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Leung G, McKinney MA, Yaylayan V, Bayen S. Abiotic degradations of legacy and novel flame retardants in environmental and food matrices - a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38805263 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2354496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) are commonly added to commercial products to achieve flammability resistance. Since most of them are not chemically bonded to the materials, they could be leached to the environment during the production and disposal cycle. These FRs were categorised based on their chemical nature, including brominated, organophosphorus-, mineral- and nitrogen-based. This review summarised the abiotic degradation reactions of these four classes of FRs, with a focus on thermal and photodegradation reactions in environmental and food matrices. Only 24 papers have reported related information on abiotic degradation reactions that could be useful for predicting possible degradation pathways, and most focused on brominated FRs. Most studies also investigated the thermal degradation of FRs under high temperatures (>400 °C), which exceeds the normal cooking temperature at 100-300 °C. For photodegradation, studies have used up to five times the energy typically used in UV radiation during food processing. It is recommended that future studies investigate the fate of these FRs in foods under more realistic processing conditions, to provide a more comprehensive picture of the estimated consumption of FRs and their degradation products from foods, and facilitate a better risk assessment of the use of these novel FRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Leung
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Melissa A McKinney
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Varoujan Yaylayan
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
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2
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Masci M, Caproni R, Nevigato T. Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Glyphosate in Cereals Together with a Discussion of Its Occurrence, Accumulation, Fate, Degradation, and Regulatory Status. Methods Protoc 2024; 7:38. [PMID: 38804332 PMCID: PMC11130892 DOI: 10.3390/mps7030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Union's recent decision to renew the authorization for the use of glyphosate until 15 December 2033 has stimulated scientific discussion all around the world regarding its toxicity or otherwise for humans. Glyphosate is a chemical of which millions of tons have been used in the last 50 years worldwide to dry out weeds in cultivated fields and greenhouses and on roadsides. Concern has been raised in many areas about its possible presence in the food chain and its consequent adverse effects on health. Both aspects that argue in favor of toxicity and those that instead may indicate limited toxicity of glyphosate are discussed here. The widespread debate that has been generated requires further investigations and field measurements to understand glyphosate's fate once dispersed in the environment and its concentration in the food chain. Hence, there is a need for validated analytical methods that are available to analysts in the field. In the present review, methods for the analytical determination of glyphosate and its main metabolite, AMPA, are discussed, with a specific focus on chromatographic techniques applied to cereal products. The experimental procedures are explained in detail, including the cleanup, derivatization, and instrumental conditions, to give the laboratories involved enough information to proceed with the implementation of this line of analysis. The prevalent chromatographic methods used are LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/SIM, and GC-MS/MS, but sufficient indications are also given to those laboratories that wish to use the better performing high-resolution MS or the simpler HPLC-FLD, HPLC-UV, GC-NPD, and GC-FPD techniques for screening purposes. The concentrations of glyphosate from the literature measured in wheat, corn, barley, rye, oats, soybean, and cereal-based foods are reported, together with its regulatory status in various parts of the world and its accumulation mechanism. As for its accumulation in cereals, the available data show that glyphosate tends to accumulate more in wholemeal flours than in refined ones, that its concentration in the product strictly depends on the treatment period (the closer it is to the time of harvesting, the higher the concentration), and that in cold climates, the herbicide tends to persist in the soil for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Masci
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy (T.N.)
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3
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Chang VC, Ospina M, Xie S, Andreotti G, Parks CG, Liu D, Madrigal JM, Ward MH, Rothman N, Silverman DT, Sandler DP, Friesen MC, Beane Freeman LE, Calafat AM, Hofmann JN. Urinary biomonitoring of glyphosate exposure among male farmers and nonfarmers in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture (BEEA) study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 187:108644. [PMID: 38636272 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most widely applied herbicide worldwide. Glyphosate biomonitoring data are limited for agricultural settings. We measured urinary glyphosate concentrations and assessed exposure determinants in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture (BEEA) study. We selected four groups of BEEA participants based on self-reported pesticide exposure: recently exposed farmers with occupational glyphosate use in the last 7 days (n = 98), farmers with high lifetime glyphosate use (>80th percentile) but no use in the last 7 days (n = 70), farming controls with minimal lifetime use (n = 100), and nonfarming controls with no occupational pesticide exposures and no recent home/garden glyphosate use (n = 100). Glyphosate was quantified in first morning void urine using ion chromatography isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. We estimated associations between urinary glyphosate concentrations and potential determinants using multivariable linear regression. Glyphosate was detected (≥0.2 µg/L) in urine of most farmers with recent (91 %) and high lifetime (93 %) use, as well as farming (88 %) and nonfarming (81 %) controls; geometric mean concentrations were 0.89, 0.59, 0.46, and 0.39 µg/L (0.79, 0.51, 0.42, and 0.37 µg/g creatinine), respectively. Compared with both control groups, urinary glyphosate concentrations were significantly elevated among recently exposed farmers (P < 0.0001), particularly those who used glyphosate in the previous day [vs. nonfarming controls; geometric mean ratio (GMR) = 5.46; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 3.75, 7.93]. Concentrations among high lifetime exposed farmers were also elevated (P < 0.01 vs. nonfarming controls). Among recently exposed farmers, glyphosate concentrations were higher among those not wearing gloves when applying glyphosate (GMR = 1.91; 95 % CI: 1.17, 3.11), not wearing long-sleeved shirts when mixing/loading glyphosate (GMR = 2.00; 95 % CI: 1.04, 3.86), applying glyphosate exclusively using broadcast/boom sprayers (vs. hand sprayer only; GMR = 1.70; 95 % CI: 1.00, 2.92), and applying glyphosate to crops (vs. non-crop; GMR = 1.72; 95 % CI: 1.04, 2.84). Both farmers and nonfarmers are exposed to glyphosate, with recency of occupational glyphosate use being the strongest determinant of urinary glyphosate concentrations. Continued biomonitoring of glyphosate in various settings is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky C Chang
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Maria Ospina
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuai Xie
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gabriella Andreotti
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine G Parks
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Danping Liu
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessica M Madrigal
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary H Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Debra T Silverman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Melissa C Friesen
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonathan N Hofmann
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Jacobs N, Kougias DG, Louie F, Roberts B. A screening-level human health risk assessment of dietary intake of pesticide residues in produce as compared to consumer guide recommendations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:215-234. [PMID: 38626048 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2316136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Consumers are confronted with conflicting information regarding the safety of specific foods. For example, the Environmental Working Group (EWG) publishes an annual consumer guide in which they rank the pesticide contamination of 46 popular fruits and vegetables, which includes designating the 12 with the greatest pesticide contamination as the "Dirty Dozen," to help consumers reduce exposures to toxic pesticides. However, consumer guides like EWG's only incorporate some hazard assessment principles and do not reflect a dietary risk assessment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to apply risk assessment techniques to EWG's Dirty Dozen list using a uniform screening-level approach to estimate pesticide exposures for U.S. consumers and to characterize the associated chronic human health risks. The most commonly detected pesticide and its representative residue concentrations were identified for each produce type on the 2022 Dirty Dozen list using the USDA Pesticide Data Program database. Estimates of mean dietary consumption in the U.S. were used to calculate dietary exposure to each pesticide-produce combination for adults and children. Pesticide-specific U.S. EPA dietary health-based guidance values (HBGVs) were then used as benchmarks to evaluate the chronic human health risk of consuming each produce type. Overall, the estimated daily exposure for each pesticide-produce combination was below the corresponding HBGV for all exposure scenarios. The current analysis demonstrates that excessive produce-specific pesticide exposure is unexpected as the amount of produce that would need to be consumed on a chronic basis, even among children, far exceeds typical dietary intake. Future research is necessary to assess acute dietary exposure scenarios and to consider cumulative risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fian Louie
- Insight Exposure & Risk Sciences Group, San Francisco, CA, USA
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5
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Chávez-Reyes J, Gutiérrez-Reyes CD, Hernández-Cuellar E, Marichal-Cancino BA. Neurotoxicity of glyphosate: Focus on molecular mechanisms probably associated with alterations in cognition and behavior. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 106:104381. [PMID: 38311300 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) have been extensively used in agriculture all over the world. Initially, they were considered safe, but rising evidence suggests that these molecules reach the central nervous system producing metabolic, functional, and permanent alterations that impact cognition and behavior. This theoretical and non-systematic review involved searching, integrating, and analyzing preclinical evidence regarding the effects of acute, sub-chronic, and chronic exposure to glyphosate and GBH on cognition, behavior, neural activity, and development in adult and juvenile rodents following perinatal exposition. In addition, this review gathers the mechanisms underlying the neurotoxicity of glyphosate mediating cognitive and behavioral alterations. Furthermore, clinical evidence of the effects of exposition to GBH on human health and its possible link with several neurological disorders was revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Chávez-Reyes
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | | | | | - Bruno A Marichal-Cancino
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico.
