1
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Jensen M, Liu S, Stepula E, Martella D, Birjandi AA, Farrell‐Dillon K, Chan KLA, Parsons M, Chiappini C, Chapple SJ, Mann GE, Vercauteren T, Abbate V, Bergholt MS. Opto-Lipidomics of Tissues. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2302962. [PMID: 38145965 PMCID: PMC11005704 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism and signaling play pivotal functions in biology and disease development. Despite this, currently available optical techniques are limited in their ability to directly visualize the lipidome in tissues. In this study, opto-lipidomics, a new approach to optical molecular tissue imaging is introduced. The capability of vibrational Raman spectroscopy is expanded to identify individual lipids in complex tissue matrices through correlation with desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) - mass spectrometry (MS) imaging in an integrated instrument. A computational pipeline of inter-modality analysis is established to infer lipidomic information from optical vibrational spectra. Opto-lipidomic imaging of transient cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in a murine model of ischemic stroke demonstrates the visualization and identification of lipids in disease with high molecular specificity using Raman scattered light. Furthermore, opto-lipidomics in a handheld fiber-optic Raman probe is deployed and demonstrates real-time classification of bulk brain tissues based on specific lipid abundances. Opto-lipidomics opens a host of new opportunities to study lipid biomarkers for diagnostics, prognostics, and novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Jensen
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Shiyue Liu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9NHUK
| | - Elzbieta Stepula
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Davide Martella
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Anahid A. Birjandi
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Keith Farrell‐Dillon
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research ExcellenceSchool of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & SciencesFaculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College London150 Stamford StreetLondonSE1 9NHUK
| | | | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing's College LondonLondonSE1 1ULUK
| | - Ciro Chiappini
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Sarah J. Chapple
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9NHUK
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research ExcellenceSchool of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & SciencesFaculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College London150 Stamford StreetLondonSE1 9NHUK
| | - Giovanni E. Mann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9NHUK
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research ExcellenceSchool of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & SciencesFaculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College London150 Stamford StreetLondonSE1 9NHUK
| | - Tom Vercauteren
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging SciencesKing's College LondonLondonWC2R 2LSUK
| | - Vincenzo Abbate
- Department of AnalyticalEnvironmental and Forensic SciencesKing's College London150 Stamford StreetLondonSE1 9NHUK
| | - Mads S. Bergholt
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing's College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
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2
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Belsey NA, Dexter A, Vorng JL, Tsikritsis D, Nikula CJ, Murta T, Tiddia MV, Zhang J, Gurdak E, Trindade GF, Gilmore IS, Page L, Roper CS, Guy RH, Bettex MB. Visualisation of drug distribution in skin using correlative optical spectroscopy and mass spectrometry imaging. J Control Release 2023; 364:79-89. [PMID: 37858627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
A correlative methodology for label-free chemical imaging of soft tissue has been developed, combining non-linear optical spectroscopies and mass spectrometry to achieve sub-micron spatial resolution and critically improved drug detection sensitivity. The approach was applied to visualise the kinetics of drug reservoir formation within human skin following in vitro topical treatment with a commercial diclofenac gel. Non-destructive optical spectroscopic techniques, namely stimulated Raman scattering, second harmonic generation and two photon fluorescence microscopies, were used to provide chemical and structural contrast. The same tissue sections were subsequently analysed by secondary ion mass spectrometry, which offered higher sensitivity for diclofenac detection throughout the epidermis and dermis. A method was developed to combine the optical and mass spectrometric datasets using image registration techniques. The label-free, high-resolution visualisation of tissue structure coupled with sensitive chemical detection offers a powerful method for drug biodistribution studies in the skin that impact directly on topical pharmaceutical product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Belsey
- Chemical & Biological Sciences Department, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Alex Dexter
- Chemical & Biological Sciences Department, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Jean-Luc Vorng
- Chemical & Biological Sciences Department, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Dimitrios Tsikritsis
- Chemical & Biological Sciences Department, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Chelsea J Nikula
- Chemical & Biological Sciences Department, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Teresa Murta
- Chemical & Biological Sciences Department, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Maria-Vitalia Tiddia
- Chemical & Biological Sciences Department, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Junting Zhang
- Chemical & Biological Sciences Department, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Elzbieta Gurdak
- Chemical & Biological Sciences Department, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Gustavo F Trindade
- Chemical & Biological Sciences Department, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Ian S Gilmore
- Chemical & Biological Sciences Department, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Leanne Page
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd, Tranent, East Lothian EH33 2NE, UK
| | - Clive S Roper
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd, Tranent, East Lothian EH33 2NE, UK; Roper Toxicology Consulting Limited, Edinburgh EH3 6AD, UK
| | - Richard H Guy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Mila Boncheva Bettex
- Haleon CH SARL, Route de l'Etraz 2, Case postale 1279, 1260 Nyon 1, Switzerland.
