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Zhang M, Liu J, Yu Z, Chen Z, Yang J, Yin Y, Xu S. Supplementation with organic yeast-derived selenium provides immune protection against experimental necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Microb Pathog 2024; 192:106691. [PMID: 38759933 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a potentially fatal poultry disease that causes enormous economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary organic yeast-derived selenium (Se) on immune protection against experimental necrotic enteritis (NE) in commercial broilers. Chickens were fed basal diets supplemented with different Se levels (0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 Se mg/kg). To induce NE, Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) was orally administered at 14 days of age post hatch. The results showed that birds fed 0.25 Se mg/kg exhibited significantly increased body weight gain compared with the non-supplemented/infected birds. There were no significant differences in gut lesions between the Se-supplemented groups and the non-supplemented group. The antibody levels against α-toxin and NetB toxin increased with the increase between 0.25 Se mg/kg and 0.50 Se mg/kg. In the jejunal scrapings and spleen, the Se-supplementation groups up-regulated the transcripts for pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, iNOS, and LITAF and avian β-defensin 6, 8, and 13 (AvBD6, 8 and 13). In conclusion, supplementation with organic yeast-derived Se alleviates the negative consequences and provides beneficial protection against experimental NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zehai Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jiehua Yang
- Qingdao Vland Animal Health Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266111, China
| | - Yanbo Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Shouzhen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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2
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Shaji S, Selvaraj RK, Shanmugasundaram R. Salmonella Infection in Poultry: A Review on the Pathogen and Control Strategies. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2814. [PMID: 38004824 PMCID: PMC10672927 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is the leading cause of food-borne zoonotic disease worldwide. Non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes are the primary etiological agents associated with salmonellosis in poultry. Contaminated poultry eggs and meat products are the major sources of human Salmonella infection. Horizontal and vertical transmission are the primary routes of infection in chickens. The principal virulence genes linked to Salmonella pathogenesis in poultry are located in Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2 (SPI-1 and SPI-2). Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses are involved in the defense against Salmonella invasion in poultry. Vaccination of chickens and supplementation of feed additives like prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, synbiotics, and bacteriophages are currently being used to mitigate the Salmonella load in poultry. Despite the existence of various control measures, there is still a need for a broad, safe, and well-defined strategy that can confer long-term protection from Salmonella in poultry flocks. This review examines the current knowledge on the etiology, transmission, cell wall structure, nomenclature, pathogenesis, immune response, and efficacy of preventative approaches to Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syamily Shaji
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (S.S.); (R.K.S.)
| | - Ramesh K. Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (S.S.); (R.K.S.)
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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3
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Marcolla CS, Ju T, Willing BP. Cecal Microbiota Development and Physiological Responses of Broilers Following Early Life Microbial Inoculation Using Different Delivery Methods and Microbial Sources. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0027123. [PMID: 37098952 PMCID: PMC10231219 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00271-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Broilers in intensive systems may lack commensal microbes that have coevolved with chickens in nature. This study evaluated the effects of microbial inocula and delivery methods applied to day-old chicks on the development of the cecal microbiota. Specifically, chicks were inoculated with cecal contents or microbial cultures, and the efficacies of three delivery methods (oral gavage, spraying inoculum into the bedding, and cohousing) were evaluated. Also, a competitive study evaluated the colonization ability of bacteria sourced from extensive or intensive poultry production systems. The microbiota of inoculated birds presented higher phylogenetic diversity values (PD) and higher relative abundance values of Bacteroidetes, compared with a control. Additionally, a reduction in the ileal villus height/crypt depth ratio and increased cecal IL-6, IL-10, propionate, and valerate concentrations were observed in birds that were inoculated with cecal contents. Across the experiments, the chicks in the control groups presented higher relative abundance values of Escherichia/Shigella than did the inoculated birds. Specific microbes from intensively or extensively raised chickens were able to colonize the ceca, and inocula from intensive production systems promoted higher relative abundance values of Escherichia/Shigella. We concluded that Alistipes, Bacteroides, Barnesiella, Mediterranea, Parabacteroides, Megamonas, and Phascolarctobacterium are effective colonizers of the broiler ceca. In addition, oral gavage, spray, and cohousing can be used as delivery methods for microbial transplantation, as indicated by their effects on the cecal microbiota, intestinal morphology, short-chain fatty acids concentration, and cytokine/chemokine levels. These findings will guide future research on the development of next-generation probiotics that are able to colonize and persist in the chicken intestinal tract after a single exposure. IMPORTANCE The strict biosecurity procedures employed in the poultry industry may inadvertently hinder the transmission of beneficial commensal bacteria that chickens would encounter in natural environments. This research aims at identifying bacteria that can colonize and persist in the chicken gut after a single exposure. We evaluated different microbial inocula that were obtained from healthy adult chicken donors as well as three delivery methods for their effects on microbiota composition and bird physiology. In addition, we conducted a competitive assay to test the colonization abilities of bacteria sourced from intensively versus extensively raised chickens. Our results indicated that some bacteria are consistently increased in birds that are exposed to microbial inoculations. These bacteria can be isolated and employed in future research on the development of next-generation probiotics that contain species that are highly adapted to the chicken gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S. Marcolla
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tingting Ju
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Benjamin P. Willing
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
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4
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Wang J, Zhang J, Wang Q, Zhang Q, Thiam M, Zhu B, Ying F, Elsharkawy MS, Zheng M, Wen J, Li Q, Zhao G. A heterophil/lymphocyte-selected population reveals the phosphatase PTPRJ is associated with immune defense in chickens. Commun Biol 2023; 6:196. [PMID: 36807561 PMCID: PMC9938895 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantification of leukocyte profiles is among the simplest measures of animal immune function. However, the relationship between H/L ratio and innate immunity and the measure's utility as an index for heterophil function remains to be analyzed. Variants associated with H/L ratio were fine-mapped based on the resequencing of 249 chickens of different generations and an F2 segregating population generated by crossing selection and control lines. H/L ratio in the selection line was associated with a selective sweep of mutations in protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type J (PTPRJ), which affects proliferation and differentiation of heterophils through its downstream regulatory genes. The SNP downstream of PTPRJ (rs736799474) have a universal effect on H/L, with CC homozygotes exhibiting improved heterophil function because of downregulated PTPRJ expression. In short, we systematically elucidated the genetic basis of the change in heterophil function resulting from H/L selection by identifying the regulatory gene (PTPRJ) and causative SNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- grid.464332.4Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193 China ,grid.452757.60000 0004 0644 6150Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji’nan, 250100 P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- grid.464332.4Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Qiao Wang
- grid.464332.4Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Qi Zhang
- grid.464332.4Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Mamadou Thiam
- grid.464332.4Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Bo Zhu
- grid.464332.4Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Fan Ying
- grid.464332.4Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Mohamed Shafey Elsharkawy
- grid.464332.4Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Maiqing Zheng
- grid.464332.4Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jie Wen
- grid.464332.4Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Qinghe Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Guiping Zhao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193, China.