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Liu J, Wang L, Li S, Lin Z, Yang G, Miao Z. Association of urine glyphosate levels with renal injury biomarkers in children living close to major vegetable-producing regions in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168677. [PMID: 38007119 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLY)-based herbicides exposure contributes to renal dysfunction in experimental conditions, but the effects on humans are rarely reported. Biomonitoring is practically relevant for evaluating the association of urine GLY levels and renal damage in children living close to vegetable-cultivating regions. In this study, we collected the first-morning void urine samples of 239 healthy children (aged 3-12, 48.12 % boys) living near major vegetable-producing regions in March-May and August 2023 in Shandong Province, China. Urine levels of GLY and kidney injury-associated biomarkers were determined using ELISA kits to assess their correlation. GLY was detected in 92.05 % of urine samples (220 out of 239 participants) and the geometric concentration (GM) was 7.429 μg/L (range: 0.625 to 38.267 μg/L). Binary logistic regression and multivariate regression analysis revealed GLY detectability and levels positively correlated with home ventilation and self-producing vegetable intake of the subjects, as well as sampling periods. Moreover, a statistically significant concentration association with urine GLY was found for kidney injury-associated biomarkers (NGAL and KIM-1) (R2 = 0.923 and 0.855, respectively). Additionally, risk assessment revealed that the maximum value of probable daily intake was 0.150 mg/kg bw/day, accounting for 30.1 % of the established Acceptable Daily Intake of GLY. This study unveils a positive correlation between continuous GLY-based herbicide exposure and renal injury biomarkers of children. A large-scale epidemiological study is warranted for comprehensively assessing the effects of GLY-based herbicides on kidney function of the entire public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Liu
- College of Biological and Brewing Engineering, Taishan University, Tai'an City, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- The Second Children & Women's Healthcare of Ji'nan City, Laiwu City, China
| | - Song Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan City, China
| | - Zhenxian Lin
- College of Biological and Brewing Engineering, Taishan University, Tai'an City, China
| | - Guangcheng Yang
- College of Biological and Brewing Engineering, Taishan University, Tai'an City, China
| | - Zengmin Miao
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an City, China.
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Wei X, Pan Y, Zhang Z, Cui J, Yin R, Li H, Qin J, Li AJ, Qiu R. Biomonitoring of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid: Current insights and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132814. [PMID: 37890382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides globally, raising concerns about its potential impact on human health. Biomonitoring studies play a crucial role in assessing human exposure to glyphosate and providing valuable insights into its distribution and metabolism in the body. This review aims to summarize the current trends and future perspectives in biomonitoring of glyphosate and its major degradation product of aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). A comprehensive literature search was conducted, focusing on studies published between January 2000 and December 2022. The findings demonstrated that glyphosate and AMPA have been reported in different human specimens with urine as the dominance. Sample pretreatment techniques of solid-phase and liquid-liquid extractions coupled with liquid/gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry have achieved matrix elimination and accurate analysis. We also examined and compared the exposure characteristics of these compounds among different regions and various populations, with significantly higher levels of glyphosate and AMPA observed in Asian populations and among occupational groups. The median urinary concentration of glyphosate in children was 0.54 ng/mL, which was relatively higher than those in women (0.28 ng/mL) and adults (0.12 ng/mL). It is worth noting that children may exhibit increased susceptibility to glyphosate exposure or have different exposure patterns compared to women and adults. A number of important perspectives were proposed in order to further facilitate the understanding of health effects of glyphosate and AMPA, which include, but are not limited to, method standardization, combined exposure assessment, attention for vulnerable populations, long-term exposure effects and risk communication and public awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yanan Pan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingyi Cui
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Renli Yin
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huashou Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junhao Qin
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Adela Jing Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Abrams SA, Albin JL, Landrigan PJ. Use of Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)-Containing Food Products in Children. Pediatrics 2024; 153:e2023064774. [PMID: 38073334 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-064774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Families increasingly raise questions about the use of genetically modified organism (GMO)-containing food products. These products are widely found in the US food supply but originate from a narrow list of crops. Although GMO technology could be used to increase the micronutrient content of foods, this does not occur in the United States; instead, GMO technology has been used to make crops resistant to chemical herbicides. As a result, herbicide use has increased exponentially. The World Health Organization's International Agency on Research for Cancer has determined that glyphosate, an herbicide widely used in producing GMO food crops, is a probable human carcinogen. Measurable quantities of glyphosate are detected in some GMO foods. Families who wish to minimize GMO food products can do so by focusing on a dietary pattern of primarily whole, plant-based foods while minimizing ultra-processed foods. Pediatricians play a vital role in their efforts to minimize fear-based messaging and support families through shared decision-making. Pediatrician awareness of GMO labeling can guide individualized conversations, particularly that non-GMO labeling does not indicate organic status and that increased cost of some non-GMO foods, especially if also organic, may limit this choice for many families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Abrams
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas
| | - Jaclyn Lewis Albin
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Philip J Landrigan
- Department of Biology and Program for Global Public Health and the Common Good, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco
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Tittlemier SA, Bestvater L, Chan J, Timofeiev V, Richter A, Wang K, Ruan Y, Izydorczyk M, Fu BX. Diverging fates of cadmium and glyphosate during pasta cooking. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1459-1469. [PMID: 37812147 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2264976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Durum wheat cultivars with varying abilities to accumulate cadmium were grown and treated in the field with a glyphosate-containing herbicide at different stages of maturity to produce grain with higher and lower concentrations of cadmium (0.066-0.214 mg/kg) and glyphosate (0.474-0.874 mg/kg). The grain was milled, and fractions were analysed for cadmium and glyphosate. The highest concentrations for both cadmium and glyphosate were associated with bran and shorts, although the percentage of total cadmium mass in bran (23-25%) was less than glyphosate (38%). The preparation of dried pasta from semolina and flour milling fractions reduced concentrations by a factor of 1.8 for glyphosate and 1.4 for cadmium. Dried pasta was cooked and analysed along with the cooking water for cadmium and glyphosate at seven-time points from 0 to 15 min. Concentrations of glyphosate in cooked pasta decreased significantly with cooking time; no decrease was observed for cadmium concentrations. Analysis of cooking water demonstrated that glyphosate migrated from pasta to the cooking water. After 15 min of cooking, approximately 73% of the total glyphosate mass had transferred from pasta to cooking water. Over the same time period, only 5% of the total cadmium mass had transferred from pasta to cooking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl A Tittlemier
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lianna Bestvater
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jason Chan
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Valentina Timofeiev
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anja Richter
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kun Wang
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yuefeng Ruan
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Marta Izydorczyk
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Bin Xiao Fu
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Chang MH, Chu PL, Wang C, Lin CY. Association between Glyphosate Exposure and Erythrograms in a Representative Sample of US Adults: NHANES 2013-2014. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:91207-91215. [PMID: 37474857 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most commonly utilized herbicide globally, and a growing body of experimental research has linked its exposure to red blood cell damage. However, the potential toxicity of glyphosate exposure on erythrocytes in the general population remains poorly understood. Therefore, we analyzed data from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of 1466 adults (≥ 18 years) to explore the potential relationship between glyphosate exposure and erythrocyte profiles. Our results indicated a significant negative association between urinary glyphosate levels and hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) in multiple regression analysis, with ß coefficients of -0.157 (S.E. = 0.055, P = 0.012) and -0.431 (S.E. = 0.195, P = 0.043), respectively. Additionally, the odds ratio showed a significant increase in individuals with anemia with a one-unit increase in ln-glyphosate levels (odds ratio = 1.523 (95% CI = 1.301 - 1.783), P < 0.001 in the final model). The negative correlation between glyphosate and Hb was more pronounced in subjects older than 60 years, non-Hispanic white ethnicity, lower income, and those with a body mass index (BMI) < 25 and ≥ 30. In conclusion, our results provide preliminary evidence of a plausible association between glyphosate exposure and anemia in a subset of the adult population in the United States. However, further research is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms and clinical implications of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hao Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, 237, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lun Chu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, 242, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, 242, Taiwan
| | - ChiKang Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, 242, Taiwan.