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3
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Yang E, Kim JH, Tressler CM, Shen XE, Brown DR, Johnson CC, Hahm TH, Barman I, Glunde K. RaMALDI: Enabling simultaneous Raman and MALDI imaging of the same tissue section. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 239:115597. [PMID: 37597501 PMCID: PMC10544780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal tissue imaging techniques that integrate two complementary modalities are powerful discovery tools for unraveling biological processes and identifying biomarkers of disease. Combining Raman spectroscopic imaging (RSI) and matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to obtain fused images with the advantages of both modalities has the potential of providing spatially resolved, sensitive, specific biomolecular information, but has so far involved two separate sample preparations, or even consecutive tissue sections for RSI and MALDI MSI, resulting in images with inherent disparities. We have developed RaMALDI, a streamlined, integrated, multimodal imaging workflow of RSI and MALDI MSI, performed on a single tissue section with one sample preparation protocol. We show that RaMALDI imaging of various tissues effectively integrates molecular information acquired from both RSI and MALDI MSI of the same sample, which will drive discoveries in cell biology, biomedicine, and pathology, and advance tissue diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Yang
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Jeong Hee Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Caitlin M Tressler
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Xinyi Elaine Shen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Dalton R Brown
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Cole C Johnson
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Tae-Hun Hahm
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Ishan Barman
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Kristine Glunde
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA; Departments of Oncology and Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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4
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Chen X, Shu W, Zhao L, Wan J. Advanced mass spectrometric and spectroscopic methods coupled with machine learning for in vitro diagnosis. VIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20220038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Weikang Shu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Liang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Jingjing Wan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai China
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5
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A Review on Data Fusion of Multidimensional Medical and Biomedical Data. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217448. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Data fusion aims to provide a more accurate description of a sample than any one source of data alone. At the same time, data fusion minimizes the uncertainty of the results by combining data from multiple sources. Both aim to improve the characterization of samples and might improve clinical diagnosis and prognosis. In this paper, we present an overview of the advances achieved over the last decades in data fusion approaches in the context of the medical and biomedical fields. We collected approaches for interpreting multiple sources of data in different combinations: image to image, image to biomarker, spectra to image, spectra to spectra, spectra to biomarker, and others. We found that the most prevalent combination is the image-to-image fusion and that most data fusion approaches were applied together with deep learning or machine learning methods.
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6
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Müller WH, Verdin A, De Pauw E, Malherbe C, Eppe G. Surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging: A review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:373-420. [PMID: 33174287 PMCID: PMC9292874 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) has attracted increasing interest due to its unique capabilities, achievable through the nanostructured substrates used to promote the analyte desorption/ionization. While the most widely recognized asset of SALDI-MS is the untargeted analysis of small molecules, this technique also offers the possibility of targeted approaches. In particular, the implementation of SALDI-MS imaging (SALDI-MSI), which is the focus of this review, opens up new opportunities. After a brief discussion of the nomenclature and the fundamental mechanisms associated with this technique, which are still highly controversial, the analytical strategies to perform SALDI-MSI are extensively discussed. Emphasis is placed on the sample preparation but also on the selection of the nanosubstrate (in terms of chemical composition and morphology) as well as its functionalization possibilities for the selective analysis of specific compounds in targeted approaches. Subsequently, some selected applications of SALDI-MSI in various fields (i.e., biomedical, biological, environmental, and forensic) are presented. The strengths and the remaining limitations of SALDI-MSI are finally summarized in the conclusion and some perspectives of this technique, which has a bright future, are proposed in this section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy H. Müller
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Alexandre Verdin
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Cedric Malherbe
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
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7
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Iakab SA, Baquer G, Lafuente M, Pina MP, Ramírez JL, Ràfols P, Correig-Blanchar X, García-Altares M. SALDI-MS and SERS Multimodal Imaging: One Nanostructured Substrate to Rule Them Both. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2785-2793. [PMID: 35102738 PMCID: PMC8851428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Imaging techniques
based on mass spectrometry or spectroscopy methods
inform in situ about the chemical composition of
biological tissues or organisms, but they are sometimes limited by
their specificity, sensitivity, or spatial resolution. Multimodal
imaging addresses these limitations by combining several imaging modalities;
however, measuring the same sample with the same preparation using
multiple imaging techniques is still uncommon due to the incompatibility
between substrates, sample preparation protocols, and data formats.
We present a multimodal imaging approach that employs a gold-coated
nanostructured silicon substrate to couple surface-assisted laser
desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) and surface-enhanced
Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Our approach integrates both imaging modalities
by using the same substrate, sample preparation, and data analysis
software on the same sample, allowing the coregistration of both images.
We transferred molecules from clean fingertips and fingertips covered
with plasticine modeling clay onto our nanostructure and analyzed
their chemical composition and distribution by SALDI-MS and SERS.
Multimodal analysis located the traces of plasticine on fingermarks
and provided chemical information on the composition of the clay.
Our multimodal approach effectively combines the advantages of mass
spectrometry and vibrational spectroscopy with the signal enhancing
abilities of our nanostructured substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania-Alexandra Iakab
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona 43007, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Gerard Baquer
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Marta Lafuente
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.,Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnologías del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D+i, C/Mariano Esquillor s/n, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Maria Pilar Pina
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.,Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnologías del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D+i, C/Mariano Esquillor s/n, Zaragoza 50018, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - José Luis Ramírez
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Pere Ràfols
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona 43007, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Xavier Correig-Blanchar
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona 43007, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid 28029, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus 43204, Spain
| | - María García-Altares
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona 43007, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid 28029, Spain
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8
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Castellanos-Garcia LJ, Sikora KN, Doungchawee J, Vachet RW. LA-ICP-MS and MALDI-MS image registration for correlating nanomaterial biodistributions and their biochemical effects. Analyst 2021; 146:7720-7729. [PMID: 34821231 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01783g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) imaging and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) are complementary methods that measure distributions of elements and biomolecules in tissue sections. Quantitative correlations of the information provided by these two imaging modalities requires that the datasets be registered in the same coordinate system, allowing for pixel-by-pixel comparisons. We describe here a computational workflow written in Python that accomplishes this registration, even for adjacent tissue sections, with accuracies within ±50 μm. The value of this registration process is demonstrated by correlating images of tissue sections from mice injected with gold nanomaterial drug delivery systems. Quantitative correlations of the nanomaterial delivery vehicle, as detected by LA-ICP-MS imaging, with biochemical changes, as detected by MALDI-MSI, provide deeper insight into how nanomaterial delivery systems influence lipid biochemistry in tissues. Moreover, the registration process allows the more precise images associated with LA-ICP-MS imaging to be leveraged to achieve improved segmentation in MALDI-MS images, resulting in the identification of lipids that are most associated with different sub-organ regions in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristen N Sikora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Jeerapat Doungchawee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Richard W Vachet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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9
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Capturing the third dimension in drug discovery: Spatially-resolved tools for interrogation of complex 3D cell models. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 55:107883. [PMID: 34875362 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advanced three-dimensional (3D) cell models have proven to be capable of depicting architectural and microenvironmental features of several tissues. By providing data of higher physiological and pathophysiological relevance, 3D cell models have been contributing to a better understanding of human development, pathology onset and progression mechanisms, as well as for 3D cell-based assays for drug discovery. Nonetheless, the characterization and interrogation of these tissue-like structures pose major challenges on the conventional analytical methods, pushing the development of spatially-resolved technologies. Herein, we review recent advances and pioneering technologies suitable for the interrogation of multicellular 3D models, while capable of retaining biological spatial information. We focused on imaging technologies and omics tools, namely transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. The advantages and shortcomings of these novel methodologies are discussed, alongside the opportunities to intertwine data from the different tools.
