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Kleppesto TH, Czajkowski NO, Sheehy-Skeffington J, Vassend O, Roysamb E, Eftedal NH, Kunst JR, Ystrom E, Thomsen L. The genetic underpinnings of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation explain political attitudes beyond Big Five personality. J Pers 2024; 92:1744-1758. [PMID: 38386613 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Political attitudes are predicted by the key ideological variables of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO), as well as some of the Big Five personality traits. Past research indicates that personality and ideological traits are correlated for genetic reasons. A question that has yet to be tested concerns whether the genetic variation underlying the ideological traits of RWA and SDO has distinct contributions to political attitudes, or if genetic variation in political attitudes is subsumed under the genetic variation underlying standard Big Five personality traits. METHOD We use data from a sample of 1987 Norwegian twins to assess the genetic and environmental relationships between the Big Five personality traits, RWA, SDO, and their separate contributions to political policy attitudes. RESULTS RWA and SDO exhibit very high genetic correlation (r = 0.78) with each other and some genetic overlap with the personality traits of openness and agreeableness. Importantly, they share a larger genetic substrate with political attitudes (e.g., deporting an ethnic minority) than do Big Five personality traits, a relationship that persists even when controlling for the genetic foundations underlying personality traits. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the genetic foundations of ideological traits and political attitudes are largely non-overlapping with the genetic foundations of Big Five personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Haarklau Kleppesto
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nikolai Olavi Czajkowski
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jennifer Sheehy-Skeffington
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
- Center for the Experimental Philosophical Investigation of Discrimination, Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Olav Vassend
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Roysamb
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jonas R Kunst
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lotte Thomsen
- Center for the Experimental Philosophical Investigation of Discrimination, Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Arneberg VS, Sundsvold V, Bjørndal LD, Ystrom E. Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms and Stressful Life Events: An Evaluation of Gene-Environment Interplay. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 4:100390. [PMID: 39829961 PMCID: PMC11740797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2024.100390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is associated with high rates of stressful life events (SLEs). It is unclear whether people who experience SLEs have more BPD symptoms after accounting for the effects of familial risk factors. Our aims in the current study were to 1) create a predictive model of BPD using stressors across age and contexts and 2) examine whether SLEs resulted in higher levels of BPD symptoms beyond the effects of genetic and environmental risk factors. Methods The sample comprised 2801 twins from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel. Poisson regression was used to explore which SLEs predicted BPD symptoms. Elastic net penalized regression was conducted to develop a predictive model for SLEs and BPD symptoms. Co-twin control analyses were performed to differentiate between environmental and genetic factors. Results SLEs experienced during childhood and adulthood were associated with BPD symptoms. A weighted polyevent risk score explained 22% of the total variation in symptoms. Shared environmental and heritable factors explained 31% and 47% of individual differences in BPD symptomatology, respectively. Measured SLEs explained 42% of the shared environmental risk for BPD. The predictive risk of SLEs for BPD was reduced when shared environmental and genetic factors were accounted for. However, SLEs increased risk of BPD symptoms beyond the effects of shared genetic and environmental factors. Conclusions BPD symptomatology following SLEs cannot fully be explained by genetic and shared environmental factors. The SLE-BPD symptoms associations were primarily due to selection by family environments. It is important to identify familial factors that lead to both SLEs and BPD symptoms. SLEs remained associated with BPD symptoms beyond genetic and environmental confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ludvig Daae Bjørndal
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- PsycGen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- PsycGen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Research on Equality in Education, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Kleppesto TH, Czajkowski NO, Vassend O, Roysamb E, Eftedal NH, Sheehy-Skeffington J, Ystrom E, Kunst JR, Gjerde LC, Thomsen L. Attachment and Political Personality are Heritable and Distinct Systems, and Both Share Genetics with Interpersonal Trust and Altruism. Behav Genet 2024; 54:321-332. [PMID: 38811431 PMCID: PMC11196312 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-024-10185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The attachment and caregiving domains maintain proximity and care-giving behavior between parents and offspring, in a way that has been argued to shape people's mental models of how relationships work, resulting in secure, anxious or avoidant interpersonal styles in adulthood. Several theorists have suggested that the attachment system is closely connected to orientations and behaviors in social and political domains, which should be grounded in the same set of familial experiences as are the different attachment styles. We use a sample of Norwegian twins (N = 1987) to assess the genetic and environmental relationship between attachment, trust, altruism, right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), and social dominance orientation (SDO). Results indicate no shared environmental overlap between attachment and ideology, nor even between the attachment styles or between the ideological traits, challenging conventional wisdom in developmental, social, and political psychology. Rather, evidence supports two functionally distinct systems, one for navigating intimate relationships (attachment) and one for navigating social hierarchies (RWA/SDO), with genetic overlap between traits within each system, and two distinct genetic linkages to trust and altruism. This is counter-posed to theoretical perspectives that link attachment, ideology, and interpersonal orientations through early relational experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Haarklau Kleppesto
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Nikolai Olavi Czajkowski
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav Vassend
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Roysamb
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jennifer Sheehy-Skeffington
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
- Center for the Experimental Philosophical Investigation of Discrimination, Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonas R Kunst
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Line C Gjerde
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lotte Thomsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for the Experimental Philosophical Investigation of Discrimination, Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Badini I, Ahmadzadeh YI, Wechsler DL, Lyngstad TH, Rayner C, Eilertsen EM, Zavos HMS, Ystrom E, McAdams TA. Socioeconomic status and risk for child psychopathology: exploring gene-environment interaction in the presence of gene-environment correlation using extended families in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Birth Cohort Study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 65:176-187. [PMID: 37571996 PMCID: PMC10859652 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with increased risk for emotional and behavioural problems among children. Evidence from twin studies has shown that family SES moderates genetic and environmental influences on child mental health. However, it is also known that SES is itself under genetic influence and previous gene-environment interaction (G×E) studies have not incorporated the potential genetic overlap between child mental health and family SES into G×E analyses. We applied a novel approach using extended family data to investigate the moderation of aetiological influences on child emotional and behavioural problems by parental socioeconomic status in the presence of modelled gene-environment correlation. METHODS The sample comprised >28,100 children in extended-family units drawn from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Mothers reported children's emotional and behavioural symptoms. Parents' income and educational attainment were obtained through linkage to administrative register data. Bivariate moderation Multiple-Children-of-Twins-and-Siblings (MCoTS) models were used to analyse relationships between offspring outcomes (emotional and behavioural symptom scores) and parental socioeconomic moderators (income rank and educational attainment). RESULTS The aetiology of child emotional symptoms was moderated by maternal and paternal educational attainment. Shared environmental influences on child emotional symptoms were greater at lower levels of parents' education. The aetiology of child behavioural symptoms was moderated by maternal, but not paternal, socioeconomic factors. Genetic factors shared between maternal income and child behavioural symptoms were greater in families with lower levels maternal income. Nonshared environmental influences on child behavioural symptoms were greater in families with higher maternal income and education. CONCLUSIONS Parental socioeconomic indicators moderated familial influences and nonshared environmental influences on child emotional and behavioural outcomes. Maternal SES and child mental health share aetiological overlap such that shared genetic influence was greater at the lower end of the socioeconomic distribution. Our findings collectively highlight the role that family socioeconomic factors play in shaping the origins of child emotional and behavioural problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Badini
