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Üclü S, Marschelke C, Drees F, Giesler M, Wilms D, Köhler T, Schmidt S, Synytska A, Hartmann L. Sweet Janus Particles: Multifunctional Inhibitors of Carbohydrate-Based Bacterial Adhesion. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2399-2407. [PMID: 38454747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Escherichia coli and other bacteria use adhesion receptors, such as FimH, to attach to carbohydrates on the cell surface as the first step of colonization and infection. Efficient inhibitors that block these interactions for infection treatment are multivalent carbohydrate-functionalized scaffolds. However, these multivalent systems often lead to the formation of large clusters of bacteria, which may pose problems for clearing bacteria from the infected site. Here, we present Man-containing Janus particles (JPs) decorated on one side with glycomacromolecules to target Man-specific adhesion receptors of E. coli. On the other side, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) is attached to the particle hemisphere, providing temperature-dependent sterical shielding against binding and cluster formation. While homogeneously functionalized particles cluster with multiple bacteria to form large aggregates, glycofunctionalized JPs are able to form aggregates only with individual bacteria. The formation of large aggregates from the JP-decorated single bacteria can still be induced in a second step by increasing the temperature and making use of the collapse of the PNIPAM hemisphere. This is the first time that carbohydrate-functionalized JPs have been derived and used as inhibitors of bacterial adhesion. Furthermore, the developed JPs offer well-controlled single bacterial inhibition in combination with cluster formation upon an external stimulus, which is not achievable with conventional carbohydrate-functionalized particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Üclü
- Department for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Claudia Marschelke
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Felictas Drees
- Department for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, Freiburg Im Breisgau 79104, Germany
| | - Markus Giesler
- Department for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Dimitri Wilms
- Department for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Thorben Köhler
- Department for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Department for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, Freiburg Im Breisgau 79104, Germany
| | - Alla Synytska
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Research Group Functional Polymer Interfaces, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig-Thoma Str. 36a, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Department for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, Freiburg Im Breisgau 79104, Germany
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2
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Ferreira VRA, Azenha MA. Recent Advances in Light-Driven Semiconductor-Based Micro/Nanomotors: Optimization Strategies and Emerging Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:1154. [PMID: 38474666 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Micro/nanomotors represent a burgeoning field of research featuring small devices capable of autonomous movement in liquid environments through catalytic reactions and/or external stimuli. This review delves into recent advancements in light-driven semiconductor-based micro/nanomotors (LDSM), focusing on optimized syntheses, enhanced motion mechanisms, and emerging applications in the environmental and biomedical domains. The survey commences with a theoretical introduction to micromotors and their propulsion mechanisms, followed by an exploration of commonly studied LDSM, emphasizing their advantages. Critical properties affecting propulsion, such as surface features, morphology, and size, are presented alongside discussions on external conditions related to light sources and intensity, which are crucial for optimizing the propulsion speed. Each property is accompanied by a theoretical background and conclusions drawn up to 2018. The review further investigates recent adaptations of LDSM, uncovering underlying mechanisms and associated benefits. A brief discussion is included on potential synergistic effects between different external conditions, aiming to enhance efficiency-a relatively underexplored topic. In conclusion, the review outlines emerging applications in biomedicine and environmental monitoring/remediation resulting from recent LDSM research, highlighting the growing significance of this field. The comprehensive exploration of LDSM advancements provides valuable insights for researchers and practitioners seeking to leverage these innovative micro/nanomotors in diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R A Ferreira
- CIQUP-Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel A Azenha
- CIQUP-Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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3
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Wang Q, Yang S, Zhang L. Untethered Micro/Nanorobots for Remote Sensing: Toward Intelligent Platform. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:40. [PMID: 38032461 PMCID: PMC10689342 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Untethered micro/nanorobots that can wirelessly control their motion and deformation state have gained enormous interest in remote sensing applications due to their unique motion characteristics in various media and diverse functionalities. Researchers are developing micro/nanorobots as innovative tools to improve sensing performance and miniaturize sensing systems, enabling in situ detection of substances that traditional sensing methods struggle to achieve. Over the past decade of development, significant research progress has been made in designing sensing strategies based on micro/nanorobots, employing various coordinated control and sensing approaches. This review summarizes the latest developments on micro/nanorobots for remote sensing applications by utilizing the self-generated signals of the robots, robot behavior, microrobotic manipulation, and robot-environment interactions. Providing recent studies and relevant applications in remote sensing, we also discuss the challenges and future perspectives facing micro/nanorobots-based intelligent sensing platforms to achieve sensing in complex environments, translating lab research achievements into widespread real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shihao Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China.
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Centre for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China.
- T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Lu X, Bao J, Wei Y, Zhang S, Liu W, Wu J. Emerging Roles of Microrobots for Enhancing the Sensitivity of Biosensors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2902. [PMID: 37947746 PMCID: PMC10650336 DOI: 10.3390/nano13212902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
To meet the increasing needs of point-of-care testing in clinical diagnosis and daily health monitoring, numerous cutting-edge techniques have emerged to upgrade current portable biosensors with higher sensitivity, smaller size, and better intelligence. In particular, due to the controlled locomotion characteristics in the micro/nano scale, microrobots can effectively enhance the sensitivity of biosensors by disrupting conventional passive diffusion into an active enrichment during the test. In addition, microrobots are ideal to create biosensors with functions of on-demand delivery, transportation, and multi-objective detections with the capability of actively controlled motion. In this review, five types of portable biosensors and their integration with microrobots are critically introduced. Microrobots can enhance the detection signal in fluorescence intensity and surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection via the active enrichment. The existence and quantity of detection substances also affect the motion state of microrobots for the locomotion-based detection. In addition, microrobots realize the indirect detection of the bio-molecules by functionalizing their surfaces in the electrochemical current and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy detections. We pay a special focus on the roles of microrobots with active locomotion to enhance the detection performance of portable sensors. At last, perspectives and future trends of microrobots in biosensing are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China; (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.)
- Biomedical Engineering Fusion Laboratory, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Jinhui Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China; (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.)
- Biomedical Engineering Fusion Laboratory, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Ying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China; (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.)
- Biomedical Engineering Fusion Laboratory, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China; (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.)
