1
|
Arosio P, Sartori M, Arosio F, Garagiola U, Di Stefano DA. Using a Bone Density Measuring Micromotor to Distinguish Different Cortical/Cancellous Combinations in Vitro: A Study Using Polyurethane Foam Blocks. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2024; 39:310-318. [PMID: 37910838 DOI: 10.11607/jomi.10467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess whether a recently introduced implant placement micromotor that provides site-specific, operator independent cancellous bone density measurements can detect the presence of a cortical bone layer and measure its thickness and density. MATERIALS AND METHODS An in vitro experiment was performed on six double-layer polyurethane foam blocks mimicking the jawbone with different cortical thickness/cancellous density combinations. The densities were measured using the micromotor after either removing the cortical layer or leaving it intact, both with and without irrigation. RESULTS The results were compared by means of nonparametric statistical tests. Independent of irrigation, the micromotor detected the cortical layer when it was left intact and accurately estimated its thickness. The micromotor did not discriminate between blocks when they were considered separately, but it did when they were grouped into four or three classes. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that the micromotor may represent a valid device to quantitatively assess bone quality and density. If the micromotor can quantitatively distinguish different cortical/cancellous bone combinations in humans, it may be a helpful tool for performing finely tuned, patient-tailored preparations of the implant seat, making tooth rehabilitation in challenging clinical conditions more predictable.
Collapse
|
2
|
McNeill J, Mallouk TE. Acoustically Powered Nano- and Microswimmers: From Individual to Collective Behavior. ACS Nanosci Au 2023; 3:424-440. [PMID: 38144701 PMCID: PMC10740144 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.3c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Micro- and nanoscopic particles that swim autonomously and self-assemble under the influence of chemical fuels and external fields show promise for realizing systems capable of carrying out large-scale, predetermined tasks. Different behaviors can be realized by tuning swimmer interactions at the individual level in a manner analogous to the emergent collective behavior of bacteria and mammalian cells. However, the limited toolbox of weak forces with which to drive these systems has made it difficult to achieve useful collective functions. Here, we review recent research on driving swimming and particle self-organization using acoustic fields, which offers capabilities complementary to those of the other methods used to power microswimmers. With either chemical or acoustic propulsion (or a combination of the two), understanding individual swimming mechanisms and the forces that arise between individual particles is a prerequisite to harnessing their interactions to realize collective phenomena and macroscopic functionality. We discuss here the ingredients necessary to drive the motion of microscopic particles using ultrasound, the theory that describes that behavior, and the gaps in our understanding. We then cover the combination of acoustically powered systems with other cross-compatible driving forces and the use of ultrasound in generating collective behavior. Finally, we highlight the demonstrated applications of acoustically powered microswimmers, and we offer a perspective on the state of the field, open questions, and opportunities. We hope that this review will serve as a guide to students beginning their work in this area and motivate others to consider research in microswimmers and acoustic fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey
M. McNeill
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Thomas E. Mallouk
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song Y, Zhang R, Qin H, Xu W, Sun J, Jiang J, Ye Y, Gao J, Li H, Huang W, Liu K, Hu Y, Peng F, Tu Y. Micromotor-Enabled Active Hydrogen and Tobramycin Delivery for Synergistic Sepsis Therapy. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2303759. [PMID: 37818787 PMCID: PMC10667834 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a highly heterogeneous syndrome normally characterized by bacterial infection and dysregulated systemic inflammatory response that leads to multiple organ failure and death. Single anti-inflammation or anti-infection treatment exhibits limited survival benefit for severe cases. Here a biodegradable tobramycin-loaded magnesium micromotor (Mg-Tob motor) is successfully developed as a potential hydrogen generator and active antibiotic deliverer for synergistic therapy of sepsis. The peritoneal fluid of septic mouse provides an applicable space for Mg-water reaction. Hydrogen generated sustainably and controllably from the motor interface propels the motion to achieve active drug delivery along with attenuating hyperinflammation. The developed Mg-Tob motor demonstrates efficient protection from anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, it prevents multiple organ failure and significantly improves the survival rate up to 87.5% in a high-grade sepsis model with no survival, whereas only about half of mice survive with the individual therapies. This micromotor displays the superior therapeutic effect of synergistic hydrogen-chemical therapy against sepsis, thus holding great promise to be an innovative and translational drug delivery system to treat sepsis or other inflammation-related diseases in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhen Song
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Ruotian Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Hanfeng Qin
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Wenxin Xu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Jia Sun
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Jiamiao Jiang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Yicheng Ye
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Junbin Gao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Huaan Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Weichang Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Kun Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Yunrui Hu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug ScreeningSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cai L, Cao X, Zhao C, Luo Z, Zhao Y. Near-Infrared-II-Driven Pollen Micromotors for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment. ACS Nano 2023; 17:19993-20001. [PMID: 37787582 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common inflammatory bowel disease with a high incidence rate and serious consequences. Attempts in this area are focusing on developing efficient delivery systems for relieving IBD. Herein, we present a kind of near-infrared-II (NIR-II)-activated pollen-derived micromotor (PDMM) as an efficient delivery system for treating IBD. These PDMMs are pollen grains with half of them covered by a gold (Au) layer, which can result in an asymmetric thermal gradient around the PDMMs under NIR-II irradiation, thereby forming a thermophoretic force to drive PDMMs to move spontaneously. Besides, the inherent spiny and hollow architectures of pollen grains endowed the PDMMs with outstanding capacity of adherence and drug delivery, respectively. Based on these features, we have demonstrated that the PDMMs could move actively in vivo with the irradiation of NIR-II light and adhere to the surrounding tissues for drug delivery. Thus, the PDMMs loaded with dexamethasone show desirable curative effects on treating IBD. These results indicated that the proposed PDMM-based delivery system has great potential in clinic gastrointestinal administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Cai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xinyue Cao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhiqiang Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mundaca-Uribe R, Holay M, Abbas A, Askarinam N, Sage-Sepulveda JS, Kubiatowicz L, Fang RH, Zhang L, Wang J. A Microstirring Oral Pill for Improving the Glucose-Lowering Effect of Metformin. ACS Nano 2023; 17:9272-9279. [PMID: 37172134 PMCID: PMC10542935 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by hyperglycemia due to persistent insulin resistance, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. Metformin is the most prescribed oral drug for lowering high blood glucose levels in T2DM patients. However, it is poorly absorbed and has low bioavailability. Here, we introduce magnesium-based microstirrers to a metformin-containing pill matrix to enhance the glucose-lowering effect of metformin. The resulting microstirring pill possesses a built-in mixing capability by creating local fluid transport upon interacting with biological fluid to enable fast pill disintegration and drug release along with accelerated metformin delivery. In vivo glucose tolerance testing using a murine model demonstrates that the metformin microstirring pill significantly improves therapeutic efficacy, lowering blood glucose levels after a meal more rapidly compared to a regular metformin pill without active stirring. As a result, the microstirrers allow for dose sparing, providing effective therapeutic efficacy at a lower drug dosage than passive metformin pills. These encouraging results highlight the versatility of this simple yet elegant microstirring pill technology, which enhances drug absorption after gastrointestinal delivery to improve therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Mundaca-Uribe
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion 4070043, Chile
| | - Maya Holay
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Amal Abbas
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nelly Askarinam
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Janna Sofia Sage-Sepulveda
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Luke Kubiatowicz
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen X, Chen X, Elsayed M, Edwards H, Liu J, Peng Y, Zhang HP, Zhang S, Wang W, Wheeler AR. Steering Micromotors via Reprogrammable Optoelectronic Paths. ACS Nano 2023; 17:5894-5904. [PMID: 36912818 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Steering micromotors is important for using them in practical applications and as model systems for active matter. This functionality often requires magnetic materials in the micromotor, taxis behavior of the micromotor, or the use of specifically designed physical boundaries. Here, we develop an optoelectronic strategy that steers micromotors with programmable light patterns. In this strategy, light illumination turns hydrogenated amorphous silicon conductive, generating local electric field maxima at the edge of the light pattern that attracts micromotors via positive dielectrophoresis. As an example, metallo-dielectric Janus microspheres that self-propelled under alternating current electric fields were steered by static light patterns along customized paths and through complex microstructures. Their long-term directionality was also rectified by ratchet-shaped light patterns. Furthermore, dynamic light patterns that varied in space and time enabled more advanced motion controls such as multiple motion modes, parallel control of multiple micromotors, and the collection and transport of motor swarms. This optoelectronic steering strategy is highly versatile and compatible with a variety of micromotors, and thus it possesses the potential for their programmable control in complex environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mohamed Elsayed