- Social, Genetic, & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmin I. Ahmadzadeh
- Social, Genetic, & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel L. Wechsler
- Social, Genetic, & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Torkild H. Lyngstad
- Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher Rayner
- Social, Genetic, & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Espen M. Eilertsen
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helena M. S. Zavos
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom A. McAdams
- Social, Genetic, & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Vassend O, Czajkowski NO, Røysamb E, Nielsen CS. The role of neuroticism and pain in dental anxiety: A twin study. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2023; 51:786-793. [PMID: 35633060 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Accumulating evidence has revealed that dental anxiety is robustly associated with dental care-related pain and discomfort, but also with the personality trait of neuroticism (i.e. the relatively stable disposition to experience the world as distressing, threatening and unsafe). However, there is a near absence of research on these risk factors in samples for which genetic information is available. With the aim of arriving at a more refined understanding of dental anxiety, this twin cohort study assessed genetic and environmental influences on neuroticism, dental care-related pain and dental anxiety, and the relation between these phenotypes. METHODS Participants were recruited from the Norwegian Twin Registry, and data collections were carried out in 1992-98 (Time 1) and 2011 (Time 2). Well-validated questionnaires were used to assess the study variables, including Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale, the Numerical Pain Rating Scale, the NEO Personality Inventory Revised (Time 2) and Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire (Time 1). Pearson correlation analysis and generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to investigate phenotypic associations. Analyses of genetic and environmental influences were performed using Cholesky modelling. RESULTS A total of 746 monozygotic (MZ) and 770 dizygotic (DZ) twins in the age group of 50-65 participated in the study. Moderate estimates of heritability for dental anxiety (0.29), treatment-related pain (0.24) and neuroticism (0.45-0.54) were found. Cholesky modelling showed furthermore that neuroticism assessed at Time 1 and Time 2 was related to dental anxiety and pain via both genetic and individual-specific environmental pathways, albeit not very strongly. The particularly high phenotypic correlation observed between dental care-related pain and anxiety (r = .68) was explained by both overlapping genetic and individual-specific environmental influences (the genetic and environmental correlations were .84 and .63 respectively). CONCLUSIONS The findings provide deeper insight into the aetiology of dental anxiety and confirm that while it is strongly linked to treatment-related pain experiences, this relation is to a considerable degree independent of general negative affectivity/neuroticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav Vassend
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nikolai Olavi Czajkowski
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Røysamb
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher Sivert Nielsen
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pain Management and Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Bjørndal LD, Kendler KS, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Ystrom E. Stressful life events increase the risk of major depressive episodes: A population-based twin study. Psychol Med 2023; 53:5194-5202. [PMID: 35920242 PMCID: PMC10476058 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722002227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have found that stressful life events (SLEs) are associated with an increased risk of adult depression. However, many studies are observational in nature and limited by methodological issues, such as potential confounding by genetic factors. Genetically informative research, such as the co-twin control design, can strengthen causal inference in observational studies. Discrete-time survival analysis has several benefits and multilevel survival analysis can incorporate frailty terms (random effects) to estimate the components of the biometric model. In the current study, we investigated associations between SLEs and depression risk in a population-based twin sample (N = 2299). METHODS A co-twin control design was used to investigate the influence of the occurrence of SLEs on depression risk. The co-twin control design involves comparing patterns of associations in the full sample and within dizygotic (DZ) and monozygotic twins (MZ). Associations were modelled using discrete-time survival analysis with biometric frailty terms. Data from two time points were used in the analyses. Mean age at Wave 1 was 28 years and mean age at Wave 2 was 38 years. RESULTS SLE occurrence was associated with increased depression risk. Co-twin control analyses indicated that this association was at least in part due to the causal influence of SLE exposure on depression risk for event occurrence across all SLEs and for violent SLEs. A minor proportion of the total genetic risk of depression reflected genetic effects related to SLEs. CONCLUSIONS The results support previous research in implicating SLEs as important risk factors with probable causal influence on depression risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludvig D. Bjørndal
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Løke D, Løvstad M, Andelic N, Andersson S, Ystrom E, Vassend O. The role of pain and psychological distress in fatigue: a co-twin and within-person analysis of confounding and causal relations. Health Psychol Behav Med 2022; 10:160-179. [PMID: 35173998 PMCID: PMC8843118 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2022.2033121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Løke
- Department of Research, Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Nesoddtangen-Bjornemyr, Norway
| | - Marianne Løvstad
- Department of Research, Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Nesoddtangen-Bjornemyr, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nada Andelic
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Habilitation and Rehabilitation Models and Services (CHARM), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stein Andersson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Psychosomatic and CL Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav Vassend
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Enck P, Goebel-Stengel M, Rieß O, Hübener-Schmid J, Kagan KO, Nieß AM, Tümmers H, Wiesing U, Zipfel S, Stengel A. [Twin research in Germany]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2021; 64:1298-1306. [PMID: 34524474 PMCID: PMC8441034 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-021-03400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurden weltweit Zwillingskohorten aufgebaut, die inzwischen ca. 1,5 Mio. Zwillinge umfassen und zwischen 1950 und 2012 über 2748 Zwillingsstudien hervorgebracht haben. Diese Zahl steigt jedes Jahr um weitere 500 bis 1000. Die Unterrepräsentanz deutscher Zwillingsstudien in diesen Datenbanken lässt sich nicht allein durch den Missbrauch medizinischer Forschung im Nationalsozialismus erklären. Entwicklung und Ausbau großer Zwillingskohorten sind ethisch und datenschutzrechtlich eine Herausforderung. Zwillingskohorten ermöglichen jedoch die Langzeit- und Echtzeiterforschung vieler medizinischer Fragestellungen; und die Zwillingsstudien tragen auch nach der Entschlüsselung des Humangenoms erheblich zur Beantwortung der Frage nach Anlage oder Umwelt als mögliche Erkrankungsauslöser bei. Derzeit gibt es 2 deutsche Zwillingskohorten: die biomedizinische Kohorte HealthTwiSt mit ca. 1500 Zwillingspaaren und TwinLife, eine soziologisch-psychologische Kohorte mit ca. 4000 Zwillingspaaren. Daneben gibt es krankheitsspezifische Kohorten. 2016 startete das TwinHealth-Konsortium der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Tübingen mit dem Ziel, eine forschungsoffene und nachhaltige Zwillingsforschung am Standort Tübingen zur Bearbeitung unterschiedlicher Fragestellungen zu etablieren. Der Artikel bietet mithilfe einer systematischen Literaturrecherche und einer medizinhistorischen Betrachtung einen Überblick über die weltweite und nationale Entwicklung von Zwillingsstudien und -datenbanken der letzten 100 Jahre. Anhand der Tübinger TwinHealth-Initiative beleuchtet er den Aufbau eines Zwillingskollektivs und dessen juristische, ethische und Datenschutzaspekte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Enck
- Innere Medizin VI, Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Miriam Goebel-Stengel
- Innere Medizin VI, Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland. .,Klinik für Innere Medizin, Helios Klinik Rottweil, Rottweil, Deutschland.