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5
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Gul H, Habib G, Khan IM, Rahman SU, Khan NM, Wang H, Khan NU, Liu Y. Genetic resilience in chickens against bacterial, viral and protozoal pathogens. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1032983. [PMID: 36439341 PMCID: PMC9691405 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1032983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The genome contributes to the uniqueness of an individual breed, and enables distinctive characteristics to be passed from one generation to the next. The allelic heterogeneity of a certain breed results in a different response to a pathogen with different genomic expression. Disease resistance in chicken is a polygenic trait that involves different genes that confer resistance against pathogens. Such resistance also involves major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules, immunoglobulins, cytokines, interleukins, T and B cells, and CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, which are involved in host protection. The MHC is associated with antigen presentation, antibody production, and cytokine stimulation, which highlight its role in disease resistance. The natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp-1), interferon (IFN), myxovirus-resistance gene, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 (RIP2), and heterophile cells are involved in disease resistance and susceptibility of chicken. Studies related to disease resistance genetics, epigenetics, and quantitative trait loci would enable the identification of resistance markers and the development of disease resistance breeds. Microbial infections are responsible for significant outbreaks and have blighted the poultry industry. Breeding disease-resistant chicken strains may be helpful in tackling pathogens and increasing the current understanding on host genetics in the fight against communicable diseases. Advanced technologies, such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system, whole genome sequencing, RNA sequencing, and high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, aid the development of resistant breeds, which would significantly decrease the use of antibiotics and vaccination in poultry. In this review, we aimed to reveal the recent genetic basis of infection and genomic modification that increase resistance against different pathogens in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haji Gul
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproduction Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Gul Habib
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Ibrar Muhammad Khan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproduction Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Sajid Ur Rahman
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nazir Muhammad Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Hongcheng Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproduction Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Najeeb Ullah Khan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Yong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproduction Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
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Love AC, Grisham K, Krall JB, Goodchild CG, DuRant SE. Perception of infection: disease-related social cues influence immunity in songbirds. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210125. [PMID: 34102069 PMCID: PMC8187024 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While avoidance of sick conspecifics is common among animals, little is known about how detecting diseased conspecifics influences an organism's physiological state, despite its implications for disease transmission dynamics. The avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) causes obvious visual signs of infection in domestic canaries (Serinus canaria domestica), including lethargy and conjunctivitis, making this system a useful tool for investigating how the perception of cues from sick individuals shapes immunity in healthy individuals. We tested whether disease-related social information can stimulate immune responses in canaries housed in visual contact with either healthy or MG-infected conspecifics. We found higher complement activity and higher heterophil counts in healthy birds viewing MG-infected individuals around 6-12 days post-inoculation, which corresponded with the greatest degree of disease pathology in infected stimulus birds. However, we did not detect the effects of disease-related social cues on the expression of two proinflammatory cytokines in the blood. These data indicate that social cues of infection can alter immune responses in healthy individuals and suggest that public information about the disease can shape how individuals respond to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C. Love
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, 601 Science and Engineering, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kevin Grisham
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Krall
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Christopher G. Goodchild
- Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 North University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA
| | - Sarah E. DuRant
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, 601 Science and Engineering, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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7
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Kc M, Ngunjiri JM, Lee J, Ahn J, Elaish M, Ghorbani A, Abundo MEC, Lee K, Lee CW. Avian Toll-like receptor 3 isoforms and evaluation of Toll-like receptor 3-mediated immune responses using knockout quail fibroblast cells. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6513-6524. [PMID: 33248566 PMCID: PMC7704946 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) induces host innate immune response on recognition of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Although several studies of avian TLR3 have been reported, none of these studies used a gene knockout (KO) model to directly assess its role in inducing the immune response and effect on other dsRNA receptors. In this study, we determined the coding sequence of quail TLR3, identified isoforms, and generated TLR3 KO quail fibroblast (QT-35) cells using a CRISPR/Cas9 system optimized for avian species. The TLR3-mediated immune response was studied by stimulating the wild-type (WT) and KO QT-35 cells with synthetic dsRNA or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] or infecting the cells with different RNA viruses such as influenza A virus, avian reovirus, and vesicular stomatitis virus. The direct poly(I:C) treatment significantly increased IFN-β and IL-8 gene expression along with the cytoplasmic dsRNA receptor, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), in WT cells, whereas no changes in all corresponding genes were observed in KO cells. We further confirmed the antiviral effects of poly(I:C)-induced TLR3-mediated immunity by demonstrating significant reduction of virus titer in poly(I:C)-treated WT cells, but not in TLR3 KO cells. On virus infection, varying levels of IFN-β, IL-8, TLR3, and MDA5 gene upregulation were observed depending on the viruses. No major differences in gene expression level were observed between WT and TLR3 KO cells, which suggests a relatively minor role of TLR3 in sensing and exerting immune response against the viruses tested in vitro. Our data show that quail TLR3 is an important endosomal dsRNA receptor responsible for regulation of type I interferon and proinflammatory cytokine, and affect the expression of MDA5, another dsRNA receptor, most likely through cytokine-mediated communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Kc
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - John M Ngunjiri
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, USA
| | - Joonbum Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Jinsoo Ahn
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Mohamed Elaish
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, USA; Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amir Ghorbani
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Michael E C Abundo
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
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8
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Swaggerty CL, He H, Genovese KJ, Callaway TR, Kogut MH, Piva A, Grilli E. A microencapsulated feed additive containing organic acids, thymol, and vanillin increases in vitro functional activity of peripheral blood leukocytes from broiler chicks. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3428-3436. [PMID: 32616236 PMCID: PMC7597814 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the first week after hatch, young chicks are vulnerable to pathogens as the immune system is not fully developed. The objectives of this study were to determine if supplementing the starter diet with a microencapsulated feed additive containing citric and sorbic acids, thymol, and vanillin affects in vitro functional activity of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs). Day-old chicks (n = 800) were assigned to either a control diet (0 g/metric ton [MT]) or a diet supplemented with 500 g/MT of the microencapsulated additive. At 4 D of age, peripheral blood was collected (100 birds per treatment), and heterophils and monocytes isolated (n = 4). Heterophils were assayed for the ability to undergo degranulation and production of an oxidative burst response while nitric oxide production was measured in monocytes. Select cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression levels were also determined. Statistical analysis was performed using Student t test comparing the supplemented diet to the control (P ≤ 0.05). Heterophils isolated from chicks fed the microencapsulated citric and sorbic acids, thymol, and vanillin had higher (P ≤ 0.05) levels of degranulation and oxidative burst responses than those isolated from chicks on the control diet. Heterophils from the supplemented chicks also had greater (P ≤ 0.05) expression of IL10, IL1β, and CXCL8 mRNA than those from control-fed chicks. Similarly, nitric oxide production was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in monocytes isolated from birds fed the supplement. The cytokine and chemokine profile in monocytes from the supplement-fed chicks showed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) drop in IL10 mRNA expression while IL1β, IL4, and CXCL8 were unchanged. In conclusion, 4 D of supplementation with a microencapsulated blend made up of citric and sorbic acids, thymol, and vanillin enhanced the in vitro PBL functions of degranulation, oxidative burst, and nitric oxide production compared with the control diet. Collectively, the data suggest feeding broiler chicks a diet supplemented with a microencapsulated blend of citric and sorbic acids, thymol, and vanillin may prime key immune cells making them more functionally efficient and acts as an immune-modulator to boost the inefficient and undeveloped immune system of young chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Swaggerty
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | - Haiqi He
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Kenneth J Genovese
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Todd R Callaway
- University of Georgia, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, 252 Edgar L. Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Michael H Kogut
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Andrea Piva
- Vetagro S.p.A., 42124, Reggio Emilia, Italy; DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Ester Grilli
- Vetagro S.p.A., 42124, Reggio Emilia, Italy; DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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9
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Nawab A, An L, Wu J, Li G, Liu W, Zhao Y, Wu Q, Xiao M. Chicken toll-like receptors and their significance in immune response and disease resistance. Int Rev Immunol 2019; 38:284-306. [PMID: 31662000 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2019.1659258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major challenge for the poultry industry that causes widespread production losses. Thus, management and control of poultry health and diseases are essential for the viability of the industry. Toll-like receptors are best characterized as membrane-bound receptors that perform a central role in immune homeostasis and disease resistance by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In response to pathogen recognition, TLRs initiate both innate and adaptive immune responses which may help to develop immunomodulatory therapeutics for TLR associated diseases. Vaccination produces specific immunity in the animal's body towards pathogens. However, due to certain disadvantages of vaccines, (inactivation of attenuated pathogens into the virulent strains and weak immunogenicity of inactivated vaccines) there is a crucial need to develop the safe and effective therapeutic intervention. TLR ligands have been classified as a potential adjuvant against the infectious diseases in farm animals. TLR adjuvants induce both specific and nonspecific immune responses in chickens to combat several bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases. Therefore, the aim of this review was to explore the chicken TLR4 and their role in immune responses and disease resistance to develop disease resistance poultry breeds in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Nawab
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PMAS- Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Lilong An