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Harrison Edwards
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jiayu Liu
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yixin Peng
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - H P Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shuailong Zhang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Keller S, Teora SP, Keskin A, Daris LJC, Samuels NAPE, Boujemaa M, Wilson DA. Spatial Control over Catalyst Positioning for Increased Micromotor Efficiency. Gels 2023; 9:gels9020164. [PMID: 36826334 PMCID: PMC9957166 DOI: 10.3390/gels9020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Motion is influenced by many different aspects of a micromotor's design, such as shape, roughness and the type of materials used. When designing a motor, asymmetry is the main requirement to take into account, either in shape or in catalyst distribution. It influences both speed and directionality since it dictates the location of propulsion force. Here, we combine asymmetry in shape and asymmetry in catalyst distribution to study the motion of soft micromotors. A microfluidic method is utilized to generate aqueous double emulsions, which upon UV-exposure form asymmetric microgels. Taking advantage of the flexibility of this method, we fabricated micromotors with homogeneous catalyst distribution throughout the microbead and micromotors with different degrees of catalyst localization within the active site. Spatial control over catalyst positioning is advantageous since less enzyme is needed for the same propulsion speed as the homogeneous system and it provides further confinement and compartmentalization of the catalyst. This proof-of-concept of our new design will make the use of enzymes as driving forces for motors more accessible, as well as providing a new route for compartmentalizing enzymes at interfaces without the need for catalyst-specific functionalization.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang J, Laskar A, Song J, Shklyaev OE, Mou F, Guan J, Balazs AC, Sen A. Light-Powered, Fuel-Free Oscillation, Migration, and Reversible Manipulation of Multiple Cargo Types by Micromotor Swarms. ACS Nano 2023; 17:251-262. [PMID: 36321936 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Through experiments and simulations, we show that fuel-free photoactive TiO2 microparticles can form mobile, coherent swarms in the presence of UV light, which track the subsequent movement of an irradiated spot in a fluid-filled microchamber. Multiple concurrent propulsion mechanisms (electrolyte diffusioosmotic swarming, photocatalytic expansion, and photothermal migration) control the rich collective behavior of the swarms, which provide a strategy to reversely manipulate cargo. The active swarms can autonomously pick up groups of inert particles, sort them by size, and sequentially release the sorted particles at particular locations in the microchamber. Hence, these swarms overcome three obstacles, limiting the utility of self-propelled particles. Namely, they can (1) undergo directed, long-range migration without the addition of a chemical fuel, (2) perform diverse collective behavior not possible with a single active particle, and (3) repeatedly and controllably isolate and deliver specific components of a multiparticle "cargo". Since light sources are easily fabricated, transported, and controlled, the results can facilitate the development of portable devices, providing broader access to the diagnostic and manufacturing advances enabled by microfluidics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing & Finishing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Abhrajit Laskar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jiaqi Song
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Oleg E Shklyaev
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Fangzhi Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Anna C Balazs
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu K, Liu Q, Yang J, Xie C, Wang S, Tong F, Gao J, Liu L, Ye Y, Chen B, Cai X, Liu Z, Li Z, Peng F, Tu Y. Micromotor Based Mini-Tablet for Oral Delivery of Insulin. ACS Nano 2023; 17:300-311. [PMID: 36546656 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to defective insulin secretion or its biological dysfunction. However, frequent subcutaneous injection of insulin often results in discomfort and local tissue infection. Herein, we demonstrate the successful fabrication of a mini-tablet system based on self-propelled micromotors with biocompatibility and biodegradability for oral colon administration of insulin. The insulin layer is first constructed onto the surface of a magnesium based micromotor via electrostatic interactions, followed by a tableting process. The resulting mini-tablets are then coated with esterified starch with colonic degradation capability, thus achieving controlled release of the embedded micromotors in the colon region. In the meantime, autonomous movement of the released micromotors with a speed up to 76.22 μm·s-1 further results in enhanced colonic uptake and absorption of insulin, realizing long-term control of blood glucose for more than 5 h. Our micromotor based mini-tablet system can not only broaden the biomedical applications of emerging self-propelled micromotors but also offer an appealing strategy for oral administration of biomacromolecular drugs represented by insulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
- Experimental Education/Administration Center, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Education of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Qiuyue Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Jiarong Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Chen Xie
- Experimental Education/Administration Center, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Education of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Shuanghu Wang
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui323020, China
| | - Fei Tong
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Junbin Gao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Lu Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Yicheng Ye
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Bin Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Xiaoying Cai
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| | - Zhendong Liu
- Department of Surgery of Spine and Spinal Cord, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou450003, China
| | - Zeqi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lin CH, Kinane C, Zhang Z, Pena-Francesch A. Functional Chemical Motor Coatings for Modular Powering of Self-Propelled Particles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:39332-39342. [PMID: 35972784 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the locomotion of semiaquatic insects, a variety of surface swimming microrobots propelled by surface tension Marangoni forces have been developed over the years. However, most Marangoni micromotor systems present limitations in their applications due to poor performance, short lifetime, low efficiency, and toxicity. We have developed a functional chemical motor coating consisting of protein microfilms with entrapped fuel to functionalize inactive substrates or particles. This motor material system generates large Marangoni propulsive forces with extremely small amounts of fuel due to a self-regulated fuel release mechanism based on dynamic nanostructural changes in the protein matrix, enhancing the lifetime and efficiency performance over other material systems and motors. These motor functional coatings offer great versatility as they can be coated on a wide array of substrates and materials across length scales, with opportunities as modular power sources for microrobots and small-scale devices. The synergy between the protein motor matrix and the chemical fuel enables the wider design of self-powered surface microrobots without previous limitations in their fabrication and performance, including the new design of hybrid microrobots with protein functional coatings as a modular power source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Heng Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Cecelia Kinane
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zenghao Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Abdon Pena-Francesch
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Robotics Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang D, Chen C, Sun J, Ao H, Xiao W, Ju H, Wu J. Refillable Fuel-Loading Microshell Motors for Persistent Motion in a Fuel-Free Environment. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:27074-27082. [PMID: 35666913 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Artificial micro-/nanomotors that harvest environmental energy to move require energy surroundings; thus, their motion generally occurs in fuel solutions or under the real-time stimuli of external energy sources. Herein, inspired by vehicles, a refillable fuel-loading micromotor is proposed based on a 2 μm hemispherical multimetallic shell using catalase or platinum on its concave surface as the engine and the bowl structure as the fuel tank. H2O2 fuel is drawn into the microbowl by capillary action and restricted inside the bowl space through a self-generated O2 bubble cap on the microshell mouth. The periodic growth and burst of the O2 cap cause the enhanced diffusion motion of micromotors. This motion behavior can last for at least 30 min in a fuel-free environment with one H2O2 fueling. Additionally, the micromotor can be refilled repeatedly to achieve permanent motion. This demonstration of a refillable fuel-loading micromotor provides a model design of an energy built-in micromotor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chengtao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Hang Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Wencheng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zheng J, Qi R, Dai C, Li G, Sang M. Enzyme Catalysis Biomotor Engineering of Neutrophils for Nanodrug Delivery and Cell-Based Thrombolytic Therapy. ACS Nano 2022; 16:2330-2344. [PMID: 35138084 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing neutrophils (NEs) to target and deliver nanodrugs to inflammation sites has received considerable attention. NEs are involved in the formation and development of thrombosis by transforming into neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs); this indicates that NEs may be a natural thrombolytic drug delivery carrier. However, NEs lack an effective power system to overcome blood flow resistance and enhance targeting efficiency. Herein, we report the application of a urease catalysis micromotor powered NEs nanodrug delivery system to promote thrombolysis and suppress rethrombosis. The urease micromotor powered Janus NEs (UM-NEs) were prepared by immobilizing the enzyme asymmetrically onto the surface of natural NEs and then loading urokinase (UK) coupled silver (Ag) nanoparticles (Ag-UK) to obtain the UM-NEs (Ag-UK) system. Urease catalytic endogenous urea is used to generate thrust by producing ammonia and carbon dioxide, which propels NEs actively targeting the thrombus. The UM-NEs (Ag-UK) can be activated by enriched inflammatory cytokines to release NETs at the thrombosis site, resulting in a concomitant release of Ag-UK. Ag-UK induces thrombolysis to restore vascular recanalization. This urease micromotor-driven NEs drug delivery system can significantly reduce the hemorrhagic side effects, promote thrombolysis, and inhibit rethrombosis with high bioavailability and biosafety, which can be used for the treatment of thrombotic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Zheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2999 Jinshan Road, Huli District, Xiamen, China 361006