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
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5
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Cui H, Pan W, Li T, Shen X, Chang Y, Pang W, Duan X. Rapid purification and enrichment of viral particles using self-propelled micromotors. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:17105-17112. [PMID: 37850316 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02812g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Virus infections remain one of the principal causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The current gold standard approach for diagnosing pathogens requires access to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology. However, separation and enrichment of the targets from complex and diluted samples remains a major challenge. In this work, we proposed a micromotor-based sample preparation concept for the efficient separation and concentration of target viral particles before PCR. The micromotors are functionalized with antibodies with a 3D polymer linker and are capable of self-propulsion by the catalytic generation of oxygen bubbles for selective and positive virus enrichment. This strategy significantly improves the enrichment efficiency and recovery rate of virus (up to 80% at 104 tu mL-1 in a 1 mL volume within just 6 min) without external mixing equipment. The method allows the Ct value in regular PCR tests to appear 6-7 cycles earlier and a detection limit of 1 tu mL-1 for the target virus from swap samples. A point-of-need test kit is designed based on the micromotors which can be readily applied to pretreat a large volume of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Wenwei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Tiechuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotian Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Ye Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Wei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
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6
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Madadi M, Khoee S. Magnetite-based Janus nanoparticles, their synthesis and biomedical applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1908. [PMID: 37271573 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The advent of Janus nanoparticles has been a great breakthrough in the emerging field of nanomaterials. Janus nanoparticles refer to a single structure with two distinct chemical functions on either side. Owing to their asymmetric structures, they can be utilized in a variety of applications where monomorphic particles are insufficient. In the last decade, a wide variety of materials have been employed to fabricate Janus nanoparticles, and due to the great advantages of magnetite (Iron-oxide) NPs, they have been considered as one of the best candidates. With the main benefit of magnetic controlling, magnetite Janus nanoparticles fulfill great promises, especially in biomedical areas such as bioimaging, cancer therapies, theranostics, and biosensing. The intrinsic characteristics of magnetite Janus nanoparticles (MJNPs) even hold great potential in magnetite Janus forms of micro-/nanomotors. Despite the great interest and potential in magnetic Janus NPs, the need for a comprehensive review on MJNPs with a concentration on magnetite NPs has been overlooked. Herein, we present recent advancements in the magnetite-based Janus nanoparticles in the flourishing field of biomedicine. First, the synthesis and fabrication methods of Janus nanoparticles are discussed. Then we will delve into their intriguing biomedical applications, with a separate section for magnetite Janus micro-/nanomotors in biomedicine. And finally, the challenges and future outlook are provided. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhdeh Madadi
- Polymer Laboratory, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Khoee
- Polymer Laboratory, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Jiang L, Liu X, Zhao D, Guo J, Ma X, Wang Y. Intelligent sensing based on active micro/nanomotors. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:8897-8915. [PMID: 37667977 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01163a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
In the microscopic world, synthetic micro/nanomotors (MNMs) can convert a variety of energy sources into driving forces to help humans perform a number of complex tasks with greater ease and efficiency. These tiny machines have attracted tremendous attention in the field of drug delivery, minimally invasive surgery, in vivo sampling, and environmental management. By modifying their surface materials and functionalizing them with bioactive agents, these MNMs can also be transformed into dynamic micro/nano-biosensors that can detect biomolecules in real-time with high sensitivity. The extensive range of operations and uses combined with their minuscule size have opened up new avenues for tackling intricate analytical difficulties. Here, in this review, various driving methods are briefly introduced, followed by a focus on intelligent detection techniques based on MNMs. And we discuss the distinctive advantages, current issues, and challenges associated with MNM-based intelligent detection. It is believed that the future advancements of MNMs will greatly impact the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Dongfang Zhao
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jinhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Ma
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Zheng L, Hart N, Zeng Y. Micro-/nanoscale robotics for chemical and biological sensing. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:3741-3767. [PMID: 37496448 PMCID: PMC10530003 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00404j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The field of micro-/nanorobotics has attracted extensive interest from a variety of research communities and witnessed enormous progress in a broad array of applications ranging from basic research to global healthcare and to environmental remediation and protection. In particular, micro-/nanoscale robots provide an enabling platform for the development of next-generation chemical and biological sensing modalities, owing to their unique advantages as programmable, self-sustainable, and/or autonomous mobile carriers to accommodate and promote physical and chemical processes. In this review, we intend to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art development in this area and share our perspective in the future trend. This review starts with a general introduction of micro-/nanorobotics and the commonly used methods for propulsion of micro-/nanorobots in solution, along with the commonly used methods in their fabrication. Next, we comprehensively summarize the current status of the micro/nanorobotic research in relevance to chemical and biological sensing (e.g., motion-based sensing, optical sensing, and electrochemical sensing). Following that, we provide an overview of the primary challenges currently faced in the micro-/nanorobotic research. Finally, we conclude this review by providing our perspective detailing the future application of soft robotics in chemical and biological sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuzheng Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.
| | - Nathan Hart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA.
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9
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Madhu M, Krishna Kumar AS, Lu CY, Tseng WL. Peptide-modified carbon dot aggregates for ultrasensitive detection of lipopolysaccharide through aggregation-induced emission enhancement. Talanta 2023; 253:123851. [PMID: 36108518 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study fabricated yellow-emitting CDs (Y-CDs) by hydrothermal treatment of citric acid and urea and applied them as a fluorescence turn-on platform for sensitive and selective detection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) based on the non-shifted AIEE of peptide-stabilized CD aggregates. The designed peptide (named K3) consisting of aggregation-active and LPS-recognition units triggered the aggregation of Y-CDs, switching on their fluorescence through the blue-shifted AIEE process. The formed K3-stabilized Y-CD aggregates (K3-YCDAs) specifically interacted with LPS at neutral pH, demonstrating that the sequence of the decorated peptide was highly connected with their selectivity and sensitivity. The K3-YCDAs provided a fast response time (within 5 min) to detect LPS with a quantification range of 0.5-100.0 nM and a limit of detection (LOD, signal-to-noise ratio of 3) of 300.0 pM. By integrating ultrafiltration membranes as a concentration device with K3-YCDAs as a sensing probe, the LOD for LPS was further reduced to 3.0 pM. The determination of picomolar levels of plasma LPS by the K3-YCDAs coupled to the centrifugation ultrafiltration was demonstrated to fall within the specificity range of clinical interest for sepsis patients. Also, the K3-YCDAs served as a fluorescent probe to selectively image and quantify E. coli cells. The distinct advantages of the K3-YCDAs for LPS include fast response time, wide linear range, low detection limit, and excellent selectivity compared to previously reported sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manivannan Madhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70 Lienhai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - A Santhana Krishna Kumar
- Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
| | - Chi-Yu Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shiquan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lung Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70 Lienhai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shiquan 1st Rd., 80708, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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10
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Cai L, Xu D, Zhang Z, Li N, Zhao Y. Tailoring Functional Micromotors for Sensing. RESEARCH 2023; 6:0044. [PMID: 37040517 PMCID: PMC10078326 DOI: 10.34133/research.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Micromotors are identified as a promising candidate in the field of sensing benefiting from their capacity of autonomous movement. Here, a review on the development of tailoring micromotors for sensing is presented, covering from their propulsion mechanisms and sensing strategies to applications. First, we concisely summarize the propulsion mechanism of micromotors involving fuel-based propulsion and fuel-free propulsion introducing their principles. Then, emphasis is laid to the sensing stratagems of the micromotors including speed-based sensing strategy, fluorescence-based sensing strategy, and other strategies. We listed typical examples of different sensing stratagems. After that, we introduce the applications of micromotors in sensing fields including environmental science, food safety, and biomedical fields. Finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects of the micromotors tailored for sensing. We believe that this comprehensive review can help readers to catch the research frontiers in the field of sensing and thus to burst out new ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Cai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Dongyu Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zeyou Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
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11
