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Han X, Zhang Q, Zhang G, Sun B, Wu L, Li G. Controllable Fabrication of Highly Ordered Spherical Microcavity Arrays by Replica Molding of In Situ Self-Emulsified Droplets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:26886-26898. [PMID: 38717383 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Ordered spherical hollow micro- and nanostructures hold great appeal in the fields of cell biology and optics. However, it is extremely challenging for standard lithography techniques to achieve spherical micro-/nanocavities. In this paper, we describe a simple, cost-effective, and scalable approach to fabricate highly ordered spherical microcavity arrays by replica molding of in situ self-emulsified droplets. The in situ self-emulsion involves a two-step process: discontinuous dewetting-induced liquid partition and interfacial tension-driven liquid spherical transformation. Subsequent replica molding of the droplets creates spherical microcavity arrays. The shapes and sizes of the microcavities can be easily modulated by varying the compositions of the droplet templates or utilizing an osmotically driven water permeation. To demonstrate the utility of this method, we employed it to create a spherical microwell array for the mass production of embryoid bodies with high viability and minimal loss. In addition, we also demonstrated the optical functions of the generated spherical microcavities by using them as microlenses. We believe that our proposed method will open exciting avenues in fields ranging from regenerative medicine and microchemistry to optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Guoyuan Zhang
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Bangyong Sun
- School of Future Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Lei Wu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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2
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Albo J, Tan S, Denis JD, Franklin-Guild R, Shiri S, Sandoz KM, Cira NJ. EZ-SPOTs: A simple and robust high-throughput liquid handling platform. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.13.594031. [PMID: 38798666 PMCID: PMC11118418 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.13.594031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Liquid handling is a fundamental capability for many scientific experiments. Previously, we introduced the Surface Patterned Omniphobic Tiles (SPOTs) platform, which enables manipulation of hundreds to thousands of independent experiments without costly equipment or excessive consumable expenses. However, the SPOTs platform requires a custom coating formulation and lacks robustness. To overcome these limitations, we introduce EZ-SPOTs. These devices can be created in an hour with common fabrication tools and just three components - glass, a hydrophobic coating, and acrylic. EZ-SPOTs preserve many of the SPOTs platform's strengths - ease of use, ability to handle a wide range of volumes, and scalability - and adopt a durable and abrasion resistant coating that enables multiple reuses of each device. Here, we describe the fabrication of EZ-SPOTs and showcase how its reusability allows antibiotic susceptibility testing of many isolates using a single device. These results quantitatively match current gold standard assays and the increased throughput provides substantially more information than standard approaches.
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3
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Oberdick SD, Dodd SJ, Koretsky AP, Zabow G. Shaped Magnetogel Microparticles for Multispectral Magnetic Resonance Contrast and Sensing. ACS Sens 2024; 9:42-51. [PMID: 38113475 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Multispectral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents are microfabricated three-dimensional magnetic structures that encode nearby water protons with discrete frequencies. The agents have a unique radiofrequency (RF) resonance that can be tuned by engineering the geometric parameters of these microstructures. Multispectral contrast agents can be used as sensors by incorporating a stimulus-driven shape-changing response into their structure. These geometrically encoded magnetic sensors (GEMS) enable MRI-based sensing via environmentally induced changes to their geometry and their corresponding RF resonance. Previously, GEMS have been made using thin-film lithography techniques in a cleanroom environment. While these approaches offer precise control of the microstructure, they can be a limitation for researchers who do not have cleanroom access or microfabrication expertise. Here, an alternative approach for GEMS fabrication based on soft lithography is introduced. The fabrication scheme uses cheap, accessible materials and simple chemistry to produce shaped magnetic hydrogel microparticles with multispectral MRI contrast properties. The microparticles can be used as sensors by fabricating them out of shape-reconfigurable, "smart" hydrogels. The change in shape causes a corresponding shift in the resonance of the GEMS, producing an MRI-addressable readout of the microenvironment. Proof-of-principle experiments showing a multispectral response to pH change with cylindrical shell-shaped magnetogel GEMS are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Oberdick
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Stephen J Dodd
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Alan P Koretsky
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Gary Zabow
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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4
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Wang LLW, Gao Y, Chandran Suja V, Boucher ML, Shaha S, Kapate N, Liao R, Sun T, Kumbhojkar N, Prakash S, Clegg JR, Warren K, Janes M, Park KS, Dunne M, Ilelaboye B, Lu A, Darko S, Jaimes C, Mannix R, Mitragotri S. Preclinical characterization of macrophage-adhering gadolinium micropatches for MRI contrast after traumatic brain injury in pigs. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadk5413. [PMID: 38170792 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adk5413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (ChP) of the brain plays a central role in orchestrating the recruitment of peripheral leukocytes into the central nervous system (CNS) through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (BCSF) barrier in pathological conditions, thus offering a unique niche to diagnose CNS disorders. We explored whether magnetic resonance imaging of the ChP could be optimized for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). mTBI induces subtle, yet influential, changes in the brain and is currently severely underdiagnosed. We hypothesized that mTBI induces sufficient alterations in the ChP to cause infiltration of circulating leukocytes through the BCSF barrier and developed macrophage-adhering gadolinium [Gd(III)]-loaded anisotropic micropatches (GLAMs), specifically designed to image infiltrating immune cells. GLAMs are hydrogel-based discoidal microparticles that adhere to macrophages without phagocytosis. We present a fabrication process to prepare GLAMs at scale and demonstrate their loading with Gd(III) at high relaxivities, a key indicator of their effectiveness in enhancing image contrast and clarity in medical imaging. In vitro experiments with primary murine and porcine macrophages demonstrated that GLAMs adhere to macrophages also under shear stress and did not affect macrophage viability or functions. Studies in a porcine mTBI model confirmed that intravenously administered macrophage-adhering GLAMs provide a differential signal in the ChP and lateral ventricles at Gd(III) doses 500- to 1000-fold lower than those used in the current clinical standard Gadavist. Under the same mTBI conditions, Gadavist did not offer a differential signal at clinically used doses. Our results suggest that macrophage-adhering GLAMs could facilitate mTBI diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Li-Wen Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yongsheng Gao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
| | - Vineeth Chandran Suja
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
| | - Masen L Boucher
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Suyog Shaha
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
| | - Neha Kapate
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rick Liao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
| | - Tao Sun
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
| | - Ninad Kumbhojkar
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
| | - Supriya Prakash
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
| | - John R Clegg
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Warren
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Morgan Janes
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kyung Soo Park
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
| | - Michael Dunne
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
| | - Bolu Ilelaboye
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
| | - Andrew Lu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
| | - Solomina Darko
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
| | - Camilo Jaimes
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebekah Mannix
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 20115, USA
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5
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Yasuga H. Methods to spontaneously generate three dimensionally arrayed microdroplets triggered by capillarity for bioassays and bioengineering. Biophys Physicobiol 2023; 20:e200029. [PMID: 38496237 PMCID: PMC10941964 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v20.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, I review our recent work toward developing methods for generating three-dimensional (3D) droplet arrays driven by capillarity. Microdroplet array-based systems are useful for bioassays and bioengineering because they require only small amounts of samples and reagents and provide the high throughput. Various methods have been developed for preparing droplet arrays, among which methods based on capillarity have attracted considerable attention owing to their simplicity. I and collaborators have developed such methods based on capillary flow, including a method for preparing droplet arrays via oil-water replacement. We recently proposed our own concept of "fluid-fluid interfacial energy driven 3D structure emergence in a micropillar scaffold (FLUID3EAMS)" and its application. FLUID3EAMS allows a 3D droplet (or hydrogel bead) array to be generated in a micropillar scaffold by passing a fluid-fluid interface through the scaffold. This approach is useful for applications requiring ordered or arrayed microdroplets in biosensors, biophysics, biology, and tissue engineering. This review is an extended version of the article "FLUID3EAMS: Fluid-Fluid Interfacial Energy Driven 3D Structure Emergence in a Micropillar Scaffold and Development in Bioengineering" published in Seibutsu Butsuri (vol. 62, p. 110-113, 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yasuga
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
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6
