1
|
Bolotin S, Osman S, Halperin S, Severini A, Ward BJ, Sadarangani M, Hatchette T, Pebody R, Winter A, De Melker H, Wheeler AR, Brown D, Tunis M, Crowcroft N. Immunity of Canadians and risk of epidemics workshop - Conference report. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00834-4. [PMID: 37827968 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
On November 18-19, 2019, the Immunity of Canadians and Risk of Epidemics (iCARE) Network convened a workshop in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The objectives of the workshop were to raise the profile of sero-epidemiology in Canada, discuss best practice and methodological innovations, and strategize on the future direction of sero-epidemiology work in Canada. In this conference report, we describe the presentations and discussions from the workshop, and comment on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on serosurveillance initiatives, both in Canada and abroad.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Bolotin
- Centre for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Scott Halperin
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Alberto Severini
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MN, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Brian J Ward
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Todd Hatchette
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Amy Winter
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hester De Melker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - David Brown
- Virus Reference Department, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom; Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matthew Tunis
- National Advisory Committee on Immunization Secretariat, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha Crowcroft
- Centre for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lutz CS, Hasan AZ, Bolotin S, Crowcroft NS, Cutts FT, Joh E, Loisate S, Moss WJ, Osman S, Hayford K. Comparison of measles IgG enzyme immunoassays (EIA) versus plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for measuring measles serostatus: a systematic review of head-to-head analyses of measles IgG EIA and PRNT. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:367. [PMID: 37259032 PMCID: PMC10231861 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As countries move towards or achieve measles elimination status, serosurveillance is an important public health tool. However, a major challenge of serosurveillance is finding a feasible, accurate, cost-effective, and high throughput assay to measure measles antibody concentrations and estimate susceptibility in a population. We conducted a systematic review to assess, characterize, and - to the extent possible - quantify the performance of measles IgG enzyme-linked assays (EIAs) compared to the gold standard, plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT). METHODS We followed the PRISMA statement for a systematic literature search and methods for conducting and reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses recommended by the Cochrane Screening and Diagnostic Tests Methods Group. We identified studies through PubMed and Embase electronic databases and included serologic studies detecting measles virus IgG antibodies among participants of any age from the same source population that reported an index (any EIA or multiple bead-based assays, MBA) and reference test (PRNT) using sera, whole blood, or plasma. Measures of diagnostic accuracy with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were abstracted for each study result, where reported. RESULTS We identified 550 unique publications and identified 36 eligible studies for analysis. We classified studies as high, medium, or low quality; results from high quality studies are reported. Because most high quality studies used the Siemens Enzygnost EIA kit, we generate individual and pooled diagnostic accuracy estimates for this assay separately. Median sensitivity of the Enzygnost EIA was 92.1% [IQR = 82.3, 95.7]; median specificity was 96.9 [93.0, 100.0]. Pooled sensitivity and specificity from studies using the Enzygnost kit were 91.6 (95%CI: 80.7,96.6) and 96.0 (95%CI: 90.9,98.3), respectively. The sensitivity of all other EIA kits across high quality studies ranged from 0% to 98.9% with median (IQR) = 90.6 [86.6, 95.2]; specificity ranged from 58.8% to 100.0% with median (IQR) = 100.0 [88.7, 100.0]. CONCLUSIONS Evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of currently available measles IgG EIAs is variable, insufficient, and may not be fit for purpose for serosurveillance goals. Additional studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of measles EIAs, including MBAs, should be conducted among diverse populations and settings (e.g., vaccination status, elimination/endemic status, age groups).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea S Lutz
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alvira Z Hasan
- International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shelly Bolotin
- Centre for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Natasha S Crowcroft
- Centre for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunisation, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Felicity T Cutts
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK
| | - Eugene Joh
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stacie Loisate
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William J Moss
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Kyla Hayford
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Pfizer Vaccines, Inc., New York City, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nakaharai K, Nakazawa Y, Mishima Y, Saito M, Shinozaki Y, Yoshida M. Association between a low response to rubella vaccination and reduced anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 immune response after vaccination with BNT162b2: a cross-sectional study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2023; 29:253.e1-253.e5. [PMID: 36150670 PMCID: PMC9485426 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Some vaccinated individuals fail to acquire an adequate immune response against infection. We aimed to determine whether mRNA severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination could induce a sufficient immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in low responders to other vaccinations. METHODS Using data from health-care workers who received two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine (BioNTech/Pfizer), we conducted a single-centre, cross-sectional study to determine whether low responders to measles, rubella, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccinations could acquire sufficient antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. From May 2021 to June 2021, participants were tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (anti-S) IgG antibodies at least 2 weeks after the second dose of BNT162b2. The association between a low response to measles, rubella, and HBV vaccinations and the post-vaccination anti-S IgG titre was evaluated using the multivariable linear regression analysis. RESULTS All 714 participants were positive for the anti-S IgG titre (≥50.0 AU/mL) after two doses of BNT162b2 (median, 7126.8 AU/mL; interquartile range, 4496.2-11 296.8). There were 323 (45.2%), 131 (18.3%), and 43 (6.0%) low responders to measles, rubella, and HBV vaccinations, respectively. In the multivariable linear regression analysis, low responders to rubella vaccination had significantly low acquisition of the anti-S IgG titre after two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine (standardized coefficient β, -0.110; 95% CI, -0.175 to -0.044). CONCLUSIONS A low response to rubella vaccination is a potential predictor of a reduced response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Further studies are needed to determine whether a low response to rubella vaccination is associated with the durability of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination-induced immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Nakaharai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Infection Control, Jikei University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Nakazawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Infection Control, Jikei University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukie Mishima
- Department of Infection Control, Jikei University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Saito
- Department of Infection Control, Jikei University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shinozaki
- Department of Infection Control, Jikei University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schenk J, Abrams S, Litzroth A, Cornelissen L, Grammens T, Theeten H, Hens N. Identifying immunity gaps for measles using Belgian serial serology data. Vaccine 2022; 40:3676-3683. [PMID: 35589453 PMCID: PMC9108896 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine-preventable diseases, such as measles, have been re-emerging in countries with moderate to high vaccine uptake. It is increasingly important to identify and close immunity gaps and increase coverage of routine childhood vaccinations, including two doses of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR). Here, we present a simple cohort model relying on a Bayesian approach to evaluate the evolution of measles seroprevalence in Belgium using the three most recent cross-sectional serological survey data collections (2002, 2006 and 2013) and information regarding vaccine properties. We find measles seroprevalence profiles to be similar for the different regions in Belgium. These profiles exhibit a drop in seroprevalence in birth cohorts that were offered vaccination at suboptimal coverages in the first years after routine vaccination has been started up. This immunity gap is observed across all cross-sectional survey years, although it is more pronounced in survey year 2013. At present, the COVID-19 pandemic could negatively impact the immunization coverage worldwide, thereby increasing the need for additional immunization programs in groups of children that are impacted by this. Therefore, it is now even more important to identify existing immunity gaps and to sustain and reach vaccine-derived measles immunity goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Schenk
- Data Science Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Steven Abrams
- Data Science Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium,Global Health Institute (GHI), Family Medicine and Population Health (FAMPOP), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Amber Litzroth
- Service of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Scientific Directorate of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laura Cornelissen
- Service of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Scientific Directorate of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tine Grammens
- Service of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Scientific Directorate of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Heidi Theeten
- Centre for Evaluation of Vaccination (CEV), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium,Public Health and Surveillance Department, Zorg en Gezondheid Vlaanderen, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Data Science Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium,Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Böröcz K, Samardžić S, Drenjančević I, Markovics Á, Berki T, Németh P. Dynamic Features of Herd Immunity: Similarities in Age-Specific Anti-Measles Seroprevalence Data between Two Countries of Different Epidemiological History. J Clin Med 2022; 11:1145. [PMID: 35207418 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11041145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Measles immunization gap(s) raise the concern of potential outbreaks. Both Croatia and Hungary are situated in the vicinity of measles-endemic countries. Potentially compromised immunization activities due to the COVID-19 surge is a ground for concern. Our aim was to compare age-stratified seroprevalence results in the cross-border region. (2) Methods: Anti-MMR specific antibody levels (IgG) of 950 anonymous Croatian samples were compared with previous Hungarian results (n > 3500 samples), and former Croatian seroprevalence data (n = 1205). Seropositivity ratios were determined using our self-developed anti-MMR indirect ELISA (Euroimmun IgG ELISA kits were used as control). (3) Results: Measured seropositivity ratios of the Croatian samples were largely overlapping with our earlier published Hungarian data (the lowest seropositivity ratios were measured among individuals of 34–43 years of age with 78% of seropositivity) and are in accordance with earlier published data of Croatian researchers. (4) Conclusion: Although the epidemiological histories of the two countries are different, analogies in age-specific measles susceptibility have been discovered. We suggest that besides the potential coincidence in vaccination ineffectiveness, the inherent biological dynamics of vaccination-based humoral protection might have also contributed to the experienced similarities. Our findings may also serve as a lesson regarding the current anti-COVID-19 vaccination strategy.
