex differences in olfactory cortex neuronal loss in aging. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1130200. [PMID: 37323926 PMCID: PMC10265738 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1130200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aging plays a major role in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, and impacts neuronal loss. Olfactory dysfunction can be an early alteration heralding the presence of a neurodegenerative disorder in aging. Studying alterations in olfaction-related brain regions might help detection of neurodegenerative diseases at an earlier stage as well as protect individuals from any danger caused by loss of sense of smell. Objective To assess the effect of age and sex on olfactory cortex volume in cognitively healthy participants. Method Neurologically healthy participants were divided in three groups based on their age: young (20-35 years; n = 53), middle-aged (36-65 years; n = 66) and older (66-85 years; n = 95). T1-weighted MRI scans acquired at 1.5 T were processed using SPM12. Smoothed images were used to extract the volume of olfactory cortex regions. Results ANCOVA analyses showed significant differences in volume between age groups in the olfactory cortex (p ≤ 0.0001). In women, neuronal loss started earlier than in men (in the 4th decade of life), while in men more substantial neuronal loss in olfactory cortex regions was detected only later in life. Conclusion Data indicate that age-related reduction in the volume of the olfactory cortex starts earlier in women than in men. The findings suggest that volume changes in olfaction-related brain regions in the aging population deserve further attention as potential proxies of increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed M. Alotaibi
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Genomics Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Matteo De Marco
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Annalena Venneri
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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13
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Abbate C. The Adult Neurogenesis Theory of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD221279. [PMID: 37182879 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease starts in neural stem cells (NSCs) in the niches of adult neurogenesis. All primary factors responsible for pathological tau hyperphosphorylation are inherent to adult neurogenesis and migration. However, when amyloid pathology is present, it strongly amplifies tau pathogenesis. Indeed, the progressive accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β deposits in the brain triggers a state of chronic inflammation by microglia. Microglial activation has a significant pro-neurogenic effect that fosters the process of adult neurogenesis and supports neuronal migration. Unfortunately, this "reactive" pro-neurogenic activity ultimately perturbs homeostatic equilibrium in the niches of adult neurogenesis by amplifying tau pathogenesis in AD. This scenario involves NSCs in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in late-onset AD (LOAD) and NSCs in the ventricular-subventricular zone along the lateral ventricles in early-onset AD (EOAD), including familial AD (FAD). Neuroblasts carrying the initial seed of tau pathology travel throughout the brain via neuronal migration driven by complex signals and convey the disease from the niches of adult neurogenesis to near (LOAD) or distant (EOAD) brain regions. In these locations, or in close proximity, a focus of degeneration begins to develop. Then, tau pathology spreads from the initial foci to large neuronal networks along neural connections through neuron-to-neuron transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Abbate
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
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14
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Camara G, Alotaibi M, Lessard-Beaudoin M, Busch K, Gendron L, Graham RK. Specific olfactory deficit patterns observed in seniors and associated with cognitive decline. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 126:110775. [PMID: 37120003 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom in neurodegenerative disorders and is regarded as a potential early predictor of impending cognitive decline. This study was undertaken in order to determine if olfactory dysfunction observed in the elderly is due to a general loss of smell or the inability to detect specific odours, and if misidentification of odours correlates with cognitive scores. Seniors for the Olfactory Response and Cognition in Aging (ORCA) sub-study were recruited from the Quebec Nutrition and Successful Aging (NuAge) cohort. The University of Pennsylvania smell identification test (UPSIT) was performed to measure olfactory function and the telephone Mini Mental State Examination (t-MMSE) and the French version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status Modified (F-TICS-m) for cognitive status. The results demonstrate that seniors exhibit specific olfactory loss and had severe difficulty in particular in identifying lemon, pizza, fruit punch, cheddar cheese and lime. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the ability to detect certain odours between the sexes. Results also showed that misidentification of certain scents was associated with cognitive scores, and when the sexes were assessed separately sex-specific misidentification of cognitive-associated odours was observed. The relationship between the cognitive scores and scent misidentification suggests that impending cognitive decline may be highlighted by the inability to smell specific odours. Our study provides additional support for the testing of olfactory function in the elderly and suggests that loss of smell for particular scents may become a useful diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Camara
- Research Centre on Aging CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Canada; Dept of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Majed Alotaibi
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, United States of America; King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health and Science, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Melissa Lessard-Beaudoin
- Research Centre on Aging CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Canada; Dept of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Kate Busch
- Research Centre on Aging CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Canada
| | - Louis Gendron
- Dept of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Rona K Graham
- Research Centre on Aging CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Canada; Dept of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
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15
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The Relationships Among Metal Homeostasis, Mitochondria, and Locus Coeruleus in Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Potential Pathogenetic Mechanism and Therapeutic Implications. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:963-989. [PMID: 35635600 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
While alterations in the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system are present during early stages of neuropsychiatric disorders, it is unclear what causes these changes and how they contribute to other pathologies in these conditions. Data suggest that the onset of major depressive disorder and schizophrenia is associated with metal dyshomeostasis that causes glial cell mitochondrial dysfunction and hyperactivation in the locus coeruleus. The effect of the overactive locus coeruleus on the hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and prefrontal cortex can be responsible for some of the psychiatric symptoms. Although locus coeruleus overactivation may diminish over time, neuroinflammation-induced alterations are presumably ongoing due to continued metal dyshomeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction. In early Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, metal dyshomeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction likely induce locus coeruleus hyperactivation, pathological tau or α-synuclein formation, and neurodegeneration, while reduction of glymphatic and cerebrospinal fluid flow might be responsible for β-amyloid aggregation in the olfactory regions before the onset of dementia. It is possible that the overactive noradrenergic system stimulates the apoptosis signaling pathway and pathogenic protein formation, leading to further pathological changes which can occur in the presence or absence of locus coeruleus hypoactivation. Data are presented in this review indicating that although locus coeruleus hyperactivation is involved in pathological changes at prodromal and early stages of these neuropsychiatric disorders, metal dyshomeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction are critical factors in maintaining ongoing neuropathology throughout the course of these conditions. The proposed mechanistic model includes multiple pharmacological sites that may be targeted for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders commonly.