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10
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Serain AF, Morosi L, Ceruti T, Matteo C, Meroni M, Minatel E, Zucchetti M, Salvador MJ. Betulinic acid and its spray dried microparticle formulation: In vitro PDT effect against ovarian carcinoma cell line and in vivo plasma and tumor disposition. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2021; 224:112328. [PMID: 34628206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The race against ovarian cancer continue to motivate the research worldwide. It is known that many antitumor drugs have limited penetration into solid tumor tissues due to its microenvironment, thus contributing to their low efficacy. Therapeutic modalities have been exploited to elicit antitumor effects based on microenvironment of tumor, including Photodynamic therapy (PDT). Prospection of natural small molecules and nanotechnology are important tools in the development of new ways of obtaining photoactive compounds that are biocompatible. The Betulinic acid (BA) has shown potential biological effect as bioactive drug, but it has low water solubility. Thus, in the present study, owing to the poor solubility of the BA, its free form (BAF) was compared to a spray dried microparticle betulinic acid/HP-β-CD formulation (BAC) aiming to assess the BAF and BAC efficacy as a photosensitizer in PDT for application in ovarian cancer. BAF and BAC were submitted to assays in the presence of LED (λ = 420 nm) under different conditions (2.75 J/cm2, 5.5 J/cm2, and 11 J/cm2) and in absence of irradiation, after 5 min or 4 h of contact with ovarian carcinoma cells (A2780) or fibroblast murine cells (3T3). Furthermore, HPLC-MS/MS and MALDI-MSI methods were developed and validated in plasma and tumor of mice proving suitable for in vivo studies. The results found a greater photoinduced cytotoxic effect for the BAC at low concentration for A2780 when irradiated with LED with similar results for fluorescence microscopy. The results motivate us to continue the studies with the BA as a potential antitumor bioactive compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra F Serain
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, PPG BTPB, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lavinia Morosi
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Ceruti
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Matteo
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Meroni
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Elaine Minatel
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Massimo Zucchetti
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Marcos J Salvador
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, PPG BTPB, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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11
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Yu S, Li X, Lu W, Li H, Fu YV, Liu F. Analysis of Raman Spectra by Using Deep Learning Methods in the Identification of Marine Pathogens. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11089-11098. [PMID: 34339167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The need for efficient and accurate identification of pathogens in seafood and the environment has become increasingly urgent, given the current global pandemic. Traditional methods are not only time consuming but also lead to sample wastage. Here, we have proposed two new methods that involve Raman spectroscopy combined with a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network and compared them with a method using a normal convolutional neural network (CNN). We used eight strains isolated from the marine organism Urechis unicinctus, including four kinds of pathogens. After the models were configured and trained, the LSTM methods that we proposed achieved average isolation-level accuracies exceeding 94%, not only meeting the requirement for identification but also indicating that the proposed methods were faster and more accurate than the normal CNN models. Finally, through a computational approach, we designed a loss function to explore the mechanism reflected by the Raman data, finding the Raman segments that most likely exhibited the characteristics of nucleic acids. These novel experimental results provide insights for developing additional deep learning methods to accurately analyze complex Raman data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, P. R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, P. R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Weilai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hanfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yu Vincent Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fanghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, P. R. China.,National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
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12
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Iakab SA, Ràfols P, Correig-Blanchar X, García-Altares M. Perspective on Multimodal Imaging Techniques Coupling Mass Spectrometry and Vibrational Spectroscopy: Picturing the Best of Both Worlds. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6301-6310. [PMID: 33856207 PMCID: PMC8491157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Studies
on complex biological phenomena often combine two or more
imaging techniques to collect high-quality comprehensive data directly in situ, preserving the biological context. Mass spectrometry
imaging (MSI) and vibrational spectroscopy imaging (VSI) complement
each other in terms of spatial resolution and molecular information.
In the past decade, several combinations of such multimodal strategies
arose in research fields as diverse as microbiology, cancer, and forensics,
overcoming many challenges toward the unification of these techniques.
Here we focus on presenting the advantages and challenges of multimodal
imaging from the point of view of studying biological samples as well
as giving a perspective on the upcoming trends regarding this topic.