| | - Ruiqiang Qi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2999 Jinshan Road, Huli District, Xiamen, China 361006
| | - Cuilian Dai
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2999 Jinshan Road, Huli District, Xiamen, China 361006
| | - Gang Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2999 Jinshan Road, Huli District, Xiamen, China 361006
| | - Mangmang Sang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 2999 Jinshan Road, Huli District, Xiamen, China 361006
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang J, Li J, Yan X, Lyu Y, Xing N, Yang P, Song P, Zuo M. Three-Dimensional Hierarchical HRP-MIL-100(Fe)@TiO 2@Fe 3O 4 Janus Magnetic Micromotor as a Smart Active Platform for Detection and Degradation of Hydroquinone. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:6484-6498. [PMID: 35099171 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel multifunctional Janus magnetic micromotor was designed and constructed by using MIL-100(Fe)@TiO2@Fe3O4 multicore-shells modified with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a smart active platform to realize detection and degradation of hydroquinone (HQ). The obtained micromotor showed a unique three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical architecture with highly exposed active sites and could autonomously move at a speed of 140 ± 7.0 μm·s-1 by O2 bubbles generated from the catalytic decomposition of H2O2 fuel. Benefiting from the combination of active self-propulsive motion, high peroxidase-like activity, tuned heterojunctions with matching band structures, and a 3D hierarchical structure, an effective platform involving dynamically sensitive detection and quick removal of HQ from water was established by using the multifunctional HRP-integrated MIL-100(Fe)@TiO2@Fe3O4 Janus micromotor. The proposed multifunctional Janus magnetic micromotor had advantages of simple and feasible fabrication, sensitive detection and effective photo-Fenton degradation of HQ in a wide pH range of 4-7, and magnetic recycling, revealing potential for environmental remediation applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yangsai Lyu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ningning Xing
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Ping Yang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Peng Song
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Min Zuo
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hou K, Zhang Y, Bao M, Xin C, Wei Z, Lin G, Wang Z. A Multifunctional Magnetic Red Blood Cell-Mimetic Micromotor for Drug Delivery and Image-Guided Therapy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:3825-3837. [PMID: 35025195 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by nature, innovative devices have been made to imitate the morphology and functions of natural red blood cells (RBCs). Here, we report a red blood cell-mimetic micromotor (RBCM), which was fabricated based on a layer-by-layer assembly method and precisely controlled by an external rotating uniform magnetic field. The main framework of the RBCM was constructed by the natural protein zein and finally camouflaged with the RBC membrane. Functional cargos such as Fe3O4 nanoparticles and the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin were loaded within the wall part of the RBCM for tumor therapy. Due to the massive loading of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, the RBCM can be precisely navigated by an external rotating uniform magnetic field and be used as a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent for tumor imaging. The RBCM has been proven to be biocompatible, biodegradable, magnetically manipulated, and imageable, which are key requisites to take micromotors from the chalkboard to clinics. We expect the RBC-inspired biohybrid device to achieve wide potential applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Yandong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Meili Bao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Chao Xin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Zengyan Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Guochang Lin
- School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu Y, Fu A, Yossifon G. Micromotor-based localized electroporation and gene transfection of mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2106353118. [PMID: 34531322 PMCID: PMC8463876 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106353118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we studied localized electroporation and gene transfection of mammalian cells using a metallodielectric hybrid micromotor that is magnetically and electrically powered. Much like nanochannel-based, local electroporation of single cells, the presented micromotor was expected to increase reversible electroporation yield, relative to standard electroporation, as only a small portion of the cell's membrane (in contact with the micromotor) is affected. In contrast to methods in which the entire membrane of all cells within the sample are electroporated, the presented micromotor can perform, via magnetic steering, localized, spatially precise electroporation of the target cells that it traps and transports. In order to minimize nonselective electrical lysis of all cells within the chamber, resulting from extended exposure to an electrical field, magnetic propulsion was used to approach the immediate vicinity of the targeted cell, after which short-duration, electric-driven propulsion was activated to enable contact with the cell, followed by electroporation. In addition to local injection of fluorescent dye molecules, we demonstrated that the micromotor can enhance the introduction of plasmids into the suspension cells because of the dielectrophoretic accumulation of the plasmids in between the Janus particle and the attached cell prior to the electroporation step. Here, we chose a different strategy involving the simultaneous operation of many micromotors that are self-propelling, without external steering, and pair with cells in an autonomic manner. The locally electroporated suspension cells that are considered to be very difficult to transfect were shown to express the transfected gene, which is of significant importance for molecular biology research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro-, and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Afu Fu
- Technion Rappaport Integrated Cancer Center, the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro-, and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Inaba H, Hatta K, Matsuura K. Directional Propulsion of DNA Microspheres Based on Light-Induced Asymmetric Growth of Peptide Nanofibers. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2021; 4:5425-5434. [PMID: 35006731 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by natural motors, synthetic motors powered by light have emerged as promising platforms for constructing artificial micro/nanorobots. As a concept of light-driven motors, we have previously reported propulsion of giant liposomes driven by light-induced peptide nanofiber growth on the surface, inspired by natural pathogens using external actin polymerization for their propulsion. However, their movement was nondirectional. Here, we used DNA microspheres (also known as nucleospheres) comprising DNA three-way junctions with self-complementary sticky ends as vehicles for directional propulsion by light-induced peptide nanofiber growth. By introducing a peptide-DNA conjugate connected by a photocleavage unit to the surface of nucleospheres, ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation induced the asymmetric peptide nanofiber growth on the surface. Nucleospheres exhibited directional movement away from the light source, showing negative phototaxis. This directional movement was maintained even after the light irradiation was ceased. Our phototactic system helps to better understand the mechanism of natural motors and construct bioinspired motors with controlled movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Inaba
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8552, Japan.,Centre for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Kenji Hatta
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Kazunori Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8552, Japan.,Centre for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wu J, Ma S, Li M, Hu X, Jiao N, Tung S, Liu L. Enzymatic/Magnetic Hybrid Micromotors for Synergistic Anticancer Therapy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:31514-31526. [PMID: 34213305 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nanomotors (MNMs), which propel by transforming various forms of energy into kinetic energy, have emerged as promising therapeutic nanosystems in biomedical applications. However, most MNMs used for anticancer treatment are only powered by one engine or provide a single therapeutic strategy. Although double-engined micromotors for synergistic anticancer therapy can achieve more flexible movement and efficient treatment efficacy, their design remains challenging. In this study, we used a facile preparation method to develop enzymatic/magnetic micromotors for synergetic cancer treatment via chemotherapy and starvation therapy (ST), and the size of micromotors can be easily regulated during the synthetic process. The enzymatic reaction of glucose oxidase, which served as the chemical engine, led to self-propulsion using glucose as a fuel and ST via a reduction in the energy available to cancer cells. Moreover, the incorporation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a magnetic engine enhanced the kinetic power and provided control over the direction of movement. Inherent pH-responsive drug release behavior was observed owing to the acidic decomposition of drug carriers in the intracellular microenvironment of cancer cells. This system displayed enhanced anticancer efficacy owing to the synergetic therapeutic strategies and increased cellular uptake in a targeted area because of the improved motion behavior provided by the double engines. Therefore, the demonstrated micromotors are promising candidates for anticancer biomedical microsystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingyue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Niandong Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Steve