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16
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Negrey JD, Dobbins DL, Howard TD, Borgmann‐Winter KE, Hahn C, Kalinin S, Feinstein DL, Craft S, Shively CA, Register TC. Transcriptional profiles in olfactory pathway-associated brain regions of African green monkeys: Associations with age and Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2022; 8:e12358. [PMID: 36313967 PMCID: PMC9609452 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Olfactory impairment in older individuals is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Characterization of age versus neuropathology-associated changes in the brain olfactory pathway may elucidate processes underlying early AD pathogenesis. Here, we report age versus AD neuropathology-associated differential transcription in four brain regions in the olfactory pathway of 10 female African green monkeys (vervet, Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus), a well-described model of early AD-like neuropathology. Methods Transcriptional profiles were determined by microarray in the olfactory bulb (OB), piriform cortex (PC), temporal lobe white matter (WM), and inferior temporal cortex (ITC). Amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque load in parietal and temporal cortex was determined by immunohistochemistry, and concentrations of Aβ42, Aβ40, and norepinephrine in ITC were determined by enzyme-linked immuosorbent assay (ELISA). Transcriptional profiles were compared between middle-aged and old animals, and associations with AD-relevant neuropathological measures were determined. Results Transcriptional profiles varied by brain region and age group. Expression levels of TRO and RNU4-1 were significantly lower in all four regions in the older group. An additional 29 genes were differentially expressed by age in three of four regions. Analyses of a combined expression data set of all four regions identified 77 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by age group. Among these DEGs, older subjects had elevated levels of CTSB , EBAG9, LAMTOR3, and MRPL17, and lower levels of COMMD10 and TYW1B. A subset of these DEGs was associated with neuropathology biomarkers. Notably, CTSB was positively correlated with Aβ plaque counts, Aβ42:Aβ40 ratios, and norepinephrine levels in all brain regions. Discussion These data demonstrate age differences in gene expression in olfaction-associated brain regions. Biological processes exhibiting age-related enrichment included the regulation of cell death, vascular function, mitochondrial function, and proteostasis. A subset of DEGs was specifically associated with AD phenotypes. These may represent promising targets for future mechanistic investigations and perhaps therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D. Negrey
- Department of Pathology/Comparative MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Dorothy L. Dobbins
- Department of Pathology/Comparative MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Timothy D. Howard
- Department of BiochemistryWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Chang‐Gyu Hahn
- Department of PsychiatryDepartment of NeuroscienceThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Sergey Kalinin
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Douglas L. Feinstein
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Research and DevelopmentJesse Brown VA Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Suzanne Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine/Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Wake Forest Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Carol A. Shively
- Department of Pathology/Comparative MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Wake Forest Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Thomas C. Register
- Department of Pathology/Comparative MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Wake Forest Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
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17
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Kravatz NL, Ayers E, Bennett DA, Verghese J. Olfactory Dysfunction and Incidence of Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome: A Prospective Clinical-Pathologic Study. Neurology 2022; 99:e1886-e1896. [PMID: 36240083 PMCID: PMC9620808 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To examine associations between olfactory dysfunction, Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology, and motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR), a predementia syndrome characterized by cognitive complaints and slow gait that is associated with risk for AD and other dementias. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort study to examine whether baseline olfactory function was associated with the risk of incident MCR in 1,119 adults aged 60 years and older (75.1% female). The association between performance on the Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT) and incident MCR risk was computed using Cox models and reported as the hazard ratio (HR) with 95% CIs adjusted for demographic, comorbidity, and cognitive factors. Furthermore, we assessed the relationship between postmortem AD pathology and non-AD pathology and olfactory function at the time of MCR diagnosis using linear regression models adjusted for sex, education, age at death, and time from diagnosis to death. RESULTS There were 544 (48.6%) incident cases of MCR over a median follow-up of 3.94 years. Lower BSIT scores (poor olfaction) at baseline were associated with an increased risk of incident MCR (HR for a 1-point increase in BSIT score 0.92; 95% CI 0.88-0.96) in fully adjusted models. Those with hyposmia (scores of ≤8 on the BSIT) at baseline (26.6%) were at an increased risk of MCR (HR 1.44; 95% CI 1.19-1.74) compared with those with normal olfactory function. Higher levels of the composite measure of global AD pathology and presence of Lewy body pathology were associated with lower BSIT scores at the time of incident MCR diagnosis (n = 118). τ tangle density, a specific component of AD pathology, was inversely associated with olfactory function, and the correlation remained after controlling for mild cognitive impairment syndrome and the presence of Lewy body pathology. DISCUSSION The results provide evidence that olfactory dysfunction precedes MCR incidence and is related to Alzheimer pathology, providing a clinical approach to risk stratify and subtype MCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel L Kravatz
- From the Department of Neurology (N.L.K., E.A., J.V.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Medicine (J.V.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Emmeline Ayers
- From the Department of Neurology (N.L.K., E.A., J.V.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Medicine (J.V.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
| | - David A Bennett
- From the Department of Neurology (N.L.K., E.A., J.V.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Medicine (J.V.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Joe Verghese
- From the Department of Neurology (N.L.K., E.A., J.V.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Medicine (J.V.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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18
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Lin LJ, Li KY. Comparing the effects of olfactory-based sensory stimulation and board game training on cognition, emotion, and blood biomarkers among individuals with dementia: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1003325. [PMID: 36204759 PMCID: PMC9531625 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1003325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction can indicate early cognitive decline and is associated with dementia symptoms. We developed an olfactory-based sensory stimulation program and investigated its effects on cognition and emotion, and board game training were used as a comparison. In this parallel design pilot study, 30 participants with mild to moderate dementia were equal randomly assigned to the control (CONT), olfactory stimulation with cognitive training (OS), and board game (BG) groups. Two participants were withdrawn from CONT and OS groups, respectively. The intervention was a 12-week program with one 30-min session twice a week. We employed a blood-based biomarker technique and several cognitive and psychological tests to measure basal and after-intervention values. No significant differences were observed between the groups after intervention, as measured using the Mini-Mental State Examination, Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA), Top International Biotech Smell Identification Test, and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). The results showed that the OS group had a lower plasma Tau level than the other groups following intervention, whereas the CONT group had a significantly increased plasma amyloid ß1-42 level. OS participants had a lower concentration ratio of plasma Tau and amyloid Aß1-42 and showed more stable or improved cognition, olfactory function, and mood state. Both the OS and BG groups had a higher percentage of participants with stable or improved cognition and emotion. Taken together, these results suggest that olfactory-based sensory stimulation can be a beneficial intervention for patients with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-jung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Sport, Leisure, and Hospitality Management, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-yi Li
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Movement Disorders Section, Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Kuan-yi Li,
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19
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Tremblay C, Serrano GE, Intorcia AJ, Mariner MR, Sue LI, Arce RA, Atri A, Adler CH, Belden CM, Shill HA, Driver-Dunckley E, Mehta SH, Beach TG. Olfactory Bulb Amyloid-β Correlates With Brain Thal Amyloid Phase and Severity of Cognitive Impairment. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:643-649. [PMID: 35751438 PMCID: PMC9297096 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathological hallmarks amyloid β (Aβ) and tau neurofibrillary (NF) pathology have been reported in the olfactory bulb (OB) in aging and in different neurodegenerative diseases, which coincides with frequently reported olfactory dysfunction in these conditions. To better understand when the OB is affected in relation to the hierarchical progression of Aβ throughout the brain and whether OB pathology might be an indicator of AD severity, we assessed the presence of OB Aβ and tau NF pathology in an autopsy cohort of 158 non demented control and 173 AD dementia cases. OB Aβ was found in less than 5% of cases in lower Thal phases 0 and 1, in 20% of cases in phase 2, in 60% of cases in phase 3 and in more than 80% of cases in higher Thal phases 4 and 5. OB Aβ and tau pathology significantly predicted a Thal phase greater than 3, a Braak NF stage greater than 4, and an MMSE score lower than 24. While OB tau pathology is almost universal in the elderly and therefore is not a good predictor of AD severity, OB Aβ pathology coincides with clinically-manifest AD and might prove to be a useful biomarker of the extent of brain spread of both amyloid and tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Tremblay
- Department of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- Department of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Anthony J Intorcia
- Department of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Monica R Mariner
- Department of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Lucia I Sue
- Department of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Richard A Arce
- Department of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Alireza Atri
- Department of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles H Adler
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Christine M Belden
- Department of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Holly A Shill
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Erika Driver-Dunckley
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Shyamal H Mehta
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Department of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
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20