The latest efforts in the field are discussed, highlighting the purpose
of the technique for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Alexandra Iakab
- Rovira i Virgili University, Department of Electronic Engineering, IISPV, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pere Ràfols
- Rovira i Virgili University, Department of Electronic Engineering, IISPV, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Correig-Blanchar
- Rovira i Virgili University, Department of Electronic Engineering, IISPV, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María García-Altares
- Rovira i Virgili University, Department of Electronic Engineering, IISPV, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Tuck M, Blanc L, Touti R, Patterson NH, Van Nuffel S, Villette S, Taveau JC, Römpp A, Brunelle A, Lecomte S, Desbenoit N. Multimodal Imaging Based on Vibrational Spectroscopies and Mass Spectrometry Imaging Applied to Biological Tissue: A Multiscale and Multiomics Review. Anal Chem 2020; 93:445-477. [PMID: 33253546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tuck
- Institut de Chimie & Biologie des Membranes & des Nano-objets, CBMN UMR 5248, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 1 Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Landry Blanc
- Institut de Chimie & Biologie des Membranes & des Nano-objets, CBMN UMR 5248, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 1 Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Rita Touti
- Institut de Chimie & Biologie des Membranes & des Nano-objets, CBMN UMR 5248, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 1 Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Nathan Heath Patterson
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8575, United States
| | - Sebastiaan Van Nuffel
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Sandrine Villette
- Institut de Chimie & Biologie des Membranes & des Nano-objets, CBMN UMR 5248, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 1 Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Taveau
- Institut de Chimie & Biologie des Membranes & des Nano-objets, CBMN UMR 5248, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 1 Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Andreas Römpp
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Food Analysis, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alain Brunelle
- Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale, LAMS UMR 8220, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Lecomte
- Institut de Chimie & Biologie des Membranes & des Nano-objets, CBMN UMR 5248, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 1 Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Nicolas Desbenoit
- Institut de Chimie & Biologie des Membranes & des Nano-objets, CBMN UMR 5248, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 1 Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33600 Pessac, France
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14
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Iakab SA, Sementé L, García-Altares M, Correig X, Ràfols P. Raman2imzML converts Raman imaging data into the standard mass spectrometry imaging format. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:448. [PMID: 33036551 PMCID: PMC7547406 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-03789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multimodal imaging that combines mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) with Raman imaging is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary analytical method used by a growing number of research groups. Computational tools that can visualize and aid the analysis of datasets by both techniques are in demand. RESULTS Raman2imzML was developed as an open-source converter that transforms Raman imaging data into imzML, a standardized common data format created and adopted by the mass spectrometry community. We successfully converted Raman datasets to imzML and visualized Raman images using open-source software designed for MSI applications. CONCLUSION Raman2imzML enables both MSI and Raman images to be visualized using the same file format and the same software for a straightforward exploratory imaging analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Alexandra Iakab
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluc Sementé
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - María García-Altares
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007, Tarragona, Spain. .,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Xavier Correig
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pere Ràfols
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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15
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Race AM, Rae A, Vorng JL, Havelund R, Dexter A, Kumar N, Steven RT, Passarelli MK, Tyler BJ, Bunch J, Gilmore IS. Correlative Hyperspectral Imaging Using a Dimensionality-Reduction-Based Image Fusion Method. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10979-10988. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Race
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Alasdair Rae
- Surface Technology Group, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Jean-Luc Vorng
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Rasmus Havelund
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Alex Dexter
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Surface Technology Group, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Rory T. Steven
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Melissa K. Passarelli
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Bonnie J. Tyler
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Josephine Bunch
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- ,The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, U.K
| | - Ian S. Gilmore
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K
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16
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Pradhan P, Guo S, Ryabchykov O, Popp J, Bocklitz TW. Deep learning a boon for biophotonics? JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960186. [PMID: 32167235 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review covers original articles using deep learning in the biophotonic field published in the last years. In these years deep learning, which is a subset of machine learning mostly based on artificial neural network geometries, was applied to a number of biophotonic tasks and has achieved state-of-the-art performances. Therefore, deep learning in the biophotonic field is rapidly growing and it will be utilized in the next years to obtain real-time biophotonic decision-making systems and to analyze biophotonic data in general. In this contribution, we discuss the possibilities of deep learning in the biophotonic field including image classification, segmentation, registration, pseudostaining and resolution enhancement. Additionally, we discuss the potential use of deep learning for spectroscopic data including spectral data preprocessing and spectral classification. We conclude this review by addressing the potential applications and challenges of using deep learning for biophotonic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranita Pradhan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Member of Leibniz Research Alliance 'Health Technologies', Jena, Germany
| | - Shuxia Guo
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Member of Leibniz Research Alliance 'Health Technologies', Jena, Germany
| | - Oleg Ryabchykov
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Member of Leibniz Research Alliance 'Health Technologies', Jena, Germany
| | - Juergen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Member of Leibniz Research Alliance 'Health Technologies', Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas W Bocklitz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Member of Leibniz Research Alliance 'Health Technologies', Jena, Germany
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17
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Liendl L, Grillari J, Schosserer M. Raman fingerprints as promising markers of cellular senescence and aging. GeroScience 2020; 42:377-387. [PMID: 30715693 PMCID: PMC7205846 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to our aging population, understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms constantly gains more and more importance. Senescent cells, defined by being irreversibly growth arrested and associated with a specific gene expression and secretory pattern, accumulate with age and thus contribute to several age-related diseases. However, their specific detection, especially in vivo, is still a major challenge. Raman microspectroscopy is able to record biochemical fingerprints of cells and tissues, allowing a distinction between different cellular states, or between healthy and cancer tissue. Similarly, Raman microspectroscopy was already successfully used to distinguish senescent from non-senescent cells, as well as to investigate other molecular changes that occur at cell and tissue level during aging. This review is intended to give an overview about various applications of Raman microspectroscopy to study aging, especially in the context of detecting senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Liendl
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Evercyte GmbH, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schosserer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Lasch P, Noda I. Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy (2D-COS) for Analysis of Spatially Resolved Vibrational Spectra. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 73:359-379. [PMID: 30488717 DOI: 10.1177/0003702818819880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The last two decades have seen tremendous progress in the application of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) as a versatile analysis method for data series obtained using a large variety of different spectroscopic modalities, including infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy. The analysis technique is applicable to a series of spectra recorded under the influence of an external sample perturbation. Two-dimensional COS analysis is not only helpful to decipher correlations, which may exist between distinct spectral features, but can also be utilized to obtain the sequence of individual spectral changes. The focus of this review article is on the application of 2D-COS for analyzing spatially resolved data with special emphasis on hyperspectral imaging (HSI) study. In this review, we briefly introduce the fundamentals of the generalized 2D-COS analysis approach, discuss specific points of 2D-COS application to spatially resolved spectra and demonstrate essential aspects of data pre-processing for 2D-COS analysis of spatially resolved spectra. Based on illustrative examples, we show that 2D-COS is useful for spectral band assignment in HSI applications and demonstrate its utility for detecting subtle correlations between spectra features, or between features from different imaging modalities in the case of heterospectral (multimodal) HSI. Furthermore, a short overview on existing 2D-COS software tools is provided. It is hoped that this article represents not only a useful guideline for 2D-COS analyses of spatially resolved hyperspectral data but supports also further dissemination of the 2D-COS analysis method as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lasch
- 1 Robert Koch-Institute, ZBS6-Proteomics and Spectroscopy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isao Noda
- 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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19
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Abstract
Abstract
This chapter is a short introduction into the data analysis pipeline, which is typically utilized to analyze Raman spectra. We empathized in the chapter that this data analysis pipeline must be tailored to the specific application of interest. Nevertheless, the tailored data analysis pipeline consists always of the same general procedures applied sequentially. The utilized procedures correct for artefacts, standardize the measured spectral data and translate the spectroscopic signals into higher level information. These computational procedures can be arranged into separate groups namely data pre-treatment, pre-processing and modeling. Thereby the pre-treatment aims to correct for non-sample-dependent artefacts, like cosmic spikes and contributions of the measurement device. The block of procedures, which needs to be applied next, is called pre-processing. This group consists of smoothing, baseline correction, normalization and dimension reduction. Thereafter, the analysis model is constructed and the performance of the models is evaluated. Every data analysis pipeline should be composed of procedures of these three groups and we describe every group in this chapter. After the description of data pre-treatment, pre-processing and modeling, we summarized trends in the analysis of Raman spectra namely model transfer approaches and data fusion. At the end of the chapter we tried to condense the whole chapter into guidelines for the analysis of Raman spectra.