| | - Olaf Rieß
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Angewandte Genomik, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Jeannette Hübener-Schmid
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Angewandte Genomik, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Karl Oliver Kagan
- Department für Frauengesundheit, Universitäts-Frauenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Andreas Michael Nieß
- Innere Medizin V, Sportmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Henning Tümmers
- Institut für Ethik und Geschichte der Medizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Urban Wiesing
- Institut für Ethik und Geschichte der Medizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Innere Medizin VI, Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Innere Medizin VI, Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland
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Abtahi H, Gholamzadeh M, Shahmoradi L, Shariat M. An information-based framework for development national twin registry: Scoping review and focus group discussion. Int J Health Plann Manage 2021; 36:1423-1444. [PMID: 34519094 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Registries in various clinical domains have been established in the last decades. The specific genetic structure of twins has enabled researchers to find answers to the role of genetics and the environment in medical sciences. Thus, twin registries were developed across the world to support twin studies. Our main objective was to devise a conceptual model for developing the national twin registry to ensure the success of this registry. METHODS In this descriptive and qualitative study, the combination of literature review and focus group discussions was applied to achieve suitable models for developing a national twin registry based on lessons learned from founded registries. The qualitative synthesis and reporting results were conducted based on the COREQ checklist. RESULTS According to a systematic literature review, the characteristics and employed strategies employed by established twin registries were recognized. Moreover, based on our objectives, suitable models for registry development were defined. The source of information, the different levels of data, and the information flow were determined based on this model. CONCLUSION Suggesting a conceptual framework for twin registry development at the national level based on the experiences of other countries could contribute to a greater understanding of twin registry implementation efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Abtahi
- Associate Professor of Pulmonary and Critical Care Department, Thoracic Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marsa Gholamzadeh
- Ph.D. Student in Medical Informatics, Health Information Management Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Shahmoradi
- Associate Professor of Health Information Management, Health Information Management Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mamak Shariat
- Family Health Research Institute, Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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Laugesen K, Ludvigsson JF, Schmidt M, Gissler M, Valdimarsdottir UA, Lunde A, Sørensen HT. Nordic Health Registry-Based Research: A Review of Health Care Systems and Key Registries. Clin Epidemiol 2021; 13:533-554. [PMID: 34321928 PMCID: PMC8302231 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s314959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nordic countries are Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden and comprise a total population of approximately 27 million. The countries provide unique opportunities for joint health registry-based research in large populations with long and complete follow-up, facilitated by shared features, such as the tax-funded and public health care systems, the similar population-based registries, and the personal identity number as unique identifier of all citizens. In this review, we provide an introduction to the health care systems, key registries, and how to navigate the practical and ethical aspects of setting up such studies. For each country, we provide an overview of population statistics and health care expenditures, and describe the operational and administrative organization of the health care system. The Nordic registries provide population-based, routine, and prospective data on individuals lives and health with virtually complete follow-up and exact censoring information. We briefly describe the total population registries, birth registries, patient registries, cancer registries, prescription registries, and causes of death registries with a focus on period of coverage, selected key variables, and potential limitations. Lastly, we discuss some practical and legal perspectives. The potential of joint research is not fully exploited, mainly due to legal and practical difficulties in, for example, cross-border sharing of data. Future tasks include clear and transparent legal pathways and a framework by which practical aspects are facilitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Laugesen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonas F Ludvigsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Morten Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mika Gissler
- Information Services Department, THL Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden and Region Stockholm, Academic Primary Health Care Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Unnur Anna Valdimarsdottir
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center of Public Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Astrid Lunde
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Henrik Toft Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,KOR, The Danish Advisory Board on Register Based Research, the Danish e-infrastructure Cooperation, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Gjerde LC, Eilertsen EM, Hannigan LJ, Eley T, Røysamb E, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Rijsdijk FV, McAdams TA, Ystrom E. Associations between maternal depressive symptoms and risk for offspring early-life psychopathology: the role of genetic and non-genetic mechanisms. Psychol Med 2021; 51:441-449. [PMID: 31813389 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719003301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although maternal depressive symptoms are robustly associated with offspring early-life psychopathology symptoms, it is not clear which potential mechanisms are at play. We aimed to estimate the relative importance of genetic transmission and direct environmental exposure in these associations on three occasions in early childhood. METHODS Biometric modeling of maternal sisters and their offspring from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. The analyzed sample comprised 22 316 mothers and 35 589 offspring. Mothers reported their own depressive symptoms using the Symptom checklist, and offspring's concurrent symptoms of psychopathology using the Child Behavior Checklist at 1.5, 3, and 5 years postpartum. RESULTS Associations between maternal symptoms of depression and offspring emotional problems were predominantly explained by passive genetic transmission at 1.5 and 3 years postpartum. At age 5, associations were more due to direct environmental exposure. For offspring behavioral problems, there was no net increase in the importance of direct environmental exposure across occasions. CONCLUSIONS Associations between maternal depressive symptoms and offspring psychopathology symptoms remained after accounting for shared genes, consistent with a small, causal effect. For offspring emotional problems, this effect appeared to increase in importance over time. Our findings imply that treatment of maternal depressive symptoms could also benefit the offspring, and that genetic confounding should be considered in future studies of such mother-offspring associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line C Gjerde
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen M Eilertsen
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Thalia Eley
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Espen Røysamb
- PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Child Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fruhling V Rijsdijk
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tom A McAdams
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Rosenström T, Gjerde LC, Krueger RF, Aggen SH, Czajkowski NO, Gillespie NA, Kendler KS, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Torvik FA, Ystrom E. Joint factorial structure of psychopathology and personality. Psychol Med 2019; 49:2158-2167. [PMID: 30392478 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718002982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normative and pathological personality traits have rarely been integrated into a joint large-scale structural analysis with psychiatric disorders, although a recent study suggested they entail a common individual differences continuum. METHODS We explored the joint factor structure of 11 psychiatric disorders, five personality-disorder trait domains (DSM-5 Section III), and five normative personality trait domains (the 'Big Five') in a population-based sample of 2796 Norwegian twins, aged 19‒46. RESULTS Three factors could be interpreted: (i) a general risk factor for all psychopathology, (ii) a risk factor specific to internalizing disorders and traits, and (iii) a risk factor specific to externalizing disorders and traits. Heritability estimates for the three risk factor scores were 48% (95% CI 41‒54%), 35% (CI 28‒42%), and 37% (CI 31‒44%), respectively. All 11 disorders had uniform loadings on the general factor (congruence coefficient of 0.991 with uniformity). Ignoring sign and excluding the openness trait, this uniformity of factor loadings held for all the personality trait domains and all disorders (congruence 0.983). CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, future research should investigate joint etiologic and transdiagnostic models for normative and pathological personality and other psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Rosenström
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Line C Gjerde
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Steven H Aggen
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nikolai Olavi Czajkowski
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nathan A Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Deparment of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fartein Ask Torvik
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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13
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Abstract
The Norwegian Twin Registry (NTR) is maintained as a research resource that was compiled by merging several panels of twin data that were established for research into physical and mental health, wellbeing and development. NTR is a consent-based registry. Where possible, data that were collected in previous studies are curated for secondary research use. A particularly valuable potential benefit associated with the Norwegian twin data lies in the opportunities to expand and enhance the data through record linkage to nationwide registries that cover a wide array of health data and other information, including socioeconomic factors. This article provides a brief description of the current NTR sample and data collections, information about data access procedures and an overview of the national registries that can be linked to the NTR for research projects.