Tung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lin X, Xu B, Zhao Z, Yang X, Xing Y, You C, Kong Y, Cui J, Zhu L, Lin S, Mei Y. Flying Squirrel-Inspired Motion Control of a Light-Deformed Pt-PAzoMA Micromotor through Drag Force Manipulation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:30106-30117. [PMID: 34143593 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Micromotors require stable and precise motion control for complex tasks such as microsurgery, drug delivery in vivo, or environmental monitoring ex vivo. However, a continuous control signal is needed for micromotors to achieve motion control during their whole journey, which hinders their application in areas where external control stimuli are limited or unavailable. Fortunately, nature suggests an excellent solution that flying squirrel exhibits motion tuning capability by deforming itself when jumping off a tall tree. Inspired by this, we propose a Pt-PAzoMA Janus micromotor that precisely changes its shape (from a spherical shape to an elliptical shape) under a brief light signal (450 nm) and maintains this deformation until next signal reception. The deformed elliptical micromotor performs relatively low-speed motion compared to the spherical one, which is further confirmed by massive simulation results. In addition, by investigating motion behavior experimentally and theoretically, it is proved that the motion modulation is caused by the drag force changing brought from the deformation. This method represents a different route to regulate the motion of micromotors without a continuous signal, which is useful in application scenarios where the environmental control signal is inaccessible/limited or long-time operation with minimum energy input is required to maintain motion manipulation. With further function modification, this kind of shape-changing micromotor has potential in optimizing drug diffusion efficiency by speed altering and long-term monitoring at the diseased area by confining the active range of the micromotor in the targeted area through deformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Lin
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Borui Xu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yi Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunyu You
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Ye Kong
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jizhai Cui
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shaoliang Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ying Y, Plutnar J, Pumera M. Six-Degree-of-Freedom Steerable Visible-Light-Driven Microsubmarines Using Water as a Fuel: Application for Explosives Decontamination. Small 2021; 17:e2100294. [PMID: 33945209 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Micro/nanomotors are capable of a wide variety of tasks related, i.e., to biomedical or environmental applications. Light-driven semiconductor-based micromotors are especially appealing, as they can split surrounding water via light irradiation, and therefore, they can move infinitely. However, their motion is typically limited to in-plane motion with four degrees of freedom (4DoF) or even pseudo-1D motion with 2DoF. Herein, magnetically steerable tubular TiO2 /Fe3 O4 /CdS micromotors, termed microsubmarines, with 6DoF motion, based on a fuel-free design where surrounding water acts as fuel upon visible light irradiation, are presented, with an average velocity of 7.9 µm s-1 . Besides, the generation of radicals via such water splitting aids the photocatalytic chemicals degradation with the potential to use solar radiation. A light-induced self-electrophoretic mechanism is responsible for the self-propulsion and can be used to predict the motion direction based on the structure and composition. Finally, the TiO2 /Fe3 O4 /CdS microsubmarines are tested in a proof-of-concept application of high-energy explosive, e.g., picric acid, photocatalytic degradation, with the best performance owing to the versatility of 6DoF motion, the surface coating with amorphous TiO2 layer, and UV light. The results can help optimize light-active micromotor design for potential national security and environmental application, hydrogen evolution, and target cargo delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Ying
- Center for the Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Plutnar
- Center for the Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for the Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ, Brno, 61300, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xu C, Wang S, Wang H, Liu K, Zhang S, Chen B, Liu H, Tong F, Peng F, Tu Y, Li Y. Magnesium-Based Micromotors as Hydrogen Generators for Precise Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy. Nano Lett 2021; 21:1982-1991. [PMID: 33624495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen therapy is an emerging and highly promising strategy for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases. However, nonpolarity and low solubility of hydrogen under the physiological conditions results in a limited therapeutic effect. Herein, we develop a biocompatible magnesium micromotor coated with hyaluronic acid as a hydrogen generator for precise rheumatoid arthritis management. The hydrogen bubbles generated locally not only function as a propellant for the motion but also function as the active ingredient for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation scavenging. Under ultrasound guidance, the micromotors are injected intra-articularly, and the dynamics of the micromotors can be visualized. By scavenging ROS and inflammation via active hydrogen, the oxidative stress is relieved and the levels of inflammation cytokines are reduced by our micromotors, showing prominent therapeutic efficacy in ameliorating joint damage and suppressing the overall arthritis severity toward a collagen-induced arthritis rat model. Therefore, our micromotors show great potential for the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis and further clinical transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xu
- Department of Medicine Ultrasonics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shuanghu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Medicine Ultrasonics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Medicine Ultrasonics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Medicine Ultrasonics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fei Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yingjia Li
- Department of Medicine Ultrasonics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Feng P, Du X, Guo J, Wang K, Song B. Light-Responsive Nanofibrous Motor with Simultaneously Precise Locomotion and Reversible Deformation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:8985-8996. [PMID: 33583177 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Light-powered micromotors have drawn enormous attention because of their potential applications in cargo delivery, environmental monitoring, and noninvasive surgery. However, the existing micromotors still suffer from some challenges, including slow speed, poor controllability, single locomotion mode, and no deformation during movement. Herein, we employ a combined electrospinning with brushing of Chinese ink to simply fabricate a light-responsive gradient-structured poly(vinyl alcohol)/carbon (PVA/carbon) composite motor. Because of the surface deposition and ultrahigh loading amount of carbon nanoparticles (ca. 43%), the motor exhibits rapid (39 mm/s), direction-controlled, and multimodal locomotion (vertical movement, horizontal motion, rotation) under light irradiation. Simultaneously, gradient alignment structure of the PVA nanofibrous matrix endows the motor with controllable and reversible deformation during locomotion. We finally demonstrate the potential applications of the motors in leakage monitoring, object salvage, smart access, and intelligent assembly. The present work will inspire the design of novel photosensitive motors for applications in various fields, such as microrobots, environmental monitoring, and biomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Feng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Du
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Botao Song
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yuan K, Jurado-Sánchez B, Escarpa A. Dual-Propelled Lanbiotic Based Janus Micromotors for Selective Inactivation of Bacterial Biofilms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4915-4924. [PMID: 33216439 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Graphene oxide/PtNPs/Fe2 O3 "dual-propelled" catalytic and fuel-free rotary actuated magnetic Janus micromotors modified with the lanbiotic Nisin are used for highly selective capture/inactivation of gram-positive bacteria units and biofilms. Specific interaction of Nisin with the Lipid II unit of Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria in connection with the enhanced micromotor movement and generated fluid flow result in a 2-fold increase of the capture/killing ability (both in bubble and magnetic propulsion modes) as compared with free peptide and static counterparts. The high stability of Nisin along with the high towing force of the micromotors allow for efficient operation in untreated raw media (tap water, juice and serum) and even in blood and in flowing blood in magnetic mode. The high selectivity of the approach is illustrated by the dramatically lower interaction with gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia Coli). The double-propulsion (catalytic or fuel-free magnetic) mode of the micromotors and the high biocompatibility holds considerable promise to design micromotors with tailored lanbiotics that can response to the changes that make the bacteria resistant in a myriad of clinical, environmental remediation or food safety applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaisong Yuan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain.,Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. del Rio", University of Alcala, 28871, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain.,Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. del Rio", University of Alcala, 28871, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Guo J, Lin Y. One-dimensional micro/nanomotors for biomedicine: delivery, sensing and surgery. Biomater Transl 2020; 1:18-32. [PMID: 35837656 PMCID: PMC9255815 DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-112x.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of artificial micro/nanomachines brings promising strategies to overcome challenges in biomedicine, including delivery, sensing and surgery. One-dimensional (1D) micro/nanomotors are one of the most attractive micro/nanomachines due to their high specific surface area, powerful impetus and weak rotation diffusion. In this review, different propulsion mechanisms and motion control strategies of 1D micro/nanomotors are summarized, and recent efforts towards their fabrication methods and biomedical applications are discussed. We envision the multidisciplinary research efforts in the field of 1D micro/nanomotors will pave their way to practical applications in bioimaging and biomedicine.