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20
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Michno W, Wehrli PM, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Hanrieder J. Molecular imaging mass spectrometry for probing protein dynamics in neurodegenerative disease pathology. J Neurochem 2018; 151:488-506. [PMID: 30040875 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding of basic pathological mechanisms in various neurological diseases depend directly on the development of novel bioanalytical technologies that allow sensitive and specific chemical imaging at high resolution in cells and tissues. Mass spectrometry-based molecular imaging (IMS) has gained increasing popularity in biomedical research for mapping the spatial distribution of molecular species in situ. The technology allows for comprehensive, untargeted delineation of in situ distribution profiles of metabolites, lipids, peptides and proteins. A major advantage of IMS over conventional histochemical techniques is its superior molecular specificity. Imaging mass spectrometry has therefore great potential for probing molecular regulations in CNS-derived tissues and cells for understanding neurodegenerative disease mechanism. The goal of this review is to familiarize the reader with the experimental workflow, instrumental developments and methodological challenges as well as to give a concise overview of the major advances and recent developments and applications of IMS-based protein and peptide profiling with particular focus on neurodegenerative diseases. This article is part of the Special Issue "Proteomics".
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Michno
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Patrick M Wehrli
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Jörg Hanrieder
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Ryabchykov O, Popp J, Bocklitz T. Fusion of MALDI Spectrometric Imaging and Raman Spectroscopic Data for the Analysis of Biological Samples. Front Chem 2018; 6:257. [PMID: 30062092 PMCID: PMC6055053 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite of a large number of imaging techniques for the characterization of biological samples, no universal one has been reported yet. In this work, a data fusion approach was investigated for combining Raman spectroscopic data with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometric data. It betters the image analysis of biological samples because Raman and MALDI information can be complementary to each other. While MALDI spectrometry yields detailed information regarding the lipid content, Raman spectroscopy provides valuable information about the overall chemical composition of the sample. The combination of Raman spectroscopic and MALDI spectrometric imaging data helps distinguishing different regions within the sample with a higher precision than would be possible by using either technique. We demonstrate that a data weighting step within the data fusion is necessary to reveal additional spectral features. The selected weighting approach was evaluated by examining the proportions of variance within the data explained by the first principal components of a principal component analysis (PCA) and visualizing the PCA results for each data type and combined data. In summary, the presented data fusion approach provides a concrete guideline on how to combine Raman spectroscopic and MALDI spectrometric imaging data for biological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Ryabchykov
- Spectroscopy and Imaging Research Department, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Health Technology, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Juergen Popp
- Spectroscopy and Imaging Research Department, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Health Technology, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Bocklitz
- Spectroscopy and Imaging Research Department, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Health Technology, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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22
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Piqueras S, Bedia C, Beleites C, Krafft C, Popp J, Maeder M, Tauler R, de Juan A. Handling Different Spatial Resolutions in Image Fusion by Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares for Incomplete Image Multisets. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6757-6765. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Piqueras
- Chemometrics Group, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal, 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Claudia Beleites
- Chemometric Consulting and Chemometrix GmbH, Södeler Weg 19, 61200 Wölfersheim, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technologies, 07745 Jena Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technologies, 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Marcel Maeder
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | | | - Anna de Juan
- Chemometrics Group, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal, 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Bergholt MS, Serio A, McKenzie JS, Boyd A, Soares RF, Tillner J, Chiappini C, Wu V, Dannhorn A, Takats Z, Williams A, Stevens MM. Correlated Heterospectral Lipidomics for Biomolecular Profiling of Remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:39-51. [PMID: 29392175 PMCID: PMC5785772 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Analyzing lipid composition and distribution within the brain is important to study white matter pathologies that present focal demyelination lesions, such as multiple sclerosis. Some lesions can endogenously re-form myelin sheaths. Therapies aim to enhance this repair process in order to reduce neurodegeneration and disability progression in patients. In this context, a lipidomic analysis providing both precise molecular classification and well-defined localization is crucial to detect changes in myelin lipid content. Here we develop a correlated heterospectral lipidomic (HSL) approach based on coregistered Raman spectroscopy, desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS), and immunofluorescence imaging. We employ HSL to study the structural and compositional lipid profile of demyelination and remyelination in an induced focal demyelination mouse model and in multiple sclerosis lesions from patients ex vivo. Pixelwise coregistration of Raman spectroscopy and DESI-MS imaging generated a heterospectral map used to interrelate biomolecular structure and composition of myelin. Multivariate regression analysis enabled Raman-based assessment of highly specific lipid subtypes in complex tissue for the first time. This method revealed the temporal dynamics of remyelination and provided the first indication that newly formed myelin has a different lipid composition compared to normal myelin. HSL enables detailed molecular myelin characterization that can substantially improve upon the current understanding of remyelination in multiple sclerosis and provides a strategy to assess remyelination treatments in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads S. Bergholt