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Qimin Wu
- Mechanical and Power Engineering College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei Xiao
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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10
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Swaggerty CL, Callaway TR, Kogut MH, Piva A, Grilli E. Modulation of the Immune Response to Improve Health and Reduce Foodborne Pathogens in Poultry. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E65. [PMID: 30823445 PMCID: PMC6462950 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella and Campylobacter are the two leading causes of bacterial-induced foodborne illness in the US. Food production animals including cattle, swine, and chickens are transmission sources for both pathogens. The number of Salmonella outbreaks attributed to poultry has decreased. However, the same cannot be said for Campylobacter where 50⁻70% of human cases result from poultry products. The poultry industry selects heavily on performance traits which adversely affects immune competence. Despite increasing demand for poultry, regulations and public outcry resulted in the ban of antibiotic growth promoters, pressuring the industry to find alternatives to manage flock health. One approach is to incorporate a program that naturally enhances/modulates the bird's immune response. Immunomodulation of the immune system can be achieved using a targeted dietary supplementation and/or feed additive to alter immune function. Science-based modulation of the immune system targets ways to reduce inflammation, boost a weakened response, manage gut health, and provide an alternative approach to prevent disease and control foodborne pathogens when conventional methods are not efficacious or not available. The role of immunomodulation is just one aspect of an integrated, coordinated approach to produce healthy birds that are also safe and wholesome products for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Swaggerty
- United States Department of Agriculture/ARS, 2881 F and B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | - Todd R Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, 425 River Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Michael H Kogut
- United States Department of Agriculture/ARS, 2881 F and B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | - Andrea Piva
- Vetagro S.p.A., Via Porro 2, 42124, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Ester Grilli
- Vetagro S.p.A., Via Porro 2, 42124, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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11
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O’Reilly EL, Bailey RA, Eckersall PD. A comparative study of acute-phase protein concentrations in historical and modern broiler breeding lines. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3847-3853. [PMID: 29982816 PMCID: PMC6162364 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute-phase proteins (APP) are secreted from the liver as a result of inflammation or infection and are measurable in serum and plasma. To determine whether the constitutive APP serum amyloid A (SAA), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), ceruloplasmin (Cp), and ovotransferrin (Ovt) have changed as a result of selection for improved production and growth characteristics over the last 40 yr two historical broilers lines were compared to a modern line of the same lineage. Serum was harvested from blood samples taken from the 3 broiler lines on days 10, 17, and 20, and the APP concentrations were determined using immunoassay methods. Most of the significant changes observed were age related, with SAA and Cp having significantly lower concentrations at day 20 than days 10 and 17 in all lines. The only significant difference between lines was observed at day 20 on which both Cp (P = 0.01) and AGP (P = 0.03) were significantly higher in the modern line than the 90s line, though no significant differences were noted between the modern and 70s line. When evaluating the difference in APP concentrations between males (Cx) and females (Px) across all 3 lines, females had a higher SAA at day 17 and lower SAA at day 20, P = 0.0078 and 0.0327 respectively, and males had a significantly higher Ovt on days 17 and 20 (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.003 respectively). These results reveal that APP concentrations fluctuate over this early period of growth and that the changes in APP serum concentration appear uniform between 3 lines with very contrasting selection history, suggesting the improvements made in meat production efficiency since the 1970s have not affected the circulating concentrations of these constitutively expressed APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L O’Reilly
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - R A Bailey
- Aviagen Ltd., Lochend Road, Newbridge, Midlothian EH28 8SZ, UK
| | - P D Eckersall
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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12
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Adhikari P, Cosby DE, Cox NA, Franca MS, Williams SM, Gogal RM, Ritz CW, Kim WK. Effect of dietary fructooligosaccharide supplementation on internal organs Salmonella colonization, immune response, ileal morphology, and ileal immunohistochemistry in laying hens challenged with Salmonella enteritidis. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2525-2533. [PMID: 29669131 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) in controlling the infection of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in White Leghorns. A total of 30 laying hens (white leghorns W-36) were challenged both orally and cloacally with approximately 108 colony-forming units of nalidxic acid resistant SE (SENAR) and divided into 3 treatments: 1) SENAR challenged + 0.0% FOS, 2) SENAR challenged + 0.5% FOS (Nutraflora), and 3) SENAR challenged + 1.0% FOS. SENAR recovery via fecal shedding was measured at 3- and 6-d post-infection (dpi), whereas in the ceca and internal organs, SENAR recovery was measured at 7-d post-infection. In the first experiment, there was a 1.0 log10 and a 1.3 log10 reduction in cecal SENAR by supplementation of FOS at 0.5 and 1.0%, respectively. In the second experiment, there was a 0.6 log10 and a 0.8 log10 reduction in cecal SENAR by supplementation of FOS at 0.5 and 1.0%, respectively. Fecal shedding was significantly lower in 1.0% FOS supplemented groups compared to SENAR challenge 0.0% FOS. There was no significant difference among the 3 treatments on SENAR recovery in liver with gall bladder and ovaries. However, the frequency of positive SENAR in the ovaries (10 to 40%) in SENAR challenge 0.0% FOS was significantly lower than liver with gall bladder (60 to 80%) in both experiments. There was a significant upregulation of toll-like receptor-4 in 1.0% FOS and interferon gamma in both 0.5 and 1.0% FOS. Histologic measurements of ileal villi height and crypt depth were similar across all treatments. Immunohistochemistry analyses of ileal samples showed that immunoglobulin A positive cells increased as FOS concentration increased reaching significance at 1.0% as well as altered cytokine gene expression in the ileum. Further, FOS supplementation also reduced cecal SENAR and feces SENAR levels. Collectively, the results suggest that dietary supplementation with FOS may impair SE pathogenesis while modulating humoral immunity within the gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Adhikari
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, 39762, USA
| | - Douglas E Cosby
- USDA, ARS, The U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Nelson A Cox
- USDA, ARS, The U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Monique S Franca
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Susan M Williams
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert M Gogal
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Casey W Ritz
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Woo K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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13
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Swaggerty CL, Pevzner IY, He H, Genovese KJ, Kogut MH. Selection for pro-inflammatory mediators produces chickens more resistant to Campylobacter jejuni. Poult Sci 2018; 96:1623-1627. [PMID: 28339707 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are the second leading cause of bacterial-induced foodborne illnesses with an estimated economic burden of nearly $2B USD per year. Most human illness associated with campylobacteriosis is due to infection by C. jejuni and chickens are recognized as a reservoir that could lead to foodborne illness in humans resulting from handling or consuming raw or undercooked chicken. We recently developed a novel breeding strategy based on identification and selection of chickens with an inherently high and low phenotype of pro-inflammatory mediators including IL-6, CXCLi2, and CCLi2, hereafter referred to as the high and low lines, respectively. We have shown the high line chickens are more resistant to the foodborne and poultry pathogens Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, Eimeria tenella, and Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis compared to the low line. The objective of this study was to determine whether the same trend of enhanced resistance in the high line birds was observed for C. jejuni. Birds were challenged at 2 d of age by oral gavage (0.5 mL) with 5 × 106 colony forming units (cfu) of C. jejuni/mL, necropsied 4 d post challenge, and cecal content collected to determine if there was a difference in C. jejuni resistance between the high and low line chickens. There were fewer (P = 0.01) chickens from the high line (28/40 = 71.8%) that were colonized by C. jejuni compared to the low line (37/39 = 94.9%). The amount of C. jejuni recovered from the ceca of infected birds was quantified; however, no differences were observed (P = 0.10). Since the high line birds were also more resistant to C. jejuni, it provides additional validation of selection based on pro-inflammatory mediators producing a line of chickens with increased natural resistance against diverse foodborne and poultry pathogens. The poultry industry is moving towards reduced therapeutics and, as such, our breeding strategy would be a viable method to incorporate into traditional poultry breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Swaggerty
- United States Department of Agriculture, ARS, 2881 F&B Rd., College Station, TX 77845
| | - I Y Pevzner
- Cobb-Vantress, Inc., 4703 U.S. Highway 412 East, Siloam Springs, AR 72761
| | - H He
- United States Department of Agriculture, ARS, 2881 F&B Rd., College Station, TX 77845
| | - K J Genovese
- United States Department of Agriculture, ARS, 2881 F&B Rd., College Station, TX 77845
| | - M H Kogut
- United States Department of Agriculture, ARS, 2881 F&B Rd., College Station, TX 77845
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14
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Adhikari PA, Cosby DE, Cox NA, Lee JH, Kim WK. Effect of dietary bacteriophage supplementation on internal organs, fecal excretion, and ileal immune response in laying hens challenged by Salmonella Enteritidis. Poult Sci 2018; 96:3264-3271. [PMID: 28453774 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the current researches on replacing antibiotics with different dietary interventions, bacteriophages (BP) are potential antimicrobial intervention because of their ability to affect specific bacteria. A study was conducted to evaluate the role of BP against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) on SE internal organs colonization and ileum immune response in laying hens. Hens were challenged both orally and intracloacally with 108 cfu/mL cells of nalidixic acid resistant Salmonella Enteritidis (SENAR). Thirty-two Single Comb White Leghorns were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments: 1) unchallenged control (negative control; T1), 2) SENAR challenged control (positive control; T2), 3) SENAR challenged + 0.1% BP (T3), and 4) SENAR challenged + 0.2% BP (T4). The number of SENAR in the ceca was significantly reduced by 0.2% BP supplementation (P < 0.05) at 7 d post infection (dpi). The respective number of SENAR was reduced from 2.9 log cfu/gm in T2 and T3 to 2.0 log cfu/gm in T4. There was no significant effect of T3 on reduction of numbers of cecal SENAR. A significant reduction of SENAR was observed in the liver with gall bladder (LGB) from 0.75 in T2 to 0.18 log cfu/gm in T4. In the spleen, T4 significantly reduced (P < 0.05) SENAR to 0.56 log cfu/gm compared to T2 and T3 (0.94 log cfu/gm). There was no significant effect of T3 in reduction of prevalence of spleen SENAR. By supplementing 0.2% BP (T4), the SENAR in the ovary was reduced to 0 log cfu/gm. There was a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in fecal SENAR at 6 dpi by T4 (0.71 log cfu/gm) compared to the positive control (1.57 log cfu/gm). The expression of interferon (IFN)-Γ, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 was significantly increased in the ileum by SENAR challenge compared to the negative control. This study suggests that apart from commonly used prebiotics or probiotics, BP are pathogen-specific and can be used as one of the dietary strategies to reduce SE colonization and induce immune modulation in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Adhikari
- University of Georgia, Department of Poultry Science, Athens 30602
| | - D E Cosby
- USDA, ARS, The U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, Georgia, 30605
| | - N A Cox
- USDA, ARS, The U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, Georgia, 30605
| | | | - W K Kim
- University of Georgia, Department of Poultry Science, Athens 30602.