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14
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Correlations between social dominance orientation and political attitudes reflect common genetic underpinnings. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17741-17746. [PMID: 31431527 PMCID: PMC6731660 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818711116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the underlying psychology of societal attitudes and prejudices is important in times of political unpredictability. We focus on the foundational construct of preference for (or against) hierarchies between groups, as reflected in the 2 subdimensions of social dominance orientation (SDO). Studying SDO with a large-sample twin design, we show that both its sub-dimensions are heritable, share common genetic influences, and overlap genetically with 6 political attitudes that serve to enhance versus attenuate societal hierarchy. This suggests that desire for versus opposition to intergroup hierarchy, in abstract and concrete forms, constitutes a genetically-grounded behavioral syndrome, thus explaining an important part of the long-observed association among political views of various kinds. A foundational question in the social sciences concerns the interplay of underlying causes in the formation of people’s political beliefs and prejudices. What role, if any, do genes, environmental influences, or personality dispositions play? Social dominance orientation (SDO), an influential index of people’s general attitudes toward intergroup hierarchy, correlates robustly with political beliefs. SDO consists of the subdimensions SDO-dominance (SDO-D), which is the desire people have for some groups to be actively oppressed by others, and SDO-egalitarianism (SDO-E), a preference for intergroup inequality. Using a twin design (n = 1,987), we investigate whether the desire for intergroup dominance and inequality makes up a genetically grounded behavioral syndrome. Specifically, we investigate the heritability of SDO, in addition to whether it genetically correlates with support for political policies concerning the distribution of power and resources to different social groups. In addition to moderate heritability estimates for SDO-D and SDO-E (37% and 24%, respectively), we find that the genetic correlation between these subdimensions and political attitudes was overall high (mean genetic correlation 0.51), while the environmental correlation was very low (mean environmental correlation 0.08). This suggests that the relationship between political attitudes and SDO-D and SDO-E is grounded in common genetics, such that the desire for (versus opposition to) intergroup inequality and support for political attitudes that serve to enhance (versus attenuate) societal disparities form convergent strategies for navigating group-based dominance hierarchies.
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15
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Torvik FA, Rosenström TH, Gustavson K, Ystrom E E, Kendler KS, Bramness JG, Czajkowski N, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. Explaining the association between anxiety disorders and alcohol use disorder: A twin study. Depress Anxiety 2019; 36:522-532. [PMID: 30838764 PMCID: PMC6548587 DOI: 10.1002/da.22886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unknown whether social anxiety disorder (SAD) has a unique association with alcohol use disorder (AUD) over and beyond that of other anxiety disorders, how the associations develop over time, and whether the associations are likely to be causal. METHODS Diagnoses of AUD, SAD, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and specific phobias were assessed twice using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview among 2,801 adult Norwegian twins. The data were analyzed using logistic regression analyses and multivariate biometric structural equation modeling. RESULTS SAD had the strongest association with AUD, and SAD predicted AUD over and above the effect of other anxiety disorders. In addition, SAD was prospectively associated with AUD, whereas other anxiety disorders were not. AUD was associated with a slightly elevated risk of later anxiety disorders other than SAD. Biometric modeling favored a model where SAD influenced AUD compared to models where the relationship was reversed or due to correlated risk factors. Positive associations between AUD and other anxiety disorders were fully explained by shared genetic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Unlike other anxiety disorders, SAD plausibly has a direct effect on AUD. Interventions aimed at prevention or treatment of SAD may have an additional beneficial effect of preventing AUD, whereas interventions aimed at other anxiety disorders are unlikely to have a similar sequential effect on AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fartein Ask Torvik
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway;,Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway;,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kristin Gustavson
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway;,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Ystrom E
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway;,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway;,PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA;,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics and Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jørgen G. Bramness
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Brumunddal, Norway;,Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway
| | - Nikolai Czajkowski
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway;,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway;,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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16
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Rosenström T, Czajkowski NO, Ystrom E, Krueger RF, Aggen SH, Gillespie NA, Eilertsen E, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Torvik FA. Genetically Informative Mediation Modeling Applied to Stressors and Personality-Disorder Traits in Etiology of Alcohol Use Disorder. Behav Genet 2018; 49:11-23. [PMID: 30536213 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-018-9941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A statistical mediation model was developed within a twin design to investigate the etiology of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Unlike conventional statistical mediation models, this biometric mediation model can detect unobserved confounding. Using a sample of 1410 pairs of Norwegian twins, we investigated specific hypotheses that DSM-IV personality-disorder (PD) traits mediate effects of childhood stressful life events (SLEs) on AUD, and that adulthood SLEs mediate effects of PDs on AUD. Models including borderline PD traits indicated unobserved confounding in phenotypic path coefficients, whereas models including antisocial and impulsive traits did not. More than half of the observed effects of childhood SLEs on adulthood AUD were mediated by adulthood antisocial and impulsive traits. Effects of PD traits on AUD 5‒10 years later were direct rather than mediated by adulthood SLEs. The results and the general approach contribute to triangulation of developmental origins for complex behavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Rosenström
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Nikolai Olavi Czajkowski
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Steven H Aggen
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nathan A Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Espen Eilertsen
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fartein Ask Torvik
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Røysamb E, Nes RB, Czajkowski NO, Vassend O. Genetics, personality and wellbeing. A twin study of traits, facets and life satisfaction. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12298. [PMID: 30120258 PMCID: PMC6098054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29881-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human wellbeing is influenced by personality traits, in particular neuroticism and extraversion. Little is known about which facets that drive these associations, and the role of genes and environments. Our aim was to identify personality facets that are important for life satisfaction, and to estimate the contribution of genetic and environmental factors in the association between personality and life satisfaction. Norwegian twins (N = 1,516, age 50-65, response rate 71%) responded to a personality instrument (NEO-PI-R) and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Regression analyses and biometric modeling were used to examine influences from personality traits and facets, and to estimate genetic and environmental contributions. Neuroticism and extraversion explained 24%, and personality facets accounted for 32% of the variance in life satisfaction. Four facets were particularly important; anxiety and depression in the neuroticism domain, and activity and positive emotions within extraversion. Heritability of life satisfaction was 0.31 (0.22-0.40), of which 65% was explained by personality-related genetic influences. The remaining genetic variance was unique to life satisfaction. The association between personality and life satisfaction is driven mainly by four, predominantly emotional, personality facets. Genetic factors play an important role in these associations, but influence life satisfaction also beyond the effects of personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen Røysamb
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ragnhild B Nes
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nikolai O Czajkowski
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav Vassend