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, No. 399, Fuxing Rd., Sanxia Dist., New Taipei City, 237, Taiwan (R.O.C.).
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Hyland C, Spivak M, Sheppard L, Lanphear BP, Antoniou M, Ospina M, Calafat AM, Curl CL. Urinary Glyphosate Concentrations among Pregnant Participants in a Randomized, Crossover Trial of Organic and Conventional Diets. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:77005. [PMID: 37493357 PMCID: PMC10370340 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of an organic diet reduces exposure to a range of agricultural pesticides. Only three studies have examined the effect of an organic diet intervention on exposure to the herbicide glyphosate, the most heavily used agricultural chemical in the world. Despite its widespread use, the primary sources of glyphosate exposure in humans are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine the effect of an organic diet intervention on urinary glyphosate concentrations among pregnant individuals. METHODS We conducted a 2-wk randomized crossover trial in which 39 pregnant participants living near (≤ 0.5 km ) and far (> 0.5 km ) from agricultural fields received a 1-wk supply of conventional groceries and 1 wk of organic groceries, randomized to order. We collected daily first morning void urine samples and analyzed composite samples from each week for glyphosate. We examined differences in urinary glyphosate concentrations between the conventional week and the organic week among all participants and stratified by residential proximity to an agricultural field. RESULTS Median specific gravity-adjusted glyphosate concentrations were 0.19 μ g / L and 0.16 μ g / L during the conventional and organic weeks, respectively. We observed modest decreases in urinary glyphosate concentrations from the conventional to organic week among far-field participants, but no difference among near-field participants. In secondary analyses excluding participants who did not meet a priori criteria of compliance with the intervention, we observed significant decreases in urinary glyphosate concentrations, particularly among far-field participants (p < 0.01 - 0.02 , depending on exclusion criteria). DISCUSSION This trial is the first to examine the effect of an organic diet intervention on glyphosate among people living near and far from agricultural fields. Our results suggest that diet is an important contributor to glyphosate exposure in people living > 0.5 km from agricultural fields; for people living near crops, agriculture may be a dominant exposure source during the pesticide spray season. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12155.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Hyland
- School of Public and Population Health, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Meredith Spivak
- School of Public and Population Health, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Lianne Sheppard
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Michael Antoniou
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King’s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Maria Ospina
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cynthia L. Curl
- School of Public and Population Health, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
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12
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Lucia RM, Liao X, Huang WL, Forman D, Kim A, Ziogas A, Norden-Krichmar TM, Goodman D, Alvarez A, Masunaka I, Pathak KV, McGilvrey M, Hegde AM, Pirrotte P, Park HL. Urinary glyphosate and AMPA levels in a cross-sectional study of postmenopausal women: Associations with organic eating behavior and dietary intake. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 252:114211. [PMID: 37393842 PMCID: PMC10503538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Animal and epidemiologic studies suggest that there may be adverse health effects from exposure to glyphosate, the most highly used pesticide in the world, and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). Meanwhile, consumption of organic foods (presumably grown free of chemical pesticides) has increased in recent years. However, there have been limited biomonitoring studies assessing the levels of human glyphosate and AMPA exposure in the United States. We examined urinary levels of glyphosate and AMPA in the context of organic eating behavior in a cohort of healthy postmenopausal women residing in Southern California and evaluated associations with demographics, dietary intake, and other lifestyle factors. 338 women provided two first-morning urine samples and at least one paired 24-h dietary recall reporting the previous day's dietary intake. Urinary glyphosate and AMPA were measured using LC-MS/MS. Participants reported on demographic and lifestyle factors via questionnaires. Potential associations were examined between these factors and urinary glyphosate and AMPA concentrations. Glyphosate was detected in 89.9% of urine samples and AMPA in 67.2%. 37.9% of study participants reported often or always eating organic food, 30.2% sometimes, and 32.0% seldom or never. Frequency of organic food consumption was associated with several demographic and lifestyle factors. Frequent organic eaters had significantly lower urinary glyphosate and AMPA levels, but not after adjustment for covariates. Grain consumption was significantly associated with higher urinary glyphosate levels, even among women who reported often or always eating organic grains. Soy protein and alcohol consumption as well as high frequency of eating fast food were associated with higher urinary AMPA levels. In conclusion, in the largest study to date examining paired dietary recall data and measurements of first-void urinary glyphosate and AMPA, the vast majority of subjects sampled had detectable levels, and significant dietary sources in the American diet were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Lucia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xiyue Liao
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Wei-Lin Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Forman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alexis Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Argyrios Ziogas
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Deborah Goodman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Alvarez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Irene Masunaka
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Khyatiben V Pathak
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Marissa McGilvrey
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Apurva M Hegde
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Hannah Lui Park
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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13
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Lehman P, Cady N, Ghimire S, Shahi SK, Shrode RL, Lehmler HJ, Mangalam AK. Low-dose glyphosate exposure alters gut microbiota composition and modulates gut homeostasis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 100:104149. [PMID: 37196884 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of glyphosate, a broad-spectrum herbicide, has resulted in significant human exposure, and recent studies have challenged the notion that glyphosate is safe for humans. Although the link between disease states and glyphosate exposure is increasingly appreciated, the mechanistic links between glyphosate and its toxic effects on human health are poorly understood. Recent studies have suggested that glyphosate may cause toxicity through modulation of the gut microbiome, but evidence for glyphosate-induced gut dysbiosis and its effect on host physiology at doses approximating the U.S. Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI = 1.75mg/kg body weight) is limited. Here, utilizing shotgun metagenomic sequencing of fecal samples from C57BL/6J mice, we show that glyphosate exposure at doses approximating the U.S. ADI significantly impacts gut microbiota composition. These gut microbial alterations were associated with effects on gut homeostasis characterized by increased proinflammatory CD4+IL17A+ T cells and Lipocalin-2, a known marker of intestinal inflammation. DATA AVAILABILITY: The shotgun metagenomic sequences are deposited in NCBI under BioProject PRJNA880821. All other data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the manuscript are present in the manuscript and/or the Supplementary Materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lehman
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA; Graduate Program in Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Nicole Cady
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, Rackham Graduate School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sudeep Ghimire
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | | | - Rachel L Shrode
- Informatics Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Ashutosh K Mangalam
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA; Graduate Program in Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA; Immunology Graduate Program. University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.