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15
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Yuan L, Li W, Huo Q, Du C, Wang Z, Yi B, Wang M. Effects of xylo-oligosaccharide and flavomycin on the immune function of broiler chickens. PeerJ 2018. [PMID: 29527412 PMCID: PMC5842763 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) and flavomycin (FLA) on the performance and immune function of broiler chickens. A total of 150 ArborAcres broilers were randomly divided into three groups and fed for six weeks from one day of age in cascade cages. The diets of each test group were (1) a basal diet, (2) the basal diet supplemented with 2 mg/kg FLA, and (3) the basal diet supplemented with 2 mg/kg XOS. At 21 and 42 days, the growth performance index values and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in the cecum were quantified. Furthermore, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and plasma interleukin 2 (IL-2) as well as mRNA expression of LPS-Induced TNF-alpha Factor (LITAF), Toll-like receptor-5 (TLR5) and interferon gamma (IFNγ ) in the jejunum were quantified. The results showed that administration of XOS or FLA to chickens significantly improved the average daily gain. Supplementation with XOS increased acetate and butyrate in the cecum, while FLA supplementation increased propionate in the cecum. An increase in plasma IgG was observed in XOS-fed 21-day-old broilers, but FLA supplementation decreased IgG in the plasma of 42-day-old broilers and increased plasma IL-2. Furthermore, FLA or XOS supplementation downregulated mRNA expression of IFNγ , LITAF and TLR5. The above data suggest that addition of XOS and FLA to the diet could improve the growth performance of broilers and reduce the expression of cytokine genes by stimulating SCFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yuan
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Breeding and Nutritional Regulation, Institute of animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wanli Li
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Breeding and Nutritional Regulation, Institute of animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qianqian Huo
- Henan Agricultural University, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chenhong Du
- Henan Agricultural University, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Henan Agricultural University, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Baodi Yi
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Breeding and Nutritional Regulation, Institute of animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mingfa Wang
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Breeding and Nutritional Regulation, Institute of animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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16
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Tohidi R, Javanmard A, Idris I. Immunogenetics applied to control salmonellosis in chicken: a review. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1301256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Tohidi
- Department of Animal Science, Torbat-e Jam University of Agriculture, Torbat-e Jam, Iran
| | - Arash Javanmard
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ismail Idris
- Department of Animal Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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17
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Swaggerty CL, Kogut MH, He H, Genovese KJ, Johnson C, Arsenault RJ. Differential Levels of Cecal Colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis in Chickens Triggers Distinct Immune Kinome Profiles. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:214. [PMID: 29322049 PMCID: PMC5733560 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis are facultative intracellular bacteria that cause disease in numerous species. Salmonella-related infections originating from poultry and/or poultry products are a major cause of human foodborne illness with S. Enteritidis the leading cause worldwide. Despite the importance of Salmonella to human health and chickens being a reservoir, little is known of the response to infection within the chicken gastrointestinal tract. Using chicken-specific kinome immune peptide arrays we compared a detailed kinomic analysis of the chicken jejunal immune response in a single line of birds with high and low Salmonella loads. Four-day-old chicks were challenged with S. Enteritidis (105 cfu) and cecal content and a section of jejunum collected at three times: early [4-7 days post-infection (dpi)], middle (10-17 dpi), and late (24-37 dpi). Salmonella colonization was enumerated and birds with the highest (n = 4) and lowest (n = 4) loads at each time were selected for kinomic analyses. Key biological processes associated with lower loads of Salmonella clustered around immune responses, including cell surface receptor signaling pathway, positive regulation of cellular processes, defense response, innate immune response, regulation of immune response, immune system process, and regulation of signaling. Further evaluation showed specific pathways including chemokine, Jak-Stat, mitogen activated protein kinase, and T cell receptor signaling pathways were also associated with increased resistance. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that it is possible to identify key mechanisms and pathways that are associated with increased resistance against S. Enteritidis cecal colonization in chickens. Therefore, providing a foundation for future studies to identify specific proteins within these pathways that are associated with resistance, which could provide breeders additional biomarkers to identify birds naturally more resistant to this important foodborne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Swaggerty
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Michael H Kogut
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Haiqi He
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kenneth J Genovese
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Casey Johnson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Ryan J Arsenault
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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18
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Adhikari P, Cosby DE, Cox NA, Kim WK. Effect of dietary supplementation of nitrocompounds on Salmonella colonization and ileal immune gene expression in laying hens challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis. Poult Sci 2017; 96:4280-4286. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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19
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Irizarry KJL, Downs E, Bryden R, Clark J, Griggs L, Kopulos R, Boettger CM, Carr TJ, Keeler CL, Collisson E, Drechsler Y. RNA sequencing demonstrates large-scale temporal dysregulation of gene expression in stimulated macrophages derived from MHC-defined chicken haplotypes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179391. [PMID: 28846708 PMCID: PMC5573159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovering genetic biomarkers associated with disease resistance and enhanced immunity is critical to developing advanced strategies for controlling viral and bacterial infections in different species. Macrophages, important cells of innate immunity, are directly involved in cellular interactions with pathogens, the release of cytokines activating other immune cells and antigen presentation to cells of the adaptive immune response. IFNγ is a potent activator of macrophages and increased production has been associated with disease resistance in several species. This study characterizes the molecular basis for dramatically different nitric oxide production and immune function between the B2 and the B19 haplotype chicken macrophages.A large-scale RNA sequencing approach was employed to sequence the RNA of purified macrophages from each haplotype group (B2 vs. B19) during differentiation and after stimulation. Our results demonstrate that a large number of genes exhibit divergent expression between B2 and B19 haplotype cells both prior and after stimulation. These differences in gene expression appear to be regulated by complex epigenetic mechanisms that need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher J. L. Irizarry
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
- The Applied Genomics Center, Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KI); (YD)
| | - Eileen Downs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Randall Bryden
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Jory Clark
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Griggs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Renee Kopulos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Cynthia M. Boettger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Carr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Calvin L. Keeler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Ellen Collisson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Yvonne Drechsler
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KI); (YD)
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20
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Pieper J, Locke M, Ruzaike G, Voigt S, Methner U, Berndt A. In vitro and in vivo generation of heterophil extracellular traps after Salmonella exposure. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 188:1-11. [PMID: 28615122 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The release of extracellular traps (ETs) by granulocytes is a unique strategy to stop the dissemination of microbial pathogens. This study was undertaken to elucidate the potential of avian granulocytes (heterophils) to form ETs that can arrest and kill Salmonella organisms. After in vitro exposure of isolated heterophils and in vivo infection of day-old chicks with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars Infantis (SI) or Enteritidis (SE), the generation of ETs as well as the trapping and survivability of Salmonella organisms in the ET meshwork were determined by means of microscopy and spectrophotometry. In vitro, heterophils were able to form ETs within 15min after SE and SI inoculation. At 120min and with a multiplicity of infection of 1 and 5, SI induced significantly more ETs and DNA release than SE. Both SE and SI were found to be associated with the ET structures. Live-dead staining showed most of the microorganisms within the extracellular scaffold alive. In vivo, heterophils were detected in cecal lumen of SE-, but not SI-infected chicks. In cecum of the SE-exposed chicks, ET formations were scarcely detected whereas intact heterophils with phagocytosed bacteria were frequently found. The results evidence the capability of heterophils to generate ETs after SE and SI exposure in vitro. However, an infection of chicks with Salmonella did not significantly induce the formation of ET structures in cecum. Thus, the process to form ETs (ETosis) seems not to be of special relevance for Salmonella defense within the cecal lumen of young chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Pieper