Collapse
|
6
|
Carcelen AC, Mutembo S, Matakala KH, Chilumba I, Mulundu G, Monze M, Mwansa FD, Moss WJ, Hayford K. Impact of a Measles and Rubella Vaccination Campaign on Seroprevalence in Southern Province, Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:2229-2232. [PMID: 33939639 PMCID: PMC8176503 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Zambia conducted a measles and rubella (MR) vaccination campaign targeting children 9 months to younger than 15 years of age in 2016. This campaign was the first introduction of a rubella-containing vaccine in Zambia. To evaluate the impact of the campaign, we compared the MR seroprevalence estimates from serosurveys conducted before and after the campaign in Southern Province, Zambia. The measles seroprevalence increased from 77.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 73.2-81.9) to 96.4% (95% CI, 91.7-98.5) among children younger than 15 years. The rubella seroprevalence increased from 51.3% (95% CI, 45.6-57.0) to 98.3% (95% CI, 95.5-99.4). After the campaign, slightly lower seroprevalence remained for young adults 15 to 19 years old, who were not included in the campaign because of their age. These serosurveys highlighted the significant impact of the vaccination campaign and identified immunity gaps for those beyond the targeted vaccination age. Continued monitoring of population immunity can signal the need for future targeted vaccination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Carcelen
- 1Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Simon Mutembo
- 1Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,2Ministry of Health, Government of the Republic of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | | | - Gina Mulundu
- 5University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia.,6University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mwaka Monze
- 5University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Francis D Mwansa
- 2Ministry of Health, Government of the Republic of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - William J Moss
- 1Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,7Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kyla Hayford
- 1Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Robin C, Mariaggi AA, Redjoul R, Leclerc M, Beckerich F, Cabanne L, Pautas C, Maury S, Rozenberg F, Cordonnier C. Long-Term Immunity to Measles after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Factors Associated with Seroprotection before Revaccination. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2020; 26:985-991. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
8
|
Wong AH, Ho YII, Tang KPS, Lai RWM. Comparison of Captia TM Measles IgG Assay with Vidas® Measles IgG Assay for determination of immune protection status against measles virus. J Clin Virol 2020; 127:104342. [PMID: 32283504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correlation of the assay cut-off values for CaptiaTM Measles IgG and the Vidas® Measles IgG assays with the World Health Organization recommended immunoprotective level of ≥120 mIU/mL is not stated by the manufacturers. Lack of such information may affect interpretation of immune protection (IP) for measles. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the relative performance of the CaptiaTM Measles IgG assay and the Vidas® Measles IgG assay for determination of IP against measles virus. STUDY DESIGN Correlation of the cut-off value of both assays with the immunoprotective level was determined with the 3rd WHO Measles IgG International Standard. One hundred clinical samples including frozen and fresh were tested with both assays. The positive percentage agreement (PPA) based on the manufacturers' interpretation and the WHO recommended immunoprotective level was compared. RESULTS Samples tested positive by the CaptiaTM assay were at or above the immunoprotective level while those tested equivocal and positive by the Vidas® assay were immune protective. The overall PPA between both assays was 78.31 % (95 % CI = 67.91-86.61%). When Vidas® equivocal results were regarded as immunoprotective, the overall IP agreement was 96.39 % (95 % CI = 89.80-99.25 %). CONCLUSIONS CaptiaTM assay was more sensitive than the Vidas® assay in determination of IP against measles virus. Testing of measles immunity with the Vidas® Measles IgG assay might underestimate the IP unless equivocal results were regarded as immunoprotective.
Collapse
|
9
|
Gieles NC, Mutsaerts EAML, Kwatra G, Bont L, Cutland CL, Jones S, Moultrie A, Madhi SA, Nunes MC. Rubella seroprevalence in pregnant women living with and without HIV in Soweto, South Africa. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 91:255-260. [PMID: 31863878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rubella infection during pregnancy may cause foetal death or congenital rubella syndrome. In South Africa, the national public immunization programme does not include rubella vaccination. The aim of this study was to evaluate rubella sero-epidemiology in pregnant South African women living with and without HIV. METHODS Serum samples obtained from women living with HIV (n=552) and without HIV (n=552) were tested for rubella immunoglobulin G antibodies using an ELISA. The proportions of women with seronegative titres (<8IU/ml) and seropositive titres (≥11IU/ml), and geometric mean titres (GMT) were compared by age group and HIV status. RESULTS The overall proportion of rubella seropositivity was 97.8%. The proportion of seropositive women increased with age group (18-25 years: 97.0%; 26-32 years: 97.7%; 33-40 years: 99.3%; p=0.047 after adjusting for HIV status). Similar proportions of women living with and without HIV were seropositive. CONCLUSIONS Rubella immunity was high among South African pregnant women living with and without HIV in the absence of rubella vaccination in the public immunization programme. However, a lower percentage of younger women had seropositive titres, indicating the need for routine rubella vaccination after an increase in vaccine coverage rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noor C Gieles
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Julius Global Health, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eleonora A M L Mutsaerts
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Julius Global Health, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gaurav Kwatra
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Louis Bont
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Clare L Cutland
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stephanie Jones
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Andrew Moultrie
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marta C Nunes
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Khetsuriani N, Chitadze N, Russell S, Ben Mamou M. Measles and rubella seroprevalence among adults in Georgia in 2015: helping guide the elimination efforts. Epidemiol Infect 2019; 147:e319. [PMID: 31822310 PMCID: PMC7003625 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819002048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A large-scale measles outbreak (11 495 reported cases, 60% aged ≥15 years) occurred in Georgia during 2013-2015. A nationwide, multistage, stratified cluster serosurvey for hepatitis B and C among persons aged ≥18 years conducted in Georgia in late 2015 provided an opportunity to assess measles and rubella (MR) susceptibility after the outbreak. Residual specimens from 3125 participants aged 18-50 years were tested for Immunoglobulin G antibodies against MR using ELISA. Nationwide, 6.3% (95% CI 4.9%-7.6%) of the surveyed population were seronegative for measles and 8.6% (95% CI 7.1%-10.1%) were seronegative for rubella. Measles susceptibility was highest among 18-24 year-olds (10.1%) and declined with age to 1.2% among 45-50 year-olds (P < 0.01). Susceptibility to rubella was highest among 25-29 year-olds (15.3%), followed by 18-24 year-olds (11.6%) and 30-34 year-olds (10.2%), and declined to <5% among persons aged ≥35 years (P < 0.001). The susceptibility profiles in the present serosurvey were consistent with the epidemiology of recent MR cases and the history of the immunization programme. Measles susceptibility levels >10% among 18-24 year-olds in Georgia revealed continued risk for outbreaks among young adults. High susceptibility to rubella among 18-34 year-olds indicates a continuing risk for congenital rubella cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. Khetsuriani
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health (CGH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA
- CDC South Caucasus Office, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - N. Chitadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Ministry of Internally Displaced Persons from the Occupied Territories, Labour, Health and Social Affairs of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - S. Russell
- Division of Global Health Protection, CGH, CDC, Atlanta, USA
| | - M. Ben Mamou
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zahraei SM, Mokhtari-Azad T, Izadi S, Mohammadi M, Sabouri A. Seroprevalence of anti-rubella and anti-measles antibodies in women at the verge of marriage in Iran. Vaccine 2019; 38:235-241. [PMID: 31668816 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measles and rubella as two highly contagious eruptive diseases are on the agenda to be eliminated in Iran by 2020. To evaluate the seroimmunity of the future mothers against rubella and measles, a nationwide serosurvey was implemented in 10 provinces, selected at random from 31 provinces in the country. METHODS using a multistage sampling method, 1600 participants were interviewed and blood sampled in 40 'Pre-marriage Consultation Centers' across 40 districts. Using ELISA method, the sera were tested for anti-rubella and anti-measles IgG antibodies in the National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. RESULTS Of the 1600 initial participants, the sera of 1573 participants were tested for rubella and 1569 for measles. The total seroprevalence of anti-rubella and anti-measles antibodies were 90.6% (95%CI: 89.1 to 92.0%) and 80.7% (95%CI: 78.7 to 82.6%) respectively. After 14 years, the effect of the immunization campaign of 2003 against rubella and measles on the age group of 5 to 25 years, was still apparent, i.e., there was a sharp difference between the seroprevalence of antibody (against both measles and rubella) of those who at the time of the present study were above 18 years with the younger age cohorts. For both diseases, higher seroprevalence of antibodies was detected in women above 18 years old. CONCLUSION Implementation of a Supplemental Immunization activity or revision of the national immunization schedule to add a third dose of measles and rubella containing vaccine during adolescence are/might be considered as possible options for bridging the gap in the seroimmunity of the younger age groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohsen Zahraei