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14
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Varde M, Gerona RR, Newman RB, Reckers A, Braak DC, Vena JE, Bloom MS. Glyphosate exposure and preterm birth: A nested case-control pilot study. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 117:108350. [PMID: 36803739 PMCID: PMC10073321 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) is associated with a high risk of infant mortality and long-term adverse health effects. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide applied in agricultural and non-agricultural settings. Studies suggested an association between maternal exposure to glyphosate and PTB among mostly racially homogenous populations, though results were inconsistent. The objective of this pilot study was to inform the design of a larger and more definitive study of glyphosate exposure and adverse birth outcomes in a racially-diverse population. Urine was obtained from 26 women with a PTB as cases and 26 women with a term birth as controls, from participants enrolled in a birth cohort in Charleston, South Carolina. We used binomial logistic regression to estimate associations between urinary glyphosate and the odds of PTB, and multinomial regression to estimate associations between maternal racial identity and urinary glyphosate among controls. Glyphosate was unrelated to PTB (odds ratio (OR) = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.61, 1.86). Women who identified as Black had greater odds (OR = 3.83, 95% CI: 0.13, 111.33) of having categorical "high" glyphosate (> 0.28 ng/mL) and lesser odds (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.05, 12.21) of "low" glyphosate (< 0.03 ng/mL) relative to women who identified as white, suggesting a potential racial disparity, although the effect estimates were imprecise and included the null. Given concerns of potential reproductive toxicity of glyphosate, the results merit confirmation in a larger investigation to determine specific sources of glyphosate exposure, incorporating longitudinal urinary glyphosate measures during pregnancy and a comprehensive measure of diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Varde
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr., MS 5B7, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Roy R Gerona
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter St, S-232, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Roger B Newman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Rm 634, Clinical Science Bldg., 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Andrew Reckers
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter St, S-232, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - David C Braak
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon St.; MSC 835, Charleston, SC, 29455, USA; Intermountain Healthcare, Utah Valley Hospital, 1034 N 500 W., Provo, UT 84604, USA
| | - John E Vena
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon St.; MSC 835, Charleston, SC, 29455, USA.
| | - Michael S Bloom
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr., MS 5B7, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
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15
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Bai G, Zou Y, Zhang W, Jiang X, Qin J, Teng T, Sun H, Shi B. Perinatal exposure to high concentration glyphosate-based herbicides induces intestinal apoptosis by activating endoplasmic reticulum stress in offspring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161223. [PMID: 36584959 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs), the most widely used pesticide worldwide, have been reported to impair organ function in humans and animals. However, research on the effect of maternal GBHs exposure on the intestinal health of offspring has received little attention. Based on the glyphosate limits defined by Codex Alimentarius Commission and European Food Safety Authority, this study established pregnant sow exposure models to investigate the influence of low (L-GBHs, 20 mg/kg) and high concentration GBHs (H-GBHs, 100 mg/kg) on the intestinal health of offspring and proposed the protective mechanism mediated by betaine. The results showed that the intestinal morphology and barrier function of suckling piglets were damaged in the H-GBHs group. H-GBHs increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and levels of methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10)) in suckling piglets and activated Nrf2-mediated antioxidant signaling pathway. Subsequently, we found that exposure to H-GBHs triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and further induced apoptosis by upregulating the expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), Caspase3, Caspase9 and Caspase12. Moreover, H-GBHs exposure perturbed mitochondrial membrane fusion and electron transport in mitochondrial respiratory chains by increasing the mRNA expression of mitofusin-2 (MFN2) and succinate dehydrogenase subunit A (SDHA), causing mitochondrial dysfunction. Dietary supplementation with betaine provided modest protection against GBHs-induced intestinal damage in suckling piglets. These findings reveal the mechanism of GBHs-induced intestinal damage in offspring, improving our understanding of the risk of GBHs exposure in pregnant women and suggesting the potential protective effects of betaine against GBHs poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdong Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yingbin Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xu Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jianwei Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Teng Teng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Haoyang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Baoming Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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16
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Armenova N, Tsigoriyna L, Arsov A, Petrov K, Petrova P. Microbial Detoxification of Residual Pesticides in Fermented Foods: Current Status and Prospects. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061163. [PMID: 36981090 PMCID: PMC10048192 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of agricultural areas with pesticides is an indispensable approach to improve crop yields and cannot be avoided in the coming decades. At the same time, significant amounts of pesticides remain in food and their ingestion causes serious damage such as neurological, gastrointestinal, and allergic reactions; cancer; and even death. However, during the fermentation processing of foods, residual amounts of pesticides are significantly reduced thanks to enzymatic degradation by the starter and accompanying microflora. This review concentrates on foods with the highest levels of pesticide residues, such as milk, yogurt, fermented vegetables (pickles, kimchi, and olives), fruit juices, grains, sourdough, and wines. The focus is on the molecular mechanisms of pesticide degradation due to the presence of specific microbial species. They contain a unique genetic pool that confers an appropriate enzymological profile to act as pesticide detoxifiers. The prospects of developing more effective biodetoxification strategies by engaging probiotic lactic acid bacteria are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya Armenova
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lidia Tsigoriyna
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexander Arsov
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kaloyan Petrov
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Penka Petrova
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence:
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17
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Ashley-Martin J, Huang R, MacPherson S, Brion O, Owen J, Gaudreau E, Bienvenu JF, Fisher M, Borghese MM, Bouchard MF, Lanphear B, Foster WG, Arbuckle TE. Urinary concentrations and determinants of glyphosate and glufosinate in pregnant Canadian participants in the MIREC study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114842. [PMID: 36410462 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyphosate is the most widely applied herbicide in agriculture. Glufosinate is a broad spectrum herbicide used to manage glyphosate-resistant weeds. Despite the widespread use of these herbicides, biomonitoring data - which inform risk assessment and management - are sparse. OBJECTIVES To identify determinants of urinary concentrations of these herbicides and their metabolites in pregnancy. METHODS We measured urinary concentrations of glyphosate, glufosinate, and their primary metabolites aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and 3-methylphosphinicopropionic acid (3-MPPA) in a single spot urine specimen collected during the first trimester of pregnancy from the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study. MIREC recruited about 2000 pregnant women from 10 Canadian cities between 2008 and 2011. We used UItra-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) with sensitive limits of detection to quantify analyte concentrations. We examined urinary concentrations according to maternal sociodemographics, sample collection characteristics, reported pesticide use, and consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, and grain products. We used ANOVA models with specific gravity-standardized chemical concentrations as the dependent variable to determine associations with maternal and sample determinants. RESULTS Among women with biobanked urine samples (n = 1829-1854), 74% and 72% had detectable concentrations of glyphosate and AMPA, respectively. In contrast, one and six percent of women had detectable concentrations of glufosinate and 3-MPPA, respectively. The specific gravity-standardized geometric mean (95% CI) concentrations of glyphosate and AMPA were 0.112 (0.099-0.127) μg/L and 0.159 (0.147-0.172) μg/L, respectively. We observed a dose-response relationship between consumption of whole grain bread and higher urinary glyphosate concentrations. Season of urine collection and self-reported pesticide use were not associated with increased concentrations of any analyte. CONCLUSIONS We detected glyphosate and AMPA in the majority of pregnant women from this predominantly urban Canadian cohort. Diet was a probable route of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Ashley-Martin
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health, Research Science Bureau, Health Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Rong Huang
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health, Research Science Bureau, Health Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Susan MacPherson
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health, Research Science Bureau, Health Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Orly Brion
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health, Research Science Bureau, Health Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - James Owen
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health, Research Science Bureau, Health Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Eric Gaudreau
- INSPQ, Centre de Toxicologie du Québec, Direction de la Santé Environnementale et de la Toxicologie, Quebec, QC, G1V 5B3, Canada.