- University of Applied Sciences, Department for Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Locke
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, 'Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut' (Federal Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gunda Ruzaike
- University of Applied Sciences, Department for Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Voigt
- Friedrich-Schiller-University, Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich Methner
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, 'Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut' (Federal Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Angela Berndt
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, 'Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut' (Federal Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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21
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Collisson E, Griggs L, Drechsler Y. Macrophages from disease resistant B2 haplotype chickens activate T lymphocytes more effectively than macrophages from disease susceptible B19 birds. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:249-256. [PMID: 27746172 PMCID: PMC7102680 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to respiratory pathogens, including coronavirus-induced infection and clinical illness in chickens has been correlated with the B (MHC) complex and differential ex vivo macrophage responses. In the current study, in vitro T lymphocyte activation measured by IFNγ release was significantly higher in B2 versus B19 haplotypes. AIV infection of macrophages was required to activate T lymphocytes and prior in vivo exposure of chickens to NP AIV plasmid enhanced responses to infected macrophages. This study suggests that the demonstrated T lymphocyte activation is in part due to antigen presentation by the macrophages as well as cytokine release by the infected macrophages, with B2 haplotypes showing stronger activation. These responses were present both in CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes. In contrast, T lymphocytes stimulated by ConA showed greater IFNγ release of B19 haplotype cells, further indicating the greater responses in B2 haplotypes to infection is due to macrophages, but not T cells. In summary, resistance of B2 haplotype chickens appears to be directly linked to a more vigorous innate immune response and the role macrophages play in activating adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Collisson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, United States
| | - Lisa Griggs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, United States
| | - Yvonne Drechsler
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, United States.
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22
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Pedersen IJ, Pors SE, Bager Skjerning RJ, Nielsen SS, Bojesen AM. Immunogenic and protective efficacy of recombinant protein GtxA-N against Gallibacterium anatis challenge in chickens. Avian Pathol 2016; 44:386-91. [PMID: 26443063 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1069259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Gallibacterium anatis is a major cause of reproductive tract infections in chickens. Here, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the recombinant protein GtxA-N at protecting hens, by addressing three objectives; (i) evaluating the antibody response following immunization (ii) scoring and comparing lesions, following challenge with G. anatis, in immunized and non-immunized hens and (iii) investigating if the anti-GtxA-N antibody titre in individual hens correlated with the observed lesions. Two consecutive experiments were performed in hens. In the first experiment hens were immunized with GtxA-N on day 0 and day 14, infected with G. anatis on day 28 and euthanized on day 56. The GtxA-N antibody response was assessed in pooled serum samples throughout the experiment, using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the second experiment the GtxA-N antibody titres were assessed in individual hens before and after immunization. Subsequently, the hens were inoculated with G. anatis and finally all hens where euthanized and submitted for post mortem examination 48 h after inoculation. Immunization elicited strong antibody responses that lasted at least 8 weeks (P < .0001). The individual antibody titres observed in response to immunization varied considerably among hens (range: 174,100-281,500). Lesion scores following G. anatis infection were significantly lower in immunized hens compared to non-immunized hens (P = .004). Within the immunized group, no correlation was found between the individual antibody titres and the lesion scores. This study clearly demonstrated GtxA-N as a vaccine antigen able of inducing protective immunity against G. anatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida J Pedersen
- a Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | - Susanne E Pors
- a Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | - Ragnhild J Bager Skjerning
- a Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | - Søren S Nielsen
- b Department of Large Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | - Anders M Bojesen
- a Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark
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Anastasiadou M, Michailidis G. Cytokine activation during embryonic development and in hen ovary and vagina during reproductive age and Salmonella infection. Res Vet Sci 2016; 109:86-93. [PMID: 27892879 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases and is usually associated with consumption of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) contaminated poultry meat or eggs. Contamination with SE is usually the result of infection of the digestive tract, or reproductive organs, especially the ovary and vagina. Thus, knowledge of endogenous innate immune mechanisms operating in the ovary and vagina of hen is an emerging aspect of reproductive physiology. Cytokines are key factors for triggering the immune response and inflammation in chicken to Salmonella infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression profile of 11 proinflammatory cytokines in the chicken embryos during embryonic development, as well as in the hen ovary and vagina in vivo, to investigate whether sexual maturation affects their ovarian and vaginal mRNA abundance and to determine whether cytokine expression was constitutive or induced in the ovary and vagina as a response to SE infection. RT-PCR analysis revealed that several cytokines were expressed in the chicken embryos, and in the ovary and vagina of healthy birds. Expression of various cytokines during sexual maturation appeared to be developmentally regulated. In addition, a significant up-regulation of several cytokines in the ovary and vagina of sexually mature SE infected birds compared to healthy birds of the same age was observed. These results suggest a cytokine-mediated immune response mechanism against Salmonella infection in the hen reproductive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anastasiadou
- Laboratory of Physiology of Reproduction of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - G Michailidis
- Laboratory of Physiology of Reproduction of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Effects of dietary yeast β-glucans supplementation on growth performance, gut morphology, intestinal Clostridium perfringens population and immune response of broiler chickens challenged with necrotic enteritis. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Shang Y, Regassa A, Kim JH, Kim WK. The effect of dietary fructooligosaccharide supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and immune responses in broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis lipopolysaccharides. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2887-97. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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26
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Schokker D, Veninga G, Vastenhouw SA, Bossers A, de Bree FM, Kaal-Lansbergen LMTE, Rebel JMJ, Smits MA. Early life microbial colonization of the gut and intestinal development differ between genetically divergent broiler lines. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:418. [PMID: 26017153 PMCID: PMC4446945 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1646-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Host genetic makeup plays a role in early gut microbial colonization and immune programming. Interactions between gut microbiota and host cells of the mucosal layer are of paramount importance for a proper development of host defence mechanisms. For different livestock species, it has already been shown that particular genotypes have increased susceptibilities towards disease causing pathogens. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of genotypic variation on both early microbial colonization of the gut and functional development of intestinal tissue. From two genetically diverse chicken lines intestinal content samples were taken for microbiota analyses and intestinal tissue samples were extracted for gene expression analyses, both at three subsequent time-points (days 0, 4, and 16). Results The microbiota composition was significantly different between lines on each time point. In contrast, no significant differences were observed regarding changes in the microbiota diversity between the two lines throughout this study. We also observed trends in the microbiota data at genus level when comparing lines X and Y. We observed that approximately 2000 genes showed different temporal gene expression patterns when comparing line X to line Y. Immunological related differences seem to be only present at day 0, because at day 4 and 16 similar gene expression is observed for these two lines. However, for genes involved in cell cycle related processes the data show higher expression over the whole course of time in line Y in comparison to line X. Conclusions These data suggest the genetic background influences colonization of gut microbiota after hatch in combination with the functional development of intestinal mucosal tissue, including the programming of the immune system. The results indicate that genetically different chicken lines have different coping mechanisms in early life to cope with the outside world. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1646-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alex Bossers
- Central Veterinary Institute, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | - Mari A Smits