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Xiao X, Miao X, Duan S, Liu S, Cao Q, Wu R, Tao C, Zhao J, Qu Q, Markiewicz A, Peng R, Chen Y, Żaczek A, Liu J. Single-Cell Enzymatic Screening for Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition with an Ultrasensitive Superwetting Droplet-Array Microchip. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2300096. [PMID: 37086121 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypic changes of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have been a hot topic in tumor biology and cancer therapeutic development. Here, an integrated platform of single-cell fluorescent enzymatic assays with superwetting droplet-array microchips (SDAM) for ultrasensitive functional screening of epithelial-mesenchymal sub-phenotypes of CTCs is reported. The SDAM can generate high-density, volume well-defined droplet (0.66 nL per droplet) arrays isolating single tumor cells via a discontinuous dewetting effect. It enables sensitive detection of MMP9 enzyme activities secreted by single tumor cells, correlating to their epithelial-mesenchymal sub-phenotypes. In the pilot clinical double-blind tests, the authors have demonstrated that SDAM assays allow for rapid identification and functional screening of CTCs with different epithelial-mesenchymal properties. The consistency with the clinical outcomes validates the usefulness of single-cell secreted MMP9 as a biomarker for selective CTC screening and tumor metastasis monitoring. Convenient addressing and recovery of individual CTCs from SDAM have been demonstrated for gene mutation sequencing, immunostaining, and transcriptome analysis, revealing new understandings of the signaling pathways between MMP9 secretion and the EMT regulation of CTCs. The SDAM approach combined with sequencing technologies promises to explore the dynamic EMT plasticity of tumors at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xiao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xinxing Miao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shanzhou Duan
- Department of thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Sidi Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qinghua Cao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Renfei Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chengcheng Tao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qing Qu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Aleksandra Markiewicz
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, 80-211, Poland
| | - Rui Peng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yongbing Chen
- Department of thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Anna Żaczek
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, 80-211, Poland
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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7
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Schot M, Araújo-Gomes N, van Loo B, Kamperman T, Leijten J. Scalable fabrication, compartmentalization and applications of living microtissues. Bioact Mater 2023; 19:392-405. [PMID: 35574053 PMCID: PMC9062422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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8
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Microfluidic encapsulation of soluble reagents with large-scale concentration gradients in a sequence of droplets for comparative analysis. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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DiSalvo M, Cortés-Llanos B, LaBelle CA, Murdoch DM, Allbritton NL. Scalable Additive Construction of Arrayed Microstructures with Encoded Properties for Bioimaging. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1392. [PMID: 36144015 PMCID: PMC9500771 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microarrays are essential components of analytical instruments. The elements of microarrays may be imbued with additional functionalities and encodings using composite materials and structures, but traditional microfabrication methods present substantial barriers to fabrication, design, and scalability. In this work, a tool-free technique was reported to additively batch-construct micromolded, composite, and arrayed microstructures. The method required only a compatible carrier fluid to deposit a material onto a substrate with some topography. Permutations of this basic fabrication approach were leveraged to gain control over the volumes and positions of deposited materials within the microstructures. As a proof of concept, cell micro-carrier arrays were constructed to demonstrate a range of designs, compositions, functionalities, and applications for composite microstructures. This approach is envisioned to enable the fabrication of complex composite biological and synthetic microelements for biosensing, cellular analysis, and biochemical screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew DiSalvo
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Belén Cortés-Llanos
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Cody A. LaBelle
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - David M. Murdoch
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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10
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Jinkins KR, Li S, Arafa H, Jeong H, Lee YJ, Wu C, Campisi E, Ni X, Cho D, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Thermally switchable, crystallizable oil and silicone composite adhesives for skin-interfaced wearable devices. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo0537. [PMID: 35687686 PMCID: PMC9187235 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Continuous health monitoring is essential for clinical care, especially for patients in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units. Monitoring currently requires wired biosensors affixed to the skin with strong adhesives that can cause irritation and iatrogenic injuries during removal. Emerging wireless alternatives are attractive, but requirements for skin adhesives remain. Here, we present a materials strategy enabling wirelessly triggered reductions in adhesive strength to eliminate the possibility for injury during removal. The materials involve silicone composites loaded with crystallizable oils with melting temperatures close to, but above, surface body temperature. This solid/liquid phase transition occurs upon heating, reducing the adhesion at the skin interface by more than 75%. Experimental and computational studies reveal insights into effects of oil mixed randomly and patterned deterministically into the composite. Demonstrations in skin-integrated sensors that include wirelessly controlled heating and adhesion reduction illustrate the broad utility of these ideas in clinical-grade health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Jinkins
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Shupeng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Hany Arafa
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Hyoyoung Jeong
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Young Joong Lee
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Changsheng Wu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Elizabeth Campisi
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Xinchen Ni
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Donghwi Cho
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - John A. Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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11
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Xiong N, Wang A, Xie T, Hu T, Chen Q, Zhao Q, Li G. Oil-Triggered and Template-Confined Dewetting for Facile and Low-Loss Sample Digitization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:20813-20822. [PMID: 35485956 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a simple and robust method for spontaneously digitizing aqueous samples into a high-density microwell array. The method is based on an oil-triggered template-confined dewetting phenomenon. To realize the dewetting-induced sample digitization, an aqueous sample is first infused into a networked microwell array (NMA) through a pre-degassing-based self-pumping mechanism, and an immiscible oil phase is then applied over the surface of NMA chip to induce the templated dewetting. Due to periodic interfacial tension heterogeneity, such dewetting ruptures the sample at the thinnest parts (i.e., connection channels) and spontaneously splits the sample into droplets in individual microwells. Without requiring any complex pumping or valving systems, this method can discretize a sample into tens of thousands of addressable droplets in a matter of minutes with nearly 98% usage. To demonstrate the utility and universality of this self-digitization method, we exploited it to discretize samples into 40 233 wells for a digital PCR assay, the digital quantification of bacteria, the self-assembly of spherical colloidal photonic crystals, and the spherical crystallization of drugs. We believe this facile technique will provide a substantial benefit to many compartmentalized assays or syntheses where it is necessary to partition samples into a large number of small individual volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nankun Xiong
- Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, Sichuan 400044, China
| | - Anyan Wang
- Institute of Fluid Measurement and Simulation, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Tengbao Xie
- Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, Sichuan 400044, China
| | - Tianbao Hu
- Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, Sichuan 400044, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Institute of Fluid Measurement and Simulation, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, Sichuan 400044, China
| | - Gang Li
- Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, Sichuan 400044, China
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12
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McEwen RAH, Hermann M, Metwally H, Donovan K, Liu C, Le Blanc JCY, Covey TR, Oleschuk R. Discontinuously Dewetting Solvent Arrays: Droplet Formation and Poly-Synchronous Surface Extraction for Mass Spectrometry Imaging Applications. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7219-7228. [PMID: 35537093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new liquid tissue stamping method called poly-synchronous surface extraction (PSSE) that utilizes an omniphobic substrate patterned with hydrophilic surface energy traps (SETs), which when wet with a solvent form a dense microdroplet array. When contacted with a tissue sample, each droplet locally extracts analytes from the tissue surface, which subsequentially can be analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) or ambient ionization-MS techniques. Optimization of the patterned surface with six different solvents was carried out to increase the droplet density, height, and reproducibility of volume deposition. Once optimized, sister slices of a strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) were spatially extracted using the PSSE technique and the chemical distribution of selected compounds was analyzed with both MALDI-IMS and a lower resolution but faster ambient liquid microjunction surface sampling probe (LMJ-SSP) approach. Heat maps for target analytes for the PSSE approach are compared to those produced using traditional MALDI-IMS analysis. The PSSE method aligned well with direct analysis and demonstrated the potential to increase the speed of ambient MS tissue imaging techniques by decreasing the number of steps required for sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory A H McEwen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Matthias Hermann
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Haidy Metwally
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Katherine Donovan