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Department
of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Serio
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Department
of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - James S. McKenzie
- Computational
and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Boyd
- MRC
Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Renata F. Soares
- Computational
and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jocelyn Tillner
- Computational
and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ciro Chiappini
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Department
of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Vincen Wu
- Computational
and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Dannhorn
- Computational
and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltan Takats
- Computational
and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
| | - Anna Williams
- MRC
Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Department
of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
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24
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Rabe JH, A Sammour D, Schulz S, Munteanu B, Ott M, Ochs K, Hohenberger P, Marx A, Platten M, Opitz CA, Ory DS, Hopf C. Fourier Transform Infrared Microscopy Enables Guidance of Automated Mass Spectrometry Imaging to Predefined Tissue Morphologies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:313. [PMID: 29321555 PMCID: PMC5762902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodal imaging combines complementary platforms for spatially resolved tissue analysis that are poised for application in life science and personalized medicine. Unlike established clinical in vivo multimodality imaging, automated workflows for in-depth multimodal molecular ex vivo tissue analysis that combine the speed and ease of spectroscopic imaging with molecular details provided by mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) are lagging behind. Here, we present an integrated approach that utilizes non-destructive Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MSI for analysing single-slide tissue specimen. We show that FTIR microscopy can automatically guide high-resolution MSI data acquisition and interpretation without requiring prior histopathological tissue annotation, thus circumventing potential human-annotation-bias while achieving >90% reductions of data load and acquisition time. We apply FTIR imaging as an upstream modality to improve accuracy of tissue-morphology detection and to retrieve diagnostic molecular signatures in an automated, unbiased and spatially aware manner. We show the general applicability of multimodal FTIR-guided MALDI-MSI by demonstrating precise tumor localization in mouse brain bearing glioma xenografts and in human primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Finally, the presented multimodal tissue analysis method allows for morphology-sensitive lipid signature retrieval from brains of mice suffering from lipidosis caused by Niemann-Pick type C disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Hinrich Rabe
- Center for Applied Research in Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Technology, Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Denis A Sammour
- Center for Applied Research in Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Technology, Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sandra Schulz
- Center for Applied Research in Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Technology, Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bogdan Munteanu
- Center for Applied Research in Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Technology, Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martina Ott
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) CCU Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Ochs
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) CCU Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology and National Center of Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Hohenberger
- University Medical Center Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Marx
- University Medical Center Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Platten
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) CCU Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- University Medical Center Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christiane A Opitz
- Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology and National Center of Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Applied Research in Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany.
- Institute of Medical Technology, Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany.
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25
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Prentice BM, Caprioli RM, Vuiblet V. Label-free molecular imaging of the kidney. Kidney Int 2017; 92:580-598. [PMID: 28750926 PMCID: PMC6193761 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we will highlight technologies that enable scientists to study the molecular characteristics of tissues and/or cells without the need for antibodies or other labeling techniques. Specifically, we will focus on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boone M Prentice
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard M Caprioli
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| | - Vincent Vuiblet
- Biophotonic Laboratory, UMR CNRS 7369 URCA, Reims, France; Nephropathology, Department of Biopathology Laboratory, CHU de Reims, Reims, France; Nephrology and Renal Transplantation department, CHU de Reims, Reims, France.
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26
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Raman Plus X: Biomedical Applications of Multimodal Raman Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17071592. [PMID: 28686212 PMCID: PMC5539739 DOI: 10.3390/s17071592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a label-free method of obtaining detailed chemical information about samples. Its compatibility with living tissue makes it an attractive choice for biomedical analysis, yet its translation from a research tool to a clinical tool has been slow, hampered by fundamental Raman scattering issues such as long integration times and limited penetration depth. In this review we detail the how combining Raman spectroscopy with other techniques yields multimodal instruments that can help to surmount the translational barriers faced by Raman alone. We review Raman combined with several optical and non-optical methods, including fluorescence, elastic scattering, OCT, phase imaging, and mass spectrometry. In each section we highlight the power of each combination along with a brief history and presentation of representative results. Finally, we conclude with a perspective detailing both benefits and challenges for multimodal Raman measurements, and give thoughts on future directions in the field.