- Centre for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Izadi
- Health Promotion Research Centre, School of Public Health, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Mohammadi
- Health Promotion Research Centre, School of Public Health, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Azam Sabouri
- Focal Point for Measles and Rubella Surveillance, Centre for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Large measles and mumps outbreaks recently occurred throughout Europe and the United States. Aim: Our aim was to estimate and map the risk of resurgence for measles, mumps and rubella in France. Methods: We used a multi-cohort model combining seroprevalence information, vaccine coverage and social contact data. Results: The overall outbreak risk for France in 2018 was highest for mumps, remained significant for measles despite a recent measles outbreak and was low for rubella. Outbreak risks were heterogeneous between departments, as the effective reproduction numbers for 2018 ranged from 1.08 to 3.66. The seroprevalence, and therefore the risk of measles and rubella infection, differed significantly between males and females. There was a lower seroprevalence, and therefore a higher risk, for males. Infants of less than 1 year would be seriously affected in a future outbreak of measles, mumps or rubella, but the highest overall caseload contribution would come from teenagers and young adults (10–25 years old). Conclusions: The high risk for teenagers and young adults is of concern in view of their vulnerability to more severe measles, mumps and rubella disease and complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Béraud
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Lille University, EA2694 - Santé Publique: Epidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille, France.,Médecine Interne et Maladies Infectieuses, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Steven Abrams
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Philippe Beutels
- University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Health Economics Research & Modelling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benoit Dervaux
- CHU Lille, Direction de la Recherche en Santé, Lille, France.,Lille University, EA2694 - Santé Publique: Epidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille, France
| | - Niel Hens
- Centre for Health Economics Research & Modelling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bolotin S, Severini A, Hatchette T, McLachlan E, Savage R, Hughes SL, Wang J, Deeks SL, Wilson S, Brisson M, Halperin SA, Gubbay J, Mazzulli T, Serhir B, Ward BJ, Crowcroft N. Assessment of population immunity to measles in Ontario, Canada: a Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:2856-2864. [PMID: 31184979 PMCID: PMC6930091 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1619402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canada eliminated measles in 1998. We conducted a sero-epidemiology study to estimate population immunity to measles in the province of Ontario, Canada and to identify groups at higher risk of outbreaks. We used a previously developed modified enzyme immunoassay to test 1,199 residual sera from patients aged 1–39 years. We re-tested negative and equivocal sera using a plaque reduction neutralization assay. We interpreted our results in the context of Ontario’s immunization program and vaccine coverage data. Of 1,199 sera, 1035 (86.3%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 84.4, 88.2) were above the measles threshold for protection, 70 (5.8%, 95% CI 4.5, 7.2) were equivocal and 94 (7.8%, 95% CI 6.3, 9.4) were negative. The proportion of positive sera was highest for those 1–5 years, with 180/199 (90.5%, 95% CI 86.4, 94.5) positive sera, and lowest for those age 12–19 years, at 158/199 (79.4%, 95% CI 73.8, 85.0). Adjusted for age, females were more likely than males to have antibody titers above the threshold of protection (odds ratio = 1.60, 95% CI 1.14, 2.24). Most of the study cohort were eligible for two measles vaccine doses, and vaccine uptake in Ontario is >90% for school-aged cohorts. We observed a higher than expected proportion of sera with antibody levels below the threshold of protection, suggesting that immunity in some Ontario age-groups may be waning, despite high vaccine coverage. Alternatively, the traditional measles correlates of protection may not be an appropriate measure of population protection in measles-eliminated settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Bolotin
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alberto Severini
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Todd Hatchette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Elizabeth McLachlan
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | | | - John Wang
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shelley L Deeks
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Wilson
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc Brisson
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Scott A Halperin
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jonathan Gubbay
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tony Mazzulli
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bouchra Serhir
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec/Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Brian J Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Natasha Crowcroft
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND International migrants could be considered as a risk group for being susceptible to vaccine preventable diseases such as measles and rubella. However, data on immunity in different migrant groups are scarce. Apart from asylum seekers and refugees, other immigrant groups might also be at risk. We have examined measles and rubella specific IgG antibodies among newly arrived adult immigrants in Skåne region in southern Sweden. In contrast to children, adult immigrants are not offered catch-up vaccinations after arrival. METHODS Stored serum samples from 989 asylum seekers and 984 pregnant women from the antenatal screening program, who had recently settled in Sweden, were analyzed for specific measles and rubella IgG-antibodies. Sex, age, reason for screening and geographic origin were variables entered into a multivariate regression model. RESULTS There were considerable differences in seroimmunity to measles with regard to geographic origin (44-97%). Measles seroimmunity gaps were most prominent in immigrants from some European regions such as the Baltic countries, the former Yugoslavia and the Newly Independent States and Russia. Seroprotection for rubella varied less between geographic regions (90-99%). CONCLUSION Susceptibility to measles among adult immigrants arriving in Sweden varies considerably depending on their geographic origin. Vaccinations against measles and rubella should be offered to groups of immigrants who might be incompletely immunized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Per Hagstam
- a Regional Office of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Blenda Böttiger
- b Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine , Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Niclas Winqvist
- a Regional Office of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden.,c Clinical Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine , Lund University , Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sanz JC, Fernández-garcía A, Echevarría JE, de Ory F. Respuesta a «Implementación de técnicas moleculares para el diagnóstico de parotiditis epidémica». Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2019; 37:67-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
16
|
Haralambieva IH, Kennedy RB, Ovsyannikova IG, Schaid DJ, Poland GA. Current perspectives in assessing humoral immunity after measles vaccination. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 18:75-87. [PMID: 30585753 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1559063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Repeated measles outbreaks in countries with relatively high vaccine coverage are mainly due to failure to vaccinate and importation; however, cases in immunized individuals exist raising questions about suboptimal measles vaccine-induced humoral immunity and/or waning immunity in a low measles-exposure environment. AREAS COVERED The plaque reduction neutralization measurement of functional measles-specific antibodies correlates with protection is the gold standard in measles serology, but it does not assess cellular-immune or other parameters that may be associated with durable and/or protective immunity after vaccination. Additional correlates of protection and long-term immunity and new determinants/signatures of vaccine responsiveness such as specific CD46 and IFI44L genetic variants associated with neutralizing antibody titers after measles vaccination are under investigation. Current and future systems biology studies, coupled with new technology/assays and analytical approaches, will lead to an increasingly sophisticated understanding of measles vaccine-induced humoral immunity and will identify 'signatures' of protective and durable immune responses. EXPERT OPINION This will translate into the development of highly predictive assays of measles vaccine efficacy, effectiveness, and durability for prospective identification of potential low/non-responders and susceptible individuals who require additional vaccine doses. Such new advances may drive insights into the development of new/improved vaccine formulations and delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard B Kennedy
- a Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | | | - Daniel J Schaid
- a Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA.,b Department of Health Sciences Research , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Gregory A Poland