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Chang Liu
- SCIEX, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
| | | | | | - Richard Oleschuk
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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13
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Hermann M, Agrawal P, Liu C, LeBlanc JCY, Covey TR, Oleschuk RD. Rapid Mass Spectrometric Calibration and Standard Addition Using Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Patterned Surfaces and Discontinuous Dewetting. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:660-670. [PMID: 35231172 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rapid calibration chip (RCC) is a device that uses the fast and reproducible wetting behavior of hydrophilic/hydrophobic patterned surfaces to confine a series of differently sized droplets on a substrate to obtain a calibration curve. Multiple series of droplets can be formed within seconds by dipping an RCC into a calibration solution. No pipetting, sequential droplet deposition, or advanced equipment is required. The performance and reproducibility of RCCs were evaluated with an electrospray ionization triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a liquid microjunction-surface sampling probe (LMJ-SSP) that allows for fast sampling of surfaces. Using circular hydrophilic areas with diameters ranging from 0.25 to 2.00 mm, liquid volumes of 4.6-70.6 nL could be deposited. Furthermore, the use of a second hydrophobic/hydrophilic patterned transfer chip can be used to add internal standard solutions to each calibration spot of the RCC, allowing to transfer a liquid volume of 22.5 nL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hermann
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Prashant Agrawal
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Chang Liu
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
| | | | - Thomas R Covey
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Richard D Oleschuk
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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14
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Self-Localized Liquid Crystal Micro-Droplet Arrays on Chemically Patterned Surfaces. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Liquid crystal (LC) micro-droplet arrays are elegant systems that have a range of applications, such as chemical and biological sensing, due to a sensitivity to changes in surface properties and strong optical activity. In this work, we utilize self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to chemically micro-pattern surfaces with preferred regions for LC occupation. Exploiting discontinuous dewetting, dragging a drop of fluid over the patterned surfaces demonstrates a novel, high-yield method of confining LC in chemically defined regions. The broad applicability of this method is demonstrated by varying the size and LC phase of the droplets. Although the optical textures of the droplets are dictated by topological constraints, the additional SAM interface is shown to lock in inhomogeneous alignment. The surface effects are highly dependent on size, where larger droplets exhibit asymmetric director configurations in nematic droplets and highly knotted structures in cholesteric droplets.
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15
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Sun G, Manning C, Lee GH, Majeed M, Lu H. Microswimmer Combing: Controlling Interfacial Dynamics for Open-Surface Multifunctional Screening of Small Animals. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001887. [PMID: 33890423 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Image-based screening of multicellular model organisms is critical for both investigating fundamental biology and drug development. Current microfluidic techniques for high-throughput manipulation of small model organisms, although useful, are generally complicated to operate, which impedes their widespread adoption by biology laboratories. To address this challenge, this paper presents an ultrasimple and yet effective approach, "microswimmer combing," to rapidly isolate live small animals on an open-surface array. This approach exploits a dynamic contact line-combing mechanism designed to handle highly active microswimmers. The isolation method is robust, and the device operation is simple for users without a priori experience. The versatile open-surface device enables multiple screening applications, including high-resolution imaging of multicellular organisms, on-demand mutant selection, and multiplexed chemical screening. The simplicity and versatility of this method provide broad access to high-throughput experimentation for biologists and open up new opportunities to study active microswimmers by different scientific communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongchen Sun
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Cassidy‐Arielle Manning
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Ga Hyun Lee
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Maryam Majeed
- Department of Biological Sciences Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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16
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Yang Y, Xu LP, Zhang X, Wang S. Bioinspired wettable-nonwettable micropatterns for emerging applications. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:8101-8115. [PMID: 32785360 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01382j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic surfaces are prevalent in nature and have received tremendous attention due to their importance in both fundamental research and practical applications. With the high interdisciplinary research and great development of microfabrication techniques, artificial wettable-nonwettable micropatterns inspired by the water-collection behavior of desert beetles have been successfully fabricated. A combination of the two extreme states of superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity on the same surface precisely, wettable-nonwettable micropatterns possess unique functionalities, such as controllable superwetting, anisotropic wetting, oriented adhesion, and other properties. In this review, we briefly describe the methods for fabricating wettable-nonwettable patterns, including self-assembly, electrodeposition, inkjet printing, and photolithography. We also highlight some of the emerging applications such as water collection, controllable bioadhesion, cell arrays, microreactors, printing techniques, and biosensors combined with various detection methods. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of this renascent and rapidly developing field are proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuemeng Yang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China. and School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Shutao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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17
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Behboodi-Sadabad F, Li S, Lei W, Liu Y, Sommer T, Friederich P, Sobek C, Messersmith PB, Levkin PA. High-throughput screening of multifunctional nanocoatings based on combinations of polyphenols and catecholamines. Mater Today Bio 2021; 10:100108. [PMID: 33912825 PMCID: PMC8063910 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic surface coatings based on plant polyphenols and catecholamines have been used broadly in a variety of applications. However, the lack of a rational cost-effective platform for screening these coatings and their properties limits the true potential of these functional materials to be unleashed. Here, we investigated the oxidation behavior and coating formation ability of a library consisting of 45 phenolic compounds and catecholamines. UV-vis spectroscopy demonstrated significant acceleration of oxidation and polymerization under UV irradiation. We discovered that several binary mixtures resulted in non-additive behavior (synergistic or antagonistic effect) yielding much thicker or thinner coatings than individual compounds measured by ellipsometry. To investigate the properties of coatings derived from new combinations, we used a miniaturized high-throughput strategy to screen 2,532 spots coated with single, binary, and ternary combinations of coating precursors in one run. We evaluated the use of machine learning models to learn the relation between the chemical structure of the precursors and the thickness of the nanocoatings. Formation and stability of nanocoatings were investigated in a high-throughput manner via discontinuous dewetting. 30 stable combinations (hits) were used to tune the surface wettability and to form water droplet microarray and spot size gradients of water droplets on the coated surface. No toxicity was observed against eukaryotic HeLa cells and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain PA30) bacteria after 24 h incubation at 37 °C. The strategy introduced here for high-throughput screening of nanocoatings derived from combinations of coating precursors enables the discovery of new functional materials for various applications in science and technology in a cost-effective miniaturized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Behboodi-Sadabad
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - S Li
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - W Lei
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Y Liu
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - T Sommer
- Institute of Theoretical Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten 5, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - P Friederich
- Institute of Theoretical Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Am Fasanengarten 5, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - C Sobek
- Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, CA, 94720-1760, USA
| | - P B Messersmith
- Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, CA, 94720-1760, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - P A Levkin
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
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18
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Corletto A, Shapter JG. Thickness/morphology of functional material patterned by topographical discontinuous dewetting. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Corletto
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Joseph G. Shapter
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
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19
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Eom S, Sim JH, Kim J, Tran NB, Sung MM, Kang Y. Eutectic friction transfer lithography: a facile solid-state route for highly crystalline semiconducting polymers. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23514-23520. [PMID: 33216110 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06411d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a solid-state lithography technique utilizing eutectic friction transfer lithography (EFTL). The EFTL technique employs eutectic pellets made of semiconducting polymers and volatile organic solid matrices. Using frictional heating and eutectic melting, various semiconducting polymer crystals were formed by a simple rubbing process under mild conditions. The strong anisotropic optical properties suggest that J-type packing is dominant in EFTL microwires because of the highly extended and planarized crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwon Eom
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea.