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Kilroy S, Raspoet R, Devloo R, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R, Van Immerseel F. Oral administration of the Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine strain Nal2/Rif9/Rtt to laying hens at day of hatch reduces shedding and caecal colonization of Salmonella 4,12:i:-, the monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1122-7. [PMID: 25825785 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella enterica serotype 4,12:i:-, is rapidly emerging. This serotype is now considered to be among the 10 most common serovars isolated from humans in many countries in Europe and in the United States. The public health risk posed by these emerging monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium strains is considered comparable to that of classical Salmonella Typhimurium strains. The serotype 4,12:i:- is frequently isolated from pigs but also poultry are carrying strains from this serotype. In the current study, we evaluated the efficacy of the Salmonella Typhimurium strain Nal2/Rif9/Rtt, a strain contained in the commercially available live vaccines AviPro Salmonella Duo and AviPro Salmonella VacT, against infection with the emerging monophasic variant in poultry. Three independent trials were conducted. In all trials, laying type chicks were orally vaccinated with the Salmonella Typhimurium strain Nal2/Rif9/Rtt at d hatch, while the birds were challenged the next d with a different infection dose in each trial (low, high, and intermediate). For the intermediate-dose study, a seeder bird model was used in which one out of 3 animals were infected while all individual birds were infected in the other trials. Data obtained from each independent trial show that oral administration of the Salmonella Typhimurium strain Nal2/Rif9/Rtt at d hatch reduced shedding, caecal, and internal organ colonization of Salmonella Typhimurium 4,12:i:-, administered at d 2 life. This indicates that Salmonella Typhimurium strain Nal2/Rif9/Rtt can help to control Salmonella 4,12:i:- infections in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Kilroy
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ruth Raspoet
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Rosalie Devloo
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Yang J, Liu L, Sheikhahmadi A, Wang Y, Li C, Jiao H, Lin H, Song Z. Effects of corticosterone and dietary energy on immune function of broiler chickens. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119750. [PMID: 25803644 PMCID: PMC4372532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary energy level on the performance and immune function of stressed broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). A total of 96 three-day-old male broiler chickens (Ross × Ross) were divided into two groups. One group received a high energy (HE) diet and the other group received a low energy (LE) diet for 7 days. At 5 days of age, the chickens from each group were further divided into two sub-groups and received one of the following two treatments for 3 days: (1) subcutaneous injection of corticosterone, twice per day (CORT group; 2 mg of CORT/kg BW in corn oil) and (2) subcutaneous injection of corn oil, twice per day (Control/Sham treatment group). At 10 days of age, samples of blood, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were obtained. Compared with the other three groups, the LE group treated with CORT had the lowest average daily gain (ADG) and the poorest feed conversion ratio (FCR, P < 0.05). Furthermore, CORT treatment decreased the relative weight (RW) of the bursa independent of the dietary energy level, but it decreased the RW of the thymus only in the chickens fed the LE diet. By contrast, CORT administration decreased the RW of the spleen only in the chickens fed the HE diet (P < 0.05). The plasma total protein, albumin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 2 and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were affected by the CORT treatment (P < 0.05); however, these factors were not significantly affected by the dietary energy level. Toll-like receptor-5 mRNA level was down-regulated by CORT injection in the duodenum and ileum (P < 0.05) and showed a trend of down-regulation in the jejunum (P=0.0846). The present study showed that CORT treatment induced immunosuppressive effects on the innate immune system of broiler chickens, which were ameliorated by consumption of higher dietary energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachang Yang
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ardashir Sheikhahmadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, 30, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Congcong Li
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, 30, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hongchao Jiao
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhigang Song
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
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Xu S, Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH, Bravo D. Effects of dietary selenium on host response to necrotic enteritis in young broilers. Res Vet Sci 2014; 98:66-73. [PMID: 25575447 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dietary supplementation of young broiler chickens with an organic selenium (Se) formulation, B-Traxim Se, on experimental necrotic enteritis (NE) were studied. Chickens treated with three Se doses (0.25, 0.50, 1.00 mg/kg) from hatch were orally challenged with Eimeria maxima at 14 days of age followed by Clostridium perfringens to induce NE. Chickens fed with 0.50 mg/kg Se showed significantly increased body weights and antibody levels against NetB, and significantly reduced gut lesions compared with non-supplemented chickens. However, there were no significant differences in Eimeria oocyst shedding between the Se-treated and non-supplemented groups. Levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, iNOS, LITAF, TNFSF15, AvBD6, AvBD8, and AvBD13 transcripts were increased in the gut and spleen of at least one of the three Se-treated groups compared with the non-treated group. These results suggest that dietary supplementation of young broilers with Se might be beneficial to reduce the negative consequence of NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouzhen Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China; Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Sung-Hyen Lee
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 166, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-do, 565-851, Korea
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Yeong Ho Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Korea
| | - David Bravo
- InVivo NSA, Talhouët, 56250, St Nolff, France
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Tohidi R, Idris IB, Panandam JM, Bejo MH. The effects of polymorphisms in IL-2, IFN-γ, TGF-β2, IgL, TLR-4, MD-2, and iNOS genes on resistance to Salmonella enteritidis in indigenous chickens. Avian Pathol 2014; 41:605-12. [PMID: 23237374 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2012.739680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis is a major cause of food poisoning worldwide, and poultry products are the main source of S. Enteritidis contamination for humans. Among the numerous strategies for disease control, improving genetic resistance to S. Enteritidis has been the most effective approach. We investigated the association between S. Enteritidis burden in the caecum, spleen, and liver of young indigenous chickens and seven candidate genes, selected on the basis of their critical roles in immunological functions. The genes included those encoding interleukin 2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2), immunoglobulin light chain (IgL), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Two Malaysian indigenous chicken breeds were used as sustainable genetic sources of alleles that are resistant to salmonellosis. The polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment-length polymorphism technique was used to genotype the candidate genes. Three different genotypes were observed in all of the candidate genes, except for MD-2. All of the candidate genes showed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the two populations. The IL-2-MnlI polymorphism was associated with S. Enteritidis burden in the caecum and spleen. The TGF-β2-RsaI, TLR-4-Sau 96I, and iNOS-AluI polymorphisms were associated with the caecum S. Enteritidis load. The other candidate genes were not associated with S. Enteritidis load in any organ. The results indicate that the IL-2, TGF-β2, TLR-4, and iNOS genes are potential candidates for use in selection programmes for increasing genetic resistance against S. Enteritidis in Malaysian indigenous chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Tohidi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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31
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Swaggerty CL, Pevzner IY, Kogut MH. Selection for pro-inflammatory mediators yields chickens with increased resistance against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Poult Sci 2014; 93:535-44. [PMID: 24604845 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne illness and can be transmitted through consumption of contaminated poultry; therefore, increasing a flock's natural resistance to Salmonella could improve food safety. Previously, we characterized the heterophil-mediated innate immune response of 2 parental broiler lines and F1 reciprocal crosses and showed that increased heterophil function and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators corresponds with increased resistance against diverse pathogens. A preliminary selection trial showed that individual sires had varying inherent levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and selection based on a high or low phenotype was passed onto progeny. Based on these results, we hypothesized selection of broilers for higher levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators IL-6, CXCLi2, and CCLi2 would produce progeny with increased resistance against Salmonella Enteritidis. Peripheral blood leukocytes were isolated from 75 commercial broiler sires, screened, and 10 naturally high and low expressing sires were selected and mated to randomly selected dams to produce the first generation of "high" and "low" progeny. The mRNA expression of CXCLi2 and CCLi2 were significantly (P ≤ 0.02) higher in the high progeny and were more resistant to liver and spleen organ invasion by Salmonella Enteritidis compared with low progeny. Production of the second generation yielded progeny that had differences (P ≤ 0.03) in all 3 mediators and further improved resistance against Salmonella Enteritidis. Feed conversion ratio and percent breast meat yield were calculated and were equal, whereas the high birds weighed slightly, but significantly, less than the low birds. These data clearly demonstrate that selection based on a higher phenotype of key pro-inflammatory mediators is a novel means to produce broilers that are naturally more resistant to Salmonella, one of the most important foodborne pathogens affecting the poultry industry.