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Popescu MN, Gáspár S. Analyte Sensing with Catalytic Micromotors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:45. [PMID: 36671880 PMCID: PMC9856142 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic micromotors can be used to detect molecules of interest in several ways. The straightforward approach is to use such motors as sensors of their "fuel" (i.e., of the species consumed for self-propulsion). Another way is in the detection of species which are not fuel but still modulate the catalytic processes facilitating self-propulsion. Both of these require analysis of the motion of the micromotors because the speed (or the diffusion coefficient) of the micromotors is the analytical signal. Alternatively, catalytic micromotors can be used as the means to enhance mass transport, and thus increase the probability of specific recognition events in the sample. This latter approach is based on "classic" (e.g., electrochemical) analytical signals and does not require an analysis of the motion of the micromotors. Together with a discussion of the current limitations faced by sensing concepts based on the speed (or diffusion coefficient) of catalytic micromotors, we review the findings of the studies devoted to the analytical performances of catalytic micromotor sensors. We conclude that the qualitative (rather than quantitative) analysis of small samples, in resource poor environments, is the most promising niche for the catalytic micromotors in analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihail N. Popescu
- Física Teórica, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo. 1065, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Szilveszter Gáspár
- International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
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12
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Liu T, Xie L, Price CAH, Liu J, He Q, Kong B. Controlled propulsion of micro/nanomotors: operational mechanisms, motion manipulation and potential biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:10083-10119. [PMID: 36416191 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00432a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by natural mobile microorganisms, researchers have developed micro/nanomotors (MNMs) that can autonomously move by transducing different kinds of energies into kinetic energy. The rapid development of MNMs has created tremendous opportunities for biomedical fields including diagnostics, therapeutics, and theranostics. Although the great progress has been made in MNM research, at a fundamental level, the accepted propulsion mechanisms are still a controversial matter. In practical applications such as precision nanomedicine, the precise control of the motion, including the speed and directionality, of MNMs is also important, which makes advanced motion manipulation desirable. Very recently, diverse MNMs with different propulsion strategies, morphologies, sizes, porosities and chemical structures have been fabricated and applied for various uses. Herein, we thoroughly summarize the physical principles behind propulsion strategies, as well as the recent advances in motion manipulation methods and relevant biomedical applications of these MNMs. The current challenges in MNM research are also discussed. We hope this review can provide a bird's eye overview of the MNM research and inspire researchers to create novel and more powerful MNMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China. .,DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Cameron-Alexander Hurd Price
- DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Jian Liu
- DICP-Surrey Joint Centre for Future Materials, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK. .,State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, PR China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Biao Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China. .,Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
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13
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Self-propelled Janus nanomotor as active probe for detection of pepsinogen by lateral flow immunoassay. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:468. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Karadkar S, Tiwari A, Chaskar AC. Recent advancements in Janus nanoparticle-based biosensing platforms. INTERNATIONAL NANO LETTERS 2022; 13:93-115. [PMID: 36438713 PMCID: PMC9676883 DOI: 10.1007/s40089-022-00385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have aided in the development of nano-based sensors for diagnostic applications. However, use of nanoparticles in the development of sensing devices for multiple analyte detection is constrained due to their inability to detect several analytes with a single type of nanoparticle. The term "Janus particle" refers to micro or nanoscale particles that have been divided into sections or compartments, each of which has a distinct set of chemical or physical properties, producing multifunctional particles endowed with distinctive qualities. Furthermore, Janus particles have the ability to perform multiple functions within a single particle at the same time, with no interference from adjacent sections. This review focuses on the use of Janus particles in the fabrication of biosensors as well as in the investigation of various properties endowed by these Janus particles for their use as biosensors. It also discusses the various types of Janus particle-based biosensors that are currently available. Finally, the limitations of Janus particles in sensor technologies and their future scope have been discussed. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Srushti Karadkar
- National Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Abhishekh Tiwari
- National Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Atul Changdev Chaskar
- National Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
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15
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Li Y, Sun J, Huang L, Liu S, Wang S, Zhang D, Zhu M, Wang J. Nanozyme-encoded luminescent detection for food safety analysis: An overview of mechanisms and recent applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:5077-5108. [PMID: 36200572 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid growth in global food production, delivery, and consumption, reformative food analytical techniques are required to satisfy the monitoring requirements of speed and high sensitivity. Nanozyme-encoded luminescent detections (NLDs) integrating nanozyme-based rapid detections with luminescent output signals have emerged as powerful methods for food safety monitoring, not only because of their preeminent performance in analysis, such as rapid, facile, low background signal, and ultrasensitive, but also due to their strong attractiveness for future sensing research. However, the lack of a full understanding of the fundamentals of NLDs for food safety detection technologies limits their further application. In this review, a systematic overview of the mechanisms of NLDs and their applications in the food industry is summarized, which covers the nanozyme-mimicking types and their luminescent signal generation mechanisms, as well as their applications in monitoring common foodborne contaminants. As demonstrated by previous studies, NLDs are bridging the gap to practical-oriented food analytical technologies and various opportunities to improve their food analytical performance to be considered in the future are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechun Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Lunjie Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sijie Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shaochi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Daohong Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mingqiang Zhu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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16
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Sha Z, Wang C, Ma R, Gao X, Sun S. Microfluidic synthesis of Janus-structured QD-encoded magnetic microbeads for multiplex immunoassay. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:407. [PMID: 36198915 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
Uniform and monodisperse quantum dot (QD)-encoded magnetic microbeads with Janus structure were produced in a microfluidic device via photopolymerization. UV light through a microscope objective was used to solidify the microbeads which showed sharp interfaces and excellent magnetic responses. QDs with different emission peaks (450 nm for blue and 640 nm for red) were mixed at different ratios to provide three spectral codes. The QD-encoded microbeads can be distinguished by analyzing their fluorescent images in HSV color space. After hydrolysis of the anhydride group in alkaline solution, protein was immobilized on microbeads via activation of carboxyl groups using (1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminoprophyl) carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS). A microhole array in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates with a specific size was fabricated to trap individual microbeads in a single microhole. The combination of Janus-structured QD-encoded magnetic microbeads and microhole arrays facilitates both flexibility, binding kinetics, sensitivity for suspension assay, and fluorescence mapping analysis for conventional biochips, thus providing a novel platform for multiplex bioanalysis. The capability of this integration for multiplex immunoassays was verified using three kinds of IgG and their corresponding anti-IgG. A detection limit of 0.07 ng/mL was achieved for human IgG, indicating practical applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Sha
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Healthcare Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chunnan Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Healthcare Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Healthcare Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaochun Gao
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Healthcare Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuqing Sun
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Healthcare Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Abstract
Micro-/nanorobots (MNRs) can be autonomously propelled on demand in complex biological environments and thus may bring revolutionary changes to biomedicines. Fluorescence has been widely used in real-time imaging, chemo-/biosensing, and photo-(chemo-) therapy. The integration of MNRs with fluorescence generates fluorescent MNRs with unique advantages of optical trackability, on-the-fly environmental sensitivity, and targeting chemo-/photon-induced cytotoxicity. This review provides an up-to-date overview of fluorescent MNRs. After the highlighted elucidation about MNRs of various propulsion mechanisms and the introductory information on fluorescence with emphasis on the fluorescent mechanisms and materials, we systematically illustrate the design and preparation strategies to integrate MNRs with fluorescent substances and their biomedical applications in imaging-guided drug delivery, intelligent on-the-fly sensing and photo-(chemo-) therapy. In the end, we summarize the main challenges and provide an outlook on the future directions of fluorescent MNRs. This work is expected to attract and inspire researchers from different communities to advance the creation and practical application of fluorescent MNRs on a broad horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Xia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Fangzhi Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
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18