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20
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van Gestel M, He B, Darhuber A. Formation of residual droplets upon dip-coating of chemical and topographical surface patterns on partially wettable substrates. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Kim HU, Roh YH, Mun SJ, Bong KW. Discontinuous Dewetting in a Degassed Mold for Fabrication of Homogeneous Polymeric Microparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:53318-53327. [PMID: 33196158 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Discontinuous dewetting (DD) is an attractive technique that enables the production of large liquid arrays in microwells and is applicable to the synthesis of anisotropic microparticles with complex morphologies. However, such loading of liquids into microwells presents a significant challenge, as the liquids used in this technique should exhibit low mold surface wettability. This study introduces DD in a degassed mold (DM), a simple yet powerful technique that achieves uniform loading of microparticle precursors into large microwell arrays within 1 min. Using this technique, hydrogel microparticles are produced by different polymerization mechanisms with various shapes and sizes, ranging from a few micrometers to hundreds of micrometers. Hydrophobic oil microparticles are produced by the simple plasma treatment of the DM, and agarose microparticles encapsulating bovine serum albumin (in a well-dispersed state) are produced by submerging the DM in fluorinated oil. To demonstrate additional functionality of microparticles using this technique, high concentrations of magnetic nanoparticles are loaded into microparticles for particle-based immunoassays performed in a microwell plate, and the immunoassay performance is comparable to that of ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Ung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ho Roh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Joon Mun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wan Bong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
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22
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Manzoor AA, Romita L, Hwang DK. A review on microwell and microfluidic geometric array fabrication techniques and its potential applications in cellular studies. CAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ali Manzoor
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ryerson University Toronto Ontario Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering Science and Technology (iBEST) A partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Lauren Romita
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ryerson University Toronto Ontario Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering Science and Technology (iBEST) A partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Dae Kun Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ryerson University Toronto Ontario Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering Science and Technology (iBEST) A partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
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23
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Liang Q, Li J, Li T, Liao G, Tang Z, Shi T. Patterning Ag nanoparticles by selective wetting for fine size Cu-Ag-Cu bonding. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:355302. [PMID: 32422626 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab93f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles (NPs) are promising bonding materials to replace Sn alloys in fine size Cu-Cu bonding. However, the method of rapidly patterning NPs on solder joints with sizes less than 30 µm is one of the main barriers that impede the practical applications of NPs in Cu-Cu bonding, especially in mass production. In this paper, a novel method of patterning Ag NPs on Cu pads by selective wetting was introduced. Cu pads with diameters down to 5 µm were coated with Ag NPs successfully. When sizes of Cu pads were larger than 10 μm, high density could be achieved and the ratio of diameters to pitches of Cu pads could reach 2/3. Furthermore, the thickness and the coverage of the Ag NPs layer could be raised by repeating coating. In the bonding test, the shear strength increased significantly with the increase of the bonding temperature and the bonding time. It could reach 22.92 MPa after sintering for 5 min at 250 °C under a bonding pressure of 20 MPa in N2. With the aforementioned advantages, patterning NPs by selective wetting will be one of the potential methods for applying NPs to Cu pads in Cu-NPs-Cu bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, People's Republic of China
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24
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Ackerman CM, Myhrvold C, Thakku SG, Freije CA, Metsky HC, Yang DK, Ye SH, Boehm CK, Kosoko-Thoroddsen TSF, Kehe J, Nguyen TG, Carter A, Kulesa A, Barnes JR, Dugan VG, Hung DT, Blainey PC, Sabeti PC. Massively multiplexed nucleic acid detection with Cas13. Nature 2020; 582:277-282. [PMID: 32349121 PMCID: PMC7332423 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The great majority of globally circulating pathogens go undetected, undermining patient care and hindering outbreak preparedness and response. To enable routine surveillance and comprehensive diagnostic applications, there is a need for detection technologies that can scale to test many samples1-3 while simultaneously testing for many pathogens4-6. Here, we develop Combinatorial Arrayed Reactions for Multiplexed Evaluation of Nucleic acids (CARMEN), a platform for scalable, multiplexed pathogen detection. In the CARMEN platform, nanolitre droplets containing CRISPR-based nucleic acid detection reagents7 self-organize in a microwell array8 to pair with droplets of amplified samples, testing each sample against each CRISPR RNA (crRNA) in replicate. The combination of CARMEN and Cas13 detection (CARMEN-Cas13) enables robust testing of more than 4,500 crRNA-target pairs on a single array. Using CARMEN-Cas13, we developed a multiplexed assay that simultaneously differentiates all 169 human-associated viruses with at least 10 published genome sequences and rapidly incorporated an additional crRNA to detect the causative agent of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. CARMEN-Cas13 further enables comprehensive subtyping of influenza A strains and multiplexed identification of dozens of HIV drug-resistance mutations. The intrinsic multiplexing and throughput capabilities of CARMEN make it practical to scale, as miniaturization decreases reagent cost per test by more than 300-fold. Scalable, highly multiplexed CRISPR-based nucleic acid detection shifts diagnostic and surveillance efforts from targeted testing of high-priority samples to comprehensive testing of large sample sets, greatly benefiting patients and public health9-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheri M Ackerman
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cameron Myhrvold
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Sri Gowtham Thakku
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Catherine A Freije
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hayden C Metsky
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David K Yang
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Simon H Ye
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chloe K Boehm
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jared Kehe
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tien G Nguyen
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amber Carter
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Kulesa
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John R Barnes
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vivien G Dugan
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deborah T Hung
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Molecular Biology Department and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul C Blainey
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Du L, Liu H, Zhou J. Picoliter droplet array based on bioinspired microholes for in situ single-cell analysis. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:33. [PMID: 34567647 PMCID: PMC8433318 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The division of aqueous samples into microdroplet arrays has many applications in biochemical and medical analysis. Inspired by biological features, we propose a method to produce picoliter droplet arrays for single-cell analysis based on physical structure and interface. A 0.9 pL droplet array with an RSD (relative standard deviation) less than 6.3% and a density of 49,000 droplets/cm2 was successfully generated on a PDMS chip (polydimethylsiloxane) from a micromachined glass mold. The droplet generation principle of the wetting behavior in the microholes with splayed sidewalls on the PDMS chip by liquid smearing was exploited. The feasibility of the picoliter droplets for bacterial single-cell analysis was verified by the separation of mixed bacteria into single droplets and isolated in situ bacteria propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Du
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Academy for Engineering & Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Huan Liu
- Tian Jin Tuo Rui Med Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 200438 China
| | - Jia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Academy for Engineering & Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
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26
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Brehm M, Heissler S, Afonin S, Levkin PA. Nanomolar Synthesis in Droplet Microarrays with UV-Triggered On-Chip Cell Screening. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1905971. [PMID: 31985878 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201905971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturization and parallelization of combinatorial organic synthesis is important to accelerate the process of drug discovery while reducing the consumption of reagents and solvents. This work presents a miniaturized platform for on-chip solid-phase combinatorial library synthesis with UV-triggered on-chip cell screening. The platform is based on a nanoporous polymer coating on a glass slide, which is modified via photolithography to yield arrays of hydrophilic (HL) spots surrounded by superhydrophobic (SH) surface. The combination of HL spots and SH background enables confinement of nanoliter droplets, functioning as miniaturized reactors for the solid-phase synthesis. The polymer serves as support for nanomolar solid-phase synthesis, while a photocleavable linker enables the release of the synthesized compounds into the droplets containing live cells. A 588 compound library of bisamides is synthesized via a four-component Ugi reaction on the chip and products are detected via stamping of the droplet array onto a conductive substrate and subsequent matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. The light-induced cleavage shows high flexibility in screening conditions by spatial, temporal, and quantitative control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Brehm
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Heissler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sergii Afonin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), POB 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pavel A Levkin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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27