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Gillespie NA, Aggen SH, Neale MC, Knudsen GP, Krueger RF, South SC, Czajkowski N, Nesvåg R, Ystrom E, Kendler KS, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. Associations between personality disorders and cannabis use and cannabis use disorder: a population-based twin study. Addiction 2018; 113:1488-1498. [PMID: 29500852 PMCID: PMC6043378 DOI: 10.1111/add.14209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Individual differences in DSM-IV personality disorders (PDs) are associated with increased prevalence of substance use disorders. Our aims were to determine which combination of PDs trait scores best predict cannabis use (CU) and cannabis use disorder (CUD), and to estimate the size and significance of genetic and environmental risks in PD traits shared with CU and CUD. DESIGN Linear mixed-effects models were used to identify PD traits for inclusion in twin analyses to explore the genetic and environmental associations between the traits and cannabis use. SETTING Cross-sectional data were obtained from Norwegian adult twins in a face-to-face interview in 1999-2004 as part of a population-based study of mental health. PARTICIPANTS Subjects were 1419 twins (μage = 28.2 years, range = 19-36) from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel with complete PD and cannabis data. MEASUREMENTS PD traits were assessed using DSM-IV criteria. Life-time CU and CUD were based on DSM-IV abuse and dependence criteria, including withdrawal and craving. FINDINGS After adjusting for age and sex, antisocial [β = 0.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.19-0.28] and borderline PDs (β = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.14-0.26) were associated strongly with CU. Antisocial (β = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.21-0.31) and borderline PDs (β = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.06-0.18) were also linked strongly to CUD. Genetic risks in antisocial and borderline PD traits explained 32-60% of the total variance in CU and CUD. Dependent and avoidant PDs explained 11 and 16% of the total variance in CU and CUD, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Individual differences in the liability to cannabis use and cannabis use disorder appear to be linked to genetic risks correlated with antisocial and borderline personality disorder traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Steven H Aggen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gun Peggy Knudsen
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Susan C South
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Nikolai Czajkowski
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnar Nesvåg
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
- Section of Health, Developmental and Personality Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
- PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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19
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Czajkowski N, Aggen SH, Krueger RF, Kendler KS, Neale MC, Knudsen GP, Gillespie N, Røysamb E, Tambs K, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. A Twin Study of Normative Personality and DSM-IV Personality Disorder Criterion Counts: Evidence for Separate Genetic Influences. Am J Psychiatry 2018; 175:649-656. [PMID: 29558815 PMCID: PMC6028291 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17050493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both normative personality and DSM-IV personality disorders have been found to be heritable. However, there is limited knowledge about the extent to which the genetic and environmental influences underlying DSM personality disorders are shared with those of normative personality. The aims of this study were to assess the phenotypic similarity between normative and pathological personality and to investigate the extent to which genetic and environmental influences underlying individual differences in normative personality account for symptom variance across DSM-IV personality disorders. METHOD A large population-based sample of adult twins was assessed for DSM-IV personality disorder criteria with structured interviews at two waves spanning a 10-year interval. At the second assessment, participants also completed the Big Five Inventory, a self-report instrument assessing the five-factor normative personality model. The proportion of genetic and environmental liabilities unique to the individual personality disorder measures, and hence not shared with the five Big Five Inventory domains, were estimated by means of multivariate Cholesky twin decompositions. RESULTS The median percentage of genetic liability to the 10 DSM-IV personality disorders assessed at wave 1 that was not shared with the Big Five domains was 64%, whereas for the six personality disorders that were assessed concurrently at wave 2, the median was 39%. Conversely, the median proportions of unique environmental liability in the personality disorders for wave 1 and wave 2 were 97% and 96%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that a moderate-to-sizable proportion of the genetic influence underlying DSM-IV personality disorders is not shared with the domain constructs of the Big Five model of normative personality. Caution should be exercised in assuming that normative personality measures can serve as proxies for DSM personality disorders when investigating the etiology of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Czajkowski
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven H. Aggen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA. USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA. USA
| | | | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA. USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA. USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA. USA
| | - Michael C. Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA. USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA. USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA. USA
| | - Gun Peggy Knudsen
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nathan Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA. USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA. USA
| | - Espen Røysamb
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Tambs
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo
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20
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Vassend O, Røysamb E, Nielsen CS, Czajkowski NO. Fatigue symptoms in relation to neuroticism, anxiety-depression, and musculoskeletal pain. A longitudinal twin study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198594. [PMID: 29879175 PMCID: PMC5991664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nature of the relationship between fatigue and its risk factors is poorly understood. In the present study the genetic and environmental association between anxiety-depression, musculoskeletal (MS) pain and fatigue was examined, and the role of neuroticism as a shared risk factor that may possibly explain the co-occurrence between these phenotypes was investigated in a combined cross-sectional and longitudinal twin design. METHODS The sample consisted of 746 monozygotic (MZ) and 770 dizygotic (DZ) twins in the age group of 50-65 (mean = 57.11 years, SD = 4.5). Continuous measures of fatigue symptoms and the other phenotypes were employed. Using Cholesky modeling, genetic and environmental influences on the phenotypes, and the associations among them, were determined. Analyses were performed using measures of neuroticism obtained concurrently and 13-19 years earlier. RESULTS Results from multiple regression analyses showed that neuroticism, anxiety-depression symptoms, and MS pain were all significantly associated with fatigue, controlling for sex, education, and general health indices. The best-fitting biometric models included additive genetic and individual-specific environmental effects. Heritabilities in the 0.40-0.53 range were demonstrated. Furthermore, while there was a considerable overlap in genetic risk factors between the four phenotypes, a substantial proportion of the genetic risk shared between anxiety-depression and fatigue, and between MS pain and fatigue, was independent of neuroticism. CONCLUSION Evidence for a common underlying susceptibility to report fatigue symptoms, genetically linked to neuroticism, anxiety-depression, and MS pain, was found. Both unique and pleiotropic effects appear to be involved in the genetic architecture of the phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav Vassend
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Røysamb
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher Sivert Nielsen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pain Management and Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nikolai Olavi Czajkowski
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental disorders often have onset early in life, contribute substantially to the global disease burden, and may interfere with young people's ability to complete age-relevant tasks in important developmental periods. However, knowledge about prevalence and course of mental disorders in young adulthood is sparse. The aim of the current study was to estimate prevalence and stability of mental disorders from the twenties to the thirties/forties. METHODS DSM-IV mental disorders were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview in two waves (1999-2004 and 2010-2011) in 1623 young adult Norwegian twins (63.2% women, aged 19-29 years in wave 1). RESULTS In wave 1, the 12-month prevalence of any mental disorder among people in the twenties was 19.8% (men) and 32.4% (women), anxiety disorders: 9.6% (men) and 26.7% (women), anxiety disorders excluding specific phobias: 2.5% (men) and 6.9% (women), major depressive disorder (MDD): 4.4% (men) and 7.2% (women), and alcohol use disorder (AUD): 8.7% (men) and 4.4% (women). The prevalence of any mental disorder decreased from the twenties to the thirties/forties. This was due to a decrease in AUD and specific phobias. Anxiety disorders in the twenties predicted anxiety disorders and MDD ten years later, even when controlling for the association between these disorders in the twenties. MDD in the twenties predicted MDD ten years later. At both ages, two-week and 12-month prevalence estimates differed markedly for MDD - indicating an episodic course. CONCLUSIONS Common mental disorders are highly prevalent among young adults in the twenties, and somewhat less prevalent in the thirties/forties. Those who suffer from one mental disorder in the twenties are at considerably increased risk for suffering from a disorder ten years later as well. This may have significant implications for young people's ability to attain education, establish a family, and participate in occupational life.