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Kim MJ, Kang JY, Kim JM, Moon JH, Lee HL, Jeong HR, Go MJ, Lee U, Heo HJ. Effect of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Eucommia ulmoides Leaves on PM 2.5-Induced Inflammation and Cognitive Dysfunction. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7157444. [PMID: 35607702 PMCID: PMC9124148 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7157444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of the ethyl acetate from Eucommia ulmoides leaves (EFEL) on PM2.5-induced cognitive impairment in BALB/c mice. EFEL improved PM2.5-induced cognitive decline by improving spontaneous alternative behavioral and long-term memory ability. EFEL increased ferric reducing activity power (FRAP) in serum. In addition, EFEL increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents and inhibited the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) in lung and brain tissues. EFEL also restored the mitochondrial function by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) level, and ATP level in lung and brain tissues. EFEL ameliorated the cholinergic system by regulating the acetylcholine (ACh) content and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the brain tissue and the expression of AChE and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the whole brain and hippocampal tissues. EFEL reduced PM2.5-induced excessive expression of inflammatory protein related to the lung, whole brain, olfactory bulb, and hippocampus. Physiological compounds of EFEL were identified as 5-O-caffeolyquinic acid, rutin, quercetin, and quercetin glycosides. As a result, EFEL has anti-inflammation and anti-amnesic effect on PM2.5-induced cognitive impairment by regulating the inflammation and inhibiting the lung and brain tissue dysfunction, and its effect is considered to be due to the physiological compounds of EFEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yong Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- World Institute of Kimchi an Annex of Korea Food Research Institute, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Moon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Lim Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Rin Jeong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Go
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Uk Lee
- Division of Special Forest Products, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jin Heo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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21
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Tremblay C, Serrano GE, Intorcia AJ, Sue LI, Wilson JR, Adler CH, Shill HA, Driver-Dunckley E, Mehta SH, Beach TG. Effect of olfactory bulb pathology on olfactory function in normal aging. Brain Pathol 2022; 32:e13075. [PMID: 35485279 PMCID: PMC9424999 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Decline of olfactory function is frequently observed in aging and is an early symptom of neurodegenerative diseases. As the olfactory bulb (OB) is one of the first regions involved by pathology and may represent an early disease stage, we specifically aimed to evaluate the contribution of OB pathology to olfactory decline in cognitively normal aged individuals without parkinsonism or dementia. This clinicopathological study correlates OB tau, amyloid β (Aβ) and α‐synuclein (αSyn) pathology densities and whole brain pathology load to olfactory identification function as measured with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and clinical data measured proximate to death in a large autopsy study including 138 cases considered non‐demented controls during life. Tau pathology was frequently observed in the OB (95% of cases), while both Aβ (27% of cases) and αSyn (20% of cases) OB pathologies were less commonly observed. A weak correlation was only observed between OB tau and olfactory performance, but when controlled for age, neither OB tau, Aβ or αSyn significantly predict olfactory performance. Moreover, whole brain tau and αSyn pathology loads predicted olfactory performance; however, only αSyn pathology loads survived age correction. In conclusion, OB tau pathology is frequently observed in normally aging individuals and increases with age but does not appear to independently contribute to age‐related olfactory impairment suggesting that further involvement of the brain seems necessary to contribute to age‐related olfactory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Tremblay
- Departement of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- Departement of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Anthony J Intorcia
- Departement of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Lucia I Sue
- Departement of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Wilson
- Department of Economics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Charles H Adler
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Holly A Shill
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Erika Driver-Dunckley
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Shyamal H Mehta
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Departement of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
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22
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Lee SJ. Alzheimer’s Disease is a Result of Loss of Full Brain Buoyancy. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Salimi M, Tabasi F, Abdolsamadi M, Dehghan S, Dehdar K, Nazari M, Javan M, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J, Raoufy MR. Disrupted connectivity in the olfactory bulb-entorhinal cortex-dorsal hippocampus circuit is associated with recognition memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4394. [PMID: 35292712 PMCID: PMC8924156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural synchrony in brain circuits is the mainstay of cognition, including memory processes. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that disrupts neural synchrony in specific circuits, associated with memory dysfunction before a substantial neural loss. Recognition memory impairment is a prominent cognitive symptom in the early stages of AD. The entorhinal-hippocampal circuit is critically engaged in recognition memory and is known as one of the earliest circuits involved due to AD pathology. Notably, the olfactory bulb is closely connected with the entorhinal-hippocampal circuit and is suggested as one of the earliest regions affected by AD. Therefore, we recorded simultaneous local field potential from the olfactory bulb (OB), entorhinal cortex (EC), and dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) to explore the functional connectivity in the OB-EC-dHPC circuit during novel object recognition (NOR) task performance in a rat model of AD. Animals that received amyloid-beta (Aβ) showed a significant impairment in task performance and a marked reduction in OB survived cells. We revealed that Aβ reduced coherence and synchrony in the OB-EC-dHPC circuit at theta and gamma bands during NOR performance. Importantly, our results exhibit that disrupted functional connectivity in the OB-EC-dHPC circuit was correlated with impaired recognition memory induced by Aβ. These findings can elucidate dynamic changes in neural activities underlying AD, helping to find novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Salimi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 1411713116, Iran
| | - Farhad Tabasi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 1411713116, Iran
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute for Brain Sciences and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Abdolsamadi
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Dehghan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kolsoum Dehdar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 1411713116, Iran
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute for Brain Sciences and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Nazari
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- DANDRITE, The Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 1411713116, Iran
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute for Brain Sciences and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 1411713116, Iran
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute for Brain Sciences and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Raoufy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 1411713116, Iran.
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute for Brain Sciences and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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24
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Ziegler-Waldkirch S, Friesen M, Loreth D, Sauer JF, Kemna S, Hilse A, Erny D, Helm C, d´Errico P, Prinz M, Bartos M, Meyer-Luehmann M. Seed-induced Aβ deposition alters neuronal function and impairs olfaction in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4274-4284. [PMID: 35869271 PMCID: PMC9718674 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) which ultimately forms plaques. These Aβ deposits can be induced in APP transgenic mouse models by prion-like seeding. It has been widely accepted that anosmia and hyposmia occur during the early stages of AD, even before cognitive deficits are present. In order to determine the impact of seed-induced Aβ deposits on olfaction, we performed intracerebral injections of seed-competent brain homogenate into the olfactory bulb of young pre-depositing APP transgenic mice. Remarkably, we observed a dramatic olfactory impairment in those mice. Furthermore, the number of newborn neurons as well as the activity of cells in the mitral cell layer was decreased. Notably, exposure to an enriched environment reduced Aβ seeding, vivified neurogenesis and most importantly reversed olfactory deficits. Based on our findings, we conclude that altered neuronal function as a result of induced Aβ pathology might contribute to olfactory dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ziegler-Waldkirch
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina Friesen
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Desirée Loreth
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonas-Frederic Sauer
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Institute for Physiology I, Systemic and Cellular Neurophysiology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Solveig Kemna
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hilse
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Erny
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christina Helm
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paolo d´Errico
- grid.7708.80000 0000 9428 7911Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marlene Bartos
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Institute for Physiology I, Systemic and Cellular Neurophysiology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Meyer-Luehmann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany. .,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
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25
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Olfactory Measures as Predictors of Conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111391. [PMID: 34827390 PMCID: PMC8615615 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early biomarkers of prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD) are critical both to initiate interventions and to choose participants for clinical trials. Odor threshold, odor identification and odor familiarity are impaired in AD. METHODS We investigated the relative abilities of standard screening (MMSE) and olfactory measures to predict transitions from cognitively normal (CN) to mild cognitive impairment (MCI), from CN to AD, and MCI to AD. The archival sample of 497, from the UCSD ADRC, included participants who were CN, MCI, AD and converters to MCI or AD. Apoe ε4 status, a genetic risk factor, was available for 256 participants, 132 were ε4 carriers. A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) curve plots the trade-off between sensitivity and specificity. Area under the ROC curve (AUC) was used to determine diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS Different measures were better predictors at specific stages of disease risk; e.g., odor familiarity, odor identification and the combination showed higher predictive value for converting from MCI to AD in ε4 carriers than the MMSE. Combining odor familiarity and odor identification produced an AUC of 1.0 in ε4 carriers, MMSE alone was 0.58. CONCLUSIONS Olfactory biomarkers show real promise as non-invasive indicators of prodromal AD. The results support the value of combining olfactory measures in assessment of risk for conversion to MCI and to AD.