Collapse
|
24
|
Hu Y, Liu W, Sun Y. Multiwavelength Phototactic Micromotor with Controllable Swarming Motion for "Chemistry-on-the-Fly". ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:41495-41505. [PMID: 32825803 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Artificial nano/micromotors that represent the next-generation automotive microdevices hold considerable promise in various potential applications. However, it is a great challenge to design light-powered micro/nanomotors with effective propulsion that can fulfill diverse tasks. Herein, a multilight-responsive micromotor is fabricated by in situ precipitation of photothermal Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) onto different microparticles. The composites exhibit phototactic swarming movement by irradiation at 320-550 nm, which can be reversibly and remotely manipulated by irradiation position, "on/off" switch, and light intensity. The micromotor made of Fe3O4@poly(glycidyl methacrylate)/polystyrene (Fe3O4@PGS) core-shell particles presents a propulsion speed as high as 270 μm/s under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Using an array of experimental methods and numerical simulations, thermal convection mechanism is proposed for the propulsion. Namely, under light irradiation, the photogenerated heat on Fe3O4 NPs decreases the density of the irradiated spot, leading to the swarming motion of the composite particles propelled by a "hydrodynamic drag" toward the light spot. Then, Fe3O4@PGS is exploited as a platform for performing "chemistry-on-the-fly" using both the catalytic efficiency of Fe3O4 NPs and an immobilized enzyme (lipase). It is found that the propulsion increases the catalytic efficiency of Fe3O4 NPs for rhodamine B degradation by over 10 times under sunlight. Moreover, it is proved to accelerate the enzymatic reactions of lipase on Fe3O4@PGS in both aqueous and organic systems by more than 50%. Such a multiwavelength phototactic swimmer paves the way to the design of advanced micromotors for various applications, such as drug delivery, microsurgery, and sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
An integrated system combining a magnetically-driven micromotor and a synthetized protein-based hyaluronic acid (HA) microflake is presented for the in situ selection and transport of multiple motile sperm cells (ca. 50). The system appeals for targeted sperm delivery in the reproductive system to assist fertilization or to deliver drugs. The binding mechanism between the HA microflake and sperm relies on the interactions between HA and the corresponding sperm HA receptors. Once sperm are captured within the HA microflake, the assembly is trapped and transported by a magnetically-driven helical microcarrier. The trapping of the sperm-microflake occurs by a local vortex induced by the microcarrier during rotation-translation under a rotating magnetic field. After transport, the microflake is enzymatically hydrolyzed by local proteases, allowing sperm to escape and finally reach the target location. This cargo-delivery system represents a new concept to transport not only multiple motile sperm but also other actively moving biological cargoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Xu
- Institute for Integrative NanosciencesLeibniz IFW DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Mariana Medina‐Sánchez
- Institute for Integrative NanosciencesLeibniz IFW DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Oliver G. Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative NanosciencesLeibniz IFW DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN)TU ChemnitzRosenbergstraße 609126ChemnitzGermany
- School of ScienceTU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Xiao Z, Duan S, Xu P, Cui J, Zhang H, Wang W. Synergistic Speed Enhancement of an Electric-Photochemical Hybrid Micromotor by Tilt Rectification. ACS Nano 2020; 14:8658-8667. [PMID: 32530617 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid micromotor is an active colloid powered by more than one power source, often exhibiting expanded functionality and controllability than those of a singular energy source. However, these power sources are often applied orthogonally, leading to stacked propulsion that is just a sum of two independent mechanisms. Here, we report that TiO2-Pt Janus micromotors, when subject to both UV light and AC electric fields, move up to 90% faster than simply adding up the speed powered by either source. This unexpected synergy between light and electric fields, we propose, arises from the fact that an electrokinetically powered TiO2-Pt micromotor moves near a substrate with a tilted Janus interface that, upon the application of an electric field, becomes rectified to be vertical to the substrate. Control experiments with magnetic fields and three types of micromotors unambiguously and quantitatively show that the tilting angle of a micromotor correlates positively with its instantaneous speed, reaching maximum at a vertical Janus interface. Such "tilting-induced retardation" could affect a wide variety of chemically powered micromotors, and our findings are therefore helpful in understanding the dynamics of micromachines in confinement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuyao Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shifang Duan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Pengzhao Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jingqin Cui
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hepeng Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fan X, Hao Q, Li M, Zhang X, Yang X, Mei Y, Qiu T. Hotspots on the Move: Active Molecular Enrichment by Hierarchically Structured Micromotors for Ultrasensitive SERS Sensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:28783-28791. [PMID: 32469196 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is recognized as one of the most sensitive spectroscopic tools for chemical and biological detections. Hotspots engineering has expedited promotion of SERS performance over the past few decades. Recently, molecular enrichment has proven to be another effective approach to improve the SERS performance. In this work, we propose a concept of "motile hotspots" to realize ultrasensitive SERS sensing by combining hotspots engineering and active molecular enrichment. High-density plasmonic nanostructure-supporting hotspots are assembled on the tubular outer wall of micromotors via nanoimprint and rolling origami techniques. The dense hotspots carried on these hierarchically structured micromotors (HSMs) can be magnet-powered to actively enrich molecules in fluid. The active enrichment manner of HSMs is revealed to be effective in accelerating the process of molecular adsorption. Consequently, SERS intensity increases significantly because of more molecules being adjacent to the hotspots after active molecular enrichment. This "motile hotspots" concept provides a synergistical approach in constructing a SERS platform with high performance. Moreover, the newly developed construction method of HSMs manifests the possibility of tailoring tubular length and diameter as well as surface patterns on the outer wall of HSMs, demonstrating good flexibility in constructing customized micromotors for various applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingce Fan
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Qi Hao
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Mingze Li
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaozhi Yang
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Teng Qiu
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Micromotors have exhibited great potential in multidisciplinary nanotechnology, environmental science, and especially biomedical engineering due to their advantages of controllable motion, long lifetime, and high biocompatibility. Marvelous efforts focusing on endowing micromotors with novel characteristics and functionalities to promote their applications in biomedical engineering have been taken in recent years. Here, inspired by the flagellar motion of Escherichia coli, we present helical micromotors as dynamic cell microcarriers using simple microfluidic spinning technology. The morphologies of micromotors can be easily tailored because of the highly controllable and feasible fabrication process including microfluidic generation and manual dicing. Benefiting from the biocompatibility of the materials, the resultant helical micromotors could be ideal cell microcarriers that are suitable for cell seeding and further cultivation; the magnetic nanoparticle encapsulation imparts the helical micromotors with kinetic characteristics in response to mobile magnetic fields. Thus, the helical micromotors could be applied as dynamic cell culture blocks and further assembled to complex geometrical structures. The constructed structures out of cell-seeded micromotors could find practical potential in biomedical applications as the stack-shaped assembly embedded in the hydrogel may be used for tissue repairing and the tube-shaped assembly due to its resemblance to vascular structures in the microchannel for organ-on-a-chip study or blood vessel regeneration. These features manifest the possibility to broaden the biomedical application scope for micromotors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunru Yu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jiahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuetong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Changmin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dradrach K, Rogóż M, Grabowski P, Xuan C, Węgłowski R, Konieczkowska J, Schab-Balcerzak E, Piecek W, Wasylczyk P. Traveling Wave Rotary Micromotor Based on a Photomechanical Response in Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:8681-8686. [PMID: 31994378 PMCID: PMC7497615 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The photomechanical response of liquid crystal polymer networks (LCNs) can be used to directly convert light energy into different forms of mechanical energy. In this study, we demonstrate how a traveling deformation, induced in a liquid crystal polymer ring by a spatially modulated laser beam, can be used to drive the ring (the rotor) to rotate around a stationary element (the stator), thus forming a light-powered micromotor. The photomechanical response of the polymer film is modeled numerically, different LCN molecular configurations are studied, and the performance of a 5.5 mm diameter motor is characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Dradrach
- Photonic Nanostructure
Facility, Faculty of Physics, University
of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura
5, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Rogóż
- Photonic Nanostructure
Facility, Faculty of Physics, University
of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura
5, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Grabowski
- Photonic Nanostructure
Facility, Faculty of Physics, University
of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura
5, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chen Xuan
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren’ai Rd, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Rafał Węgłowski
- Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, ul. Kaliskiego 2, 01-476 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Konieczkowska
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Ewa Schab-Balcerzak
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Wiktor Piecek
- Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, ul. Kaliskiego 2, 01-476 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Wasylczyk
- Photonic Nanostructure
Facility, Faculty of Physics, University
of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura
5, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
- E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yuan K, Jiang Z, Jurado-Sánchez B, Escarpa A. Nano/ Micromotors for Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases. Chemistry 2019; 26:2309-2326. [PMID: 31682040 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Micromotors are man-made nano/microscale devices capable of transforming energy into mechanical motion. The accessibility and force offered by micromotors hold great promise to solve complex biomedical challenges. This Review highlights current progress and prospects in the use of nano and micromotors for diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. Motion-based sensing and fluorescence switching detection strategies along with therapeutic approaches based on direct cell capture; killing by direct contact or specific drug delivery to the affected site, will be comprehensively covered. Future challenges to translate the potential of nano/micromotors into practical applications will be described in the conclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaisong Yuan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhengjin Jiang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain.,Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. Del Rio", University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain.,Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. Del Rio", University of Alcala, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Karshalev E, Zhang Y, de Ávila BEF, Beltrán-Gastélum M, Chen Y, Mundaca-Uribe R, Zhang F, Nguyen B, Tong Y, Fang RH, Zhang L, Wang J. Micromotors for Active Delivery of Minerals toward the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia. Nano Lett 2019; 19:7816-7826. [PMID: 31588746 PMCID: PMC6854300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