| | - Jean-Francois Bienvenu
- INSPQ, Centre de Toxicologie du Québec, Direction de la Santé Environnementale et de la Toxicologie, Quebec, QC, G1V 5B3, Canada.
| | - Mandy Fisher
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health, Research Science Bureau, Health Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Michael M Borghese
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health, Research Science Bureau, Health Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Maryse F Bouchard
- University of Montreal, Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Health, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Bruce Lanphear
- Simon Fraser, Faculty of Health Sciences, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Warren G Foster
- McMaster University, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Tye E Arbuckle
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health, Research Science Bureau, Health Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
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18
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Meftaul IM, Venkateswarlu K, Parven A, Annamalai P, Megharaj M. Human health risk assessment of pesticides in lettuce and spinach grown in urban backyard garden soils. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Bai G, Jiang X, Qin J, Zou Y, Zhang W, Teng T, Shi B, Sun H. Perinatal exposure to glyphosate-based herbicides impairs progeny health and placental angiogenesis by disturbing mitochondrial function. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107579. [PMID: 36265358 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are the most widely used pesticide worldwide and can provoke placental injury. However, whether and how GBHs damage angiogenesis in the placenta is not yet known. This work evaluated the safety of glyphosate on pregnant sows based on the limit level by governments and investigated the effects and mechanism of Low-GBHs (20 mg/kg) and High-GBHs (100 mg/kg) exposure on placental angiogenesis. Results showed that gestational exposure to GBHs decreased placental vessel density and cell multiplication by interfering with the expression of VEGFA, PLGF, VEGFr2 and Hand2 (indicators of angiogenesis), which may be in relation to oxidative stress-induced disorders of mitochondrial fission and fusion as well as the impaired function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Additionally, GBHs destroyed barrier function and nutrient transport in the placenta, and was accompanied by jejunum oxidative stress in newborn piglets. However, GBHs exposure had no significant differences on sow reproductive performance. As a natural antioxidant, betaine treatment protected placenta and newborn piglets against GBHs-induced damage. In conclusion, GBHs impaired placental angiogenesis and function and further damaged the health of postnatal progeny, these effects may be linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Betaine treatment following glyphosate exposure provided modest relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdong Bai
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xu Jiang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jianwei Qin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yingbin Zou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Teng Teng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Baoming Shi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Haoyang Sun
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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20
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Ospina M, Schütze A, Morales-Agudelo P, Vidal M, Wong LY, Calafat AM. Exposure to glyphosate in the United States: Data from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107620. [PMID: 36368224 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to glyphosate, the most used herbicide in the United States, is not well characterized. We assessed glyphosate exposure in a representative sample of the U.S. population ≥ 6 years from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. METHODS We quantified glyphosate in urine (N = 2,310) by ion chromatography isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. We conducted univariate analysis using log-transformed creatinine-corrected glyphosate concentrations with demographic and lifestyle covariates we hypothesized could affect glyphosate exposure based on published data including race/ethnicity, sex, age group, family income to poverty ratio, fasting time, sample collection season, consumption of food categories (including cereal consumption) and having used weed killer products. We used multiple logistic regression to examine the likelihood of glyphosate concentrations being above the 95th percentile and age-stratified multiple linear regression to evaluate associations between glyphosate concentrations and statistically significant covariates from the univariate analysis: race/ethnicity, sex, age group, fasting time, cereal consumption, soft drink consumption, sample collection season, and urinary creatinine. RESULTS Glyphosate weighted detection frequency was 81.2 % (median (interquartile range): 0.392 (0.263-0.656) μg/L; 0.450 (0.266-0.753) μg/g creatinine). Glyphosate concentration decreased from age 6-11 until age 20-59 and increased at 60+ years in univariate analyses. Children/adolescents and adults who fasted > 8 h had significantly lower model-adjusted geometric means (0.43 (0.37-0.51) μg/L and 0.37 (0.33-0.39) μg/L) than those fasting ≤ 8 h (0.51 (0.46-0.56) μg/L and 0.44 (0.41-0.48) μg/L), respectively. The likelihood (odds ratio (95 % CI)) of glyphosate concentrations being > 95th percentile was 1.94 (1.06-3.54) times higher in people who fasted ≤ 8 h than people fasting > 8 h (P = 0.0318). CONCLUSIONS These first nationally representative data suggest that over four-fifths of the U.S. general population ≥ 6 years experienced recent exposure to glyphosate. Variation in glyphosate concentration by food consumption habits may reflect diet or lifestyle differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ospina
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS S103-2, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Andre Schütze
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS S103-2, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Pilar Morales-Agudelo
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS S103-2, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Meghan Vidal
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS S103-2, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Lee-Yang Wong
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS S103-2, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS S103-2, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Reis L, Raciti M, Rodriguez PG, Joseph B, Al Rayyes I, Uhlén P, Falk A, da Cunha Lima ST, Ceccatelli S. Glyphosate-based herbicide induces long-lasting impairment in neuronal and glial differentiation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:2044-2057. [PMID: 35485992 PMCID: PMC9541419 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) are among the most sold pesticides in the world. There are several formulations based on the active ingredient glyphosate (GLY) used along with other chemicals to improve the absorption and penetration in plants. The final composition of commercial GBH may modify GLY toxicological profile, potentially enhancing its neurotoxic properties. The developing nervous system is particularly susceptible to insults occurring during the early phases of development, and exposure to chemicals in this period may lead to persistent impairments on neurogenesis and differentiation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-lasting effects of a sub-cytotoxic concentration, 2.5 parts per million of GBH and GLY, on the differentiation of human neuroepithelial stem cells (NES) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). We treated NES cells with each compound and evaluated the effects on key cellular processes, such as proliferation and differentiation in daughter cells never directly exposed to the toxicants. We found that GBH induced a more immature neuronal profile associated to increased PAX6, NESTIN and DCX expression, and a shift in the differentiation process toward glial cell fate at the expense of mature neurons, as shown by an increase in the glial markers GFAP, GLT1, GLAST and a decrease in MAP2. Such alterations were associated to dysregulation of key genes critically involved in neurogenesis, including PAX6, HES1, HES5, and DDK1. Altogether, the data indicate that subtoxic concentrations of GBH, but not of GLY, induce long-lasting impairments on the differentiation potential of NES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luã Reis
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Marilena Raciti
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | | | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Ibrahim Al Rayyes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Per Uhlén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Suzana Telles da Cunha Lima
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção e Biotecnologia, Instituto de BiologiaUniversidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA)SalvadorBrazil
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22
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Dal’ Bó IF, Teixeira ES, Rabi LT, Peres KC, Nascimento M, Chiamolera MI, Máximo V, Bufalo NE, Ward LS. Alternation between toxic and proliferative effects of Roundup® on human thyroid cells at different concentrations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:904437. [PMID: 35992109 PMCID: PMC9382701 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.904437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting and carcinogenic effects of glyphosate have long been suspected, but little is known about the effect of compounds used in real life at different concentrations, neither in normal nor in thyroid tumor cells. As cancer cells may have different sensitivities and the effect of the product containing glyphosate may be different from that produced by the active ingredient alone, including the Acceptable Occupational Exposure Level (AOEL=160µg/L) and the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI=830µg/L) determined by ANVISA, we used two human thyroid-derived cell lines, Nthy-ori 3-1 (from normal follicular cells) and TPC-1 (from papillary carcinoma), to test 15 different concentrations of Roundup® Original DI. Trypan blue (TB), CCK-8 and BrdU assays were used to evaluate cytotoxicity, metabolic activity and proliferation with 24h and 48h exposures in technical and biological triplicates. TB showed an important toxic effect, especially after 24h of exposure, in both cell lines. The AOEL concentration caused the death of 43% and 50% of the Nthy-ori and TPC-1 cells, respectively, in 24 h, while ADI resulted in 35% and 58% of cell death. After 48h of exposure, AOEL and ADI caused a lower number of dead Nthy-ori (33% and 18%) and TPC-1 (33% and 37%) cells, respectively, suggesting that the toxic effect of the product disappears and/or both strains have repair mechanisms that protect them from longer exposures. On the other hand, the CCK-8 assay showed that small concentrations of Roundup have a proliferative effect: 6.5µg/L increased the number of both Nthy-ori and TPC-1 cells at 24h, and the BrdU assay confirmed the stimulatory effect with a 321% increase in the absorbance of Nthy-ori cells at 48h. The herbicide produced even more frequent increases in the BrdU absorbance of TPC-1 cells, mainly at 24h. We conclude that thyroid cells exposed to Roundup present a nonmonotonic dual dose-response curve. Low concentrations of the pesticide, considered acceptable, cause significant cell death but also have an important proliferative effect, especially on TPC-1 cells. This herbicide, widely used around the world, may play a role in the increased incidence rate of thyroid nodules and cancer that has been observed in recent decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Fernanda Dal’ Bó