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Kim HU, Lim YJ, Lee HJ, Lee NJ, Bong KW. Degassed micromolding lithography for rapid fabrication of anisotropic hydrogel microparticles with high-resolution and high uniformity. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:74-83. [PMID: 31746885 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00828d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Replica molding techniques, which are used to synthesize microparticles inside anisotropic micromolds, have been developed to enable the mass production of hydrogel particles. However, these techniques are limited in their ability to synthesize only a narrow range of particle compositions and shapes because of the difficulty in loading precursors into the micromolds as well as the low particle homogeneity due to the uneven evaporation of the precursors. Herein, we describe a simple yet powerful technique, called degassed micromolding lithography, which can load precursors within 1 min regardless of the wettability. This technique is based on the gas-solubility of a degassed micromold that acts as a suction pump to completely fill the mold by drawing precursor liquids in. The semi-closed system within the micromold prevents the uneven evaporation of the precursor, which is essential for the production of homogeneous particles. Furthermore, controlled uniformity of the hydrogel microparticles (C.V. < 2%) can be achieved by engineering the design of the micromold array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Ung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Jun Lim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Jee Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nak Jun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Wan Bong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Tucker B, Hermann M, Mainguy A, Oleschuk R. Hydrophobic/hydrophilic patterned surfaces for directed evaporative preconcentration. Analyst 2020; 145:643-650. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01782h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We present a microfluidic platform that rapidly deposits many samples and preconcentrates them, making it suitable for a wide range of high-throughput detection schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Tucker
- Department of Chemistry
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
| | | | - Alexa Mainguy
- Department of Chemistry
- Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
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29
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Padmanabhan S, Han JY, Nanayankkara I, Tran K, Ho P, Mesfin N, White I, DeVoe DL. Enhanced sample filling and discretization in thermoplastic 2D microwell arrays using asymmetric contact angles. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:014113. [PMID: 32095199 PMCID: PMC7028432 DOI: 10.1063/1.5126938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sample filling and discretization within thermoplastic 2D microwell arrays is investigated toward the development of low cost disposable microfluidics for passive sample discretization. By using a high level of contact angle asymmetry between the filling channel and microwell surfaces, a significant increase in the range of well geometries that can be successfully filled is revealed. The performance of various array designs is characterized numerically and experimentally to assess the impact of contact angle asymmetry and device geometry on sample filling and discretization, resulting in guidelines to ensure robust microwell filling and sample isolation over a wide range of well dimensions. Using the developed design rules, reliable and bubble-free sample filling and discretization is achieved in designs with critical dimensions ranging from 20 μm to 800 μm. The resulting devices are demonstrated for discretized nucleic acid amplification by performing loop-mediated isothermal amplification for the detection of the mecA gene associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Padmanabhan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J. Y. Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - I. Nanayankkara
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K. Tran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - P. Ho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - N. Mesfin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - I. White
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D. L. DeVoe
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Tel.: +1-301-405-8125
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30
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Wu C, Maley AM, Walt DR. Single-molecule measurements in microwells for clinical applications. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019:1-21. [PMID: 31865834 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1700903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect and analyze proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules is critical for clinical diagnostics and for understanding the underlying mechanisms of disease. Current detection methods in clinical and research laboratories rely upon bulk measurement techniques such as immunoassays, polymerase chain reaction, and mass spectrometry to detect these biomarkers. However, many potentially useful protein or nucleic acid biomarkers in blood, saliva, or other biofluids exist at concentrations well below the detection limits of current methods, necessitating the development of more sensitive technologies. Single-molecule measurements are poised to address this challenge, vastly improving sensitivity for detecting low abundance biomarkers and rare events within a population. Microwell arrays have emerged as a powerful tool for single-molecule measurements, enabling ultrasensitive detection of disease-relevant biomolecules in easily accessible biofluids. This review discusses the development, fundamentals, and clinical applications of microwell-based single-molecule methods, as well as challenges and future directions for translating these methods to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Wu
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam M Maley
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David R Walt
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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31
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Zhang H, Huang JJ, Wang J, Hu M, Chen XC, Sun W, Ren KF, Ji J. Surface-Mediated Stimuli-Responsive Gene Delivery Based on Breath Figure Film Combined with Matrix Metalloproteinase-Sensitive Hydrogel. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:6610-6616. [PMID: 33423480 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Surface-mediated gene delivery appears to be potential gene delivery modes for various applications. Still, controlled and smart delivery manners are required especially considering the need for gene therapy to deliver gene with selectivity. A surface that can effectively payload DNA, promote cell adhesion, and stimuli response is an important prerequisite. Here, we report a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-responsive surface-mediated gene delivery system by combining MMP-degradable hydrogel with a breath figure (BF) porous film. The MMP-degradable hydrogel containing plasmid DNA was loaded into the surface pores of the BF film as DNA reservoirs. The upper surface without hydrogel on the BF film served as footholds of integrin adhesions. MMP is one of the important endogenous signals in tumor-related pathologic changes, and MMP expressions in cancer cells are significantly higher than those in normal cells. Consequently, our surface-mediated gene delivery locally and rapidly released the payload DNA in response to cancer cells and transfected them. This work highlights the importance of the combination of stimuli-response and surface-mediated gene delivery to functional materials, showing good potential applications in the field of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun-Jie Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mi Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia-Chao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke-Feng Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
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32
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Popova AA, Tronser T, Demir K, Haitz P, Kuodyte K, Starkuviene V, Wajda P, Levkin PA. Facile One Step Formation and Screening of Tumor Spheroids Using Droplet-Microarray Platform. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1901299. [PMID: 31058427 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor spheroids or microtumors are important 3D in vitro tumor models that closely resemble a tumor's in vivo "microenvironment" compared to 2D cell culture. Microtumors are widely applied in the fields of fundamental cancer research, drug discovery, and precision medicine. In precision medicine tumor spheroids derived from patient tumor cells represent a promising system for drug sensitivity and resistance testing. Established and commonly used platforms for routine screenings of cell spheroids, based on microtiter plates of 96- and 384-well formats, require relatively large numbers of cells and compounds, and often lead to the formation of multiple spheroids per well. In this study, an application of the Droplet Microarray platform, based on hydrophilic-superhydrophobic patterning, in combination with the method of hanging droplet, is demonstrated for the formation of highly miniaturized single-spheroid-microarrays. Formation of spheroids from several commonly used cancer cell lines in 100 nL droplets starting with as few as 150 cells per spheroid within 24-48 h is demonstrated. Established methodology carries a potential to be adopted for routine workflows of high-throughput compound screening in 3D cancer spheroids or microtumors, which is crucial for the fields of fundamental cancer research, drug discovery, and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Popova
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Tina Tronser
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Demir
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - P Haitz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Karolina Kuodyte
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vytaute Starkuviene
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University Life Sciences Centre, Sauletekio av. 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Piotr Wajda
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pavel A Levkin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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33
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Wang Y, Sun L, Wang C, Yang F, Ren X, Zhang X, Dong H, Hu W. Organic crystalline materials in flexible electronics. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:1492-1530. [PMID: 30283937 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00406d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Flexible electronics have attracted considerable attention recently given their potential to revolutionize human lives. High-performance organic crystalline materials (OCMs) are considered strong candidates for next-generation flexible electronics such as displays, image sensors, and artificial skin. They not only have great advantages in terms of flexibility, molecular diversity, low-cost, solution processability, and inherent compatibility with flexible substrates, but also show less grain boundaries with minimal defects, ensuring excellent and uniform electronic characteristics. Meanwhile, OCMs also serve as a powerful tool to probe the intrinsic electronic and mechanical properties of organics and reveal the flexible device physics for further guidance for flexible materials and device design. While the past decades have witnessed huge advances in OCM-based flexible electronics, this review is intended to provide a timely overview of this fascinating field. First, the crystal packing, charge transport, and assembly protocols of OCMs are introduced. State-of-the-art construction strategies for aligned/patterned OCM on/into flexible substrates are then discussed in detail. Following this, advanced OCM-based flexible devices and their potential applications are highlighted. Finally, future directions and opportunities for this field are proposed, in the hope of providing guidance for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China.