As the most common nutritional disorder, iron deficiency represents a major public health problem with broad impacts on physical and mental development. However, treatment is often compromised by low iron bioavailability and undesired side effects. Here, we report on the development of active mineral delivery vehicles using Mg-based micromotors, which can autonomously propel in gastrointestinal fluids, aiding in the dynamic delivery of minerals. Iron and selenium are combined as a model mineral payload in the micromotor platform. We demonstrate the ability of our mineral-loaded micromotors to replenish iron and selenium stores in an anemic mouse model after 30 days of treatment, normalizing hematological parameters such as red blood count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Additionally, the micromotor platform exhibits no toxicity after the treatment regimen. This proof-of-concept study indicates that micromotor-based active delivery of mineral supplements represents an attractive approach toward alleviating nutritional deficiencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mara Beltrán-Gastélum
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yijie Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rodolfo Mundaca-Uribe
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fangyu Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bryan Nguyen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yao Tong
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H. Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sun Y, Liu Y, Zhang D, Zhang H, Jiang J, Duan R, Xiao J, Xing J, Zhang D, Dong B. Calligraphy/Painting Based on a Bioinspired Light-Driven Micromotor with Concentration-Dependent Motion Direction Reversal and Dynamic Swarming Behavior. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:40533-40542. [PMID: 31577118 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the collective behavior of natural living systems, the collective behavior of micromotors has become the research highlight. Although great progress has been made, it is still challenging to control the collective behavior of micromotors. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel near-infrared (NIR) light-powered micromotor consisting of a polystyrene microsphere and a polydopamine core-shell structure (PS@PDA) with concentration-dependent motion direction reversal and dynamic swarming behavior. Among others, a single micromotor exhibits negative phototaxis, whereas a group of micromotors shows positive phototaxis, which can be attributed to the competition between the thermophoretic force and hydrodynamic drag caused by the thermal buoyancy. In addition, because of the reversible hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interactions between the adjacent PS@PDA micromotors, they form aggregation as a result of the positive phototaxis with dynamically controllable shapes tuned by the irradiation position, which makes them potentially attractive for in-solution calligraphy and painting. It is anticipated that the current study may not only provide a new strategy to control the collective behavior of the micromotors, but also promote their application in the practical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyu Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Ye Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Jiwei Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Ruomeng Duan
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering , Dongguan University of Technology , Dongguan , Guangdong 523808 , China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Jingjing Xing
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Dafeng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Liaocheng University , Liaocheng , Shandong 252000 , China
| | - Bin Dong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chang X, Chen C, Li J, Lu X, Liang Y, Zhou D, Wang H, Zhang G, Li T, Wang J, Li L. Motile Micropump Based on Synthetic Micromotors for Dynamic Micropatterning. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:28507-28514. [PMID: 31305060 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Micropump systems show great potential on the micropatterning process as a result of remarkable performance and functionality. However, existing micropumps cannot be employed as direct writing tools to perform the complex micropatterning process because of their lacking motility and controllability. Here, we propose a motile micropump system based on the combination of a water-driven ZnO/Ni/polystyrene Janus micromotor with a traditional immobilized micropump. This novel motile micropump system can translate the trajectory of Janus micromotors into predefined micropatterns by pumping away passive silica particles around the micromotor under the effect of diffusiophoresis. The resolution and efficiency of the micropatterning process can be regulated by controlling the diameters of Janus micromotors. Diverse surface micropatterns can be fabricated though remote magnetic control of the motile micropump system. Such ability to transform the versatile motile micropump into predetermined surface micropatterns creates new opportunities for mask-free micropatterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150001 , China
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Chuanrui Chen
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Jinxing Li
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Xiaolong Lu
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Yuyan Liang
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Dekai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150001 , China
| | - Haocheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150001 , China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150001 , China
| | - Tianlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150001 , China
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Longqiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150001 , China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer therapeutic strategy, which typically kills cancer cells through converting nontoxic oxygen into reactive oxygen species using photosensitizers (PSs). However, the existing PDTs are still limited by the tumor hypoxia and poor targeted accumulation of PSs. To address these challenges, we here report an acoustically powered and magnetically navigated red blood cell-mimicking (RBCM) micromotor capable of actively transporting oxygen and PS for enhanced PDT. The RBCM micromotors consist of biconcave RBC-shaped magnetic hemoglobin cores encapsulating PSs and natural RBC membrane shells. Upon exposure to an acoustic field, they are able to move in biological media at a speed of up to 56.5 μm s-1 (28.2 body lengths s-1). The direction of these RBCM micromotors can be navigated using an external magnetic field. Moreover, RBCM micromotors can not only avoid the serum fouling during the movement toward the targeted cancer cells but also possess considerable oxygen- and PS-carrying capacity. Such fuel-free RBCM micromotors provide a new approach for efficient and rapid active delivery of oxygen and PSs in a biofriendly manner for future PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), State Laboratory of Robotics and System (HIT) , Harbin Institute of Technology , Yikuangjie 2 , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Zhihua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), State Laboratory of Robotics and System (HIT) , Harbin Institute of Technology , Yikuangjie 2 , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Daolin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), State Laboratory of Robotics and System (HIT) , Harbin Institute of Technology , Yikuangjie 2 , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), State Laboratory of Robotics and System (HIT) , Harbin Institute of Technology , Yikuangjie 2 , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Hui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), State Laboratory of Robotics and System (HIT) , Harbin Institute of Technology , Yikuangjie 2 , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), State Laboratory of Robotics and System (HIT) , Harbin Institute of Technology , Yikuangjie 2 , Harbin 150080 , China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhang F, Mundaca-Uribe R, Gong H, Esteban-Fernández de Ávila B, Beltrán-Gastélum M, Karshalev E, Nourhani A, Tong Y, Nguyen B, Gallot M, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wang J. A Macrophage-Magnesium Hybrid Biomotor: Fabrication and Characterization. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1901828. [PMID: 31070278 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg)-based micromotors are combined with live macrophage (MΦ) cells to create a unique MΦ-Mg biohybrid motor system. The resulting biomotors possess rapid propulsion ability stemming from the Mg micromotors and the biological functions provided by the live MΦ cell. To prepare the biohybrid motors, Mg microparticles coated with titanium dioxide and poly(l-lysine) (PLL) layers are incubated with live MΦs at low temperature. The formation of such biohybrid motors depends on the relative size of the MΦs and Mg particles, with the MΦ swallowing up Mg particles smaller than 5 µm. The experimental results and numerical simulations demonstrate that the motion of MΦ-Mg motors is determined by the size of the Mg micromotor core and the position of the MΦ during the attachment process. The MΦ-Mg motors also perform biological functions related to free MΦs such as endotoxin neutralization. Cell membrane staining and toxin neutralization studies confirm that the MΦs maintain their viability and functionality (e.g., endotoxin neutralization) after binding to the Mg micromotors. This new MΦ-Mg motor design can be expanded to different types of living cells to fulfill diverse biological tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Rodolfo Mundaca-Uribe
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hua Gong
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Mara Beltrán-Gastélum
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Emil Karshalev
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Amir Nourhani
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yao Tong
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Bryan Nguyen
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mathieu Gallot
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lin Y, Geng X, Chi Q, Wang C, Wang Z. Driving Forces of the Bubble-Driven Tubular Micromotor Based on the Full Life-Cycle of the Bubble. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 10:E415. [PMID: 31234370 DOI: 10.3390/mi10060415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Micromotors show many advantages in practical applications, including small size, large push-to-weight ratio, and low power consumption. Micromotors have been widely used in a variety of applications, including cell manipulation, payload delivery, and removal of toxic components. Among them, bubble-driven micromotors have received great attention due to their large driving force and high speed. The driving force of the bubble-driven micromotor movement comes from the four stages of the life cycle of the bubble: nucleation, growth, slip, and ejection. At present, investigators are still unclear about the driving mechanism of the bubble-driven micromotors, the source of the driving force being still especially controversial. In response to this problem, this paper combines the mass transfer model, hydrodynamic theory, and numerical simulation to explain the driving force generated by the various stages of the life-cycle of the bubble. A mass transfer model was used to calculate the driving force of the motor contributed by the bubble nucleation and slip stage. Based on equilibrium of force and conservation of energy, a theoretical model of the driving force of the tubular micromotor in the growth and ejection stage of the bubble was established. The results show that the driving force contributed by the bubble in the nucleation and the slip stage is rather small. However, the stage of bubble growth and ejection provide most of the driving force. On further evaluating the effect of the bubble driving force on the motor speed, it was found that the growth stage plays a major role in the motion of the bubble-driven micromotor. The micromotor velocity based on the driving forces of the full life-cycle of bubbles agrees well with the experimental results.