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27
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Integration of 3D multimodal imaging data of a head and neck cancer and advanced feature recognition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:946-956. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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28
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Harrison JP, Berry D. Vibrational Spectroscopy for Imaging Single Microbial Cells in Complex Biological Samples. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:675. [PMID: 28450860 PMCID: PMC5390015 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy is increasingly used for the rapid and non-destructive imaging of environmental and medical samples. Both Raman and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging have been applied to obtain detailed information on the chemical composition of biological materials, ranging from single microbial cells to tissues. Due to its compatibility with methods such as stable isotope labeling for the monitoring of cellular activities, vibrational spectroscopy also holds considerable power as a tool in microbial ecology. Chemical imaging of undisturbed biological systems (such as live cells in their native habitats) presents unique challenges due to the physical and chemical complexity of the samples, potential for spectral interference, and frequent need for real-time measurements. This Mini Review provides a critical synthesis of recent applications of Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy for characterizing complex biological samples, with a focus on developments in single-cell imaging. We also discuss how new spectroscopic methods could be used to overcome current limitations of single-cell analyses. Given the inherent complementarity of Raman and FT-IR spectroscopic methods, we discuss how combining these approaches could enable us to obtain new insights into biological activities either in situ or under conditions that simulate selected properties of the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse P Harrison
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network "Chemistry Meets Microbiology", University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - David Berry
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network "Chemistry Meets Microbiology", University of ViennaVienna, Austria
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29
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Krafft C, Schmitt M, Schie IW, Cialla-May D, Matthäus C, Bocklitz T, Popp J. Markerfreie molekulare Bildgebung biologischer Zellen und Gewebe durch lineare und nichtlineare Raman-spektroskopische Ansätze. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Krafft
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Iwan W. Schie
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Dana Cialla-May
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Christian Matthäus
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Thomas Bocklitz
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
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30
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Krafft C, Schmitt M, Schie IW, Cialla-May D, Matthäus C, Bocklitz T, Popp J. Label-Free Molecular Imaging of Biological Cells and Tissues by Linear and Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopic Approaches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4392-4430. [PMID: 27862751 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is an emerging technique in bioanalysis and imaging of biomaterials owing to its unique capability of generating spectroscopic fingerprints. Imaging cells and tissues by Raman microspectroscopy represents a nondestructive and label-free approach. All components of cells or tissues contribute to the Raman signals, giving rise to complex spectral signatures. Resonance Raman scattering and surface-enhanced Raman scattering can be used to enhance the signals and reduce the spectral complexity. Raman-active labels can be introduced to increase specificity and multimodality. In addition, nonlinear coherent Raman scattering methods offer higher sensitivities, which enable the rapid imaging of larger sampling areas. Finally, fiber-based imaging techniques pave the way towards in vivo applications of Raman spectroscopy. This Review summarizes the basic principles behind medical Raman imaging and its progress since 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Krafft
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Iwan W Schie
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dana Cialla-May
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Matthäus
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Bocklitz
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
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Abstract
Over the last decade mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has been integrated in to many areas of drug discovery and development. It can have significant impact in oncology drug discovery as it allows efficacy and safety of compounds to be assessed against the backdrop of the complex tumour microenvironment. We will discuss the roles of MSI in investigating compound and metabolite biodistribution and defining pharmacokinetic -pharmacodynamic relationships, analysis that is applicable to all drug discovery projects. We will then look more specifically at how MSI can be used to understand tumour metabolism and other applications specific to oncology research. This will all be described alongside the challenges of applying MSI to industry research with increased use of metrology for MSI.
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32
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Race AM, Palmer AD, Dexter A, Steven RT, Styles IB, Bunch J. SpectralAnalysis: Software for the Masses. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9451-9458. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Race
- National
Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
- PSIBS
Doctoral Training Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Palmer
- PSIBS
Doctoral Training Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany
| | - Alex Dexter
- National
Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
- PSIBS
Doctoral Training Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Rory T. Steven
- National
Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Iain B. Styles
- PSIBS
Doctoral Training Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- School
of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine Bunch
- National
Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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33
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Bocklitz TW, Guo S, Ryabchykov O, Vogler N, Popp J. Raman Based Molecular Imaging and Analytics: A Magic Bullet for Biomedical Applications!? Anal Chem 2015; 88:133-51. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Bocklitz
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Shuxia Guo
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics
Forschungscampus Jena e.V., Zentrum für Angewandte Forschung, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oleg Ryabchykov
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics
Forschungscampus Jena e.V., Zentrum für Angewandte Forschung, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nadine Vogler
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics
Forschungscampus Jena e.V., Zentrum für Angewandte Forschung, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics
Forschungscampus Jena e.V., Zentrum für Angewandte Forschung, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Yang C, Niedieker D, Grosserüschkamp F, Horn M, Tannapfel A, Kallenbach-Thieltges A, Gerwert K, Mosig A. Fully automated registration of vibrational microspectroscopic images in histologically stained tissue sections. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:396. [PMID: 26607812 PMCID: PMC4659215 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0804-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, hyperspectral microscopy techniques such as infrared or Raman microscopy have been applied successfully for diagnostic purposes. In many of the corresponding studies, it is common practice to measure one and the same sample under different types of microscopes. Any joint analysis of the two image modalities requires to overlay the images, so that identical positions in the sample are located at the same coordinate in both images. This step, commonly referred to as image registration, has typically been performed manually in the lack of established automated computational registration tools. Results We propose a corresponding registration algorithm that addresses this registration problem, and demonstrate the robustness of our approach in different constellations of microscopes. First, we deal with subregion registration of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) microscopic images in whole-slide histopathological staining images. Second, we register FTIR imaged cores of tissue microarrays in their histopathologically stained counterparts, and finally perform registration of Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopic (CARS) images within histopathological staining images. Conclusions Our validation involves a large variety of samples obtained from colon, bladder, and lung tissue on three different types of microscopes, and demonstrates that our proposed method works fully automated and highly robust in different constellations of microscopes involving diverse types of tissue samples. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-015-0804-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Department of Biophysics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute and Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Daniel Niedieker
- Department of Biophysics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum, 44780, Germany.
| | - Frederik Grosserüschkamp
- Department of Biophysics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum, 44780, Germany.
| | - Melanie Horn
- Department of Biophysics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum, 44780, Germany.
| | - Andrea Tannapfel
- Institute of Pathology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum, 44789, Germany.
| | | | - Klaus Gerwert
- Department of Biophysics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute and Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Department of Biophysics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum, 44780, Germany.
| | - Axel Mosig
- Department of Biophysics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum, 44780, Germany.