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34
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Park Y, Jung JW, Kang H, Seth J, Kang Y, Sung MM. Single-Crystal Poly[4-(4,4-dihexadecyl-4H-cyclopenta[1,2-b:5,4-b']dithiophen-2-yl)- alt-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4- c]pyridine] Nanowires with Ultrahigh Mobility. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:1028-1032. [PMID: 30605617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We fabricated single-crystal poly[4-(4,4-dihexadecyl-4H-cyclopenta[1,2-b:5,4-b']-dithiophen-2-yl)- alt-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo-[3,4- c]pyridine] (PCDTPT) nanowires with ultrahigh mobility using a liquid-bridge-mediated nanotransfer molding method. The structural analysis of the single-crystal PCDTPT nanowires reveals that PCDTPT crystals have a triclinic structure, and the nanowires grow parallel to PCDTPT backbone chains, which provide important insights into its intrinsic charge transport. The single-crystal PCDTPT nanowire exhibits a superior charge carrier mobility of 72.94 ± 18.02 cm2 V-1 s-1 (maximum mobility up to 92.64 cm2 V-1 s-1), which is a record high value among conjugated polymers to date. In the single-crystal PCDTPT nanowire, the backbone chains in the linear structure along the nanowire growth axis lead to strong backbone delocalization, resulting in highly conductive polymer backbones and a drastic increase in charge carrier mobility. In addition, the single-crystal PCDTPT nanowire shows good environmental stability under air conditions compared to small-molecule organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonkyung Park
- Department of Chemistry , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Jin Won Jung
- Department of Chemistry , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Hungu Kang
- Department of Chemistry , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Jhumur Seth
- Department of Chemistry , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Youngjong Kang
- Department of Chemistry , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
| | - Myung Mo Sung
- Department of Chemistry , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Korea
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35
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Hermann M, Agrawal P, Koch I, Oleschuk R. Organic-free, versatile sessile droplet microfluidic device for chemical separation using an aqueous two-phase system. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:654-664. [PMID: 30648179 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01121d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a novel portable, versatile sessile droplet microfluidic (SDMF) device to perform liquid manipulation operations such as confining, splitting and colorimetric detection. Furthermore, chemical isolations based on an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) for separating an analyte of choice from a complicated sample matrix can be carried out. ATPS extractions can replace conventional liquid-liquid extractions and take away the need for harmful organic solvents. Superhydrophobic (SH) surfaces were fabricated from a commercially available material, Ultra-Ever Dry® (UED®). On these SH surfaces, surface energy traps (SETs) were produced either by air plasma treatment (simultaneously) or laser micromachining (sequentially) to dock/pin an ATPS containing droplet onto the surface. Splitting of droplets or removing a precise volume of the top phase from a pinned extraction system was achieved with a sandwich-chip approach. For this, an additional SET patterned substrate was placed on top of the droplet and subsequently lifted. This multipurpose platform was used to isolate Cd from a mixture of several other metal ions (i.e. Mn, Ni, Cu, Pb, Fe) for its subsequent interference-free detection. An ATPS consisting of sodium sulfate and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as phase forming components and potassium iodine as extractant allowed separation of cadmium with an extraction efficiency of q(Cd2+) = 98.5%. Using a portable, cost-effective, smartphone-based UV/vis spectrometer, Cd was detected with a LoD of 3.4 ppm. Alternatively, the multipurpose platform can also be used as sampling platform for a benchtop UV/vis spectrometer, where a LoD of 0.53 ppm was obtained. Potential applications of the presented platform include sample preparation and separation that can be achieved by aqueous two-phase extractions, such as proteins, antibodies, DNA, cells, organic molecules and metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hermann
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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36
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Kang DH, Han WB, Choi N, Kim YJ, Kim TS. Tightly Sealed 3D Lipid Structure Monolithically Generated on Transparent SU-8 Microwell Arrays for Biosensor Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:40401-40410. [PMID: 30404433 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Artificial lipid membranes are excellent candidates for new biosensing platforms because their structures are similar to cell membranes and it is relatively easy to modify the composition of the membrane. The freestanding structure is preferable for this purpose because of the more manageable reconstitution of the membrane protein. Therefore, most of the lipid membranes for biosensing are based on two-dimensional structures that are fixed on a solid substrate (unlike floating liposomes) even though they have some disadvantages, such as low stability, small surface area, and potential retention of solvent in the membrane. In this paper, three-dimensional freestanding lipid bilayer (3D FLB) arrays were fabricated uniformly on SU-8 microwells without any toxic solvent. The 3D FLBs have better stability and larger surface area due to their cell-like structure. In order to improve the sealing characteristics of the 3D FLBs, the applied frequency of the ac field was controlled during the electroformation. The 3D FLBs were observed through transparent SU-8 microwell arrays using confocal microscopy and demonstrated perfect sealing until 5.5 days after the electroformation at more than 1 kHz. Also, the details of the sealing of a fixed 3D freestanding lipid structure were discussed for the first time. The unilamellarity and biofunctionality of the 3D FLBs were verified by a transport protein (α-hemolysin) assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyun Kang
- Center for BioMicrosystems , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Yonsei University , 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Won Bae Han
- Center for BioMicrosystems , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Center for BioMicrosystems , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Yonsei University , 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Song Kim
- Center for BioMicrosystems , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
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37
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Chang B, Kivinen O, Pini I, Levkin PA, Ras RHA, Zhou Q. Nanoliter deposition on star-shaped hydrophilic-superhydrophobic patterned surfaces. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:7500-7506. [PMID: 30152827 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01288a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoliter sized droplet deposition has gained increasing importance in many biomedical, chemical, and microfluidic applications and in materials synthesis. In this paper, we report a simple method for rapid and high-throughput deposition of nanoliter-sized droplets by dragging a larger droplet on star-shaped hydrophilic-superhydrophobic patterned surfaces. Dragging a droplet on the patterned surface causes water to adhere to hydrophilic patterns. As the larger mother droplet detaches from a star-shaped pattern, a small daughter droplet is deposited on the pattern. Star-shaped hydrophilic patterns with a distinct number of spikes are fabricated and investigated. Systematic tests are carried out to study the influence of different process parameters including the volume of a mother droplet, the dragging velocity, the number of spikes and the dragging directions to the deposition process. The results indicate that creating microarrays by dragging large droplets on patterned hydrophilic-superhydrophobic surfaces yield a reliable, cost-efficient, high-accuracy and easily scalable deposition. The volume of the daughter droplet grows with the velocity of the mother droplet and the number of spikes in a pattern, and decreases with the volume of the mother droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'An 710021, P. R. China
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38
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Wu H, Wu L, Zhou X, Liu B, Zheng B. Patterning Hydrophobic Surfaces by Negative Microcontact Printing and Its Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802128. [PMID: 30133159 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Here, a negative microcontact printing method is developed to form hydrophilic polydopamine (PDA) patterns with micrometer resolution on hydrophobic including perfluorinated surfaces. In the process of the negative microcontact printing, a uniform PDA thin film is first formed on the hydrophobic surface. An activated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp is then placed in contact with the PDA-coated hydrophobic surface. Taking advantage of the difference in the surface energy between the hydrophobic surface and the stamp, PDA is removed from the contact area after the stamp release. As a result, a PDA pattern complementary to the stamp is obtained on the hydrophobic surface. By using the negative microcontact printing, arrays of liquid droplets and single cells are reliably formed on perfluorinated surfaces. Microlens array with tunable focal length for imaging studies is further created based on the droplet array. The negative microcontact printing method is expected to be widely applicable in high-throughput chemical and biological screening and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Baishu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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39
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Malgras V, Henzie J, Takei T, Yamauchi Y. Stable Blue Luminescent CsPbBr3
Perovskite Nanocrystals Confined in Mesoporous Thin Films. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Malgras
- International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS) & International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA); National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Joel Henzie
- International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS) & International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA); National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Toshiaki Takei