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Rosenström T, Torvik FA, Ystrom E, Czajkowski NO, Gillespie NA, Aggen SH, Krueger RF, Kendler KS, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. Prediction of alcohol use disorder using personality disorder traits: a twin study. Addiction 2018; 113:15-24. [PMID: 28734091 PMCID: PMC5725242 DOI: 10.1111/add.13951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The DSM-IV personality disorders (PDs) are comorbid with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and with each other. It remains unclear which PD criteria are most likely to drive onset and recurrence of AUD and which are merely confounded with those criteria. We determine which individual PD criteria predict AUD and the degree of underlying genetic and/or environmental aetiology. DESIGN A prospective observational twin study. SETTING Norway 1999-2011. PARTICIPANTS A total of 2528 and 2275 Norwegian adult twins in waves 1 and 2 variable-selection analyses, and 2785 in biometric analyses. MEASUREMENTS DSM-IV PDs and their 80 criteria were assessed using a structured personal interview, and AUD using the World Health Organization's Composite International Diagnostic Interview. FINDINGS In a variable-selection analysis, two PD criteria were associated with AUD even after taking all the other criteria into account: criterion 8 of antisocial PD (childhood conduct disorder) and criterion 4 of borderline PD (self-damaging impulsive behaviours). Adjusting for each other, their respective odds ratios were 3.4 [confidence interval (CI) = 2.1-5.4] and 5.0 (CI = 3.3-7.7). Endorsement strength of the criteria was associated with AUD in a dose-response manner and they explained 5.5% of variation in AUD risk-more than the full diagnoses of antisocial and borderline PDs together (0.5%). The association between borderline criterion 4 and AUD 10 years later derived mainly from their overlapping genetic factors, whereas the association between antisocial criterion 8 and AUD 10 years later was due to both genetic and non-genetic factors. CONCLUSIONS Conduct disorder and self-harming impulsivity are the foremost risk traits for alcohol use disorder among the 80 personality disorder criteria of DSM-IV, predicting alcohol use disorder more effectively than personality disorder diagnoses. The twin-study analysis suggested that conduct disorder represents a joint genetic and developmental risk for alcohol use disorder and that impulsivity is a genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Rosenström
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway,Correspondence:
| | - Fartein Ask Torvik
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway,PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Nikolai Olavi Czajkowski
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Nathan A. Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Steven H. Aggen
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Deparment of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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23
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Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Krueger RF, Ystrom E, Torvik FA, Rosenström TH, Aggen SH, South SC, Neale MC, Knudsen GP, Kendler KS, Czajkowski NO. Do DSM-5 Section II personality disorders and Section III personality trait domains reflect the same genetic and environmental risk factors? Psychol Med 2017; 47:2205-2215. [PMID: 28414014 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717000824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DSM-5 includes two conceptualizations of personality disorders (PDs). The classification in Section II is identical to the one found in DSM-IV, and includes 10 categorical PDs. The Alternative Model (Section III) includes criteria for dimensional measures of maladaptive personality traits organized into five domains. The degree to which the two conceptualizations reflect the same etiological factors is not known. METHODS We use data from a large population-based sample of adult twins from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel on interview-based DSM-IV PDs and a short self-report inventory that indexes the five domains of the DSM-5 Alternative Model plus a domain explicitly targeting compulsivity. Schizotypal, Paranoid, Antisocial, Borderline, Avoidant, and Obsessive-compulsive PDs were assessed at the same time as the maladaptive personality traits and 10 years previously. Schizoid, Histrionic, Narcissistic, and Dependent PDs were only assessed at the first interview. Biometric models were used to estimate overlap in genetic and environmental risk factors. RESULTS When measured concurrently, there was 100% genetic overlap between the maladaptive trait domains and Paranoid, Schizotypal, Antisocial, Borderline, and Avoidant PDs. For OCPD, 43% of the genetic variance was shared with the domains. Genetic correlations between the individual domains and PDs ranged from +0.21 to +0.91. CONCLUSION The pathological personality trait domains, which are part of the Alternative Model for classification of PDs in DSM-5 Section III, appears to tap, at an aggregate level, the same genetic risk factors as the DSM-5 Section II classification for most of the PDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R F Krueger
- Department of Psychology,University of Minnesota,Minneapolis,MN,USA
| | - E Ystrom
- Department of Mental Disorders,Norwegian Institute of Public Health,Oslo,Norway
| | - F A Torvik
- Department of Mental Disorders,Norwegian Institute of Public Health,Oslo,Norway
| | - T H Rosenström
- Department of Mental Disorders,Norwegian Institute of Public Health,Oslo,Norway
| | - S H Aggen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics,Richmond,VA,USA
| | - S C South
- Department of Psychological Sciences,Purdue University,IN,USA
| | - M C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics,Richmond,VA,USA
| | - G P Knudsen
- Department of Mental Disorders,Norwegian Institute of Public Health,Oslo,Norway
| | - K S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics,Richmond,VA,USA
| | - N O Czajkowski
- Department of Mental Disorders,Norwegian Institute of Public Health,Oslo,Norway
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24
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Torvik FA, Rosenström TH, Ystrom E, Tambs K, Røysamb E, Czajkowski N, Gillespie N, Knudsen GP, Kendler KS, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. Stability and change in etiological factors for alcohol use disorder and major depression. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 126:812-822. [PMID: 28541064 PMCID: PMC5546937 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are often comorbid. It is not understood how genetic risk factors for these disorders relate to each other over time and to what degree they are stable. Age-dependent characteristics of the disorders indicate that different genetic factors could be relevant at different stages of life, and MDD may become increasingly correlated with AUD over time. DSM-IV diagnoses of AUD and MDD were assessed by interviews of 2,801 young adult twins between 1999 and 2004 (T1) and 2,284 of the same twins between 2010 and 2011 (T2). Stability, change, and covariation were investigated in longitudinal biometric models. New genetic factors explained 56.4% of the genetic variance in AUD at T2. For MDD, there was full overlap between genetic influences at T1 and T2. Genetic risk factors for MDD were related to AUD, but their association with AUD did not increase over time. Thus, genetic risk factors for AUD, but not MDD, vary with age, suggesting that AUD has age-dependent heritable etiologies. Molecular genetic studies of AUD may therefore benefit from stratifying by age. The new genetic factors in AUD were not related to MDD. Environmental influences on the 2 disorders were correlated in middle, but not in young adulthood. The environmental components for AUD correlated over time (r = .27), but not for MDD. Environmental influences on AUD can have long-lasting effects, and the effects of preventive efforts may be enduring. Environment influences seem to be largely transient. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eivind Ystrom
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health
| | - Kristian Tambs
- Department of Aging and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health
| | - Espen Røysamb
- Department of Child Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health
| | | | - Nathan Gillespie
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatry and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth Universit
| | - Gun Peggy Knudsen
- Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatry and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
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25