- a Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tomášková H, Zelená H, Kloudová A, Tomášek I. Serological survey of measles immunity in the Czech Republic, 2013. Cent Eur J Public Health 2018; 26:22-27. [PMID: 29684293 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a5251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the serological survey of measles was to obtain information on the prevalence of antibodies against measles and to verify the effectiveness of vaccination in the Czech population in order to protect public health. METHODS The serological survey was carried out in the Czech Republic in 2013. Antibodies against measles were tested in 3,111 serum samples of participants aged 1-64 years. Serum samples were tested for the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The vaccination status assessment was based on the medical documentation. Seroprevalence differences were evaluated by sex and age using the Pearson's χ2 test at 5% significance level. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence reached 93.0% (2,893/3,111) (95% CI 92.0-93.9). No statistically significant difference was found between men and women (p=0.724). A lower seroprevalence was identified in the first age group (1-year old children) 62% (62/100), as the vaccination has not yet been completed in this age group. The second lowest seroprevalence 80.4% (160/199) was identified in the age group of 35-44 years. The highest seroprevalence 97.7% (387/396) (95% CI 95.7-99.0) was in the population with naturally-induced immunity (age above 45 years). In the individuals with two doses seroprevalence reached 94.1% (2,081/2,212) (95% CI 93.0-95.0). The level of IgG antibodies decreased in persons above 7 years of age. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of the serological survey carried out in 2013 in the Czech Republic, it has been decided to postpone the second MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) dose to the age of 5-6 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Tomášková
- Public Health Institute Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Zelená
- Public Health Institute Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Kloudová
- Public Health Institute Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Tomášek
- Public Health Institute Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lengyel G, Marossy A, Ánosi N, Farkas SL, Kele B, Nemes-Nikodém É, Szentgyörgyi V, Kopcsó I, Mátyus M. Screening of more than 2000 Hungarian healthcare workers' anti-measles antibody level: results and possible population-level consequences. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 147:e7. [PMID: 30201057 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268818002571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the European measles epidemic and the increased number of imported cases, it can be theorised that the risk of exposure among Hungarian healthcare workers (HCWs) has increased. In 2017, the increased measles circulation in the region led to the emergence of smaller local and hospital epidemics. Therefore, our objective was to determine the herd immunity in the high-risk group of HCWs. A hospital-based study of detecting anti-measles IgG activity was performed in 2017 and included 2167 employees of the Military Medical Centre (Hungary). The screening of HCWs presented a good general seropositivity (90.6%). The highest seroprevalence value (99.1%) was found in the age group of 60 years or older. The lowest number of seropositive individuals was seen in the 41-45 years (86.2%) age group, indicating a significant herd immunity gap between groups. Regarding the Hungarian data, there might be gaps in the seroprevalence of the analysed HCWs, implying that susceptible HCWs may generate healthcare-associated infections. This study suggests that despite the extensive vaccination and high vaccine coverage, it is still important to monitor the level of protective antibodies in HCWs, or in a representative group of the whole population of Hungary, and possibly in other countries as well.
Collapse
|
19
|
Böröcz K, Csizmadia Z, Markovics Á, Mészáros V, Farkas K, Telek V, Varga V, Maloba GO, Bodó K, Najbauer J, Berki T, Németh P. Development of a robust and standardized immunoserological assay for detection of anti-measles IgG antibodies in human sera. J Immunol Methods 2018; 464:1-8. [PMID: 30056035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Because of measles outbreaks there is a need for continuous monitoring of immunological protection against infection at population level. For such monitoring to be feasible, a cost-effective, reliable and high-throughput assay is necessary. Herein we describe an ELISA protocol for assessment of anti-measles antibody levels in human serum samples that fulfills the above criteria and is easily adaptable by various laboratories. A serum bank of anonymous patient sera was established (N > 3000 samples). Sera were grouped based on measles immunization schedules and/or changes in vaccine components since the introduction of the first measles vaccine in Hungary in 1969. Newly designed ELISA was performed by using Siemens BEP 2000 Advance System and data were confirmed using commercially available kits. Our indirect ELISA was compared to indirect immunfluoresence and to anti-measles nucleocapsid (N) monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA. The results obtained are in high agreement with the confirmatory methods, and reflect measles vaccination history in Hungary ranging from pre-vaccination era, through the initial period of measles vaccination, to present. Based on measurement of 1985 sera, the highest ratio of low/questionable antibody level samples was detected in cluster '1978-1987' (~25.4%), followed by cluster '1969-1977' (~15.4%).Our assay is suitable for assessment of anti-measles immunity in a large cohort of subjects. The assay is cost-effective, allows high-throughput screening and has superior signal-to-noise ratio. This assay can serve as a first step in assessment of the effectiveness of all three components of the MMR vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Böröcz
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Csizmadia
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ákos Markovics
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória Mészáros
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Farkas
- Department of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Vivien Telek
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Vivien Varga
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Geofrey Ouma Maloba
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Bodó
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Najbauer
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tímea Berki
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Németh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Díaz Ortega JL, Castaneda D, Arellano Quintanilla DM, Martínez D, Trumbo SP, Fernández de Castro J. Antibody persistence in children aged 6–7 years one year following booster immunization with two MMR vaccines applied by aerosol or by injection. Vaccine 2017; 35:3116-3122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Cardemil CV, Jonas A, Beukes A, Anderson R, Rota PA, Bankamp B, Gary HE, Sawadogo S, Patel SV, Zeko S, Muroua C, Gaeb E, Wannemuehler K, Gerber S, Goodson JL. Measles immunity among pregnant women aged 15-44 years in Namibia, 2008 and 2010. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 49:189-95. [PMID: 27235084 PMCID: PMC6996213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Namibia experienced a large measles outbreak starting in 2009, with 38% of reported cases in adults, including women of reproductive age. Population immunity was assessed among pregnant women to determine whether immunization activities were needed in adults to achieve measles elimination in Namibia. Methods: A total of 1708 and 2040 specimens sampled from Namibian pregnant women aged 15–44 years who were included in the 2008 and 2010 National HIV Sentinel Survey, respectively, were tested for measles immunoglobulin G antibody. The proportion of women seropositive overall and by 5-year age strata was determined, and factors associated with seropositivity were analyzed by logistic regression, including age, facility type, gravidity, HIV status, and urban/rural setting. Seropositivity in 2008 versus 2010 was compared. Results: In both analysis years, measles seropositivity was lower in 15–19-year-olds (77%) and 20–24-year-olds (85–87%) and higher in 25–44-year-olds (90–94%) (2008, p < 0.001; 2010, p < 0.001). Overall measles seropositivity did not differ between 2008 (87%) and 2010 (87%) (p = 0.7). HIV status did not affect seropositivity. Conclusions: Late in a large measles outbreak, 13% of pregnant women in Namibia, and almost one in four 15–19-year-old pregnant women, remained susceptible to measles. In Namibia, immunization campaigns with measles-containing vaccine should be considered for adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina V Cardemil
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global Immunization Division, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Anna Jonas
- Ministry of Health and Social Services, Directorate of Special Programmes, Primary Health Directorate, and Family Health Division (Expanded Programme on Immunizations), Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Anita Beukes
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Raydel Anderson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paul A Rota
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bettina Bankamp
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Howard E Gary
- Ministry of Health and Social Services, Directorate of Special Programmes, Primary Health Directorate, and Family Health Division (Expanded Programme on Immunizations), Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - Sadhna V Patel
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Sikota Zeko
- Ministry of Health and Social Services, Directorate of Special Programmes, Primary Health Directorate, and Family Health Division (Expanded Programme on Immunizations), Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Clementine Muroua
- Ministry of Health and Social Services, Directorate of Special Programmes, Primary Health Directorate, and Family Health Division (Expanded Programme on Immunizations), Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Esegiel Gaeb