- International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS) & International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA); National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 China
- Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources; Kyung Hee University; 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu Yongin-si Gyeonggi-do 446-701 South Korea
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for, Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
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40
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Malgras V, Henzie J, Takei T, Yamauchi Y. Stable Blue Luminescent CsPbBr3
Perovskite Nanocrystals Confined in Mesoporous Thin Films. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8881-8885. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Malgras
- International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS) & International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA); National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Joel Henzie
- International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS) & International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA); National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Toshiaki Takei
- International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS) & International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA); National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 China
- Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources; Kyung Hee University; 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu Yongin-si Gyeonggi-do 446-701 South Korea
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for, Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
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Naik AR, Kim JJ, Usluer Ö, Gonzalez Arellano DL, Secor EB, Facchetti A, Hersam MC, Briseno AL, Watkins JJ. Direct Printing of Graphene Electrodes for High-Performance Organic Inverters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:15988-15995. [PMID: 29667396 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Scalable fabrication of high-resolution electrodes and interconnects is necessary to enable advanced, high-performance, printed, and flexible electronics. Here, we demonstrate the direct printing of graphene patterns with feature widths from 300 μm to ∼310 nm by liquid-bridge-mediated nanotransfer molding. This solution-based technique enables residue-free printing of graphene patterns on a variety of substrates with surface energies between ∼43 and 73 mN m-1. Using printed graphene source and drain electrodes, high-performance organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are fabricated with single-crystal rubrene (p-type) and fluorocarbon-substituted dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDIF-CN2) (n-type) semiconductors. Measured mobilities range from 2.1 to 0.2 cm2 V-1 s-1 for rubrene and from 0.6 to 0.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 for PDIF-CN2. Complementary inverter circuits are fabricated from these single-crystal OFETs with gains as high as ∼50. Finally, these high-resolution graphene patterns are compatible with scalable processing, offering compelling opportunities for inexpensive printed electronics with increased performance and integration density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi R Naik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Jae Joon Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Özlem Usluer
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - D Leonardo Gonzalez Arellano
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Alejandro L Briseno
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - James J Watkins
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
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Feng W, Ueda E, Levkin PA. Droplet Microarrays: From Surface Patterning to High-Throughput Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706111. [PMID: 29572971 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening of live cells and chemical reactions in isolated droplets is an important and growing method in areas ranging from studies of gene functions and the search for new drug candidates, to performing combinatorial chemical reactions. Compared with microfluidics and well plates, the facile fabrication, high density, and open structure endow droplet microarrays on planar surfaces with great potential in the development of next-generation miniaturized platforms for high-throughput applications. Surfaces with special wettability have served as substrates to generate and/or address droplets microarrays. Here, the formation of droplet microarrays with designed geometry on chemically prepatterned surfaces is briefly described and some of the newer and emerging applications of these microarrays that are currently being explored are highlighted. Next, some of the available technologies used to add (bio-)chemical libraries to each droplet in parallel are introduced. Current challenges and future prospects that would benefit from using such droplet microarrays are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Feng
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Erica Ueda
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Pavel A Levkin
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Kiryukhin MV, Lau HH, Goh SH, Teh C, Korzh V, Sadovoy A. A membrane film sensor with encapsulated fluorescent dyes towards express freshness monitoring of packaged food. Talanta 2018; 182:187-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Quan PL, Sauzade M, Brouzes E. dPCR: A Technology Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E1271. [PMID: 29677144 PMCID: PMC5948698 DOI: 10.3390/s18041271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction (dPCR) is a novel method for the absolute quantification of target nucleic acids. Quantification by dPCR hinges on the fact that the random distribution of molecules in many partitions follows a Poisson distribution. Each partition acts as an individual PCR microreactor and partitions containing amplified target sequences are detected by fluorescence. The proportion of PCR-positive partitions suffices to determine the concentration of the target sequence without a need for calibration. Advances in microfluidics enabled the current revolution of digital quantification by providing efficient partitioning methods. In this review, we compare the fundamental concepts behind the quantification of nucleic acids by dPCR and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). We detail the underlying statistics of dPCR and explain how it defines its precision and performance metrics. We review the different microfluidic digital PCR formats, present their underlying physical principles, and analyze the technological evolution of dPCR platforms. We present the novel multiplexing strategies enabled by dPCR and examine how isothermal amplification could be an alternative to PCR in digital assays. Finally, we determine whether the theoretical advantages of dPCR over qPCR hold true by perusing studies that directly compare assays implemented with both methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phenix-Lan Quan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Martin Sauzade
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Eric Brouzes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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Lopes LFDP, Agostini VO, Muxagata E. Could some procedures commonly used in bioassays with the copepod Acartia tonsa Dana 1849 distort results? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 150:353-365. [PMID: 29246582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many organizations have suggested the use of the Calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa in protocols for acute toxicity tests. Nevertheless, these protocols present some problems, such as using 60-180µm meshes to separate specific stages of A. tonsa or carrying out the tests using small volumes that reflect high densities of A. tonsa that do not occur in nature, which could lead to distorted results. In addition, ecotoxicological studies may use statistical approaches that are inadequate for the type of data being analysed. For these reasons, some methodological approaches for bioassays using A. tonsa need to be clarified and revised. In this study, we present information about (i) the retention of copepodite stages of A. tonsa on 180, 330 and 500µm net meshes; (ii) tested storage volumes of 1 organism per 5, 10 or 20mL in each test container (TC); and (iii) considerations about the statistics employed. The results demonstrated that a net mesh of 180µm is capable of retaining all copepodite stages (CI to CVI), contrasting with the recommendation of using a 180µm mesh to separate out adults only. Coarser meshes (330 and 500µm) can also retain different proportions of all copepodite stages, but cannot separate out one developmental stage only. Twenty-five millilitres of medium in an open TC, commonly employed in bioassays simulating densities of 1 organism 5mL-1, completely evaporated, and the results showed that the TCs need to be covered (e.g., PVC film) and filled with a minimum of 100mL of culture medium (simulating densities of 1 organism 20mL-1) to avoid evaporation and increases in salinity. The current use of ANOVA in ecotoxicological studies with proportions of surviving organisms should also be reconsidered since the data are discrete and have a binomial distribution; general linear models (GLMs) are considered more adequate. The information presented here suggests some adjustments that hopefully will enable the improvement of the procedures and methods employed in studies of acute toxicity using the copepod A. tonsa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Fernanda de Palma Lopes
- Laboratório de Zooplâncton - Instituto de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, s/n km 8, campus Carreiros, Caixa Postal 474, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Bolsistas do CNPq vinculadas ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia Biológica (PPGOB) da FURG, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Ochi Agostini
- Laboratório de Zooplâncton - Instituto de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, s/n km 8, campus Carreiros, Caixa Postal 474, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Bolsistas do CNPq vinculadas ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia Biológica (PPGOB) da FURG, Brazil
| | - Erik Muxagata