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Long EC, Aggen SH, Neale MC, Knudsen GP, Krueger RF, South SC, Czajkowski N, Nesvåg R, Ystrom E, Torvik FA, Kendler KS, Gillespie NA, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. The association between personality disorders with alcohol use and misuse: A population-based twin study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 174:171-180. [PMID: 28334662 PMCID: PMC5497569 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A clearer understanding of the etiological overlap between DSM-IV personality disorders (PDs) and alcohol use (AU) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) is needed. To our knowledge, no study has modeled the association between all 10 DSM-IV PDs and lifetime AU and AUD. The aim of the present study is to identify which PDs are most strongly associated with the phenotypic, genetic, and environmental risks of lifetime AU and AUD, and to determine if these associations are stable across time. METHODS Participants were Norwegian twins assessed at two waves. At Wave 1, 2801 twins were assessed for all 10 DSM-IV PD criteria, lifetime AU, and DSM-IV AUD criteria. At Wave 2, six of the 10 PDs were again assessed along with AU and AUD among 2393 twins. Univariate and multiple logistic regressions were run. Significant predictors were further analyzed using bivariate twin Cholesky decompositions. RESULTS Borderline and antisocial PD criteria were the strongest predictors of AU and AUD across the two waves. Despite moderate phenotypic and genetic correlations, genetic variation in these PD criteria explained only 4% and 3% of the risks in AU, and 5% to 10% of the risks in AUD criteria, respectively. At Wave 2, these estimates increased to 8% and 23% for AU, and 17% and 33% for AUD. CONCLUSIONS Among a large Norwegian twin sample, borderline and antisocial PD criteria were the strongest predictors of the phenotypic and genotypic liability to AU and AUD. This effect remained consistent across time.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Long
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - S H Aggen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - M C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - G P Knudsen
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - R F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - S C South
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, IN, USA
| | - N Czajkowski
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - R Nesvåg
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - E Ystrom
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - F A Torvik
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - K S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - N A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - T Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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26
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Generali E, Ceribelli A, Stazi MA, Selmi C. Lessons learned from twins in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. J Autoimmun 2017; 83:51-61. [PMID: 28431796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity and chronic inflammation recognize numerous shared factors and, as a result, the resulting diseases frequently coexist in the same patients or respond to the same treatments. Among the convenient truths of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, there is now agreement that these are complex conditions in which the individual genetic predisposition provides a rate of heritability. The concordance rates in monozygotic and dizygotic twins allows to estimate the weight of the environment in determining disease susceptibility, despite recent data supporting that only a minority of immune markers depend on hereditary factors. Concordance rates in monozygotic and dizygotic twins should be evaluated over an observation period to minimize the risk of false negatives and this is well represented by type I diabetes mellitus. Further, concordance rates in monozygotic twins should be compared to those in dizygotic twins, which share 50% of their genes, as in regular siblings, but also young-age environmental factors. Twin studies have been extensively performed in several autoimmune conditions and cumulatively suggest that some diseases, i.e. celiac disease and psoriasis, are highly genetically determined, while rheumatoid arthritis or systemic sclerosis have a limited role for genetics. These observations are necessary to interpret data gathered by genome-wide association studies of polymorphisms and DNA methylation in MZ twins. New high-throughput technological platforms are awaited to provide new insights into the mechanisms of disease discordance in twins beyond strong associations such as those with HLA alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Generali
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Ceribelli
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Stazi
- Italian Twin Registry, Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Selmi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; BIOMETRA Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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27
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Kendler KS, Aggen SH, Gillespie N, Neale MC, Knudsen GP, Krueger RF, Czajkowski N, Ystrom E, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. The Genetic and Environmental Sources of Resemblance Between Normative Personality and Personality Disorder Traits. J Pers Disord 2017; 31:193-207. [PMID: 27322578 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2016_30_251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has suggested a high level of congruence between normative personality, most typically represented by the "big five" factors, and abnormal personality traits. In 2,293 Norwegian adult twins ascertained from a population-based registry, the authors evaluated the degree of sharing of genetic and environmental influences on normative personality, assessed by the Big Five Inventory (BFI), and personality disorder traits (PDTs), assessed by the Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Norwegian Brief Form (PID-5-NBF). For four of the five BFI dimensions, the strongest genetic correlation was observed with the expected PID-5-NBF dimension (e.g., neuroticism with negative affectivity [+], conscientiousness with disinhibition [-]). However, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and agreeableness had substantial genetic correlations with other PID-5-NBF dimensions (e.g., neuroticism with compulsivity [+], agreeableness with detachment [-]). Openness had no substantial genetic correlations with any PID-5-NBF dimension. The proportion of genetic risk factors shared in aggregate between the BFI traits and the PID-5-NBF dimensions was quite high for conscientiousness and neuroticism, relatively robust for extraversion and agreeableness, but quite low for openness. Of the six PID-5-NBF dimensions, three (negative affectivity, detachment, and disinhibition) shared, in aggregate, most of their genetic risk factors with normative personality traits. Genetic factors underlying psychoticism, antagonism, and compulsivity were shared to a lesser extent, suggesting that they are influenced by etiological factors not well indexed by the BFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - S H Aggen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Nathan Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - M C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - G P Knudsen
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - R F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Nikolai Czajkowski
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - T Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo
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28
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The Concordance and Heritability of Type 2 Diabetes in 34,166 Twin Pairs From International Twin Registers: The Discordant Twin (DISCOTWIN) Consortium. Twin Res Hum Genet 2016; 18:762-71. [PMID: 26678054 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2015.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Twin pairs discordant for disease may help elucidate the epigenetic mechanisms and causal environmental factors in disease development and progression. To obtain the numbers of pairs, especially monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs, necessary for in-depth studies while also allowing for replication, twin studies worldwide need to pool their resources. The Discordant Twin (DISCOTWIN) consortium was established for this goal. Here, we describe the DISCOTWIN Consortium and present an analysis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) data in nearly 35,000 twin pairs. Seven twin cohorts from Europe (Denmark, Finland, Norway, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) and one from Australia investigated the rate of discordance for T2D in same-sex twin pairs aged 45 years and older. Data were available for 34,166 same-sex twin pairs, of which 13,970 were MZ, with T2D diagnosis based on self-reported diagnosis and medication use, fasting glucose and insulin measures, or medical records. The prevalence of T2D ranged from 2.6% to 12.3% across the cohorts depending on age, body mass index (BMI), and national diabetes prevalence. T2D discordance rate was lower for MZ (5.1%, range 2.9-11.2%) than for same-sex dizygotic (DZ) (8.0%, range 4.9-13.5%) pairs. Across DISCOTWIN, 720 discordant MZ pairs were identified. Except for the oldest of the Danish cohorts (mean age 79), heritability estimates based on contingency tables were moderate to high (0.47-0.77). From a meta-analysis of all data, the heritability was estimated at 72% (95% confidence interval 61-78%). This study demonstrated high T2D prevalence and high heritability for T2D liability across twin cohorts. Therefore, the number of discordant MZ pairs for T2D is limited. By combining national resources, the DISCOTWIN Consortium maximizes the number of discordant MZ pairs needed for in-depth genotyping, multi-omics, and phenotyping studies, which may provide unique insights into the pathways linking genes to the development of many diseases.