- Namibia Institute of Pathology, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Kathleen Wannemuehler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global Immunization Division, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Sue Gerber
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - James L Goodson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global Immunization Division, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
de Ory F, Minguito T, Balfagón P, Sanz JC. Comparison of chemiluminescent immunoassay and ELISA for measles IgG and IgM. APMIS 2015; 123:648-51. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando de Ory
- Laboratorio de Serología; Centro Nacional de Microbiología; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Majadahonda Madrid Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Barcelona Spain
| | - Teodora Minguito
- Laboratorio de Serología; Centro Nacional de Microbiología; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Majadahonda Madrid Spain
| | - Pilar Balfagón
- Laboratorio de Serología; Centro Nacional de Microbiología; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Majadahonda Madrid Spain
| | - Juan C. Sanz
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Barcelona Spain
- Laboratorio de Salud Pública de la Comunidad de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Leuridan E, Maertens K, Wautier M, Hutse V, Theeten H. Susceptibility to measles, mumps, and rubella in 5-year-old children in Flanders, Belgium. Eur J Pediatr 2015; 174:925-32. [PMID: 25579232 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-014-2481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The second dose of an MMR vaccine is a catch up for persons who did not receive the first dose or for primary vaccine failures. Catch up doses can be scheduled according to convenience into the program of the country. The second MMR dose is often administered at the age of 5 years, before school entry. Some countries chose to implement the second dose at the age of 10-13 years, as is the case for Belgium. The here presented long-term follow-up of a cohort of children, set up originally to analyze maternal antibodies against vaccine preventable diseases, offers a unique opportunity to evaluate ad interim the current long-interval MMR vaccination schedule in Belgium. After 1 MMR dose at 12 months of age, rubella immunity is almost intact at 5 years of age (94.5 % is seropositive), measles seropositivity scores 86.8 %, and mumps 32 %, measured with ELISA. A seroneutralization (SN) test for mumps antibodies reveals much higher seropositivity rates (88 %). Using a regression model on the log (IgG) titer for all antigens, no influence was found from any of the studied variables, except for girls who had a significantly higher rubella IgG titer (p=0.002) compared to boys. CONCLUSION The data show considerable susceptibility to mumps and measles in 5-year-old children, confirming a previously conducted seroprevalence study (2006). Both advantages and disadvantages of shortening or enlarging the vaccine schedule are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Leuridan
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mohammad A, Trape M, Khan Y. Serological Survey of Mumps Immunity Among Healthcare Workers in Connecticut, December 2006–May 2007. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 30:202-3. [DOI: 10.1086/593966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
25
|
Kafatos G, Andrews N, McConway KJ, Anastassopoulou C, Barbara C, De Ory F, Johansen K, Mossong J, Prosenc K, Vranckx R, Nardone A, Pebody R, Farrington P. Estimating seroprevalence of vaccine-preventable infections: is it worth standardizing the serological outcomes to adjust for different assays and laboratories? Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143:2269-78. [PMID: 25420586 DOI: 10.1017/S095026881400301X] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the European Sero-Epidemiology Network 2 (ESEN2) project was to estimate age-specific seroprevalence for a number of vaccine-preventable diseases in Europe. To achieve this serosurveys were collected by 22 national laboratories. To adjust for a variety of laboratory methods and assays, all quantitative results were transformed to a reference laboratory's units and were then classified as positive or negative to obtain age-specific seroprevalence. The aim of this study was to assess the value of standardization by comparing the crude and standardized seroprevalence estimates. Seroprevalence was estimated for measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, varicella zoster and hepatitis A virus (HAV) and compared before and after serological results had been standardized. The results showed that if no such adjustment had taken place, seroprevalence would have differed by an average of 3·2% (95% bootstrap interval 2·9-3·6) although this percentage varied substantially by antigen. These differences were as high as 16% for some serosurveys (HAV) which means that standardization could have a considerable impact on seroprevalence estimates and should be considered when comparing serosurveys performed in different laboratories using different assay methods.
Collapse
|
26
|
Gouma S, Schurink-Van't Klooster TM, de Melker HE, Kerkhof J, Smits GP, Hahné SJM, van Els CACM, Boland GJ, Vossen ACTM, Goswami PR, Koopmans MPG, van Binnendijk RS. Mumps serum antibody levels before and after an outbreak to assess infection and immunity in vaccinated students. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014; 1:ofu101. [PMID: 25734169 PMCID: PMC4324217 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since 2009, various mumps outbreaks have occurred in the Netherlands, affecting mostly young adults vaccinated against mumps. In this retrospective study, we estimated attack rates for symptomatic and asymptomatic mumps virus infection based on mumps-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G concentrations in paired blood samples obtained before and after the mumps outbreaks, collected in 2 university cities. We aimed to identify a serological correlate of immune protection and risk factors for mumps virus infection. Methods Mumps-specific IgG levels were measured by Luminex technology in paired pre- and post-outbreak samples from students from Leiden (n = 135) and Utrecht (n = 619). Persons with a 4-fold increase in mumps IgG concentrations or mumps IgG concentrations >1500 RU/mL were assumed to have had a mumps virus infection. Results Attack rates for symptomatic and asymptomatic mumps virus infection were 2.0% and 3.8%, respectively. Pre-outbreak mumps-specific IgG concentrations were lower among cases than among noncases (P = .005) despite vaccination history, but no serological cutoff for immune protection could be established. Mumps among housemates was significantly associated with serological evidence for mumps virus infection (odds ratio, 7.25 [95% confidence interval, 3.20–16.40]; P < .001). Conclusions Symptomatic and asymptomatic mumps virus infections in vaccinated persons can be identified by retrospective assessment of mumps-specific IgG antibodies in blood samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Gouma
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control , National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands ; Department of Viroscience , Erasmus University Medical Centre , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Tessa M Schurink-Van't Klooster
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control , National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Hester E de Melker
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control , National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kerkhof
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control , National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Gaby P Smits
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control , National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Susan J M Hahné
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control , National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Cécile A C M van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control , National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Greet J Boland
- Department of Medical Microbiology , University Medical Centre Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Ann C T M Vossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology , Leiden University Medical Centre , The Netherlands
| | - Pulak R Goswami
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention , Groene Hart Hospital , Gouda , The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control , National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands ; Department of Viroscience , Erasmus University Medical Centre , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Rob S van Binnendijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control , National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
MacNeil A, Lee CW, Dietz V. Issues and considerations in the use of serologic biomarkers for classifying vaccination history in household surveys. Vaccine 2014; 32:4893-900. [PMID: 25045821 PMCID: PMC10721341 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Accurate estimates of vaccination coverage are crucial for assessing routine immunization program performance. Community based household surveys are frequently used to assess coverage within a country. In household surveys to assess routine immunization coverage, a child's vaccination history is classified on the basis of observation of the immunization card, parental recall of receipt of vaccination, or both; each of these methods has been shown to commonly be inaccurate. The use of serologic data as a biomarker of vaccination history is a potential additional approach to improve accuracy in classifying vaccination history. However, potential challenges, including the accuracy of serologic methods in classifying vaccination history, varying vaccine types and dosing schedules, and logistical and financial implications must be considered. We provide historic and scientific context for the potential use of serologic data to assess vaccination history and discuss in detail key areas of importance for consideration in the context of using serologic data for classifying vaccination history in household surveys. Further studies are needed to directly evaluate the performance of serologic data compared with use of immunization cards or parental recall for classification of vaccination history in household surveys, as well assess the impact of age at the time of sample collection on serologic titers, the predictive value of serology to identify a fully vaccinated child for multi-dose vaccines, and the cost impact and logistical issues on outcomes associated with different types of biological samples for serologic testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam MacNeil