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35
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Novel workflow for combining Raman spectroscopy and MALDI-MSI for tissue based studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7865-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8987-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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36
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Van de Plas R, Yang J, Spraggins J, Caprioli RM. Image fusion of mass spectrometry and microscopy: a multimodality paradigm for molecular tissue mapping. Nat Methods 2015; 12:366-72. [PMID: 25707028 PMCID: PMC4382398 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A new predictive imaging modality is created through the ‘fusion’ of two distinct technologies: imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) and microscopy. IMS-generated molecular maps, rich in chemical information but having coarse spatial resolution, are combined with optical microscopy maps, which have relatively low chemical specificity but high spatial information. The resulting images combine the advantages of both technologies, enabling prediction of a molecular distribution both at high spatial resolution and with high chemical specificity. Multivariate regression is used to model variables in one technology, using variables from the other technology. Several applications demonstrate the remarkable potential of image fusion: (i) ‘sharpening’ of IMS images, which uses microscopy measurements to predict ion distributions at a spatial resolution that exceeds that of measured ion images by ten times or more; (ii) prediction of ion distributions in tissue areas that were not measured by IMS; and (iii) enrichment of biological signals and attenuation of instrumental artifacts, revealing insights that are not easily extracted from either microscopy or IMS separately. Image fusion enables a new multi-modality paradigm for tissue exploration whereby mining relationships between different imaging sensors yields novel imaging modalities that combine and surpass what can be gleaned from the individual technologies alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raf Van de Plas
- 1] Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. [3] Delft Center for Systems and Control, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Junhai Yang
- 1] Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeffrey Spraggins
- 1] Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard M Caprioli
- 1] Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. [3] Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. [4] Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. [5] Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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37
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Krauß SD, Petersen D, Niedieker D, Fricke I, Freier E, El-Mashtoly SF, Gerwert K, Mosig A. Colocalization of fluorescence and Raman microscopic images for the identification of subcellular compartments: a validation study. Analyst 2015; 140:2360-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02153c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces algorithms for identifying overlapping observations between Raman and fluorescence microscopic images of one and the same sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha D. Krauß
- Department of Biophysics
- Ruhr-University Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
- Germany
| | - Dennis Petersen
- Department of Biophysics
- Ruhr-University Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
- Germany
| | - Daniel Niedieker
- Department of Biophysics
- Ruhr-University Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
- Germany
| | - Inka Fricke
- Department of Biophysics
- Ruhr-University Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
- Germany
| | - Erik Freier
- Department of Biophysics
- Ruhr-University Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
- Germany
| | | | - Klaus Gerwert
- Department of Biophysics
- Ruhr-University Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
- Germany
| | - Axel Mosig
- Department of Biophysics
- Ruhr-University Bochum
- 44780 Bochum
- Germany
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38
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Rawlins CM, Salisbury JP, Feldman DR, Isim S, Agar NYR, Luther E, Agar JN. Imaging and Mapping of Tissue Constituents at the Single-Cell Level Using MALDI MSI and Quantitative Laser Scanning Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1346:133-49. [PMID: 26542720 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2987-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
For nearly a century, histopathology involved the laborious morphological analyses of tissues stained with broad-spectrum dyes (i.e., eosin to label proteins). With the advent of antibody-labeling, immunostaining (fluorescein and rhodamine for fluorescent labeling) and immunohistochemistry (DAB and hematoxylin), it became possible to identify specific immunological targets in cells and tissue preparations. Technical advances, including the development of monoclonal antibody technology, led to an ever-increasing palate of dyes, both fluorescent and chromatic. This provides an incredibly rich menu of molecular entities that can be visualized and quantified in cells-giving rise to the new discipline of Molecular Pathology. We describe the evolution of two analytical techniques, cytometry and mass spectrometry, which complement histopathological visual analysis by providing automated, cellular-resolution constituent maps. For the first time, laser scanning cytometry (LSC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) are combined for the analysis of tissue sections. The utility of the marriage of these techniques is demonstrated by analyzing mouse brains with neuron-specific, genetically encoded, fluorescent proteins. We present a workflow that: (1) can be used with or without expensive matrix deposition methods, (2) uses LSC images to reveal the diverse landscape of neural tissue as well as the matrix, and (3) uses a tissue fixation method compatible with a DNA stain. The proposed workflow can be adapted for a variety of sample preparation and matrix deposition methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Rawlins
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Joseph P Salisbury
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Daniel R Feldman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sinan Isim
- Life Sciences Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA.
| | - Nathalie Y R Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ed Luther
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Jeffery N Agar
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Crecelius AC, Schubert US, von Eggeling F. MALDI mass spectrometric imaging meets “omics”: recent advances in the fruitful marriage. Analyst 2015; 140:5806-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00990a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging (MALDI MSI) is a method that allows the investigation of the molecular content of surfaces, in particular, tissues, within its morphological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Crecelius
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - U. S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - F. von Eggeling
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
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40
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Lanni EJ, Masyuko R, Driscoll CM, Dunham SJB, Shrout JD, Bohn PW, Sweedler JV. Correlated imaging with C60-SIMS and confocal Raman microscopy: Visualization of cell-scale molecular distributions in bacterial biofilms. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10885-91. [PMID: 25268906 PMCID: PMC4221875 DOI: 10.1021/ac5030914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) are combined to analyze the chemical composition of cultured Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, providing complementary chemical information for multiple analytes within the sample. Precise spatial correlation between SIMS and CRM images is achieved by applying a chemical microdroplet array to the sample surface which is used to navigate the sample, relocate regions of interest, and align image data. CRM is then employed to nondestructively detect broad molecular constituent classes-including proteins, carbohydrates, and, for the first time, quinolone signaling molecules-in Pseudomonas-derived biofilms. Subsequent SIMS imaging at the same location detects quinolone distributions in excellent agreement with the CRM, discerns multiple quinolone species which differ slightly in mass, resolves subtle differences in their distributions, and resolves ambiguous compound assignments from CRM by determining specific molecular identities via in situ tandem MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Lanni
- Department
of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rachel
N. Masyuko
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Callan M. Driscoll
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences and Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Notre
Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United
States
| | - Sage J. B. Dunham
- Department
of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joshua D. Shrout
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences and Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Notre
Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United
States
| | - Paul W. Bohn
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department
of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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41
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Jadoul L, Malherbe C, Calligaris D, Longuespée R, Gilbert B, Eppe G, De Pauw E. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy: An interesting complementary approach for lipid detection in biological tissues. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Jadoul
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Cédric Malherbe
- Inorganic Analytical Chemistry Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - David Calligaris
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Rémi Longuespée
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Bernard Gilbert
- Inorganic Analytical Chemistry Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Inorganic Analytical Chemistry Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
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42
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Ahlf DR, Masyuko RN, Hummon AB, Bohn PW. Correlated mass spectrometry imaging and confocal Raman microscopy for studies of three-dimensional cell culture sections. Analyst 2014; 139:4578-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00826j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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