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Elisângela Souza Teixeira
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Larissa Teodoro Rabi
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Karina Colombera Peres
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Matheus Nascimento
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Valdemar Máximo
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal
| | - Natássia Elena Bufalo
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Sterian Ward
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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24
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Lucia RM, Huang WL, Pathak KV, McGilvrey M, David-Dirgo V, Alvarez A, Goodman D, Masunaka I, Odegaard AO, Ziogas A, Pirrotte P, Norden-Krichmar TM, Park HL. Association of Glyphosate Exposure with Blood DNA Methylation in a Cross-Sectional Study of Postmenopausal Women. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:47001. [PMID: 35377194 PMCID: PMC8978648 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyphosate is the most commonly used herbicide in the world and is purported to have a variety of health effects, including endocrine disruption and an elevated risk of several types of cancer. Blood DNA methylation has been shown to be associated with many other environmental exposures, but to our knowledge, no studies to date have examined the association between blood DNA methylation and glyphosate exposure. OBJECTIVE We conducted an epigenome-wide association study to identify DNA methylation loci associated with urinary glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) levels. Secondary goals were to determine the association of epigenetic age acceleration with glyphosate and AMPA and develop blood DNA methylation indices to predict urinary glyphosate and AMPA levels. METHODS For 392 postmenopausal women, white blood cell DNA methylation was measured using the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip array. Glyphosate and AMPA were measured in two urine samples per participant using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Methylation differences at the probe and regional level associated with glyphosate and AMPA levels were assessed using a resampling-based approach. Probes and regions that had an false discovery rate q < 0.1 in ≥ 90 % of 1,000 subsamples of the study population were considered differentially methylated. Differentially methylated sites from the probe-specific analysis were combined into a methylation index. Epigenetic age acceleration from three epigenetic clocks and an epigenetic measure of pace of aging were examined for associations with glyphosate and AMPA. RESULTS We identified 24 CpG sites whose methylation level was associated with urinary glyphosate concentration and two associated with AMPA. Four regions, within the promoters of the MSH4, KCNA6, ABAT, and NDUFAF2/ERCC8 genes, were associated with glyphosate levels, along with an association between ESR1 promoter hypomethylation and AMPA. The methylation index accurately predicted glyphosate levels in an internal validation cohort. AMPA, but not glyphosate, was associated with greater epigenetic age acceleration. DISCUSSION Glyphosate and AMPA exposure were associated with DNA methylation differences that could promote the development of cancer and other diseases. Further studies are warranted to replicate our results, determine the functional impact of glyphosate- and AMPA-associated differential DNA methylation, and further explore whether DNA methylation could serve as a biomarker of glyphosate exposure. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10174.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Lucia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Wei-Lin Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Khyatiben V. Pathak
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
- Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Marissa McGilvrey
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
- Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Victoria David-Dirgo
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
- Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Andrea Alvarez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Deborah Goodman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Irene Masunaka
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Andrew O. Odegaard
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Argyrios Ziogas
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
- Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Hannah Lui Park
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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Nguyen MH, Nguyen TD, Vu MT, Duong HA, Pham HV. Determination of Glyphosate, Glufosinate, and Their Major Metabolites in Tea Infusions by Dual-Channel Capillary Electrophoresis following Solid-Phase Extraction. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 2022:5687025. [PMID: 35402060 PMCID: PMC8993582 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5687025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two analytical procedures were developed and validated using dual-channel capillary electrophoresis-coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C4D) followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) for simultaneous determination of glyphosate (GLYP), glufosinate (GLUF), and their two major metabolites, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and 3-(methylphosphinico) propionic acid (MPPA), respectively, in a popular beverage such as tea infusions. GLYP, GLUF, and AMPA were analyzed in the first channel using background electrolyte (BGE) of 1 mM histidine (His) adjusted to pH 2.75 by acetic acid (Ace). In contrast, MPPA was quantified in the second channel with a BGE of 30 mM His adjusted to pH 6.7 by 3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) and 10 µM of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). In addition, the samples of tea infusions were treated using SPE with 10 mL of 0.5 mM HCl in methanol as eluent. At the optimized conditions, the method detection limit (MDL) of GLYP, GLUF, AMPA, and MPPA is 0.80, 1.56, 0.56, and 0.54 μg/l, respectively. The methods were then applied to analyze four target compounds in 16 samples of tea infusions. GLYP was found in two infusion samples of oolong tea with concentrations ranging from 5.34 to 10.74 µg/L, and GLUF was recognized in three samples of green tea infusion in the range of 45.1-53.9 µg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manh Huy Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), VNU University of Science (VNU-HUS), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Dam Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), VNU University of Science (VNU-HUS), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Tuan Vu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), VNU University of Science (VNU-HUS), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hong Anh Duong
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), VNU University of Science (VNU-HUS), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science (VNU-HUS), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hung Viet Pham
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), VNU University of Science (VNU-HUS), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science (VNU-HUS), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Determination of Aminophosphonate Herbicides in Glutamate Loaded Spice Mix by LC-IDMS and Method Extension to Other Food Matrices. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe accumulation of organophosphorus type herbicides has been observed worldwide in the environment (i.e. soil, water), together with their appearance in foods of plant origin. This paper reports a new liquid chromatography–isotope dilution–tandem mass spectrometric method (LC-IDMS) for the analysis of glufosinate (GLUF), glyphosate (GLY) and its main metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), in challenging food samples. Sample preparation is based on aqueous extraction with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution, followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) on mixed-mode cation exchange cartridges to remove matrix constituents before derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride (FMOC-Cl). Derivatized samples were cleaned up on hydrophilic modified polymeric SPE cartridge. This two-step SPE supported sample preparation approach, and the LC-IDMS separation carried out in negative ionization mode resulted in fit-for-purpose recovery (81–118%) and precision (4–18%) in the validation of glutamate loaded spice mix, mushroom, maize and cherry samples. Amino acid content influencing FMOC derivatization efficiency was estimated with a HILIC-MS/MS setup. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was assisted with high-resolution (QTOF) accurate mass data on the FMOC-derivatized GLUF, GLY and AMPA standards. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.005 mg/kg for all the three analytes. The method was successfully applied on quality control samples (oat and arugula) with fit-for-purpose accuracy (99–120%) and on other nineteen real samples, where GLY and AMPA were detected in the range between 0.005 and 0.069 mg/kg.