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26
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Lessard-Beaudoin M, M Gonzalez L, AlOtaibi M, Chouinard-Watkins R, Plourde M, Calon F, Graham RK. Diet enriched in omega-3 fatty acids alleviates olfactory system deficits in APOE4 transgenic mice. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:7092-7108. [PMID: 34549475 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is observed in several neurological disorders including Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer disease (AD). These deficits occur early and correlate with global cognitive performance, depression and degeneration of olfactory regions in the brain. Despite extensive human studies, there has been little characterization of the olfactory system in models of AD. In order to determine if olfactory structural and/or molecular phenotypes are observed in a model expressing a genetic risk factor for AD, we assessed the olfactory bulb (OB) in APOE4 transgenic mice. A significant decrease in OB weight was observed at 12 months of age in APOE4 mice concurrent with inflammation and decreased NeuN expression. In order to determine if a diet rich in omega-3s may alleviate the olfactory system phenotypes observed, we assessed WT and APOE4 mice on a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) diet. APOE4 mice on a DHA diet did not present with atrophy of the OB, and the alterations in NeuN and IBA-1 expression were alleviated. Furthermore, alterations in caspase mRNA and protein expression in the APOE4 OB were not observed with a DHA diet. Similar to the human AD condition, OB atrophy is an early phenotype in the APOE4 mice and concurrent with inflammation. These data support a link between the structural olfactory brain region atrophy and the olfactory dysfunction observed in AD and suggest that inflammation and cell death pathways may contribute to the olfactory deficits observed. Furthermore, the results suggest that diets enriched in DHA may provide benefit to APOE4 allele carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Lessard-Beaudoin
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de L'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura M Gonzalez
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de L'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Majed AlOtaibi
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de L'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de L'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Melanie Plourde
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de L'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frederic Calon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rona K Graham
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS de L'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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27
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Li J, Bur AM, Villwock MR, Shankar S, Palmer G, Sykes KJ, Villwock JA. Olfactory Phenotypes Differentiate Cognitively Unimpaired Seniors from Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Combined Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Approach. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:641-650. [PMID: 33843686 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is an early symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, olfactory testing is not commonly performed to test OD in the setting of AD. OBJECTIVE This work investigates objective OD as a non-invasive biomarker for accurately classifying subjects as cognitively unimpaired (CU), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD. METHODS Patients with MCI (n = 24) and AD (n = 24), and CU (n = 33) controls completed two objective tests of olfaction (Affordable, Rapid, Olfactory Measurement Array -AROMA; Sniffin' Sticks Screening 12 Test -SST12). Demographic and subjective sinonasal and olfaction symptom information was also obtained. Analyses utilized traditional statistics and machine learning to determine olfactory variables, and combinations of variables, of importance for differentiating normal and disease states. RESULTS Inability to correctly identify a scent after detection was a hallmark of MCI/AD. AROMA was superior to SST12 for differentiating MCI from AD. Performance on the clove scent was significantly different between all three groups. AROMA regression modeling yielded six scents with AUC of the ROC of 0.890 (p < 0.001). Random forest model machine learning algorithms considering AROMA olfactory data successfully predicted MCI versus AD disease state. Considering only AROMA data, machine learning algorithms were 87.5%accurate (95%CI 0.4735, 0.9968). Sensitivity and specificity were 100%and 75%, respectively with ROC of 0.875. When considering AROMA and subject demographic and subjective data, the AUC of the ROC increased to 0.9375. CONCLUSION OD differentiates CUs from those with MCI and AD and can accurately predict MCI versus AD. Leveraging OD data may meaningfully guide management and research decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Li
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Andres M Bur
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Mark R Villwock
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Suraj Shankar
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Gracie Palmer
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Kevin J Sykes
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jennifer A Villwock
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kansas City, KS, USA
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28
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Carmona-Abellan M, Martinez-Valbuena I, Marcilla I, DiCaudo C, Gil I, Nuñez J, Luquin MR. Microglia is associated with p-Tau aggregates in the olfactory bulb of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:1473-1482. [PMID: 32816165 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04686-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory bulb (OB) seems to be the first affected structure in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Lewy body dementia (LBD). Deposits of protein aggregates, increased dopaminergic neurons, and decreased cholinergic inputs have all been described in the OB of these diseases. We investigated here the contribution of the activated microglial cells to the increased deposits of protein aggregates. We quantified the number of activated microglial cells and astrocytes in the OB of patients with histological diagnosis of PD (n = 5), AD (n = 13), and LBD (n = 7) and aged-matched controls (n = 8). Specific consensus diagnostic criteria were applied for AD, LBD, and PD. Protein aggregates were scored in the OB as grade 0, none; grade 1, mild; grade 2, moderate; and grade 3, severe. OB sections from the 33 subjects were stained with specific antibodies markers for reactive astrocytes (GFAP) and microglial cells (Iba1 and HLA-DR). The total number of Iba1-ir (Iba-immunoreactive) and HLAD-DR cells was estimated by stereological analysis, while quantification of astrocytes was performed by GFAP optical density. Statistical analysis was done using the Stata 12.0 software. The number of microglia and activated microglia cells (HLA-RD-ir) was increased in patients with neurodegenerative diseases (p < 0.05). Moreover, the density of GFAP-ir cells was higher in the OB of patients. Neither the number of microglia cells nor the density of astrocytes correlated with the number of b-amyloid and alpha-synuclein deposits, but the density of Iba1-ir cells correlated with the number of p-Tau aggregates. Activated microglial cells and reactive astrocytes are present in the OB of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. The lack of correlation between the number of activated microglia cells and protein deposits indicate that they might independently contribute to the degenerative process. The presence of microglia is related to phosphorylated Tau deposits in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Martinez-Valbuena
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, CIMA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- HRI Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Irene Marcilla
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, CIMA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- HRI Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Gil
- HRI Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Navarrabiomed, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Jorge Nuñez
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Maria-Rosario Luquin
- HRI Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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29
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Vasilev DS, Dubrovskaya NM, Zhuravin IA, Nalivaeva NN. Developmental Profile of Brain Neprilysin Expression Correlates with Olfactory Behaviour of Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1772-1785. [PMID: 33433852 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A neuropeptidase, neprilysin (NEP), is a major amyloid (Aβ)-degrading enzyme involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The olfactory system is affected early in AD with characteristic Aβ accumulation, but data on the dynamics of NEP expression in the olfactory system are absent. Our study demonstrates that NEP mRNA expression in rat olfactory bulbs (OB), entorhinal cortex (ECx), hippocampus (Hip), parietal cortex (PCx) and striatum (Str) increases during the first postnatal month being the highest in the OB and Str. By 3 months, NEP mRNA levels sharply decrease in the ECx, Hip and PCx and by 9 months in the OB, but not in the Str, which correlates with declining olfaction in aged rats tested in the food search paradigm. One-month-old rats subjected to prenatal hypoxia on E14 had lower NEP mRNA levels in the ECx, Hip and PCx (but not in the OB and Str) compared with the control offspring and demonstrated impaired olfaction in the odour preference and food search paradigms. Administration to these rats of a histone deacetylase inhibitor, sodium valproate, restored NEP expression in the ECx, Hip and PCx and improved olfaction. Our data support NEP involvement in olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrii S Vasilev
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, RAS, 44 Thorez Avenue, Saint Petersburg, 194223, Russia
| | - Nadezhda M Dubrovskaya
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, RAS, 44 Thorez Avenue, Saint Petersburg, 194223, Russia
| | - Igor A Zhuravin
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, RAS, 44 Thorez Avenue, Saint Petersburg, 194223, Russia
| | - Natalia N Nalivaeva
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, RAS, 44 Thorez Avenue, Saint Petersburg, 194223, Russia. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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30