- Strengthening Immunization Systems Branch, Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, MS A-04, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Chung-Won Lee
- Strengthening Immunization Systems Branch, Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, MS A-04, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Vance Dietz
- Strengthening Immunization Systems Branch, Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, MS A-04, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Latner DR, McGrew M, Williams NJ, Sowers SB, Bellini WJ, Hickman CJ. Estimates of mumps seroprevalence may be influenced by antibody specificity and serologic method. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2014; 21:286-97. [PMID: 24371258 PMCID: PMC3957677 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00621-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies are assumed to be essential for protection against mumps virus infection, but their measurement is labor- and time-intensive. For this reason, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are typically used to measure mumps-specific IgG levels. However, since there is poor correlation between mumps neutralization titers and ELISAs that measure the presence of mumps-specific IgG levels, ELISAs that better correlate with neutralization are needed. To address this issue, we measured mumps antibody levels by plaque reduction neutralization, by a commercial ELISA (whole-virus antigen), and by ELISAs specific for the mumps nucleoprotein and hemagglutinin. The results indicate that differences in the antibody response to the individual mumps proteins could partially explain the lack of correlation among various serologic tests. Furthermore, the data indicate that some seropositive individuals have low levels of neutralizing antibody. If neutralizing antibody is important for protection, this suggests that previous estimates of immunity based on whole-virus ELISAs may be overstated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Latner
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
González-Escalada A, García-García L, Viguera-Ester P, Marín-García P, García J, Gil-de-Miguel A, Gil-Prieto R. Seroprevalence of antibodies against measles, rubella, mumps, varicella-zoster, and B. Pertussis in young adults of Madrid, Spain. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1918-25. [PMID: 23793571 DOI: 10.4161/hv.25127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of cases of certain immunopreventable diseases in our country. A high proportion of these have been recorded among the young adult population. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies against immunopreventable diseases with the greatest health impacts on the young adult population (19-39 y of age) in Madrid. We collected a total of 1,153 serum samples from healthy volunteers undergoing routine medical visits and used ELISA to determine the presence of IgG antibodies against measles, rubella, mumps, and varicella zoster, as well as Bordetella pertussis. The Pearson's χ(2) test was used to compare prevalences, the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare means, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied for variables with more than 2 categories. Statistical significance was achieved with p values of<0.05. The global prevalence of antibodies was 92.1% for measles, 94.4% for rubella, 88.3% for mumps, 92.8% for varicella zoster, and 70.2% for B. pertussis. No statistically significant differences were found between genders. The prevalence of antibodies against measles was more than 95% in the group of individuals born after 1986, and the percentage of individuals susceptible to rubella was less than 5% in women born after 1986. In spite of adequate vaccination coverage, in our region, a population of young adults exists who have not achieved the objectives of the WHO for the elimination of measles and congenital rubella syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba González-Escalada
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Public Health and Medical Immunology and Microbiology; University Rey Juan Carlos; Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wagner KS, White JM, Andrews NJ, Borrow R, Stanford E, Newton E, Pebody RG. Immunity to tetanus and diphtheria in the UK in 2009. Vaccine 2012; 30:7111-7. [PMID: 23022148 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to estimate the immunity of the UK population to tetanus and diphtheria, including the potential impact of new glycoconjugatate vaccines, and the addition of diphtheria to the school leaver booster in 1994. METHODS Residual sera (n=2697) collected in England in 2009/10 were selected from 18 age groups and tested for tetanus and diphtheria antibody. Results were standardised by testing a panel of sera (n=150) to enable comparison with a previously (1996) published serosurvey. Data were then standardised to the UK population. RESULTS In 2009, 83% of the UK population were protected (≥0.1 IU/mL) against tetanus compared to 76% in 1996 (p=0.079), and 75% had at least basic protection against diphtheria (≥0.01 IU/mL) in 2009 compared to 60% in 1996 (p<0.001). Higher antibody levels were observed in those aged 1-3 years in 2009 compared to 1996 for both tetanus and diphtheria. Higher diphtheria immunity was observed in those aged 16-34 years in 2009 compared to 1996 (geometric mean concentration [GMC] 0.15 IU/mL vs. 0.03 IU/mL, p<0.001). Age groups with the largest proportion of susceptible individuals to both tetanus and diphtheria in 2009 were <1 year old (>29% susceptible), 45-69 years (>20% susceptible) and 70+ years (>32% susceptible). Low immunity was observed in those aged 10-11 years (>19% susceptible), between the scheduled preschool and school leaver booster administration. DISCUSSION The current schedule appears to induce protective levels; increases in the proportions protected/GMCs were observed for the ages receiving vaccinations according to UK policy. Glycoconjugate vaccines appear to have increased immunity, in particular for diphtheria, in preschool age groups. Diphtheria immunity in teenagers and young adults has increased as a result of the addition of diphtheria to the school leaver booster. However, currently older adults remain susceptible, without any further opportunities for immunisations planned according to the present schedule.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
The impact was assessed of censored serological measurements on regression equations fitted to data from panels of sera tested by different laboratories, for the purpose of standardizing serosurvey results to common units. Several methods that adjust for censoring were compared, such as deletion, simple substitution, multiple imputation and censored regression. Simulations were generated from different scenarios for varying proportions of data censored. The scenarios were based on serological panel comparisons tested by different national laboratories and assays as part of the European Sero-Epidemiology Network 2 project. The results showed that the simple substitution and deletion methods worked reasonably well for low proportions of data censored (<20 %). However, in general, the censored regression method gave estimates closer to the truth than the other methods examined under different scenarios, such as types of equations used and violation of regression assumptions. Interval-censored regression produced the least biased estimates for assay data resulting from dilution series. Censored regression produced the least biased estimates in comparison with the other methods examined. Moreover, the results suggest using interval-censored regression methods for assay data resulting from dilution series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Kafatos
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK.,Department of Statistics, Modelling and Economics, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Nick Andrews
- Department of Statistics, Modelling and Economics, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Kevin J McConway
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Paddy Farrington
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Eriksen J, Davidkin I, Kafatos G, Andrews N, Barbara C, Cohen D, Duks A, Griskevicius A, Johansen K, Bartha K, Kriz B, Mitis G, Mossong J, Nardone A, O'Flanagan D, DE Ory F, Pistol A, Theeten H, Prosenc K, Slacikova M, Pebody R. Seroepidemiology of mumps in Europe (1996-2008): why do outbreaks occur in highly vaccinated populations? Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141:651-66. [PMID: 22687578 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268812001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mumps outbreaks have recently been recorded in a number of highly vaccinated populations. We related seroprevalence, epidemiological and vaccination data from 18 European countries participating in The European Sero-Epidemiology Network (ESEN) to their risk of mumps outbreaks in order to inform vaccination strategies. Samples from national population serum banks were collected, tested for mumps IgG antibodies and standardized for international comparisons. A comparative analysis between countries was undertaken using age-specific mumps seroprevalence data and information on reported mumps incidence, vaccine strains, vaccination programmes and vaccine coverage 5-12 years after sera collection. Mean geometric mumps antibody titres were lower in mumps outbreak countries [odds ratio (OR) 0·09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·01-0·71)]. MMR1 vaccine coverage ⩾95% remained protective in a multivariable model (P < 0·001), as did an interval of 4-8 years between doses (OR 0·08, 95% CI 0·01-0·85). Preventing outbreaks and controlling mumps probably requires several elements, including high-coverage vaccination programmes with MMR vaccine with 4-8 years between doses.