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27
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Pesticide Detection in Vegetable Crops Using Enzyme Inhibition Methods: a Comprehensive Review. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Lesseur C, Pathak KV, Pirrotte P, Martinez MN, Ferguson KK, Barrett ES, Nguyen RHN, Sathyanarayana S, Mandrioli D, Swan SH, Chen J. Urinary glyphosate concentration in pregnant women in relation to length of gestation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111811. [PMID: 34339697 PMCID: PMC8616796 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) is increasing rapidly worldwide. Most existing studies on health effects of glyphosate have focused on occupational settings and cancer outcomes and few have examined this common exposure in relation to the health of pregnant women and newborns in the general population. We investigated associations between prenatal glyphosate exposure and length of gestation in The Infant Development and the Environment Study (TIDES), a multi-center US pregnancy cohort. Glyphosate and its primary degradation product [aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA)] were measured in urine samples collected during the second trimester from 163 pregnant women: 69 preterm births (<37 weeks) and 94 term births, the latter randomly selected as a subset of TIDES term births. We examined the relationship between exposure and length of gestation using multivariable logistic regression models (dichotomous outcome; term versus preterm) and with weighted time-to-event Cox proportional hazards models (gestational age in days). We conducted these analyses in the overall sample and secondarily, restricted to women with spontaneous deliveries (n = 90). Glyphosate and AMPA were detected in most urine samples (>94 %). A shortened gestational length was associated with maternal glyphosate (hazard ratio (HR): 1.31, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.00-1.71) and AMPA (HR: 1.32, 95%CI: 1.00-1.73) only among spontaneous deliveries using adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. In binary analysis, glyphosate and AMPA were not associated with preterm birth risk (<37 weeks). Our results indicate widespread exposure to glyphosate in the general population which may impact reproductive health by shortening length of gestation. Given the increasing exposure to GBHs and the public health burden of preterm delivery, larger confirmatory studies are needed, especially in vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Lesseur
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Heath, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Khyatiben V Pathak
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Melissa N Martinez
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kelly K Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Emily S Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ruby H N Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniele Mandrioli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Via Saliceto, 3, 40010, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Shanna H Swan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Heath, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Heath, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Determination of Glyphosate and AMPA in Food Samples Using Membrane Extraction Technique for Analytes Preconcentration. MEMBRANES 2021; 12:membranes12010020. [PMID: 35054546 PMCID: PMC8781213 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The method for determining glyphosate (NPG) and its metabolite AMPA (aminomethyl phosphonic acid) in solid food samples using UAE-SLM-HPLC–PDA technique was developed. Firstly, ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction (UAE) and protein precipitation step were used for the analyte isolation. Then, the supernatant was evaporated to dryness and redissolved in distilled water (100 mL). The obtained solution was alkalized to pH 11 (with 1 M NaOH) and used directly as donor phase in SLM (supported liquid membrane) extraction. The SLM extraction was performed using 2 M NaCl (5 mL) as an acceptor phase. The flow rate of both phases (donor and acceptor) was set at 0.2 mL/min. The membrane extraction took 24 h but did not require any additional workload. Finally, the SLM extracts were analyzed using the HPLC technique with photo-diode array detector (PDA) and an application of pre-column derivatization with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride. Glyphosate residues were determined in food samples of walnuts, soybeans, barley and lentil samples. The LOD values obtained for the studied food were 0.002 μg g−1 and 0.021 μg g−1 for NPG and AMPA, respectively. Recoveries values ranged from 32% to 69% for NPG, 29% to 56% for AMPA and depended on the type of sample matrix. In the case of buckwheat and rice flour samples, the content of NPG and AMPA was below the detection level of a used analytical method.
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Louie F, Jacobs NFB, Yang LGL, Park C, Monnot AD, Bandara SB. A comparative evaluation of dietary exposure to glyphosate resulting from recommended U.S. diets. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112670. [PMID: 34774925 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since its commercial introduction in 1974, national and international regulatory agencies have consistently reported no human health concerns associated with the herbicide glyphosate when used according to label directions. However, in 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified glyphosate as a probable human carcinogen. Despite IARC being the sole outlier in its conclusion, dietary exposure to glyphosate remains a health concern to some members of the public. While glyphosate residues have been detected in foods, it is unclear whether a specific eating pattern substantially contributes to glyphosate exposure. Therefore, dietary glyphosate intake was determined for three eating patterns recommended in the U.S. The 95th percentile of glyphosate ingestion at 2,000 calories/day for adults for the U.S.-Style, Mediterranean-Style, and Vegetarian eating patterns ranged from 38 to 960, 39 to 1100, and 39 to 880 μg/day, respectively. No significant differences were observed in glyphosate intake between the dietary styles, and the 95th percentile glyphosate intakes were well below the current U.S. EPA chronic oral reference dose (RfD) of 0.1 mg/kg/day. Our data demonstrate that ingestion of certain high residue foods, particularly grains and legumes, is a driver of total dietary glyphosate body burden regardless of dietary style.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fian Louie
- Cardno ChemRisk; 235 Pine Street, Suite 2300, San Francisco, CA, 94105, United States.
| | - Neva F B Jacobs
- Cardno ChemRisk; 2111 Wilson Blvd, Suite 200, Arlington, VA, 22201, United States.
| | - Lisa G L Yang
- Cardno ChemRisk; 235 Pine Street, Suite 2300, San Francisco, CA, 94105, United States.
| | - Catherine Park
- Cardno ChemRisk; 235 Pine Street, Suite 2300, San Francisco, CA, 94105, United States.
| | - Andrew D Monnot
- Cardno ChemRisk; 235 Pine Street, Suite 2300, San Francisco, CA, 94105, United States.
| | - Suren B Bandara
- Cardno ChemRisk; 235 Pine Street, Suite 2300, San Francisco, CA, 94105, United States.