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Nazareth L, Walkden H, Chacko A, Delbaz A, Shelper T, Armitage CW, Reshamwala R, Trim LK, St John JA, Beagley KW, Ekberg JAK. Chlamydia muridarum Can Invade the Central Nervous System via the Olfactory and Trigeminal Nerves and Infect Peripheral Nerve Glial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:607779. [PMID: 33489937 PMCID: PMC7819965 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.607779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the brain and has been linked to late-onset dementia. Chlamydia muridarum, which infects mice, is often used to model human chlamydial infections. While it has been suggested to be also important for modelling brain infection, nervous system infection by C. muridarum has not been reported in the literature. C. pneumoniae has been shown to infect the olfactory bulb in mice after intranasal inoculation, and has therefore been suggested to invade the brain via the olfactory nerve; however, nerve infection has not been shown to date. Another path by which certain bacteria can reach the brain is via the trigeminal nerve, but it remains unknown whether Chlamydia species can infect this nerve. Other bacteria that can invade the brain via the olfactory and/or trigeminal nerve can do so rapidly, however, whether Chlamydia spp. can reach the brain earlier than one-week post inoculation remains unknown. In the current study, we showed that C. muridarum can within 48 h invade the brain via the olfactory nerve, in addition to infecting the trigeminal nerve. We also cultured the glial cells of the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and showed that C. muridarum readily infected the cells, constituting a possible cellular mechanism explaining how the bacteria can invade the nerves without being eliminated by glial immune functions. Further, we demonstrated that olfactory and trigeminal glia differed in their responses to C. muridarum, with olfactory glia showing less infection and stronger immune response than trigeminal glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Nazareth
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Heidi Walkden
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Anu Chacko
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Ali Delbaz
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Todd Shelper
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Charles W Armitage
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ronak Reshamwala
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Logan K Trim
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
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31
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Son G, Yoo SJ, Kang S, Rasheed A, Jung DH, Park H, Cho B, Steinbusch HWM, Chang KA, Suh YH, Moon C. Region-specific amyloid-β accumulation in the olfactory system influences olfactory sensory neuronal dysfunction in 5xFAD mice. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2021; 13:4. [PMID: 33397474 PMCID: PMC7784287 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Hyposmia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a typical early symptom according to numerous previous clinical studies. Although amyloid-β (Aβ), which is one of the toxic factors upregulated early in AD, has been identified in many studies, even in the peripheral areas of the olfactory system, the pathology involving olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) remains poorly understood. Methods Here, we focused on peripheral olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and delved deeper into the direct relationship between pathophysiological and behavioral results using odorants. We also confirmed histologically the pathological changes in 3-month-old 5xFAD mouse models, which recapitulates AD pathology. We introduced a numeric scale histologically to compare physiological phenomenon and local tissue lesions regardless of the anatomical plane. Results We observed the odorant group that the 5xFAD mice showed reduced responses to odorants. These also did not physiologically activate OSNs that propagate their axons to the ventral olfactory bulb. Interestingly, the amount of accumulated amyloid-β (Aβ) was high in the OSNs located in the olfactory epithelial ectoturbinate and the ventral olfactory bulb glomeruli. We also observed irreversible damage to the ectoturbinate of the olfactory epithelium by measuring the impaired neuronal turnover ratio from the basal cells to the matured OSNs. Conclusions Our results showed that partial and asymmetrical accumulation of Aβ coincided with physiologically and structurally damaged areas in the peripheral olfactory system, which evoked hyporeactivity to some odorants. Taken together, partial olfactory dysfunction closely associated with peripheral OSN’s loss could be a leading cause of AD-related hyposmia, a characteristic of early AD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-020-00730-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowoon Son
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Seung-Jun Yoo
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Shinwoo Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ameer Rasheed
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hae Jung
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongki Cho
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Hun Suh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheil Moon
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea. .,Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeungbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea. .,Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Al-Otaibi M, Lessard-Beaudoin M, Castellano CA, Gris D, Cunnane SC, Graham RK. Volumetric MRI demonstrates atrophy of the olfactory cortex in AD. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 17:904-915. [PMID: 33327913 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666201215120909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Symptoms include memory dysfunction and deficits in attention, planning, language, and overall cognitive function. Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom of AD and evidence supports that it is an early marker. Furthermore, olfactory bulb and entorhinal cortex atrophy are well described in AD. However, in AD, no studies have assessed the olfactory cortex as a whole and if sex effects are observed. METHODS Magnetic Resonance Imaging was used to scan 39 participants with an average age of 72 years and included men and women. AAL Single-Subject Atlas (implemented in PNEURO tool - PMOD 3.8) was used to determine the volume of the olfactory cortex and the hippocampus. Olfactory cortex volume was lower in both men and women AD cases compared with controls. This decrease was more apparent in the left olfactory cortex and was influenced by age. As expected, hippocampal volume was also significantly reduced in AD. However, this was only observed in the male cohort. A significant correlation was observed between levels of education and hippocampal volume in controls that were not detected in the AD participants. Asymmetry was observed in the olfactory cortex volume when comparing left and right volumes in both the control and AD participants, which was not observed in the hippocampus. RESULTS These data highlight the importance of the role of olfactory cortical atrophy in the pathogenesis of AD and the interplay between the olfactory deficits and degeneration of olfactory regions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Denis Gris
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen C Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS-IUGS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Rona K Graham
- Research Center on Aging, CIUSSS-IUGS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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33
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Huang GD, Jiang LX, Su F, Wang HL, Zhang C, Yu X. A novel paradigm for assessing olfactory working memory capacity in mice. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:431. [PMID: 33319773 PMCID: PMC7738675 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01120-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A decline in working memory (WM) capacity is suggested to be one of the earliest symptoms observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although WM capacity is widely studied in healthy subjects and neuropsychiatric patients, few tasks are developed to measure this variation in rodents. The present study describes a novel olfactory working memory capacity (OWMC) task, which assesses the ability of mice to remember multiple odours. The task was divided into five phases: context adaptation, digging training, rule-learning for non-matching to a single-sample odour (NMSS), rule-learning for non-matching to multiple sample odours (NMMS) and capacity testing. During the capacity-testing phase, the WM capacity (number of odours that the mice could remember) remained stable (average capacity ranged from 6.11 to 7.00) across different testing sessions in C57 mice. As the memory load increased, the average errors of each capacity level increased and the percent correct gradually declined to chance level, which suggested a limited OWMC in C57 mice. Then, we assessed the OWMC of 5 × FAD transgenic mice, an animal model of AD. We found that the performance displayed no significant differences between young adult (3-month-old) 5 × FAD mice and wild-type (WT) mice during the NMSS phase and NMMS phase; however, during the capacity test with increasing load, we found that the OWMC of young adult 5 × FAD mice was significantly decreased compared with WT mice, and the average error was significantly increased while the percent correct was significantly reduced, which indicated an impairment of WM capacity at the early stage of AD in the 5 × FAD mice model. Finally, we found that FOS protein levels in the medial prefrontal cortex and entorhinal cortex after the capacity test were significantly lower in 5 × FAD than WT mice. In conclusion, we developed a novel paradigm to assess the capacity of olfactory WM in mice, and we found that OWMC was impaired in the early stage of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Di Huang
- grid.459847.30000 0004 1798 0615Peking University Sixth Hospital, 100191 Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Institute of Mental Health, 100191 Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 100191 Beijing, China ,grid.459847.30000 0004 1798 0615National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191 Beijing, China ,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Li-Xin Jiang
- grid.459847.30000 0004 1798 0615Peking University Sixth Hospital, 100191 Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Institute of Mental Health, 100191 Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 100191 Beijing, China ,grid.459847.30000 0004 1798 0615National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191 Beijing, China ,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Feng Su
- grid.452723.50000 0004 7887 9190Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China ,grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XSchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Hua-Li Wang
- grid.459847.30000 0004 1798 0615Peking University Sixth Hospital, 100191 Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Institute of Mental Health, 100191 Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 100191 Beijing, China ,grid.459847.30000 0004 1798 0615National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191 Beijing, China ,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China.
| | - Xin Yu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, 100191, Beijing, China. .,Peking University Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 100191, Beijing, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, 100191, Beijing, China.