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Dan J, Shi S, Sun H, Su Z, Liang Y, Wang J, Zhang W. Micro/nanomotor technology: the new era for food safety control. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2032-2052. [PMID: 36094420 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2119935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Food poisoning caused by eating contaminated food remains a threat to global public health. Making the situation even worse is the aggravated global environmental pollution, which poses a major threat to the safety of agricultural resources. Food adulteration has been rampant owing to negligent national food safety regulations. The speed at which contaminated food is detected and disposed of determines the extent to which consumers' lives are safeguarded and agricultural economic losses are prevented. Micro/nanomotors offer a high-speed mobile loading platform that substantially increases the chemical reaction rates and, accordingly, exhibit great potential as alternatives to conventional detection and degradation techniques. This review summarizes the propulsion modes applicable to micro/nanomotors in food systems and the advantages of using micro/nanomotors, highlighting examples of their potential use in recent years for the detection and removal of food contaminants. Micro/nanomotors are an emerging technology for food applications that is moving toward mass production, simple preparation, and important functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuo Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zehui Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanmin Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Xin C, Jin D, Li R, Wang D, Ren Z, Liu B, Chen C, Li L, Liu S, Xu B, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Li J, Zhang L, Wu D, Chu J. Rapid and Multimaterial 4D Printing of Shape-Morphing Micromachines for Narrow Micronetworks Traversing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202272. [PMID: 35983631 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Micromachines with high environmental adaptability have the potential to deliver targeted drugs in complex biological networks, such as digestive, neural, and vascular networks. However, the low processing efficiency and single processing material of current 4D printing methods often limit the development and application of shape-morphing micromachines (SMMs). Here, two 4D printing strategies are proposed to fabricate SMMs with pH-responsive hydrogels for complex micro-networks traversing. On the one hand, the 3D vortex light single exposure technique can rapidly fabricate a tubular SMM with controllable size and geometry within 0.1 s. On the other hand, the asymmetric multimaterial direct laser writing (DLW) method is used to fabricate SMMs with designable 3D structures composed of hydrogel and platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs). Based on the presence of ferroferric oxide (Fe3 O4 ) and Pt NPs in the SMMs, efficient magnetic, bubble, and hybrid propulsion modes are achieved. Finally, it is demonstrated that the spatial shape conversion capabilities of these SMMs can be used for narrow micronetworks traversing, which will find potential applications in targeted cargo delivery in microcapillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Dongdong Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Rui Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhongguo Ren
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Bingrui Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Longfu Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shunli Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Yachao Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yanlei Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jiaru Chu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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20
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Biocompatible micromotors for biosensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7035-7049. [PMID: 36044082 PMCID: PMC9428376 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Micro/nanomotors are nanoscale devices that have been explored in various fields, such as drug delivery, environmental remediation, or biosensing and diagnosis. The use of micro/nanomotors has grown considerably over the past few years, partially because of the advantages that they offer in the development of new conceptual avenues in biosensing. This is due to their propulsion and intermixing in solution compared with their respective static forms, which enables motion-based detection methods and/or decreases bioassay time. This review focuses on the impacts of micro/nanomotors on biosensing research in the last 2 years. An overview of designs for bioreceptor attachment to micro/nanomotors is given. Recent developments have focused on chemically propelled micromotors using external fuels, commonly hydrogen peroxide. However, the associated fuel toxicity and inconvenience of use in relevant biological samples such as blood have prompted researchers to explore new micro/nanomotor biosensing approaches based on biocompatible propulsion sources such as magnetic or ultrasound fields. The main advances in biocompatible propulsion sources for micro/nanomotors as novel biosensing platforms are discussed and grouped by their propulsion-driven forces. The relevant analytical applications are discussed and representatively illustrated. Moreover, envisioning future biosensing applications, the principal advantages of micro/nanomotor synthesis using biocompatible and biodegradable materials are given. The review concludes with a realistic drawing on the present and future perspectives.
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Wang Y, Zhao P, Zhang S, Zhu K, Shangguan X, Liu L, Zhang S. Application of Janus Particles in Point-of-Care Testing. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12090689. [PMID: 36140074 PMCID: PMC9496037 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Janus particles (JPs), named after the two-faced Roman god, are asymmetric particles with different chemical properties or polarities. JPs have been widely used in the biomedical field in recent years, including as drug carriers for targeted controlled drug release and as biosensors for biological imaging and biomarker detection, which is crucial in the early detection and treatment of diseases. In this review, we highlight the most recent advancements made with regard to Janus particles in point-of-care testing (POCT). Firstly, we introduce several commonly used methods for preparing Janus particles. Secondly, we present biomarker detection using JPs based on various detection methods to achieve the goal of POCT. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for developing Janus particles in POCT. This review will facilitate the development of POCT biosensing devices based on the unique properties of Janus particles.
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22
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Zhang H, Wang F, Nestler B. Janus Droplet Formation via Thermally Induced Phase Separation: A Numerical Model with Diffusion and Convection. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6882-6895. [PMID: 35617199 PMCID: PMC9178917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Microscale Janus particles have versatile potential applications in many physical and biomedical fields, such as microsensor, micromotor, and drug delivery. Here, we present a phase-field approach of multicomponent and multiphase to investigate the Janus droplet formation via thermally induced phase separation. The crucial kinetics for the formation of Janus droplets consisting of two polymer species and a solvent component via an interplay of both diffusion and convection is considered in the Cahn-Hilliard-Navier-Stokes equation. The simulation results of the phase-field model show that unequal interfacial tensions between the two polymer species and the solvent result in asymmetric phase separation in the formation process of Janus droplets. This asymmetric phase separation plays a vital role in the establishment of the so-called core-shell structure that has been observed in previous experiments. By varying the droplet size, the surface tension, and the molecular interaction between the polymer species, several novel droplet morphologies are predicted in the development process of Janus droplets. Moreover, we stress that the hydrodynamics should be reckoned as a non-negligible mechanism that not only accelerates the Janus droplet evolution but also has great impacts on the coarsening and coalescence of the Janus droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Zhang
- Institute
of Applied Materials-Microstructure Modelling and Simulation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute
of Applied Materials-Microstructure Modelling and Simulation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Britta Nestler
- Institute
of Applied Materials-Microstructure Modelling and Simulation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Digital Materials Science, Karlsruhe
University of Applied Sciences, Moltkestraße 30, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
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23
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Li H, Li Y, Liu J, He Q, Wu Y. Asymmetric colloidal motors: from dissymmetric nanoarchitectural fabrication to efficient propulsion strategy. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:7444-7459. [PMID: 35546337 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00610c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Janus colloidal motors (JCMs) are versatile anisotropic particles that can effectively move autonomously based on their asymmetric structures, providing unlimited possibilities for various tasks. Developing novel JCMs with controllable size, engineered nanostructure and functionalized surface properties has always been a challenge for chemists. This review summarizes the recent progress in synthesized JCMs in terms of their fabrication method, propulsion strategy, and biomedical applications. The design options, construction methods, and typical examples of JCMs are presented. Common propulsion mechanisms of JCMs are reviewed, as well as the approaches to control their motion under complex microscopic conditions based on symmetry-breaking strategies. The precisely controlled motion enables JCMs to be used in biomedicine, environmental remediation, analytical sensing and nanoengineering. Finally, perspectives on future research and development are presented. Through ingenious design and multi-functionality, new JCM-based technologies could address more and more special needs in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Li
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 XiDaZhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
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24
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Pacheco M, Jurado-Sánchez B, Escarpa A. Transition metal dichalcogenide-based Janus micromotors for on-the-fly Salmonella detection. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:194. [PMID: 35426053 PMCID: PMC9010330 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Janus micromotors encapsulating transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and modified with a rhodamine (RhO)-labeled affinity peptide (RhO-NFMESLPRLGMH) are used here for Salmonella enterica endotoxin detection. The OFF–ON strategy relies on the specific binding of the peptide with the TMDs to induce fluorescence quenching (OFF state); which is next recovered due to selectively binding to the endotoxin (ON state). The increase in the fluorescence of the micromotors can be quantified as a function of the concentration of endotoxin in the sample. The developed strategy was applied to the determination of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium endotoxin with high sensitivity (limits of detection (LODs) of 2.0 µg/mL using MoS2, and 1.2 µg/mL using WS2), with quantitative recoveries (ranging from 93.7 ± 4.6 % to 94.3 ± 6.6%) in bacteria cultures in just 5 min. No fluorescence recovery is observed in the presence of endotoxins with a similar structure, illustrating the high selectivity of the protocol, even against endotoxins of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis with great similarity in its structure, demonstrating the high bacterial specificity of the developed method. These results revealed the analytical potential of the reported strategy in multiplexed assays using different receptors or in the design of portable detection devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pacheco
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain.