Collapse
|
33
|
Poethko-Müller C, Mankertz A. Sero-epidemiology of measles-specific IgG antibodies and predictive factors for low or missing titres in a German population-based cross-sectional study in children and adolescents (KiGGS). Vaccine 2011; 29:7949-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
34
|
Muhsen K, Shohat T, Aboudy Y, Mendelson E, Algor N, Anis E, Cohen D. Sero-prevalence of mumps antibodies in subpopulations subsequently affected by a large scale mumps epidemic in Israel. Vaccine 2011; 29:3878-82. [PMID: 21453788 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite the high national vaccination coverage, a large outbreak of mumps occurred in Israel, in 2009-2010, with onset and heavy transmission in ultraorthodox Jewish communities and further country-wide spread. We examined the sero-prevalence of mumps antibodies in the subpopulations subsequently affected by this large mumps outbreak, compared with the general population. METHODS The study was conducted in ultraorthodox Jewish communities, in Jerusalem district (N=251), in Bnei Brak city in Tel Aviv district (N=453), and in the general population (N=1846), using residual sera of 1-20 year old subjects. Mumps IgG antibodies were measured using Enzygnost anti-parotitis virus IgG ELISA kit. RESULTS Mumps sero-positivity was significantly lower in Jerusalem: 51.8% (95% CI 51.9-61.0), and Bnei Brak: 56.5% (95% CI 45.6-57.9), than in the general population: 68.1% (95% CI 66.0-70.2). Sero-positivity increased with age, however in Jerusalem it was substantially low (46%) in the age group 10-20 years. This age group comprised a significant portion of mumps patients in the 2009-2010 outbreak. CONCLUSIONS Low immunity levels, combined with overcrowding and social mixing, were the main predisposing factors of the enhanced epidemic transmission of mumps in the ultraorthodox Jewish communities and further country-wide spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khitam Muhsen
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Matthews LA, Lawrance LM, Gray D, Gray S. An audit of rubella IgG antibody status in antenatal women in a NHS Trust over 5 years (2005-2009). Epidemiol Infect 2011; 139:1720-6. [PMID: 21138620 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268810002748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubella, a vaccine-preventable infection. This study examined the antibody status of 11 987 pregnant women during 2005-2009. Results showed a non-significant decrease in those with antibody levels of <4·0 IU/ml from 29/2312 (1·3%) in 2005 to 21/2447 (0·9%) in 2009 (χ² for linear trend=0·279, P=0·56) but a significant increase in those with levels of <10 IU/ml from 88/2312 (3·8%) in 2005 to 124/2447 (5·1%) in 2009 (χ² for linear trend=10·27, P=0·001). In women born before 1983 (pre-pubertal vaccination) the proportion of first pregnancies with titres <4 IU was 1·1% (21/2002) compared to 3·4% (69/2022) in those born after 1983 (χ²=25·176, P<0·0001) and 2·2% (44/2002) for titres <10 IU compared to 14·0% (282/2022) for those born after 1983 (χ²=171·43, P<0·0001). The potential impact of the increase is difficult to determine, requiring further monitoring. This paper discusses the effect of changing immunization programmes on rubella susceptibility in pregnant women.
Collapse
|
36
|
D'Agaro P, Dal Molin G, Zamparo E, Rossi T, Micuzzo M, Busetti M, Santon D, Campello C. Epidemiological and molecular assessment of a rubella outbreak in North-Eastern Italy. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1976-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
37
|
Theeten H, Hutse V, Hens N, Yavuz Y, Hoppenbrouwers K, Beutels P, Vranckx R, Van Damme P. Are we hitting immunity targets? The 2006 age-specific seroprevalence of measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria and tetanus in Belgium. Epidemiol Infect 2011; 139:494-504. [PMID: 20587123 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268810001536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to vaccine-preventable diseases in Belgium in 2006 was estimated from a serum survey. Immunoglobulins against measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) and diphtheria at all available ages (1-65 years), and against tetanus in >40-year-olds, were measured by ELISA. Age-standardized overall seronegativity for MMR was low (3·9%, 8·0%, 10·4%, respectively). However, the World Health Organization's targets for measles elimination were not met in 5- to 24-year-olds and about 1 in 7 women at childbearing age (15-39 years) were seronegative for rubella. In adults >40 years, tetanus immunity (87·2%, >0·16 IU/ml) largely exceeded diphtheria immunity (20-45%, >0·1 IU/ml). Despite free universal vaccination against MMR for more than 20 years and against diphtheria and tetanus for almost 60 years, our study revealed specific age groups remaining at risk for infection with these pathogens.
Collapse
|
38
|
Czajka H, Schuster V, Zepp F, Esposito S, Douha M, Willems P. A combined measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine (Priorix-Tetra): immunogenicity and safety profile. Vaccine 2009; 27:6504-11. [PMID: 19665608 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Priorix-Tetra (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals) is a combined measles, mumps, rubella and varicella (MMRV) vaccine. Eight studies involving more than 3000 children were reviewed. Compared with co-administration of MMR (Priorix) and varicella (Varilrix) vaccines, the MMRV vaccine showed: similar immunogenicity, with immunity shown up to 3 years post-vaccination; a higher rate of fever after the first dose; a slight increase in mild local reactions after the second dose. This MMRV vaccine can be used either as a two-dose vaccine or as a second dose in children primed with separate MMR and/or varicella vaccines, offering a convenient way to introduce varicella vaccination into routine vaccination programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Czajka
- Vaccination Outpatient Clinic, Szpital sw. Ludwika, ul. Strzelecka 2, 31-503 Cracow, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
LeBaron C, Forghani B, Beck C, Brown C, Bi D, Cossen C, Sullivan B. Persistence of Mumps Antibodies after 2 Doses of Measles‐Mumps‐Rubella Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2009; 199:552-60. [DOI: 10.1086/596207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
|
40
|
Chris Maple PA, Gray J, Brown K, Brown D. Performance characteristics of a quantitative, standardised varicella zoster IgG time resolved fluorescence immunoassay (VZV TRFIA) for measuring antibody following natural infection. J Virol Methods 2009; 157:90-2. [PMID: 19135089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Infection by Varicella Zoster virus (VZV) during pregnancy has been associated with adverse foetal development and more severe disease in the mother. Accurate determination of VZV immunity in pregnant women exposed to VZV, with no history of chickenpox, guides therapeutic interventions. The accepted gold standard assay for the determination of immunity/protection against Varicella Zoster virus was for many years the fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen (FAMA) assay which is labour intensive and subjective. A validated alternative is the Merck glycoprotein EIA (Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA) which reports VZV IgG levels in enzyme units per ml (EU/ml) because an internal, non-international reference serum is used as calibrator. Comparison of different VZV IgG detection assays is hampered by a lack of an agreed cut-off in standardised units. A time resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA) for VZV IgG using British Standard VZV antibody has been developed and standardised. The limit of detection of VZV IgG by this assay was of the order 39-78mIU/ml. Following comparison with the Merck glycoprotein EIA and the application of the USA Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended 5.0EU/ml cut-off the following standardised cut-offs in mIU/ml are proposed. A VZV TRFIA IgG cut-off of less than 100mIU/ml VZV IgG equates with susceptibility and an equivocal range of 100mIU/ml to less than 150mIU/ml is proposed. VZV IgG levels of 150mIU/ml, or greater, are indicative of natural infection at some time and the ability to mount a protective immune response is inferred.