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Zhang LN, Li MJ, Shang YH, Zhao FF, Huang HC, Lao FX. Independent and Correlated Role of Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 Genotype and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:15-31. [PMID: 32804091 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ɛ4 allele of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene in individuals infected by Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been demonstrated to be a risk factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOE-ɛ4 reduces the levels of neuronal cholesterol, interferes with the transportation of cholesterol, impairs repair of synapses, decreases the clearance of neurotoxic peptide amyloid-β (Aβ), and promotes the deposition of amyloid plaque, and eventually may cause development of AD. HSV-1 enters host cells and can infect the olfactory system, trigeminal ganglia, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus, and may cause AD-like pathological changes. The lifecycle of HSV-1 goes through a long latent phase. HSV-1 induces neurotropic cytokine expression with pro-inflammatory action and inhibits antiviral cytokine production in AD. It should be noted that interferons display antiviral activity in HSV-1-infected AD patients. Reactivated HSV-1 is associated with infectious burden in cognitive decline and AD. Finally, HSV-1 DNA has been confirmed as present in human brains and is associated with APOEɛ4 in AD. HSV-1 and APOEɛ4 increase the risk of AD and relate to abnormal autophagy, higher concentrations of HSV-1 DNA in AD, and formation of Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Jie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Hui Shang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fan-Fan Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Han-Chang Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Xue Lao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Balin BJ, Hudson AP. Perspectives on the Intracellular Bacterium Chlamydia pneumoniae in Late-Onset Dementia. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-020-00146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Chronic diseases remain a daunting challenge for clinicians and researchers alike. While difficult to completely understand, most chronic diseases, including late-onset dementias, are thought to arise as an interplay between host genetic factors and environmental insults. One of the most diverse and ubiquitous environmental insults centers on infectious agents. Associations of infectious agents with late-onset dementia have taken on heightened importance, including our investigations of infection by the intracellular respiratory bacterium, Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn), in late-onset dementia of the Alzheimer’s type.
Recent Findings
Over the last two decades, the relationship of this infection to pathogenesis in late-onset dementia has become much clearer. This clarity has resulted from applying contemporary molecular genetic, biochemical, immunochemical, and cell culture techniques to analysis of human brains, animal models, and relevant in vitro cell culture systems. Data from these studies, taken in aggregate form, now can be applied to evaluation of proof of concept for causation of this infection with late-onset disease. In this evaluation, modifications to the original Koch postulates can be useful for elucidating causation.
Summary
All such relevant studies are outlined and summarized in this review, and they demonstrate the utility of applying modified Koch postulates to the etiology of late-onset dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Regardless, it is clear that even with strong observational evidence, in combination with application of modifications of Koch’s postulates, we will not be able to conclusively state that Cpn infection is causative for disease pathogenesis in late-onset dementia. Moreover, this conclusion obtains as well for the putative causation of this condition by other pathogens, including herpes simplex virus type 1, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Porphyromonas gingivalis.
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Abstract
Dementia is a devastating disease and global health challenge that is highly prevalent worldwide. A growing body of research has shown an independent association between age-related hearing loss (ARHL) and dementia, identifying ARHL as a compelling potential target in preventive strategies for dementia. However, a causal linkage between ARHL and dementia needs to be investigated before making definitive clinical guidelines and treatment recommendations regarding ARHL as a modifiable risk factor. In this review, we discuss the association between ARHL and dementia, the importance of addressing this finding, as well as common mechanisms (eg, microvascular disease) and causal mechanisms (eg, depletion of cognitive reserve and social isolation) that may explain the nature of this relationship. Future directions for research are also highlighted, including randomized controlled trials, developing high-resolution microvascular imaging, and further refining audiometric testing.
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Sundar S, Battistoni C, McNulty R, Morales F, Gorky J, Foley H, Dhurjati P. An agent-based model to investigate microbial initiation of Alzheimer's via the olfactory system. Theor Biol Med Model 2020; 17:5. [PMID: 32290858 PMCID: PMC7158140 DOI: 10.1186/s12976-020-00123-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative brain disease. A novel agent-based modelling framework was developed in NetLogo 3D to provide fundamental insights into the potential mechanisms by which a microbe (eg. Chlamydia pneumoniae) may play a role in late-onset AD. The objective of our initial model is to simulate one possible spatial and temporal pathway of bacterial propagation via the olfactory system, which may then lead to AD symptoms. The model maps the bacteria infecting cells from the nasal cavity and the olfactory epithelium, through the olfactory bulb and into the olfactory cortex and hippocampus regions of the brain. RESULTS Based on the set of biological rules, simulated randomized infection by the microbe led to the formation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaque and neurofibrillary (NF) tangles as well as caused immune responses. Our initial simulations demonstrated that breathing in C. pneumoniae can result in infection propagation and significant buildup of Aβ plaque and NF tangles in the olfactory cortex and hippocampus. Our model also indicated how mucosal and neural immunity can play a significant role in the pathway considered. Lower immunities, correlated with elderly individuals, had quicker and more Aβ plaque and NF tangle formation counts. In contrast, higher immunities, correlated with younger individuals, demonstrated little to no such formation. CONCLUSION The modelling framework provides an organized visual representation of how AD progression may occur via the olfactory system to better understand disease pathogenesis. The model confirms current conclusions in available research but can be easily adjusted to match future evidence and be used by researchers for their own individual purposes. The goal of our initial model is to ultimately guide further hypothesis refinement and experimental testing to better understand the dynamic system interactions present in the etiology and pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Sundar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Carly Battistoni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Ryan McNulty
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Fernando Morales
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Jonathan Gorky
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Henry Foley
- New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prasad Dhurjati
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.
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Frank C, Murphy C. The Brief Form of the California Odor Learning Test 3. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:173. [PMID: 32265619 PMCID: PMC7105850 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored whether a Brief Form of the California Odor Learning Test 3 (COLT), an olfactory analog of the newly released Brief Form of the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT 3), could retain the ability of the COLT to detect odor memory dysfunctions observed in normal aging. 52 participants, 28 young (18-30 years old) and 24 old (65 years of age and older), were administered the Brief Forms of the CVLT 3 and the COLT 3. Results indicated poorer performance in immediate and delayed odor recall in older than in younger adults. Poorer odor recognition memory performance in older adults than in younger adults was detected. This study suggests that the Brief Form of the COLT can detect differential odor learning and memory between young and older adults. Thus, the current brief test holds promise as a measure that can be incorporated into studies that demand a brief, non-invasive test capable of detecting impairment in olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conner Frank
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Claire Murphy
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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Yoshida K, Gi M, Fujioka M, Teramoto I, Wanibuchi H. Long-term administration of excess zinc impairs learning and memory in aged mice. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 44:681-691. [PMID: 31588059 DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential element, but excess amounts are known to cause neurotoxic effects. The risk of excessive Zn intake is increased by supplementing food intake with dietary supplements. Ageing affects many cellular processes that predispose individuals to neurodegeneration. Indeed, the prevalence of senile dementia such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and vascular-type dementia increases with age. As such, we investigated the effects of long-term exposure to excess Zn on learning and memory in aged mice. ICR-JCL female mice (aged 26 weeks) were administered 0, 200, or 500 ppm Zn as zinc chloride in drinking water for 30 weeks. After 30-week administration, aged female animals were subjected to Y-maze, novel object recognition, and step-through passive avoidance tests. Chronic exposure to Zn did not inhibit learning and memory in the Y-maze test, but dose-dependently inhibited learning and memory in novel object recognition and step-through passive avoidance tests. These results indicate the potential for chronic Zn exposure to dose-dependently inhibit both long-term and novel object recognition memory. Results of microarray analysis revealed significant changes in gene expression of transthyretin and many olfactory receptors in the hippocampus of Zn-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Yoshida
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
| | - Min Gi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine.,Current address: Department of Environmental Risk Assessment, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Masaki Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Isao Teramoto
- Department of Parasitology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
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40