- Chemical Research Institute "Andrés M. del Río", University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares E-28871, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain.
- Chemical Research Institute "Andrés M. del Río", University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares E-28871, Madrid, Spain.
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Mayorga-Martinez CC, Vyskočil J, Novotný F, Bednar P, Ruzek D, Alduhaishe O, Pumera M. Collective behavior of magnetic microrobots through immuno-sandwich assay: On-the-fly COVID-19 sensing. APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY 2022; 26:101337. [PMID: 35018299 PMCID: PMC8739527 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2021.101337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mobile self-propelled micro/nanorobots are mobile binding surface that improved the sensitivity of many biosensing system by "on-the-fly" identification and isolation of different biotargets. Proteins are powerful tools to predict infectious disease progression such as COVID-19. The main methodology used to COVID-19 detection is based on ELISA test by antibodies detection assays targeting SARS-CoV-2 virus spike protein and nucleocapside protein that represent an indirect SARS-CoV-2 detection with low sentitivy and specificity. Moreover ELISA test are limited to used external shaker to obtain homogenously immobilization of antibodies and protein on sensing platform. Here, we present magnetic microrobots that collective self-assembly through immuno-sandwich assay and they can be used as mobile platform to detect on-the-fly SARS-CoV-2 virus particle by its spike protein. The collective self-assembly of magnetic microrobots through immuno-sandwich assay enhanced its analytical performance in terms of sensitivity decreasing the detection limit of SARS-CoV-2 virus by one order of magnitude with respect to the devices previously reported. This proof-of-concept of microrobotics offer new ways to the detection of viruses and proteins of medical interest in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen C Mayorga-Martinez
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vyskočil
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Novotný
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bednar
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, Brno CZ-62100, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice CZ-37005, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Ruzek
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, Brno CZ-62100, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice CZ-37005, Czech Republic
| | - Osamah Alduhaishe
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Food Technology, Center for Nanorobotics and Machine Intelligence, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno 61300, Czech Republic
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Ren Y, Li H, Liu J, Zhou M, Pan J. Crescent-shaped micromotor sorbents with sulfonic acid functionalized convex surface: The synthesis by A Janus emulsion strategy and adsorption for Li . JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126870. [PMID: 34425430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelled micromotor (SPM) plays a vital role in recycling of lithium (Li+) from wastewater in battery industry. In this work, a crescent-shaped micromotor sorbent (CSMSs) with sulfonic group on convex surface was prepared by Janus emulsion to extract Li+. Using sodium p-styrene sulfonate as a functional monomer, well-designed CSMSs was prepared by UV-induced monomer interfacial polymerization, and their pit size can be controlled by adjusting the ratio of two incompatible oils (ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate and liquid paraffin). In addition, MnO2 nanoparticles, which embedded into concave interface, generated O2 bubbles in the presence of H2O2, and constant circular or line motion of CSMSs was observed. Zeta potential of CSMSs was -51.66 eV at pH = 10, and strong electrostatic attraction between sulfonate groups and Li+ endowed the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 31 mg g-1 at 25 °C. Self-propelled effect further enhanced kinetic performance for Li+, and equilibrium time can be reduced from original 10-6.0 h, suggesting autonomous movement achieves rapid mixing and mass transportation. After three adsorption/desorption cycles, the adsorption capacity of the material remains above 90%. This simple and large-scale preparation strategy provided a synthetic method for functional and Janus SPM, as well as sorbents for Li+ enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jinxin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mengdie Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jianming Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Xin C, Jin D, Hu Y, Yang L, Li R, Wang L, Ren Z, Wang D, Ji S, Hu K, Pan D, Wu H, Zhu W, Shen Z, Wang Y, Li J, Zhang L, Wu D, Chu J. Environmentally Adaptive Shape-Morphing Microrobots for Localized Cancer Cell Treatment. ACS NANO 2021; 15:18048-18059. [PMID: 34664936 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microrobots have attracted considerable attention due to their extensive applications in microobject manipulation and targeted drug delivery. To realize more complex micro-/nanocargo manipulation (e.g., encapsulation and release) in biological applications, it is highly desirable to endow microrobots with a shape-morphing adaptation to dynamic environments. Here, environmentally adaptive shape-morphing microrobots (SMMRs) have been developed by programmatically encoding different expansion rates in a pH-responsive hydrogel. Due to a combination with magnetic propulsion, a shape-morphing microcrab (SMMC) is able to perform targeted microparticle delivery, including gripping, transporting, and releasing by "opening-closing" of a claw. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, a shape-morphing microfish (SMMF) is designed to encapsulate a drug (doxorubicin (DOX)) by closing its mouth in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH ∼ 7.4) and release the drug by opening its mouth in a slightly acidic solution (pH < 7). Furthermore, localized HeLa cell treatment in an artificial vascular network is realized by "opening-closing" of the SMMF mouth. With the continuous optimization of size, motion control, and imaging technology, these magnetic SMMRs will provide ideal platforms for complex microcargo operations and on-demand drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Dongdong Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yanlei Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76128, Germany
| | - Rui Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Li Wang
- Intelligent Nanomedicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine and Division of Molecular Medicine, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhongguo Ren
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shengyun Ji
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Deng Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wulin Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zuojun Shen
- Intelligent Nanomedicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine and Division of Molecular Medicine, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yucai Wang
- Intelligent Nanomedicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine and Division of Molecular Medicine, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiaru Chu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Jurado-Sánchez B, Campuzano S, Pingarrón JM, Escarpa A. Janus particles and motors: unrivaled devices for mastering (bio)sensing. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:416. [PMID: 34757512 PMCID: PMC8579181 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Janus particles are a unique type of materials combining two different functionalities in a single unit. This allows the combination of different analytical properties leading to new analytical capabilities, i.e., enhanced fluid mixing to increase sensitivity with targeting capturing abilities and unique advantages in terms of multi-functionality and versatility of modification, use, and operation both in static and dynamic modes. The aim of this conceptual review is to cover recent (over the last 5 years) advances in the use of Janus microparticles and micromotors in (bio)-sensing. First, the role of different materials and synthetic routes in the performance of Janus particles are described. In a second main section, electrochemical and optical biosensing based on Janus particles and motors are covered, including in vivo and in vitro methodologies as the next biosensing generation. Current challenges and future perspectives are provided in the conclusions section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares E-28871, Madrid, Spain.