Collapse
|
41
|
Cohen B, Doblas D, Andrews N. Comparison of plaque reduction neutralisation test (PRNT) and measles virus-specific IgG ELISA for assessing immunogenicity of measles vaccination. Vaccine 2008; 26:6392-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
42
|
Anastassopoulou CG, Kafatos G, Nardone A, Andrews N, Pebody RG, Mossong J, Davidkin I, Gelb D, De Ory F, Thierfelder W, Nemecek V, Bruzzone B, Butur D, Barbara C, Sobotová Z, Jones L, Griskevicius A, Hesketh LM, Cohen D, Vranckx R, Tsakris A, Miller E, Hatzakis A. The European Sero-Epidemiology Network 2 (ESEN2): standardization of assay results for hepatitis A virus (HAV) to enable comparisons of seroprevalence data across 15 countries. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 137:485-94. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268808001155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe European Sero-Epidemiology Network 2 (ESEN2) aimed to compare serological results of vaccine-preventable diseases across Europe. To ensure direct inter-country comparability of hepatitis A virus antibody (anti-HAV) measurements, a standardization panel of 150 sera was developed by a designated reference laboratory and tested by participating national laboratories using assays of choice; each country's results were subsequently regressed against those of the reference laboratory. Quantitatively, the assays were generally highly correlated (R2>0·90). Nevertheless, qualitative comparisons indicated that results obtained with different assays may differ despite the usage of well-established international and local standards. To a great extent standardization successfully alleviated such differences. The generated standardization equations will be used to convert national serological results into common units to enable direct international comparisons of HAV seroprevalence data. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the evaluation and potential improvement of the currently employed immunization strategies for hepatitis in Europe.
Collapse
|
43
|
Giammanco A, Nardone A, Pebody R, Kafatos G, Andrews N, Chiarini A, Taormina S, de Ory F, Prosenc K, Krize B, Hallander H, Ljungman M, Marva E, Tsakris A, O'Flanagan D, Schneider F, Griskevicius A, Vranckx R, Karacs I. European Sero-Epidemiology Network 2: standardisation of immunoassay results for pertussis requires homogeneity in the antigenic preparations. Vaccine 2008; 26:4486-93. [PMID: 18602434 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A standardisation process, already developed during the earlier European Sero-Epidemiology Network (ESEN) project, was employed with a more robust algorithm to harmonise results of pertussis serological assays performed in 12 European and non-European countries. Initially, results from each country's own assay were compared with those obtained at the reference laboratory by means of an in-house pertussis toxin (PT)-based ELISA: seven countries used in-house or commercial PT-ELISAs; the other countries used assays based on Bordetella pertussis whole cell extracts (WCE) (three countries) or on combined PT-FHA (filamentous haemagglutinin) antigenic preparations (two countries). The WCE assays, although admitted for diagnostic purposes, confirmed their low correlation with the PT-ELISAs and their results could not be used for standardisation; the PT-FHA ELISAs gave results that were suitable for standardisation in one country but unsatisfactory in the other; the use of purified PT in serological assays confirmed its better reliability than other preparations and all PT-ELISAs results could be calibrated against those of the reference centre. In the standardisation process two high-titre cut-offs indicative of likelihood of recent infection (from within 4 weeks of disease onset up to 1 year after) were included for evaluations as they are suggested to be more useful, for the sero-epidemiological assays of immunity to pertussis, than the cut-off of protection, commonly employed, but still not defined for pertussis. Providing PT-ELISAs are used, standardisation of pertussis assay results is always possible and, when standardisation is performed, evaluation and comparison of the impact of different interventions can be also allowed, by measuring at the distribution of high antibody titres in the populations.
Collapse
|
44
|
Andrews N, Tischer A, Siedler A, Pebody RG, Barbara C, Cotter S, Duks A, Gacheva N, Bohumir K, Johansen K, Mossong J, Ory FD, Prosenc K, Sláciková M, Theeten H, Zarvou M, Pistol A, Bartha K, Cohen D, Backhouse J, Griskevicius A. Towards elimination: measles susceptibility in Australia and 17 European countries. Bull World Health Organ 2008; 86:197-204. [PMID: 18368206 DOI: 10.2471/blt.07.041129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate age-specific measles susceptibility in Australia and 17 European countries. METHODS As part of the European Sero-Epidemiology Network 2 (ESEN2), 18 countries collected large national serum banks between 1996 and 2004. These banks were tested for measles IgG and the results converted to a common unitage to enable valid intercountry comparisons. Historical vaccination and disease incidence data were also collected. Age-stratified population susceptibility levels were compared to WHO European Region targets for measles elimination of < 15% in those aged 2-4 years, < 10% in 5-9-year-olds and < 5% in older age groups. FINDINGS Seven countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Luxembourg, Spain, Slovakia, Slovenia and Sweden) met or came very close to the elimination targets. Four countries (Australia, Israel, Lithuania and Malta) had susceptibility levels above WHO targets in some older age groups indicating possible gaps in protection. Seven countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, England and Wales, Ireland, Latvia and Romania) were deemed to be at risk of epidemics as a result of high susceptibility in children and also, in some cases, adults. CONCLUSION Although all countries now implement a two-dose measles vaccination schedule, if the WHO European Region target of measles elimination by 2010 is to be achieved higher routine coverage as well as vaccination campaigns in some older age cohorts are needed in some countries. Without these improvements, continued measles transmission and outbreaks are expected in Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Andrews
- Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, London, England.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nardone A, Tischer A, Andrews N, Backhouse J, Theeten H, Gatcheva N, Zarvou M, Kriz B, Pebody RG, Bartha K, O'Flanagan D, Cohen D, Duks A, Griskevicius A, Mossong J, Barbara C, Pistol A, Slaciková M, Prosenc K, Johansen K, Miller E. Comparison of rubella seroepidemiology in 17 countries: progress towards international disease control targets. Bull World Health Organ 2008; 86:118-25. [PMID: 18297166 DOI: 10.2471/blt.07.042010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To standardize serological surveillance to compare rubella susceptibility in Australia and 16 European countries, and measure progress towards international disease-control targets. METHODS Between 1996 and 2004, representative serum banks were established in 17 countries by collecting residual sera or community sampling. Serum banks were tested in each country and assay results were standardized. With a questionnaire, we collected information on current and past rubella vaccination programmes in each country. The percentage of seronegative (< 4 IU/ml) children (2-14 years of age) was used to evaluate rubella susceptibility, and countries were classified by seronegativity as group I (< 5%), group II (5-10%) or group III (> 10%). The proportion of women of childbearing age without rubella protection (< or = 10 IU/ml) was calculated and compared with WHO targets of < 5%. FINDINGS Only Romania had no rubella immunization programme at the time of the survey; the remaining countries had a two-dose childhood schedule using the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine. The percentage of susceptible children defined five countries as group I, seven as group II and four as group III. Women of childbearing age without rubella protection were < 5% in only five countries. CONCLUSION Despite the low reported incidence in many countries, strengthening the coverage of the routine two-dose of MMR vaccine among children is needed, especially in group III countries. Catch-up campaigns in older age groups and selective targeting of older females are needed in many countries to ensure necessary levels of protective immunity among women of childbearing age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Nardone
- Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, London, England.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
MUHSEN K, ABOUDY Y, MENDELSON E, GREEN M, COHEN D. Prevalence of mumps antibodies in the Israeli population in relation to mumps vaccination policy and incidence of disease. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 136:688-93. [PMID: 17608960 PMCID: PMC2870851 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268807008989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the prevalence of mumps antibodies in the Israeli population in relation to mumps vaccination policy and past and subsequent incidence of disease. The levels of specific IgG antibodies against mumps were tested in 3330 residual sera collected during 1997-1998 from an age-stratified population sample. Against the background of a consistent MMR vaccination coverage of >90%, the age- and sex-adjusted seropositivity to mumps was 77.0%. No significant differences between genders were found. Seropositivity in the 10-13 years age group, born just before the introduction of the MMR vaccine, was the lowest (59%). These birth cohorts were the target of an outbreak of mumps in 2005 that occurred among high-school students and military recruits. A trend of waning immunity was observed between the first and second vaccine doses. The seroepidemiological data demonstrate that immunity levels below the herd immunity threshold, along with social mixing and crowded conditions facilitated the occurrence of mumps outbreaks. Periodical serosurveys are an essential component in the evaluation of the vaccination policy against mumps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kh. MUHSEN
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Y. ABOUDY
- Central Virological Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - E. MENDELSON
- Central Virological Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - M. S. GREEN
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - D. COHEN
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Author for correspondence: Professor D. Cohen, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. ()
| |
Collapse
|