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Nakagawa Y, Yamada S. Metal homeostasis disturbances in neurodegenerative disorders, with special emphasis on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - Potential pathogenetic mechanism and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 207:107455. [PMID: 31863817 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is characterized by a rapidly progressive dementia often accompanied by myoclonus and other signs of brain dysfunction, relying on the conversion of the normal cellular form of the prion protein (PrPC) to a misfolded form (PrPSc). The neuropathological changes include spongiform degeneration, neuronal loss, astrogliosis, and deposition of PrPSc. It is still unclear how these pathological changes correlate with the development of CJD symptoms because few patients survive beyond 2 years after diagnosis. Inasmuch as the symptoms of CJD overlap some of those observed in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, there may be some underlying pathologic mechanisms associated with CJD that may contribute to the symptoms of non-prion neurodegenerative diseases as well. Data suggest that imbalance of metals, including copper, zinc, iron, and manganese, induces abnormalities in processing and degradation of prion proteins that are accompanied by self-propagation of PrPSc. These events appear to be responsible for glutamatergic synaptic dysfunctions, neuronal death, and PrPSc aggregation. Given that the prodromal symptoms of CJD such as sleep disturbances and mood disorders are associated with brain stem and limbic system dysfunction, the pathological changes may initially occur in these brain regions, then spread throughout the entire brain. Alterations in cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis, which may be linked to imbalance of these metals, seem to be more important than neuroinflammation in causing the cell death. It is proposed that metal dyshomeostasis could be responsible for the initiation and progression of the pathological changes associated with symptoms of CJD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakagawa
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Integrative Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Shizuo Yamada
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Integrative Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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41
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Zhong Y, Zheng Q, Hu P, Huang X, Yang M, Ren G, Du Q, Luo J, Zhang K, Li J, Wu H, Guo Y, Liu S. Sedative and hypnotic effects of compound Anshen essential oil inhalation for insomnia. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:306. [PMID: 31711477 PMCID: PMC6849292 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS The chemical composition of many essential oils indicates that they have sedative and hypnotic effects, but there is still a lack of systematic studies on the sedative and hypnotic effects of essential oils. In addition, aromatherapy does not seem to have the side effects of many traditional psychotropic substances, which is clearly worthwhile for further clinical and scientific research. The clinical application of essential oils in aromatherapy has received increasing attention, and detailed studies on the pharmacological activities of inhaled essential oils are increasingly needed. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE As insomniacs are usually accompanied by symptoms of depression and anxiety of varying degrees, based on the theory of aromatherapy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, this experiment is to study a Compound Anshen essential oil that is compatible with Lavender essential oil, Sweet Orange essential oil, Sandalwood essential oil and other aromatic medicine essential oils with sedative and hypnotic effects, anti-anxiety and anti-depression effects. To study the sedative and hypnotic effects of Compound Anshen essential oil inhaled and the main chemical components of Compound Anshen essential oil, and to compare and analyze the pharmacodynamics of diazepam, a commonly used drug for insomnia. METHODS The Open field test and Pentobarbital-induced sleep latency and sleep time experiments were used to analyze and compare the sedative and hypnotic effects of inhaling Compound Anshen essential oil and the administration of diazepam on mice. The changes of 5-HT and GABA in mouse brain were analyzed by Elisa. The main volatile constituents of Compound Anshen essential oil were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS Inhalation of Compound Anshen essential oil can significantly reduce the spontaneous activity of mice, reduce latency of sleeping time and prolong duration of sleeping time. The results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that Compound Anshen essential oil can increase the content of 5-HT and GABA in mouse brain. The main volatile chemical constituents of the Compound Anshen essential oil are D-limonene (24.07%), Linalool (21.98%), Linalyl acetate (15.37%), α-Pinene (5.39%), and α-Santalol (4.8%). CONCLUSION The study found that the inhalation of Compound Anshen essential oil has sedative and hypnotic effect. This study provides a theoretical basis for further research and development of the sedative and hypnotic effects of Compound Anshen essential oil based on the theory of aromatherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Qin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China.
| | - Pengyi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China.
| | - Guilin Ren
- Traditional Chinese Medicine hospital Affliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Qing Du
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Kenan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Haixia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
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42
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Bathini P, Brai E, Auber LA. Olfactory dysfunction in the pathophysiological continuum of dementia. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 55:100956. [PMID: 31479764 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensory capacities like smell, taste, hearing, vision decline with aging, but increasing evidence show that sensory dysfunctions are one of the early signs diagnosing the conversion from physiological to pathological brain state. Smell loss represents the best characterized sense in clinical practice and is considered as one of the first preclinical signs of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, occurring a decade or more before the onset of cognitive and motor symptoms. Despite the numerous scientific reports and the adoption in clinical practice, the etiology of sensory damage as prodromal of dementia remains largely unexplored and more studies are needed to resolve the mechanisms underlying sensory network dysfunction. Although both cognitive and sensory domains are progressively affected, loss of sensory experience in early stages plays a major role in reducing the autonomy of demented people in their daily tasks or even possibly contributing to their cognitive decline. Interestingly, the chemosensory circuitry is devoid of a blood brain barrier, representing a vulnerable port of entry for neurotoxic species that can spread to the brain. Furthermore, the exposure of the olfactory system to the external environment make it more susceptible to mechanical injury and trauma, which can cause degenerative neuroinflammation. In this review, we will summarize several findings about chemosensory impairment signing the conversion from healthy to pathological brain aging and we will try to connect those observations to the promising research linking environmental influences to sporadic dementia. The scientific body of knowledge will support the use of chemosensory diagnostics in the presymptomatic stages of AD and other biomarkers with the scope of finding treatment strategies before the onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Bathini
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Brai
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lavinia Alberi Auber
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Swiss Integrative Center of Human Health, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojing Liu
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (B.L.)
| | - Zhehui Luo
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (Z.L., H.C.)
| | - Honglei Chen
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (Z.L., H.C.)
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44
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Riquelme A, Valdés-Tovar M, Ugalde O, Maya-Ampudia V, Fernández M, Mendoza-Durán L, Rodríguez-Cárdenas L, Benítez-King G. Potential Use of Exfoliated and Cultured Olfactory Neuronal Precursors for In Vivo Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis: A Pilot Study. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:87-98. [PMID: 31414299 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Histopathological hallmarks of dementia have been described postmortem in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tau, a microtubule associated protein, is abnormally arranged in neurofibrillary tangles. In living AD patients, total tau (t-tau) and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) levels are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid obtained by lumbar puncture. Herein, we studied the t-tau and p-tau levels as well as the subcellular distribution of t-tau in olfactory neuronal precursors obtained by exfoliation of the nasal cavity of AD patients and control participants. Data showed that t-tau and p-tau levels were increased in cell homogenates from AD patients. Also, t-tau immunoreactivity was arranged in a punctate pattern in olfactory neuronal precursors derived from an AD participant with 5 years of evolution and in the oldest participants, either control subjects or those with Alzheimer's disease. Results support that exfoliated neuronal precursors have tau alterations demonstrated in postmortem brain and in the cerebrospinal fluid. This evidence and because the obtainment of olfactory neuronal precursors is a noninvasive procedure, detection of tau alterations shown here might be useful for an early diagnosis of AD-type dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Riquelme
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo-Huipulco, 14370, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Cellular Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Program in Neurobiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcela Valdés-Tovar
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo-Huipulco, 14370, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Oscar Ugalde
- Clínica de Psicogeriatría, Dirección de Servicios Clínicos, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo-Huipulco, 14370, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Vanessa Maya-Ampudia
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo-Huipulco, 14370, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Monserrat Fernández
- Clínica de Psicogeriatría, Dirección de Servicios Clínicos, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo-Huipulco, 14370, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Leticia Mendoza-Durán
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo-Huipulco, 14370, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Leslye Rodríguez-Cárdenas
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo-Huipulco, 14370, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gloria Benítez-King
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo-Huipulco, 14370, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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45