- Chemical Research Institute "Andrés M. del Río", University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares E-28871, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Susana Campuzano
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Pingarrón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares E-28871, Madrid, Spain.
- Chemical Research Institute "Andrés M. del Río", University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares E-28871, Madrid, Spain.
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29
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Zhou H, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Pumera M. Microplastic Removal and Degradation by Mussel-Inspired Adhesive Magnetic/Enzymatic Microrobots. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100230. [PMID: 34928063 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitous pollution by microplastics is causing significant deleterious effects on marine life and human health through the food chain and has become a big challenge for the global ecosystem. It is of great urgency to find a cost-efficient and biocompatible material to remove microplastics from the environment. Mimicking basic characteristics of the adhesive chemistry practiced by marine mussels, adhesive polydopamine (PDA)@Fe3 O4 magnetic microrobots (MagRobots) are prepared by coating Fe3 O4 nanoparticles with a polymeric layer of dopamine via one-step self-polymerization. In addition, lipase is loaded on the PDA@Fe3 O4 MagRobots' surface to perform microplastic enzymatic degradation. The synthesized MagRobots, which are externally triggered by transversal rotating magnetic field, have the capacity to clear away the targeted microplastics due to their strong sticky characteristics. With the adhesive PDA@Fe3 O4 MagRobots on their surfaces, the microplastics can be navigated along an arbitrarily predefined path by a rotating field and removed using a directional magnetic field. Such adhesive MagRobots are envisioned to be used in swarms to remove microplastics from aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaijuan Zhou
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Carmen C Mayorga-Martinez
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno, CZ-616 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno, 61300, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
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30
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Thakur M, Dan A. Poly-l-lysine-Functionalized Green-Light-Emitting Carbon Dots as a Fluorescence Turn-on Sensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of Endotoxin. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:3410-3422. [PMID: 35014425 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a facile, ultrasensitive, and selective fluorescence turn-on sensing strategy based on green-light-emitting functional nanodots for the detection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin. In this protocol, first, the pure carbon dots (CDs) with a fairly high quantum yield were prepared by microwave-assisted pyrolysis of citric acid in the presence of urea. Subsequently, the carboxyl-group-rich surfaces of the CDs were allowed to conjugate with the poly-l-lysine (PLL) using an EDC-NHS amidization method to obtain the PLL-modified CDs (PLL-CDs). The LPS could specifically bind to the PLL at the PLL-CD surfaces, and this binding enabled an electron transfer from the phosphate groups of LPS to the carbon core through the PLL bridge, thus resulting in a fluorescence enhancement. Interestingly, this fluorescent turn-on sensor provided a detection limit of 68.3 fM in PBS (pH 7.4), which is the lowest ever reported among all of the synthetic assays for LPS detection. Furthermore, our fluorescent probe was able to show a remarkable selectivity toward LPS over a range of commonly known interfering substances. Thus, this study demonstrated the feasibility of using specific LPS binding to PLL to drive molecular recognition in aqueous medium and offered an effective fluorescence turn-on sensing strategy to detect bacterial endotoxin in diverse clinical and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Thakur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University - Chandigarh, Sector 14, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Abhijit Dan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University - Chandigarh, Sector 14, Chandigarh 160014, India
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31
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Du H, Wang X, Yang Q, Wu W. Quantum dot: Lightning invisible foodborne pathogens. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Soto F, Karshalev E, Zhang F, Esteban Fernandez de Avila B, Nourhani A, Wang J. Smart Materials for Microrobots. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5365-5403. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Soto
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Emil Karshalev
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Fangyu Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Berta Esteban Fernandez de Avila
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Amir Nourhani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mathematics, Biology, Biomimicry Research and Innovation Center, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program and Contextual Robotics Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Soto F, Wang J, Ahmed R, Demirci U. Medical Micro/Nanorobots in Precision Medicine. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002203. [PMID: 33173743 PMCID: PMC7610261 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Advances in medical robots promise to improve modern medicine and the quality of life. Miniaturization of these robotic platforms has led to numerous applications that leverages precision medicine. In this review, the current trends of medical micro and nanorobotics for therapy, surgery, diagnosis, and medical imaging are discussed. The use of micro and nanorobots in precision medicine still faces technical, regulatory, and market challenges for their widespread use in clinical settings. Nevertheless, recent translations from proof of concept to in vivo studies demonstrate their potential toward precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Soto
- Bio‐Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) LaboratoryCanary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologySchool of Medicine Stanford UniversityPalo AltoCA94304‐5427USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologySchool of MedicineStanford UniversityPalo AltoCA94304‐5427USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Bio‐Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) LaboratoryCanary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologySchool of Medicine Stanford UniversityPalo AltoCA94304‐5427USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologySchool of MedicineStanford UniversityPalo AltoCA94304‐5427USA
| | - Rajib Ahmed
- Bio‐Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) LaboratoryCanary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologySchool of Medicine Stanford UniversityPalo AltoCA94304‐5427USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologySchool of MedicineStanford UniversityPalo AltoCA94304‐5427USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Bio‐Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) LaboratoryCanary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologySchool of Medicine Stanford UniversityPalo AltoCA94304‐5427USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologySchool of MedicineStanford UniversityPalo AltoCA94304‐5427USA
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Salinas G, Pavel I, Sojic N, Kuhn A. Electrochemistry‐Based Light‐Emitting Mobile Systems. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Salinas
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 33607 Pessac France
| | | | - Neso Sojic
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 33607 Pessac France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 33607 Pessac France
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35
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Engineering Janus micromotors with WS2 and affinity peptides for turn-on fluorescent sensing of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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la Asunción-Nadal VD, Pacheco M, Jurado-Sánchez B, Escarpa A. Chalcogenides-based Tubular Micromotors in Fluorescent Assays. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9188-9193. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor de la Asunción-Nadal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares E-28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Pacheco
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares E-28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares E-28871 Madrid, Spain
- Chemical Research Institute “Andrés M. del Río”, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares E-28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares E-28871 Madrid, Spain
- Chemical Research Institute “Andrés M. del Río”, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares E-28871 Madrid, Spain
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37