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29
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Abstract
Twin studies are a special type of epidemiological studies designed to measure the contribution of genetics as opposed to the environment, to a given trait. Despite the facts that the classical twin studies are still being guided by assumptions made back in the 1920s and that the inherent limitation lies in the study design itself, the results suggested by earlier twin studies have often been confirmed by molecular genetic studies later. Use of twin registries and various innovative yet complex software packages such as the (SAS) and their extensions (e.g., SAS PROC GENMOD and SAS PROC PHREG) has increased the potential of this epidemiological tool toward contributing significantly to the field of genetics and other life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisha Sahu
- Department of Community Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Josyula G Prasuna
- Department of Community Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
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30
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Welander-Vatn A, Ystrom E, Tambs K, Neale MC, Kendler KS, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Knudsen GP. The relationship between anxiety disorders and dimensional representations of DSM-IV personality disorders: A co-twin control study. J Affect Disord 2016; 190:349-356. [PMID: 26544619 PMCID: PMC4684968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is substantial comorbidity between personality disorders (PDs) and anxiety disorders (ADs). Sharing of familial risk factors possibly explains the co-occurrence, but direct causal relationships between the disorders may also exist. METHODS 2801 persons from 1391 twin pairs from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel were assessed for all DSM-IV PDs and ADs. Bivariate Poisson-regression analyses were performed to assess whether PDs predicted ADs at three different levels: All PDs combined, PDs combined within DSM-IV-clusters and each individual PD separately. Next, bivariate co-twin control analyses were executed within monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs. A similar analytic strategy was employed in multivariate models including PDs as independent variables. RESULTS PDs predicted ADs at all levels of analysis in bivariate regression models. Bivariate co-twin control analyses demonstrated an increased risk of ADs in all PDs combined, all PD-clusters and in schizotypal, paranoid, borderline, antisocial, avoidant and dependent PD. In the multivariate regression model, all PD-clusters and schizotypal, borderline, avoidant and obsessive-compulsive PD predicted ADs. Only borderline and avoidant PD predicted ADs in the multivariate co-twin control analysis. LIMITATIONS Over-adjustment may explain the results from the multivariate analyses. The cross-sectional study design hampers causal inference. CONCLUSIONS Comorbidity between ADs and PDs can be largely accounted for by shared familial risk factors. However, the results are also consistent with a direct causal relationship partly explaining the co-occurrence. Our results indicate specific environmental factors for comorbidity of ADs and borderline and avoidant PDs that are not shared with other PDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Welander-Vatn
- Department of Genetics, Environment and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - E Ystrom
- Department of Genetics, Environment and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - K Tambs
- Department of Genetics, Environment and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - M C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - K S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - T Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Genetics, Environment and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - G P Knudsen
- Department of Genetics, Environment and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
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31
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Gjerde LC, Czajkowski N, Røysamb E, Ystrom E, Tambs K, Aggen SH, Ørstavik RE, Kendler KS, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Knudsen GP. A longitudinal, population-based twin study of avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder traits from early to middle adulthood. Psychol Med 2015; 45:3539-3548. [PMID: 26273730 PMCID: PMC4623996 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715001440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phenotypic stability of avoidant personality disorder (AVPD) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) has previously been found to be moderate. However, little is known about the longitudinal structure of genetic and environmental factors for these disorders separately and jointly, and to what extent genetic and environmental factors contribute to their stability. METHOD AVPD and OCPD criteria were assessed using the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality in 2793 young adult twins (1385 pairs, 23 singletons) from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel at wave 1 and 2282 (986 pairs, 310 singletons) of these on average 10 years later at wave 2. Longitudinal biometric models were fitted to AVPD and OCPD traits. RESULTS For twins who participated at both time-points, the number of endorsed sub-threshold criteria for both personality disorders (PDs) decreased 31% from wave 1 to wave 2. Phenotypic correlations between waves were 0.54 and 0.37 for AVPD and OCPD, respectively. The heritability estimates of the stable PD liabilities were 0.67 for AVPD and 0.53 for OCPD. The genetic correlations were 1.00 for AVPD and 0.72 for OCPD, while the unique environmental influences correlated 0.26 and 0.23, respectively. The correlation between the stable AVPD and OCPD liabilities was 0.39 of which 63% was attributable to genetic influences. Shared environmental factors did not significantly contribute to PD variance at either waves 1 or 2. CONCLUSION Phenotypic stability was moderate for AVPD and OCPD traits, and genetic factors contributed more than unique environmental factors to the stability both within and across phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. C. Gjerde
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - N. Czajkowski
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - E. Røysamb
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - E. Ystrom
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - K. Tambs
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - S. H. Aggen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - R. E. Ørstavik
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - K. S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - T. Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - G. P. Knudsen
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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The CODATwins Project: The Cohort Description of Collaborative Project of Development of Anthropometrical Measures in Twins to Study Macro-Environmental Variation in Genetic and Environmental Effects on Anthropometric Traits. Twin Res Hum Genet 2015; 18:348-60. [PMID: 26014041 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2015.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For over 100 years, the genetics of human anthropometric traits has attracted scientific interest. In particular, height and body mass index (BMI, calculated as kg/m2) have been under intensive genetic research. However, it is still largely unknown whether and how heritability estimates vary between human populations. Opportunities to address this question have increased recently because of the establishment of many new twin cohorts and the increasing accumulation of data in established twin cohorts. We started a new research project to analyze systematically (1) the variation of heritability estimates of height, BMI and their trajectories over the life course between birth cohorts, ethnicities and countries, and (2) to study the effects of birth-related factors, education and smoking on these anthropometric traits and whether these effects vary between twin cohorts. We identified 67 twin projects, including both monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins, using various sources. We asked for individual level data on height and weight including repeated measurements, birth related traits, background variables, education and smoking. By the end of 2014, 48 projects participated. Together, we have 893,458 height and weight measures (52% females) from 434,723 twin individuals, including 201,192 complete twin pairs (40% monozygotic, 40% same-sex dizygotic and 20% opposite-sex dizygotic) representing 22 countries. This project demonstrates that large-scale international twin studies are feasible and can promote the use of existing data for novel research purposes.
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Kendler KS, Aggen SH, Neale MC, Knudsen GP, Krueger RF, Tambs K, Czajkowski N, Ystrom E, Ørstavik RE, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. A longitudinal twin study of cluster A personality disorders. Psychol Med 2015; 45:1531-1538. [PMID: 25394477 PMCID: PMC4380542 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714002669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While cluster A personality disorders (PDs) have been shown to be moderately heritable, we know little about the temporal stability of these genetic risk factors. METHOD Paranoid PD (PPD) and schizotypal PD (STPD) were assessed using the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality in 2793 young adult twins from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel at wave 1 and 2282 twins on average 10 years later at wave 2. Using the program Mx, we fitted a longitudinal latent factor model using the number of endorsed criteria for PPD and STPD. RESULTS The stability over time of the criteria counts for PPD and STPD, estimated as polychoric correlations, were +0.34 and +0.40, respectively. The best-fit longitudinal model included only additive genetic and individual-specific environmental factors with parameter estimates constrained to equality across the two waves. The cross-wave genetic and individual-specific environmental correlations for a latent cluster A factor were estimated to equal +1.00 and +0.13, respectively. The cross-time correlations for genetic and environmental effects specific to the individual PDs were estimated at +1.00 and +0.16-0.20, respectively. We found that 68% and 71% of the temporal stability of PPD and STPD derived, respectively, from the effect of genetic factors. CONCLUSION Shared genetic risk factors for two of the cluster A PDs are highly stable in adults over a 10-year period while environmental risk factors are relatively transient. Over two-thirds of the long-term stability of the common cluster A PD liability can be attributed to genetic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - S. H. Aggen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - M. C. Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - G. P. Knudsen
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - R. F. Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - K. Tambs
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - N. Czajkowski
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - E. Ystrom
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - R. E. Ørstavik
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - T. Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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