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Zhang H, Ji D, Yin J, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Ni H, Liu Y. Olfactory fMRI Activation Pattern Across Different Concentrations Changes in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:786. [PMID: 31417348 PMCID: PMC6682702 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory involvement is an early feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Olfactory functional MRI (fMRI) is an objective method to evaluate the olfactory function, but might be affected by the individual variation and the magnetic susceptibility artifact of basis cranii. To improve the reliability of olfactory fMRI, we explored the response of primary olfactory cortex (POC) across three different concentrations of odors. Fourty-four normal controls, 46 subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 44 patients with AD underwent olfactory fMRI using lavender stimuli of three different (0.10, 0.33, and 1.00%) concentrations during one fMRI sequence with a 3.0T MRI scanner. The numbers of activated voxels in the POC, especially the activation changes during different concentrations were, analyzed. The POC activation pattern of controls showed olfactory adaptation at the higher concentration, whereas the AD patients showed not only increased olfactory threshold but also a lack of olfactory habituation. Five types of activation patterns across different concentrations were summarized to evaluate the olfactory function. The results showed that the activation pattern effectively found 40/44 (90.9%) of the ADs with impaired habituation, whereas 31/44 (70.5%) of the normal controls showed normal olfactory habituation. In MCIs, 29/46 (63.0%) of subjects showed impaired habituation. This finding indicates that the POC activation pattern of olfactory fMRI across different concentrations is useful in evaluating the olfactory function, which is important in the detection of early AD among MCI cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongxu Ji
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianzhong Yin
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongyan Ni
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yawu Liu
- Departments of Clinical Radiology and Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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46
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Fox M, Knorr DA, Haptonstall KM. Alzheimer's disease and symbiotic microbiota: an evolutionary medicine perspective. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1449:3-24. [PMID: 31180143 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms resident in our bodies participate in a variety of regulatory and pathogenic processes. Here, we describe how etiological pathways implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be regulated or disturbed by symbiotic microbial activity. Furthermore, the composition of symbiotic microbes has changed dramatically across human history alongside the rise of agriculturalism, industrialization, and globalization. We postulate that each of these lifestyle transitions engendered progressive depletion of microbial diversity and enhancement of virulence, thereby enhancing AD risk pathways. It is likely that the human life span extended into the eighth decade tens of thousands of years ago, yet little is known about premodern geriatric epidemiology. We propose that microbiota of the gut, oral cavity, nasal cavity, and brain may modulate AD pathogenesis, and that changes in the microbial composition of these body regions across history suggest escalation of AD risk. Dysbiosis may promote immunoregulatory dysfunction due to inadequate education of the immune system, chronic inflammation, and epithelial barrier permeability. Subsequently, proinflammatory agents-and occasionally microbes-may infiltrate the brain and promote AD pathogenic processes. APOE genotypes appear to moderate the effect of dysbiosis on AD risk. Elucidating the effect of symbiotic microbiota on AD pathogenesis could contribute to basic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Fox
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Delaney A Knorr
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kacey M Haptonstall
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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47
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Olfactory bulb atrophy and caspase activation observed in the BACHD rat models of Huntington disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 125:219-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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48
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Bower ES, Szajer J, Murphy C. Effect of Worry Level on Recall Memory for Odors in ApoE-ε4 Carriers and Non-Carriers. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2019; 25:546-556. [PMID: 30987686 PMCID: PMC6534430 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617719000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased levels of worry, age, and presence of the apolipoprotein-E (ApoE)-ε4 allele are associated with the risk of developing cognitive declines and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Odor memory performance has been shown to vary as a function of age and ApoE genotype, and odor memory tests are sensitive to preclinical AD. Worry is known to influence verbal memory; however, its effects on odor memory are unknown. This study aimed to assess the relationships between worry, age, and ε4 status on odor memory. METHOD Worry was evaluated for young (n = 53) and older (n = 45) adults using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Odor memory was assessed using the California Odor Learning Test, an olfactory analogue to the California Verbal Learning Test. RESULTS A significant main effect of worry on long-delay free recall was found, such that increasing worry was associated with better recall across age and ε4 status. A significant interaction effect between ε4 status and worry on both short-and long-delay cued recall was found, such that across age, higher worry was associated with increased cued recall scores among ε4-negative adults, and decreased scores among ε4-positive adults. CONCLUSIONS Findings demonstrated that worry influences odor memory and exerts a particular effect on cued recall among ε4 carriers who are at a greater risk of developing AD. Worry is a modifiable predictor of cognitive decline and risk of dementia in aging. Future studies on the effects of treatments aimed at reducing worry (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety) on changes in cognitive functioning are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Bower
- Department of Psychology,San Diego State University,San Diego, California 92182,USA
| | - Jacquelyn Szajer
- SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology,San Diego, California 92120,USA
| | - Claire Murphy
- Department of Psychology,San Diego State University,San Diego, California 92182,USA
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49
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Jacobson A, Green E, Haase L, Szajer J, Murphy C. Differential Effects of BMI on Brain Response to Odor in Olfactory, Reward and Memory Regions: Evidence from fMRI. Nutrients 2019; 11:E926. [PMID: 31022978 PMCID: PMC6520683 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
:Obesity has reached epidemic proportions, motivating research into the underlying mechanisms. Olfaction is a powerful mediator of food consumption, and obesity has been associated with altered olfactory sensitivity. The current study used an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the central processing of odor in humans to gain insight into the effect of the body mass index (BMI) on the neural processes involved in rating the pleasantness of a food odor during a hunger state and in a satiety state. We hypothesized that, during the hedonic evaluation of food odor, BMI would be associated with differences in brain activation within olfactory and higher order processing areas important for perception, reward, and memory. We report novel findings of a dissociation between the relationship between BMI and activation in reward areas and in olfactory and odor memory areas, i.e., activation in reward areas decreased as BMI increased, whereas activation in primary olfactory and memory regions increased as BMI increased. A greater BMI is associated with decreased activation in the reward and frontal regions, supporting a blunted reward response in obesity. These findings have important potential implications for decision making, response inhibition, and reward-based behaviors that may play key roles as causal and maintenance factors in obesity. In contrast, a greater BMI is associated with an increased activation in the primary olfactory and memory areas, which was observed during a hunger state. These results raise the speculative hypothesis that high BMI may be associated with hyperactivation in the olfactory and memory areas, and that over time, the resulting excitotoxic effects may contribute to neurodegenerative changes in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Jacobson
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Erin Green
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
| | - Lori Haase
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Jacquelyn Szajer
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
| | - Claire Murphy
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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50
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Adlimoghaddam A, Snow WM, Stortz G, Perez C, Djordjevic J, Goertzen AL, Ko JH, Albensi BC. Regional hypometabolism in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:264-277. [PMID: 30878533 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive age-related neurodegenerative disease. Although neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid beta are classic hallmarks of AD, the earliest deficits in AD progression may be caused by unknown factors. One suspected factor has to do with brain energy metabolism. To investigate this factor, brain metabolic activity in 3xTg-AD mice and age-matched controls were measured with FDG-PET. Significant hypometabolic changes (p < .01) in brain metabolism were detected in the cortical piriform and insular regions of AD brains relative to controls. These regions are associated with olfaction, which is a potential clinical marker for AD progression as well as neurogenesis. The activity of the terminal component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (complex IV) and the expression of complex I-V were significantly decreased (p < .05), suggesting that impaired metabolic activity coupled with impaired oxidative phosphorylation leads to decreased mitochondrial bioenergetics and subsequent Neurodegeneration. Although there is an association between neuroinflammatory pathological markers (microglial) and hypometabolism in AD, there was no association found between neuropathological (Aβ, tau, and astrocytes) and functional changes in AD sensitive brain regions, also suggesting that brain hypometabolism occurs prior to AD pathology. Therefore, targeting metabolic mechanisms in cortical piriform and insular regions at early stages may be a promising approach for preventing, slowing, and/or blocking the onset of AD and preserving neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Adlimoghaddam
- St. Boniface Hospital Research, Canada; Dept. of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Canada.
| | | | | | - Claudia Perez
- St. Boniface Hospital Research, Canada; Dept. of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jelena Djordjevic
- St. Boniface Hospital Research, Canada; Dept. of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Ji Hyun Ko
- Dept. of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Canada; Health Sciences Centre, Canada
| | - Benedict C Albensi
- St. Boniface Hospital Research, Canada; Dept. of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Canada.
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