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Li Y, Xu D, Pan X, Chen Y, Zhou D, Wang B, Feng H, Ma X. Magnetic Nanomotor-Based Maneuverable SERS Probe. RESEARCH 2020; 2020:7962024. [PMID: 32566931 PMCID: PMC7293755 DOI: 10.34133/2020/7962024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful sensing technique capable of capturing ultrasensitive fingerprint signal of analytes with extremely low concentration. However, conventional SERS probes are passive nanoparticles which are usually massively applied for biochemical sensing, lacking controllability and adaptability for precise and targeted sensing at a small scale. Herein, we report a "rod-like" magnetic nanomotor-based SERS probe (MNM-SP) that integrates a mobile and controllable platform of micro-/nanomotors with a SERS sensing technique. The "rod-like" structure is prepared by coating a thin layer of silica onto the self-assembled magnetic nanoparticles. Afterwards, SERS hotspots of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are decorated as detecting nanoprobes. The MNM-SPs can be navigated on-demand to avoid obstacles and target sensing sites by the guidance of an external gradient magnetic field. Through applying a rotating magnetic field, the MNM-SPs can actively rotate to efficiently stir and mix surrounding fluid and thus contact with analytes quickly for SERS sensing. Innovatively, we demonstrate the self-cleaning capability of the MNM-SPs which can be used to overcome the contamination problem of traditional single-use SERS probes. Furthermore, the MNM-SPs could precisely approach the targeted single cell and then enter into the cell by endocytosis. It is worth mentioning that by the effective mixing of intracellular biocomponents, much more informative Raman signals with improved signal-to-noise ratio can be captured after active rotation. Therefore, the demonstrated magnetically activated MNM-SPs that are endowed with SERS sensing capability pave way to the future development of smart sensing probes with maneuverability for biochemical analysis at the micro-/nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, No. 9 Duxue Road, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, No. 9 Duxue Road, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xi Pan
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, No. 9 Duxue Road, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuduo Chen
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, No. 9 Duxue Road, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dekai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Huanhuan Feng
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xing Ma
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology Center and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, No. 9 Duxue Road, Shenzhen 518055, China
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38
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Janus particles: from concepts to environmentally friendly materials and sustainable applications. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractJanus particles represent a unique group of patchy particles combining two or more different physical or chemical functionalities at their opposite sides. Especially, individual Janus particles (JPs) with both chemical and geometrical anisotropy as well as their assembled layers provide considerable advantages over the conventional monofunctional particles or surfactant molecules offering (a) a high surface-to-volume ratio; (b) high interfacial activity; (c) target controlling and manipulation of their interfacial activity by external signals such as temperature, light, pH, or ionic strength and achieving switching between stable emulsions and macro-phase separation; (d) recovery and recycling; (e) controlling the mass transport across the interface between the two phases; and finally (f) tunable several functionalities in one particle allowing their use either as carrier materials for immobilized catalytically active substances or, alternatively, their site-selective attachment to substrates keeping another functionality active for further reactions. All these advantages of JPs make them exclusive materials for application in (bio-)catalysis and (bio-)sensing. Considering “green chemistry” aspects covering biogenic materials based on either natural or fully synthetic biocompatible and biodegradable polymers for the design of JPs may solve the problem of toxicity of some existing materials and open new paths for the development of more environmentally friendly and sustainable materials in the very near future. Considering the number of contributions published each year on the topic of Janus particles in general, the number of contributions regarding their environmentally friendly and sustainable applications is by far smaller. This certainly pinpoints an important challenge and is addressed in this review article. The first part of the review focuses on the synthesis of sustainable biogenic or biocompatible Janus particles, as well as strategies for their recovery, recycling, and reusability. The second part addresses recent advances in applications of biogenic/biocompatible and non-biocompatible JPs in environmental and biotechnological fields such as sensing of hazardous pollutants, water decontamination, and hydrogen production. Finally, we provide implications for the rational design of environmentally friendly and sustainable materials based on Janus particles.
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Yuan K, Jiang Z, Jurado-Sánchez B, Escarpa A. Nano/Micromotors for Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases. Chemistry 2019; 26:2309-2326. [PMID: 31682040 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Micromotors are man-made nano/microscale devices capable of transforming energy into mechanical motion. The accessibility and force offered by micromotors hold great promise to solve complex biomedical challenges. This Review highlights current progress and prospects in the use of nano and micromotors for diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. Motion-based sensing and fluorescence switching detection strategies along with therapeutic approaches based on direct cell capture; killing by direct contact or specific drug delivery to the affected site, will be comprehensively covered. Future challenges to translate the potential of nano/micromotors into practical applications will be described in the conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisong Yuan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhengjin Jiang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain.,Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. Del Rio", University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain.,Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. Del Rio", University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain
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40
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Pacheco M, López MÁ, Jurado-Sánchez B, Escarpa A. Self-propelled micromachines for analytical sensing: a critical review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6561-6573. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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41
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Le TC, Zhai J, Chiu WH, Tran PA, Tran N. Janus particles: recent advances in the biomedical applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:6749-6777. [PMID: 31692550 PMCID: PMC6711559 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s169030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus particles, which are named after the two-faced Roman god Janus, have two distinct sides with different surface features, structures, and compositions. This asymmetric structure enables the combination of different or even incompatible physical, chemical, and mechanical properties within a single particle. Much effort has been focused on the preparation of Janus particles with high homogeneity, tunable size and shape, combined functionalities, and scalability. With their unique features, Janus particles have attracted attention in a wide range of applications such as in optics, catalysis, and biomedicine. As a biomedical device, Janus particles offer opportunities to incorporate therapeutics, imaging, or sensing modalities in independent compartments of a single particle in a spatially controlled manner. This may result in synergistic actions of combined therapies and multi-level targeting not possible in isotropic systems. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in employing Janus particles as therapeutic delivery carriers, in vivo imaging probes, and biosensors. Challenges and future opportunities for these particles will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu C Le
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001,Australia
| | - Jiali Zhai
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001,Australia
| | - Wei-Hsun Chiu
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Phong A Tran
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Interface Science and Materials Engineering group, School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Nhiem Tran
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001,Australia
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42
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Abstract
Magnetic Janus particles bring together the ability of Janus particles to perform two different functions at the same time in a single particle with magnetic properties enabling their remote manipulation, which allows headed movement and orientation. This article reviews the preparation procedures and applications in the (bio)sensing field of static and self-propelled magnetic Janus particles. The main progress in the fabrication procedures and the applicability of these particles are critically discussed, also giving some clues on challenges to be dealt with and future prospects. The promising characteristics of magnetic Janus particles in the (bio)sensing field, providing increased kinetics and sensitivity and decreased times of analysis derived from the use of external magnetic fields in their manipulation, allows foreseeing their great and exciting potential in the medical and environmental remediation fields.