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Genovese KJ, He H, Swaggerty CL, Kogut MH. The avian heterophil. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:334-340. [PMID: 23583524 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Heterophils play an indispensable role in the immune defense of the avian host. To accomplish this defense, heterophils use sophisticated mechanisms to both detect and destroy pathogenic microbes. Detection of pathogens through the toll-like receptors (TLR), FC and complement receptors, and other pathogen recognition receptors has been recently described for the avian heterophil. Upon detection of pathogens, the avian heterophil, through a network of intracellular signaling pathways and the release and response to cytokines and chemokines, responds using a repertoire of microbial killing mechanisms including production of an oxidative burst, cellular degranulation, and production of extracellular matrices of DNA and histones (HETs). In this review, the authors describe the recent advances in our understanding of the avian heterophil, its functions, receptors and signaling, identified antimicrobial products, cytokine and chemokine production, and some of the effects of genetic selection on heterophils and their functional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Genovese
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
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33
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Sonoda Y, Abdel Mageed AM, Isobe N, Yoshimura Y. Induction of avian β-defensins by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and proinflammatory cytokines in hen vaginal cells in vitro. Reproduction 2013; 145:621-31. [PMID: 23625580 DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune function in the vagina of hen oviduct is essential to prevent infection by microorganisms colonizing in the cloaca. The aim of this study was to determine whether CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) stimulate the expression of avian β-defensins (AvBDs) in hen vaginal cells. Specific questions were whether CpG-ODN affects the expression of AvBDs and proinflammatory cytokines and whether the cytokines affect AvBDs expression in vaginal cells. The dispersed vaginal cells of White Leghorn laying hens were cultured and stimulated by different doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), CpG-ODN, interleukin 1β (IL1B), or IL6. The cultured cell population contained epithelial cells, fibroblast-like cells, and CD45-positive leukocytes. The immunoreactive AvBD3, -10, and -12 were localized in the mucosal epithelium in the section of the vagina. The expression of AvBDs, IL1B, and IL6 was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. RT-PCR analysis showed the expression of AvBD1, -3, -4, -5, -10, and -12 in the cultured vaginal cells without stimulation. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 4 and 21, which recognize LPS and CpG-ODN respectively and IL1 and IL6 receptors (IL1R1 and IL6R) were also expressed in them. The expression of IL1B, IL6, and AvBD10 and -12 was upregulated by LPS, whereas only IL1B and IL6 were upregulated by CpG-ODN. IL1B stimulation upregulated AvBD1 and -3 expression, whereas IL6 stimulation did not cause changes in AvBDs expression. These results suggest that CpG-ODN derived from microbes upregulates the expression of IL1B and IL6 by interaction with TLR21 and then IL1B induces AvBD1 and -3 to prevent infection in the vagina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Sonoda
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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Munyaka P, Tactacan G, Jing M, Karmin O, House J, St. Paul M, Sharif S, Rodriguez-Lecompte J. Response of older laying hens to an Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge when fed diets with or without supplemental folic acid. Poult Sci 2013; 92:105-13. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Penha Filho RAC, Moura BS, de Almeida AM, Montassier HJ, Barrow PA, Berchieri Junior A. Humoral and cellular immune response generated by different vaccine programs before and after Salmonella Enteritidis challenge in chickens. Vaccine 2012; 30:7637-43. [PMID: 23085366 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The poultry industry has a high demand for Salmonella vaccines in order to generate safer Salmonella-free food for consumers around the world. Vaccination against S. Enteritidis (SE) is vastly undertaken in many countries, although the criteria for the use of live vaccine (LV) or killed vaccine (KV) should also depend on the immune mechanisms triggered by each. In this study, a commercial bacterin (KV) and an attenuated SG mutant (LV) were used in four different vaccine programs (LV; LV+LV; KV; LV+KV). At 1 day before (dbi) and 1, 6 and 9 days after SE challenge (dpi), humoral (IgM, IgG and secretory IgA) and cellular (CD8(+) T cells) immune responses were evaluated along with the production of IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-γ. Although after challenge, all birds from each group had an influx of CD8(+) T cells, birds which received KV had lower levels of these cells in organs and significantly higher levels of immunoglobulins. The expression of the cytokines was up-regulated in all groups post-vaccination, although, after challenge, cytokine expression decreased in the vaccinated groups, and increased in the unvaccinated group A. IL-10 levels were significantly higher at 1 day post-infection in the group that received KV, which may be involved in the weak cellular immune response observed within this group. In caecal tonsils, IFN-γ expression at 1 dbi was higher in birds which received two vaccine doses, and after challenge, the population of CD8(+) T cells constantly increased in birds that were only vaccinated with the LV. This study demonstrated that the development of a mature immune response by CD8(+) T cells, provided by the use of the LV, had better efficacy in comparison to the high antibody levels in the serum stimulated by the KV. However, high secretory IgA levels in the intestinal lumen associated with influx CD8(+) T cells may be indicative of protection as noticed in group E (LV+KV).
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Zhang M, Nii T, Isobe N, Yoshimura Y. Expression of Toll-like receptors and effects of lipopolysaccharide on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokine in the testis and epididymis of roosters. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1997-2003. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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37
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Kogut MH, Chiang HI, Swaggerty CL, Pevzner IY, Zhou H. Gene Expression Analysis of Toll-Like Receptor Pathways in Heterophils from Genetic Chicken Lines that Differ in Their Susceptibility to Salmonella enteritidis. Front Genet 2012; 3:121. [PMID: 22783275 PMCID: PMC3389315 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously conducted studies using two chicken lines (A and B) show that line A birds have increased resistance to a number of bacterial and protozoan challenges and that heterophils isolated from line A birds are functionally more responsive. Furthermore, when stimulated with Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, heterophils from line A expressed a totally different cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression pattern than heterophils from line B. A large-scale gene expression profile using an Agilent 44K microarray on heterophils isolated from line A and line B also revealed significantly differential expression in many immune-related genes following Salmonella enteritidis (SE) stimulation, which included genes involved in the TLR pathway. Therefore, we hypothesize the differences between the lines result from distinctive TLR pathway signaling cascades that mediate heterophil function and, thus, innate immune responsiveness to SE. Using quantitative RT-PCR on mRNA from heterophils isolated from control and SE-stimulated heterophils of each line, we profiled the expression of all chicken homologous genes identified in a reference TLR pathway. Several differentially expressed genes found were involved in the TLR-induced My88-dependent pathway, showing higher gene expression in line A than line B heterophils following SE stimulation. These genes included the TLR genes TLR4, TLR15, TLR21, MD-2, the adaptor proteins Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP), Tumor necrosis factor-receptor associated factor 3 (TRAF3), the IκB kinases transforming growth factor-β-activating kinase 1 (TAK1), IKKε and IKKα, the transcription factors NFkB2 and interferon regulatory factor 7, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K), and the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38. These results indicate that higher expression of TLR signaling activation of both MyD88-dependent and TRIF-dependent pathways are more beneficial to avian heterophil-mediated innate immunity and a complicated regulation of downstream adaptors is involved in stronger induction of a TLR-mediated innate response in the resistant line A. These findings identify new targets for genetic selection of chickens to increase resistance to bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture College Station, TX, USA
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Swaggerty C, He H, Genovese K, Duke S, Kogut M. Loxoribine pretreatment reduces Salmonella Enteritidis organ invasion in 1-day-old chickens. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1038-42. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Flagellin from recombinant attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium reveals a fundamental role in chicken innate immunity. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:304-12. [PMID: 22237893 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05569-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccines have been extensively studied, with a focus on eliciting specific immune responses against foreign antigens. However, very little is known about the innate immune responses, particularly the role of flagellin, in the induction of innate immunity triggered by recombinant attenuated Salmonella in chickens. In the present report, we describe two Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine strains, wild-type (WT) or flagellin-deficient (flhD) Salmonella, both expressing the fusion protein (F) gene of Newcastle disease virus. We examined the bacterial load and spatiotemporal kinetics of expression of inflammatory cytokine, chemokine, and Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) genes in the cecum, spleen, liver, and heterophils following oral immunization of chickens with the two Salmonella strains. The flhD mutant exhibited an enhanced ability to establish systemic infection compared to the WT. In contrast, the WT strain induced higher levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), CXCLi2, and TLR5 mRNAs in cecum, the spleen, and the heterophils than the flhD mutant at different times postinfection. Collectively, the present data reveal a fundamental role of flagellin in the innate immune responses induced by recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccines in chickens that should be considered for the rational design of novel vaccines for poultry.