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
A chemically powered jellyfish-like micromotor was proposed by using a multimetallic shell and a DNA assembly with catalase decorations modified on the concave surface to simulate the umbrella-shaped body and the muscle fibers on the inner umbrella of jellyfish. Relying on the catalytic generation of oxygen gas by catalase in H2O2 fuel, the jellyfish-like micromotor showed good bubble-propelled motion in different biomedia with speed exceeding 209 μm s-1 in 1.5% H2O2. The jellyfish-like micromotors could also be applied for motion detection of DNA based on a displacement hybridization-triggered catalase release. The proposed jellyfish-like micromotors showed advantages of easy fabrication, good motion ability, sensitive motion detection of DNA, and good stability and reproducibility, indicating considerable promise for biological application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Chengtao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wei X, Beltrán-Gastélum M, Karshalev E, de Ávila BEF, Zhou J, Ran D, Angsantikul P, Fang RH, Wang J, Zhang L. Biomimetic Micromotor Enables Active Delivery of Antigens for Oral Vaccination. Nano Lett 2019; 19:1914-1921. [PMID: 30724085 PMCID: PMC6451690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b05051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination represents one of the most effective means of preventing infectious disease. In order to maximize the utility of vaccines, highly potent formulations that are easy to administer and promote high patient compliance are desired. In the present work, a biomimetic self-propelling micromotor formulation is developed for use as an oral antivirulence vaccine. The propulsion is provided by a magnesium-based core, and a biomimetic cell membrane coating is used to detain and neutralize a toxic antigenic payload. The resulting motor toxoids leverage their propulsion properties in order to more effectively elicit mucosal immune responses. After demonstrating the successful fabrication of the motor toxoids, their uptake properties are shown in vitro. When delivered to mice via an oral route, it is then confirmed that the propulsion greatly improves retention and uptake of the antigenic material in the small intestine in vivo. Ultimately, this translates into markedly elevated generation of antibody titers against a model toxin. This work provides a proof-of-concept highlighting the benefits of active oral delivery for vaccine development, opening the door for a new set of applications, in which biomimetic motor technology can provide significant benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emil Karshalev
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | | | - Jiarong Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Danni Ran
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Pavimol Angsantikul
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Ronnie H. Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zou M, Wang J, Yu Y, Sun L, Wang H, Xu H, Zhao Y. Composite Multifunctional Micromotors from Droplet Microfluidics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:34618-34624. [PMID: 30212179 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by natural biological machines, lots of effort has been invested in developing artificially functional micromotors which can convert energy into movement for carrying out tasks in diverse areas. Here, we present a capillary microfluidic system with dual inner injections for one-step generation of composite structured polymer micromotors with two distinct cores of platinum (Pt) nanoparticle-integrated and iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticle-dispersed hydrogels. Because the flow rates of the prepolymerized fluids can be precisely tuned in the microfluidics, the diameters of the micromotors as well as the sizes and numbers of the inner cores can be well tailored to optimize the parameters of the resultant micromotors. When exposed to a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) medium, the Pt-integrated cores of the micromotors could provide propulsion by expelling bubbles produced from the catalytic decomposition of H2O2, while the Fe3O4-dispersed cores could impart magnetic guidance for the micromotors. Benefiting from the close cooperation of these two types of cores, the micromotors were imparted with a strong propulsion and prominent recyclability for the delivery of both microscale and macroscale objects. These results manifest that this kind of composite micromotor has great diversity in various applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minhan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Yunru Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Karshalev E, Esteban-Fernández de Ávila B, Beltrán-Gastélum M, Angsantikul P, Tang S, Mundaca-Uribe R, Zhang F, Zhao J, Zhang L, Wang J. Micromotor Pills as a Dynamic Oral Delivery Platform. ACS Nano 2018; 12:8397-8405. [PMID: 30059616 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous progress has been made during the past decade toward the design of nano/micromotors with high biocompatibility, multifunctionality, and efficient propulsion in biological fluids, which collectively have led to the initial investigation of in vivo biomedical applications of these synthetic motors. Despite these recent advances in micromotor designs and mechanistic research, significant effort is needed to develop appropriate formulations of micromotors to facilitate their in vivo administration and thus to better test their in vivo applicability. Herein, we present a micromotor pill and demonstrate its attractive use as a platform for in vivo oral delivery of active micromotors. The micromotor pill is comprised of active Mg-based micromotors dispersed uniformly in the pill matrix, containing inactive (lactose/maltose) excipients and other disintegration-aiding (cellulose/starch) additives. Our in vivo studies using a mouse model show that the micromotor pill platform effectively protects and carries the active micromotors to the stomach, enabling their release in a concentrated manner. The micromotor encapsulation and the inactive excipient materials have no effects on the motion of the released micromotors. The released cargo-loaded micromotors propel in gastric fluid, retaining the high-performance characteristics of in vitro micromotors while providing higher cargo retention onto the stomach lining compared to orally administrated free micromotors and passive microparticles. Furthermore, the micromotor pills and the loaded micromotors retain the same characteristics and propulsion behavior after extended storage in harsh conditions. These results illustrate that combining the advantages of traditional pills with the efficient movement of micromotors offer an appealing route for administrating micromotors for potential in vivo biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Karshalev
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | | | - Mara Beltrán-Gastélum
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Pavimol Angsantikul
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Songsong Tang
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Rodolfo Mundaca-Uribe
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Fangyu Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments (2016⁻2018 period) in the nano and micromotors field for biosensing applications. Nano and micromotor designs, functionalization, propulsion modes and transduction mechanism are described. A second important part of the review is devoted to novel in vitro and in vivo biosensing schemes. The potential and future prospect of such moving nanoscale biosensors are given in the conclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
- Chemical Research Institute "Andrés M. del Río", University of Alcala, E-28871 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Traveling wave ultrasonic micromotors fabricated from a single layer of homogeneous bulk piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) are described. The miniature motors are capable of bi-directional rotary motion with controllable speeds. By taking advantage of transverse interdigitated electrodes to excite traveling waves in a patterned bulk PZT substrate, the monolithic micromotor stators are patterned using a simple and low cost fabrication technique based on micropowder blasting. Performance of the ultrasonic micromotors is explored using devices with integrated glass rotors, using defined preload forces applied between the microfabricated stator and rotor elements. For the case of a 4.12 mm diameter PZT stator, a maximum speed of 30 rpm and stall torque of 501 mN · mm are achieved when applying a 323 mN preload force to the rotor.