- Laboratório de Zooplâncton - Instituto de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, s/n km 8, campus Carreiros, Caixa Postal 474, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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Xiao W, Li Q, He H, Li W, Cao X, Dong H. Patterning Multi-Nanostructured Poly(l-lactic acid) Fibrous Matrices to Manipulate Biomolecule Distribution and Functions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:8465-8473. [PMID: 29461036 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b18423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Precise manipulation of biomolecule distribution and functions via biomolecule-matrix interaction is very important and challenging for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. As a well-known biomimetic matrix, electrospun fibers often lack the unique spatial complexity compared to their natural counterparts in vivo and thus cannot deliver fully the regulatory cues to biomolecules. In this paper, we report a facile and reliable method to fabricate micro- and nanostructured poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) fibrous matrices with spatial complexity by a combination of advanced electrospinning and agarose hydrogel stamp-based micropatterning. Specifically, advanced electrospinning is used to construct multi-nanostructures of fibrous matrices while solvent-loaded agarose hydrogel stamps are used to create microstructures. Compared with other methods, our method shows extreme simplicity and flexibility originated from the mono-/multi-spinneret conversion and limitless micropatterns of agarose hydrogel stamps. Three types of PLLA fibrous matrices including patterned nano-Ag/PLLA hybrid fibers, patterned bicompartment polyethylene terephthalate/PLLA fibers, and patterned hollow PLLA fibers are fabricated and their capability to manipulate biomolecule distribution and functions, that is, bacterial distribution and antibacterial performance, cell patterning and adhesion/spreading behaviors, and protein adsorption and delivery, is demonstrated in detail. The method described in our paper provides a powerful tool to restore spatial complexity in biomimetic matrices and would have promising applications in the field of biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR) , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Qingtao Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR) , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Huimin He
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR) , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Wenxiu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR) , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Xiaodong Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR) , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510641 , China
| | - Hua Dong
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR) , Guangzhou 510006 , China
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DiSalvo M, Harris DM, Kantesaria S, Peña AN, Allbritton-King JD, Cole JH, Allbritton NL. Characterization of Tensioned PDMS Membranes for Imaging Cytometry on Microraft Arrays. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4792-4800. [PMID: 29510027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes can act as sensing elements, barriers, and substrates, yet the low rigidity of the elastomeric membranes can limit their practical use in devices. Microraft arrays rely on a freestanding PDMS membrane as a substrate for cell arrays used in imaging cytometry and cellular isolation. However, the underlying PDMS membrane deforms under the weight of the cell media, making automated analytical microscopy (and thus cytometry and cell isolation) challenging. Here we report the development of microfabrication strategies and physically motivated mathematical modeling of membrane deformation of PDMS microarrays. Microraft arrays were fabricated with mechanical tension stored within the PDMS substrate. These membranes deformed 20× less than that of arrays fabricated using prior methods. Modeling of the deformation of pretensioned arrays using linear membrane theory yielded ≤15% error in predicting the array deflection and predicted the impact of cure temperatures up to 120 °C. A mathematical approach was developed to fit models of microraft shape to sparse real-world shape measurements. Automated imaging of cells on pretensioned microarrays using the focal planes predicted by the model produced high quality fluorescence images of cells, enabling accurate cell area quantification (<4% error) at increased speed (13×) relative to conventional methods. Our microfabrication method and simplified, linear modeling approach is readily applicable to control the deformation of similar membranes in MEMs devices, sensors, and microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew DiSalvo
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | | | - Saurin Kantesaria
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | | | - Jules D Allbritton-King
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Jacqueline H Cole
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Nancy L Allbritton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
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48
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Zeng Y, Du X, Gao B, Liu B, Xie Z, Gu Z. Single-Step Fabrication of High-Throughput Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:4222-4232. [PMID: 29297223 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The combination of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) with high-throughput screening (HTS) has significant importance for highly sensitive and massive workload assays. Although fabrication of HTS-SERS substrates can be achieved by several methods, the high cost as well as large-equipment dependence limit their applications. Here, we report a simple method to fabricate HTS-SERS substrates within one-step process. The HTS-SERS substrate is fabricated by simply UV-irradiating a fluoroalkylsilane (FAS)-modified liquid-repellent TiO2 surface in AgNO3 solution through a photomask. Owing to the photocatalytic nature of TiO2, the UV irradiation simultaneously triggers the degradation of the attached FAS and the generation of liquid-adhesive Ag nanoparticles (NPs) on exposed area. A HTS-SERS substrate could be directly obtained after UV irradiation. The deposited Ag NPs evidently enhance Raman signals, and the significant difference between the wettability of exposed area and masked area enables fast formation of high-throughput liquid droplet arrays through a simple dragging solution process. The fabrication method is applicable to various substrate materials, to introduce additional functionalities. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 also allows us to photobleach the residual analyte and Ag NPs after detection to recycle substrate. This single-step method is a highly promising candidate for the fabrication of HTS-SERS substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Bingbing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhuoying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhongze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
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Tronser T, Popova AA, Jaggy M, Bastmeyer M, Levkin PA. Droplet Microarray Based on Patterned Superhydrophobic Surfaces Prevents Stem Cell Differentiation and Enables High-Throughput Stem Cell Screening. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28961385 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, stem cells have attracted growing interest in fundamental biological and biomedical research as well as in regenerative medicine, due to their unique ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types. Long-term maintenance of the self-renewal ability and inhibition of spontaneous differentiation, however, still remain challenging and are not fully understood. Uncontrolled spontaneous differentiation of stem cells makes high-throughput screening of stem cells also difficult. This further hinders investigation of the underlying mechanisms of stem cell differentiation and the factors that might affect it. In this work, a dual functionality of nanoporous superhydrophobic-hydrophilic micropatterns is demonstrated in their ability to inhibit differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and at the same time enable formation of arrays of microdroplets (droplet microarray) via the effect of discontinuous dewetting. Such combination makes high-throughput screening of undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cells possible. The droplet microarray is used to investigate the development, differentiation, and maintenance of stemness of mESC, revealing the dependence of stem cell behavior on droplet volume in nano- and microliter scale. The inhibition of spontaneous differentiation of mESCs cultured on the droplet microarray for up to 72 h is observed. In addition, up to fourfold increased cell growth rate of mESCs cultured on our platform has been observed. The difference in the behavior of mESCs is attributed to the porosity and roughness of the polymer surface. This work demonstrates that the droplet microarray possesses the potential for the screening of mESCs under conditions of prolonged inhibition of stem cells' spontaneous differentiation. Such a platform can be useful for applications in the field of stem cell research, pharmacological testing of drug efficacy and toxicity, biomedical research as well as in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Tronser
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Anna A. Popova
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Mona Jaggy
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Zoological Institute; Cell- and Neurobiology; Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG); New Polymers and Biomaterials; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Zoological Institute; Cell- and Neurobiology; Fritz-Haber-Weg 4 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG); New Polymers and Biomaterials; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Pavel A. Levkin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute of Organic Chemistry; 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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50
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Sposito AJ, DeVoe DL. Staggered trap arrays for robust microfluidic sample digitization. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:4105-4112. [PMID: 29090708 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00846e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A sample digitization method that exploits the controlled pinning of fluid at geometric discontinuities within an array of staggered microfluidic traps is presented. The staggered trap design enables reliable sample filling within high aspect ratio microwells, even when employing substrate materials such as thermoplastics that are not gas permeable. A simple geometric model is developed to predict the impact of device geometry on sample filling and discretization, and validated experimentally using fabricated cyclic olefin polymer devices. Using the developed design guidelines, a 768-element staggered trap array is demonstrated, with reliable passive loading and discretization achieved within 5 min. The resulting discretization platform offers a simplified workflow with flexible trap design, reliable discretization, and repeatable operation using low-cost thermoplastic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Sposito
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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