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Kogut MH, Genovese KJ, He H, Swaggerty CL, Jiang YW. BT cationic peptides: Small peptides that modulate innate immune responses of chicken heterophils and monocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 145:151-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Nii T, Sonoda Y, Isobe N, Yoshimura Y. Effects of lipopolysaccharide on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and the subsequent recruitment of immunocompetent cells in the oviduct of laying and molting hens. Poult Sci 2011; 90:2332-41. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abdelsalam M, Isobe N, Yoshimura Y. Effects of lipopolysaccharide on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and influx of leukocytes in the hen ovary. Poult Sci 2011; 90:2054-62. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Systemic response to Campylobacter jejuni infection by profiling gene transcription in the spleens of two genetic lines of chickens. Immunogenetics 2011; 64:59-69. [PMID: 21748442 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is a leading cause of human bacterial enteritis worldwide with poultry products being a major source of C. jejuni contamination. The chicken is the natural reservoir of C. jejuni where bacteria colonize the digestive tract of poultry, but rarely cause symptoms of disease. To understand the systemic molecular response mechanisms to C. jejuni infection in chickens, total splenic RNA was isolated and applied to a whole genome chicken microarray for comparison between infected (I) and non-infected (N) chickens within and between genetic lines A and B. There were more total splenic host genes responding to the infection in resistant line A than in susceptible line B. Specifically, genes for lymphocyte activation, differentiation and humoral response, and Ig light and heavy chain were upregulated in the resistant line. In the susceptible line, genes for regulation of erythrocyte differentiation, hemopoiesis, and RNA biosynthetic process were all downregulated. An interaction analysis between genetic lines and treatment demonstrated distinct defense mechanisms between lines: the resistant line promoted apoptosis and cytochrome c release from mitochondria, whereas the susceptible line responded with a downregulation of both functions. This was the first time that such systemic defensive mechanisms against C. jejuni infection have been reported. The results of this study revealed novel molecular mechanisms of the systemic host responses to C. jejuni infection in chickens that warrant further investigation.
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Swaggerty C, Genovese K, He H, Duke S, Pevzner I, Kogut M. Broiler breeders with an efficient innate immune response are more resistant to Eimeria tenella. Poult Sci 2011; 90:1014-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Proportion of circulating chicken heterophils and CXCLi2 expression in response to Salmonella enteritidis are affected by genetic line and immune modulating diet. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 140:323-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
In order to develop novel solutions to avian disease problems, including novel vaccines and/or vaccine adjuvants, and the identification of disease resistance genes which can feed into conventional breeding programmes, it is necessary to gain a more thorough understanding of the avian immune response and how pathogens can subvert that response. Birds occupy the same habitats as mammals, have similar ranges of longevity and body mass, and face similar pathogen challenges, yet birds have a different repertoire of organs, cells, molecules and genes of the immune system compared to mammals. This review summarises the current state of knowledge of the chicken's immune response, highlighting differences in the bird compared to mammals, and discusses how the availability of the chicken genome sequence and the associated postgenomics technologies are contributing to theses studies and also to the development of novel intervention strategies againts avian and zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK.
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Swaggerty CL, Lowry VK, Ferro PJ, Pevzner IY, Kogut MH. Disparity in susceptibility to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus organ invasion in commercial broiler chickens that differ in innate immune responsiveness. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/01421590400029780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Li X, Swaggerty CL, Kogut MH, Chiang HI, Wang Y, Genovese KJ, He H, Zhou H. Gene expression profiling of the local cecal response of genetic chicken lines that differ in their susceptibility to Campylobacter jejuni colonization. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11827. [PMID: 20676366 PMCID: PMC2911375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is one of the most common causes of human bacterial enteritis worldwide primarily due to contaminated poultry products. Previously, we found a significant difference in C. jejuni colonization in the ceca between two genetically distinct broiler lines (Line A (resistant) has less colony than line B (susceptible) on day 7 post inoculation). We hypothesize that different mechanisms between these two genetic lines may affect their ability to resist C. jejuni colonization in chickens. The molecular mechanisms of the local host response to C. jejuni colonization in chickens have not been well understood. In the present study, to profile the cecal gene expression in the response to C. jejuni colonization and to compare differences between two lines at the molecular level, RNA of ceca from two genetic lines of chickens (A and B) were applied to a chicken whole genome microarray for a pair-comparison between inoculated (I) and non-inoculated (N) chickens within each line and between lines. Our results demonstrated that metabolism process and insulin receptor signaling pathways are key contributors to the different response to C. jejuni colonization between lines A and B. With C. jejuni inoculation, lymphocyte activation and lymphoid organ development functions are important for line A host defenses, while cell differentiation, communication and signaling pathways are important for line B. Interestingly, circadian rhythm appears play a critical role in host response of the more resistant A line to C. jejuni colonization. A dramatic differential host response was observed between these two lines of chickens. The more susceptible line B chickens responded to C. jejuni inoculation with a dramatic up-regulation in lipid, glucose, and amino acid metabolism, which is undoubtedly for use in the response to the colonization with little or no change in immune host defenses. However, in more resistant line A birds the host defense responses were characterized by an up-regulation lymphocyte activation, probably by regulatory T cells and an increased expression of the NLR recognition receptor NALP1. To our knowledge, this is the first time each of these responses has been observed in the avian response to an intestinal bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyao Li
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christina L. Swaggerty
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MHK); (HZ)
| | - Hsin-I Chiang
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kenneth J. Genovese
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Haiqi He
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MHK); (HZ)
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Swaggerty CL, Pevzner IY, He H, Genovese KJ, Nisbet DJ, Kaiser P, Kogut MH. Selection of broilers with improved innate immune responsiveness to reduce on-farm infection by foodborne pathogens. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:777-83. [PMID: 19737057 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Economic pressure on the modern poultry industry has directed the selection process towards fast-growing broilers that have a reduced feed conversion ratio. Selection based heavily on growth characteristics could adversely affect immune competence leaving chickens more susceptible to disease. Since the innate immune response directs the acquired immune response, efforts to select poultry with an efficient innate immune response would be beneficial. Our laboratories have been evaluating the innate immune system of two parental broiler lines to assess their capacity to protect against multiple infections. We have shown increased in vitro heterophil function corresponds with increased in vivo resistance to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections. Additionally, there are increased mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in heterophils isolated from resistant lines compared to susceptible lines. Collectively, all data indicate there are measurable differences in innate responsiveness under genetic control. Recently, a small-scale selection trial was begun. We identified sires within a broiler population with higher and/or lower-than-average pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine mRNA expression levels and subsequently utilized small numbers of high-expressing and low-expressing sires to produce progeny with increased or decreased, respectively, pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine profiles. This novel approach should allow us to improve breeding stock by improving the overall immunological responsiveness. This will produce a line of chickens with an effective pro-inflammatory innate immune response that should improve resistance against diverse pathogens, improve responses to vaccines, and increase livability. Ongoing work from this project is providing fundamental information for the development of poultry lines that will be inherently resistant to colonization by pathogenic and food-poisoning microorganisms. Utilization of pathogen-resistant birds by the poultry production industry would significantly enhance the microbiological safety of poultry products reaching the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Swaggerty
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
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Chiang HI, Berghman LR, Zhou H. Inhibition of NF-kB 1 (NF-kBp50) by RNA interference in chicken macrophage HD11 cell line challenged with Salmonellaenteritidis. Genet Mol Biol 2009; 32:507-15. [PMID: 21637513 PMCID: PMC3036038 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572009000300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The NF-kB pathway plays an important role in regulating the immunity response in animals. In this study, small interfering RNAs (siRNA) were used to specifically inhibit NF-kB 1 expression and to elucidate the role of NF-kB in the signal transduction pathway of the Salmonella challenge in the chicken HD11 cell line. The cells were transfected with either NF-kB 1 siRNA, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase siRNA (positive control) or the negative control siRNA for 24 h, followed by Salmonella enteritidis (SE) challenge or non-challenge for 1 h and 4 h. Eight candidate genes related to the signal pathway of SE challenge were selected to examine the effect of NF-kB 1 inhibition on their expressions by mRNA quantification. The results showed that, with a 36% inhibition of NF-kB 1 expression, gene expression of both Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and interleukin (IL)-6 was consistently and significantly increased at both 1 h and 4 h following SE challenge, whereas the gene expression of MyD88 and IL-1β was increased at 1 h and 4 h, respectively. These findings suggest a likely inhibitory regulation by NF-kB 1, and could lay the foundation for studying the gene network of the innate immune response of SE infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-I Chiang
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas AM University, College Station, TX USA
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