Collapse
|
43
|
Ning H, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Ingham A, Huang G, Mei Y, Solovev AA. Geometry Design, Principles and Assembly of Micromotors. Micromachines (Basel) 2018; 9:E75. [PMID: 30393351 PMCID: PMC6187850 DOI: 10.3390/mi9020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of bio-inspired, self-propelled and externally-powered nano-/micro-motors, rotors and engines (micromachines) is considered a potentially revolutionary paradigm in nanoscience. Nature knows how to combine different elements together in a fluidic state for intelligent design of nano-/micro-machines, which operate by pumping, stirring, and diffusion of their internal components. Taking inspirations from nature, scientists endeavor to develop the best materials, geometries, and conditions for self-propelled motion, and to better understand their mechanisms of motion and interactions. Today, microfluidic technology offers considerable advantages for the next generation of biomimetic particles, droplets and capsules. This review summarizes recent achievements in the field of nano-/micromotors, and methods of their external control and collective behaviors, which may stimulate new ideas for a broad range of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanpo Ning
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Andreas Ingham
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 5 Ole Maaløes Vej, DK-2200, 1165 København, Denmark.
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Alexander A Solovev
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Huang X, Zhang T, Asefa T. Hollow Mesoporous Carbon Microparticles and Micromotors with Single Holes Templated by Colloidal Silica-Assisted Gas Bubbles. Small 2017; 13:1700256. [PMID: 28544803 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201700256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple, new synthetic method that produces hollow, mesoporous carbon microparticles, each with a single hole on its surface, is reported. The synthesis involves unique templates, which are composed of gaseous bubbles and colloidal silica, and poly(furfuryl alcohol) as a carbon precursor. The conditions that give these morphologically unique carbon microparticles are investigated, and the mechanisms that result in their unique structures are proposed. Notably, the amount of colloidal silica and the type of polymer are found to hugely dictate whether or not the synthesis results in hollow asymmetrical microparticles, each with a single hole. The potential application of the particles as self-propelled micromotors is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Tewodros Asefa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Li J, Angsantikul P, Liu W, Esteban-Fernández de Ávila B, Thamphiwatana S, Xu M, Sandraz E, Wang X, Delezuk J, Gao W, Zhang L, Wang J. Micromotors Spontaneously Neutralize Gastric Acid for pH-Responsive Payload Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2156-2161. [PMID: 28105785 PMCID: PMC5511515 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The highly acidic gastric environment creates a physiological barrier for using therapeutic drugs in the stomach. While proton pump inhibitors have been widely used for blocking acid-producing enzymes, this approach can cause various adverse effects. Reported herein is a new microdevice, consisting of magnesium-based micromotors which can autonomously and temporally neutralize gastric acid through efficient chemical propulsion in the gastric fluid by rapidly depleting the localized protons. Coating these micromotors with a cargo-containing pH-responsive polymer layer leads to autonomous release of the encapsulated payload upon gastric-acid neutralization by the motors. Testing in a mouse model demonstrate that these motors can safely and rapidly neutralize gastric acid and simultaneously release payload without causing noticeable acute toxicity or affecting the stomach function, and the normal stomach pH is restored within 24 h post motor administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Li
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Pavimol Angsantikul
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | | | - Mingli Xu
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Elodie Sandraz
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jorge Delezuk
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Weiwei Gao
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gupta S, Jangra RS, Gupta S, Mahendra A, Kumar A. A painless, minimally invasive technique for debulking onychomycotic nails. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 76:e17-e19. [PMID: 27986153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Gupta
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, India.
| | - Ravi Shankar Jangra
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, India
| | - Somesh Gupta
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aneet Mahendra
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, India
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Chen C, Karshalev E, Li J, Soto F, Castillo R, Campos I, Mou F, Guan J, Wang J. Transient Micromotors That Disappear When No Longer Needed. ACS Nano 2016; 10:10389-10396. [PMID: 27783486 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Transient self-destroyed micromotors that autonomously disappear in biological media at controlled rates upon completing their task, without leaving a toxic residue, are presented. The propulsion and degradation characteristics of the self-destroyed Mg/ZnO, Mg/Si, and Zn/Fe Janus micromotors and single-component Zn micromotors are described. The degradation of the Janus micromotors relies on the different corrosion rates of their core-shell components. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry measurements are used to probe the time-dependent degradation of the different constituents of the micromotors. The toxicity of the transient micromotors is discussed toward their potential use in biomedical applications. This concept of transient micromotors offers considerable potential for diverse practical applications in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanrui Chen
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Emil Karshalev
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jinxing Li
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Fernando Soto
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Roxanne Castillo
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Isaac Campos
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Fangzhi Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Li J, Thamphiwatana S, Liu W, de Ávila BEF, Angsantikul P, Sandraz E, Wang J, Xu T, Soto F, Ramez V, Wang X, Gao W, Zhang L, Wang J. Enteric Micromotor Can Selectively Position and Spontaneously Propel in the Gastrointestinal Tract. ACS Nano 2016; 10:9536-9542. [PMID: 27648483 PMCID: PMC5362361 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which hosts hundreds of bacteria species, becomes the most exciting organ for the emerging microbiome research. Some of these GI microbes are hostile and cause a variety of diseases. These bacteria colonize in different segments of the GI tract dependent on the local physicochemical and biological factors. Therefore, selectively locating therapeutic or imaging agents to specific GI segments is of significant importance for studying gut microbiome and treating various GI-related diseases. Herein, we demonstrate an enteric micromotor system capable of precise positioning and controllable retention in desired segments of the GI tract. These motors, consisting of magnesium-based tubular micromotors coated with an enteric polymer layer, act as a robust nanobiotechnology tool for site-specific GI delivery. The micromotors can deliver payload to a particular location via dissolution of their enteric coating to activate their propulsion at the target site toward localized tissue penetration and retention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pavimol Angsantikul
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Elodie Sandraz
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jianxing Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tailin Xu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fernando Soto
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Valentin Ramez
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhang L, Zhang H, Liu M, Dong B. Reprogrammable Logic Gate and Logic Circuit Based on Multistimuli-Responsive Raspberry-like Micromotors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:15654-60. [PMID: 27237969 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a polymer-based raspberry-like micromotor. Interestingly, the resulting micromotor exhibits multistimuli-responsive motion behavior. Its on-off-on motion can be regulated by the application of stimuli such as H2O2, near-infrared light, NH3, or their combinations. Because of the versatility in motion control, the current micromotor has great potential in the application field of logic gate and logic circuit. With use of different stimuli as the inputs and the micromotor motion as the output, reprogrammable OR and INHIBIT logic gates or logic circuit consisting of OR, NOT, and AND logic gates can be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Mei Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Bin Dong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Su Y, Ge Y, Liu L, Zhang L, Liu M, Sun Y, Zhang H, Dong B. Motion-Based pH Sensing Based on the Cartridge-Case-like Micromotor. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:4250-7. [PMID: 26815003 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a novel cartridge-case-like micromotor. The micromotor, which is fabricated by the template synthesis method, consists of a gelatin shell with platinum nanoparticles decorating its inner surface. Intriguingly, the resulting cartridge-case-like structure exhibits a pH-dependent "open and close" feature, which originates from the pH responsiveness of the gelatin material. On the basis of the catalytic activity of the platinum nanoparticle inside the gelatin shell, the resulting cartridge-case-like structure is capable of moving autonomously in the aqueous solution containing the hydrogen peroxide fuel. More interestingly, we find out that the micromotor can be utilized as a motion-based pH sensor over the whole pH range. The moving velocity of the micromotor increases monotonically with the increase of pH of the analyte solution. Three different factors are considered to be responsible for the proportional relation between the motion speed and pH of the analyte solution: the peroxidase-like and oxidase-like catalytic behavior of the platinum nanoparticle at low and high pH, the volumetric decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide under the basic condition and the pH-dependent catalytic activity of the platinum nanoparticle caused by the swelling/deswelling behavior of the gelatin material. The current work highlights the impact of the material properties on the motion behavior of a micromotor, thus paving the way toward its application in the motion-based sensing field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Su
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center (CIC) of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Ge
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center (CIC) of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center (CIC) of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center (CIC) of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center (CIC) of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyu Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center (CIC) of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center (CIC) of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Dong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices and Collaborative Innovation Center (CIC) of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|