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43
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Huang L, Sun DW, Pu H, Wei Q. Development of Nanozymes for Food Quality and Safety Detection: Principles and Recent Applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1496-1513. [PMID: 33336906 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The public concerns about agrifood safety call for innovative and reformative analytical techniques to meet the inspection requirements of high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. Enzyme-mimetic nanomaterials or nanozymes, which combine enzyme-like properties with nanoscale features, emerge as an excellent tool for quality and safety detection in the agrifood sector, due to not only their robust capacity in detection but also their attraction in future-oriented exploitations. However, in-depth understanding about the fundamental principles of nanozymes for food quality and safety detection remains limited, which makes their applications largely empirical. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the principles, designs, and applications of nanozyme-based detection technique in the agrifood industry. The discussion mainly involves three mimicking types, that is, peroxidase, oxidase, and catalase-like nanozymes, capable of detecting major agrifood analytes. The current principles and strategies are classified and then discussed in details through discriminating the roles of nanozymes in diverse detection platforms. Thereafter, recent applications of nanozymes in detecting various endogenous ingredients and exogenous contaminants in foods are reviewed, and the outlook of profound developments are explained. Evidenced by the increasing publications, nanozyme-based detection techniques are narrowing the gap to practical-oriented food analytical methods, while some challenges in optimization of nanozymes, diversification of recognition-to-signal manners, and sustainability of methodology need to conquer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunjie Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China Univ. of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China Univ. of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China Univ. of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China Univ. of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre, Univ. College Dublin, Natl. Univ. of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Hongbin Pu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China Univ. of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China Univ. of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qingyi Wei
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China Univ. of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.,Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering, South China Univ. of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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44
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Zhang Y, Zhang L, Yang L, Vong CI, Chan KF, Wu WKK, Kwong TNY, Lo NWS, Ip M, Wong SH, Sung JJY, Chiu PWY, Zhang L. Real-time tracking of fluorescent magnetic spore-based microrobots for remote detection of C. diff toxins. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau9650. [PMID: 30746470 PMCID: PMC6357761 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau9650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, direct, and low-cost method for detecting bacterial toxins associated with common gastrointestinal diseases remains a great challenge despite numerous studies and clinical assays. Motion-based detection through tracking the emerging micro- and nanorobots has shown great potential in chemo- and biosensing due to accelerated "chemistry on the move". Here, we described the use of fluorescent magnetic spore-based microrobots (FMSMs) as a highly efficient mobile sensing platform for the detection of toxins secreted by Clostridium difficile (C. diff) that were present in patients' stool. These microrobots were synthesized rapidly and inexpensively by the direct deposition of magnetic nanoparticles and the subsequent encapsulation of sensing probes on the porous natural spores. Because of the cooperation effect of natural spore, magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and functionalized carbon nanodots, selective fluorescence detection of the prepared FMSMs is demonstrated in C. diff bacterial supernatant and even in actual clinical stool samples from infectious patients within tens of minutes, suggesting rapid response and good selectivity and sensitivity of FMSMs toward C. diff toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lidong Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Ian Vong
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai Fung Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Centre for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - William K. K. Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Thomas N. Y. Kwong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Norman W. S. Lo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sunny H. Wong
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joseph J. Y. Sung
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Philip W. Y. Chiu
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Centre for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- CUHK T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Centre for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- CUHK T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
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45
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Pourrahimi AM, Villa K, Ying Y, Sofer Z, Pumera M. ZnO/ZnO 2/Pt Janus Micromotors Propulsion Mode Changes with Size and Interface Structure: Enhanced Nitroaromatic Explosives Degradation under Visible Light. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:42688-42697. [PMID: 30500156 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Self-motile mesoporous ZnO/Pt-based Janus micromotors accelerated by bubble propulsion that provide efficient removal of explosives and dye pollutants via photodegradation under visible light are presented. Decomposition of H2O2 (the fuel) is triggered by a platinum catalytic layer asymmetrically deposited on the nanosheets of the hierarchical and mesoporous ZnO microparticles. The size-dependent motion behavior of the mesoporous micromotors is studied; the micromotors with average size ∼1.5 μm exhibit enhanced self-diffusiophoretic motion, whereas the fast bubble propulsion is detected for micromotors larger than 5 μm. The bubble-propelled mesoporous ZnO/Pt Janus micromotors show remarkable speeds of over 350 μm s-1 at H2O2 concentrations lower than 5 wt %, which is unusual for Janus micromotors based on dense materials such as ZnO. This high speed is related to efficient bubble nucleation, pinning, and growth due to the highly active and rough surface area of these micromotors, whereas the ZnO/Pt particles with a smooth surface and low surface area are motionless. We discovered new atomic interfaces of ZnO2 introduced into the ZnO/Pt micromotor system, as revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), which contribute to enhance their photocatalytic activity under visible light. Such coupling of the rapid movement with the high catalytic performance of ZnO/Pt Janus micromotors provides efficient removal of nitroaromatic explosives and dye pollutants from contaminated water under visible light without the need for UV irradiation. This paves the way for real-world environmental remediation efforts using microrobots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Masoud Pourrahimi
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 166 28 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Katherine Villa
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 166 28 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Yulong Ying
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 166 28 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 166 28 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 166 28 Prague , Czech Republic
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46
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Parmar J, Vilela D, Villa K, Wang J, Sánchez S. Micro- and Nanomotors as Active Environmental Microcleaners and Sensors. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9317-9331. [PMID: 29969903 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The quest to provide clean water to the entire population has led to a tremendous boost in the development of environmental nanotechnology. Toward this end, micro/nanomotors are emerging as attractive tools to improve the removal of various pollutants. The micro/nanomotors either are designed with functional materials in their structure or are modified to target pollutants. The active motion of these motors improves the mixing and mass transfer, greatly enhancing the rate of various remediation processes. Their motion can also be used as an indicator of the presence of a pollutant for sensing purposes. In this Perspective, we discuss different chemical aspects of micromotors mediated environmental cleanup and sensing strategies along with their scalability, reuse, and cost associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemish Parmar
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Baldiri Reixac 10-12 , 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Diana Vilela
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Baldiri Reixac 10-12 , 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Katherine Villa
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Baldiri Reixac 10-12 , 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Baldiri Reixac 10-12 , 08028 Barcelona Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA) , Pg. Lluís Companys 23 , 08010 Barcelona , Spain
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47
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Kong L, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Guan J, Pumera M. Fuel-Free Light-Powered TiO 2/Pt Janus Micromotors for Enhanced Nitroaromatic Explosives Degradation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:22427-22434. [PMID: 29916690 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic explosives such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (2,4,6-TNT) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) are two common nitroaromatic compounds in ammunition. Their leakage leads to serious environmental pollution and threatens human health. It is important to remove or decompose them rapidly and efficiently. In this work, we present that light-powered TiO2/Pt Janus micromotors have high efficiency for the "on-the-fly" photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-DNT and 2,4,6-TNT in pure water under UV irradiation. The redox reactions, induced by photogenerated holes and electrons on the TiO2/Pt Janus micromotor surfaces, produce a local electric field that propels the micromotors as well as oxidative species that are able to photodegrade 2,4-DNT and 2,4,6-TNT. Furthermore, the moving TiO2/Pt Janus micromotors show an efficient degradation of nitroaromatic compounds as compared to the stationary ones thanks to the enhanced mixing and mass transfer in the solution by movement of these micromotors. Such fuel-free light-powered micromotors for explosive degradation are expected to find a way to environmental remediation and security applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Kong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Carmen C Mayorga-Martinez
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jianguo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 , 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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48
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Jurado-Sánchez B. Nanoscale Biosensors Based on Self-Propelled Objects. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E59. [PMID: 29941799 PMCID: PMC6163997 DOI: 10.3390/bios8030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments (2016⁻2018 period) in the nano and micromotors field for biosensing applications. Nano and micromotor designs, functionalization, propulsion modes and transduction mechanism are described. A second important part of the review is devoted to novel in vitro and in vivo biosensing schemes. The potential and future prospect of such moving nanoscale biosensors are given in the conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
- Chemical Research Institute "Andrés M. del Río", University of Alcala, E-28871 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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49
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María-Hormigos R, Jurado-Sánchez B, Escarpa A. Self-Propelled Micromotors for Naked-Eye Detection of Phenylenediamines Isomers. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9830-9837. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Wang B, Zhang Y, Zhang L. Recent progress on micro- and nano-robots: towards in vivo tracking and localization. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2018; 8:461-479. [PMID: 30050781 PMCID: PMC6037952 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2018.06.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yabin Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Centre for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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