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31
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Luo YS, Wu TH. Utilizing High-Throughput Screening Data, Integrative Toxicological Prioritization Index Score, and Exposure-Activity Ratios for Chemical Prioritization: A Case Study of Endocrine-Active Pesticides in Food Crops. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11427-11439. [PMID: 34524809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-active chemicals can directly act on nuclear receptors and trigger the disturbances of metabolism and a homeostatic system, which are important risk factors for complicating chronic diseases in humans. The endocrine-active potentials of pesticides acting on estrogen, androgen, and thyroid hormone receptors have been extensively evaluated for pesticides; however, the effects on other receptors are less understood. This study aims to comprehensively characterize and prioritize the endocrine-active pesticides using an exposure-activity ratio (EAR) method and toxicological prioritization index (ToxPi). The aggregate exposure assessment of pesticides was performed using a computational exposure model [stochastic human exposure and dose simulation high-throughput model (SHEDS-HT)]. Minimum in vitro point of departure values were converted to human oral equivalent doses via in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation. The overall endocrine-disrupting potentials of pesticides were evaluated via 76 assays, representing 11 nuclear receptors. EARs and ToxPi scores were then derived to prioritize 79 pesticides in food. This case study demonstrates that EAR profiling can inform the regulatory agencies for a relevant chemical prioritization, which would direct in-depth health risk assessments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Syuan Luo
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xuzhou Road, Zhongzheng District, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Master of Public Health Program, National Taiwan University, 17 Xuzhou Road, Zhongzheng District, Taipei 100055, Taiwan
| | - Tsung Hsien Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xuzhou Road, Zhongzheng District, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Vicini JL, Jensen PK, Young BM, Swarthout JT. Residues of glyphosate in food and dietary exposure. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:5226-5257. [PMID: 34397175 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the active ingredient in Roundup® brand nonselective herbicides, and residue testing for food has been conducted as part of the normal regulatory processes. Additional testing has been conducted by university researchers and nongovernmental agencies. Presence of residues needs to be put into the context of safety standards. Furthermore, to appropriately interpret residue data, analytical assays must be validated for each food sample matrix. Regulatory agency surveys indicate that 99% of glyphosate residues in food are below the European maximum residue limits (MRLs) or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency tolerances. These data support the conclusion that overall residues are not elevated above MRLs/tolerances due to agricultural practices or usage on genetically modified (GM) crops. However, it is important to understand that MRLs and tolerances are limits for legal pesticide usage. MRLs only provide health information when the sum of MRLs of all foods is compared to limits established by toxicology studies, such as the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Conclusions from dietary modeling that use actual food residues, or MRLs themselves, combined with consumption data indicate that dietary exposures to glyphosate are within established safe limits. Measurements of glyphosate in urine can also be used to estimate ingested glyphosate exposure, and studies indicate that exposure is <3% of the current European ADI for glyphosate, which is 0.5 mg glyphosate/kg body weight. Conclusions of risk assessments, based on dietary modeling or urine data, are that exposures to glyphosate from food are well below the amount that can be ingested daily over a lifetime with a reasonable certainty of no harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Vicini
- Regulatory Sciences, Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Pamela K Jensen
- Regulatory Sciences, Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Bruce M Young
- Regulatory Sciences, Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - John T Swarthout
- Regulatory Sciences, Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
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Lesseur C, Pirrotte P, Pathak KV, Manservisi F, Mandrioli D, Belpoggi F, Panzacchi S, Li Q, Barrett ES, Nguyen RHN, Sathyanarayana S, Swan SH, Chen J. Maternal urinary levels of glyphosate during pregnancy and anogenital distance in newborns in a US multicenter pregnancy cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 280:117002. [PMID: 33812205 PMCID: PMC8165010 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to glyphosate has become ubiquitous because of its increasing agricultural use. Recent studies suggest endocrine disrupting effects of glyphosate. Specifically, in our work in rodents, low-dose early-life exposure to Roundup® (glyphosate-based herbicide) lengthened anogenital distance (AGD) in male and female offspring. AGD is a marker of the prenatal hormone milieu in rodents and humans. The relationship between glyphosate exposure and AGD has not been studied in humans. We conducted a pilot study in 94 mother-infant pairs (45 female and 49 male) from The Infant Development and the Environment Study (TIDES). For each infant, two AGD measurements were collected after birth; the anopenile (AGD-AP) and anoscrotal (AGD-AS) distances for males, and anoclitoral (AGD-AC) and anofourchette distances (AGD-AF) for females. We measured levels of glyphosate and its degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in 2nd trimester maternal urine samples using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We assessed the relationship between exposure and AGD using sex-stratified multivariable linear regression models. Glyphosate and AMPA were detected in 95% and 93% of the samples (median 0.22 ng/mL and 0.14 ng/mL, respectively). Their concentrations were moderately correlated (r = 0.55, p = 5.7 × 10-9). In female infants, high maternal urinary glyphosate (above the median) was associated with longer AGD-AC (β = 1.48, 95%CI (-0.01, 3.0), p = 0.05), but this was not significant after covariate adjustment. Increased AMPA was associated with longer AGD-AF (β = 1.96, 95%CI (0.44, 3.5), p = 0.01) after adjusting for infant size and age at AGD exam. No associations were detected in male offspring. These preliminary findings partially reproduce our previous results in rodents and suggest that glyphosate is a sex-specific endocrine disruptor with androgenic effects in humans. Given the increasing glyphosate exposures in the US population, larger studies should evaluate potential developmental effects on endocrine and reproductive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Lesseur
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Heath, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Khyatiben V Pathak
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Fabiana Manservisi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Via Saliceto, 3, 40010, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy; Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Mandrioli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Via Saliceto, 3, 40010, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fiorella Belpoggi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Via Saliceto, 3, 40010, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Panzacchi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Via Saliceto, 3, 40010, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Heath, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily S Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ruby H N Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shanna H Swan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Heath, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Heath, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Viljoen CD, Koortzen BJ, Sreenivasan Tantuan S. Determining the presence of glyphosate and glyphosate-tolerant events in maize and soybean food products in South Africa. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2021; 14:91-97. [PMID: 33541241 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2021.1872713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the world. In South Africa, glyphosate is predominantly used in the production of herbicide-tolerant (HT) maize and soybean. Considering that maize is a staple food and soybean an important source of protein, this study aimed to determine whether glyphosate is present in food products consumed by the general population in South Africa. Food products (81) were purchased from local supermarkets and screened for the presence of glyphosate and HT events using ELISA and real-time PCR, respectively. The majority of products contained glyphosate (66.7%) but at a level below the maximum residue limit. Glyphosate HT event(s) were detected in 70.4% of products but not associated with the presence of glyphosate in all products. This study has confirmed that South African consumers are exposed to low levels of glyphosate reported to cause genotoxic effects at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Viljoen
- Human Molecular Biology Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - B J Koortzen
- Human Molecular Biology Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Sandhya Sreenivasan Tantuan
- Human Molecular Biology Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Cruz JM, Murray JA. Determination of glyphosate and AMPA in oat products for the selection of candidate reference materials. Food Chem 2021; 342:128213. [PMID: 33129618 PMCID: PMC8207808 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of reference materials (RMs) is critical for validating and testing the accuracy of analytical protocols. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is in initial stages of developing a glyphosate in oats RM. The first aim of this study was to optimize and validate a robust method for the extraction and analysis of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). The optimized method was used to screen thirteen commercially available oat products to identify candidate RMs. Glyphosate was detected in all samples, with the highest glyphosate mass fraction of 1100 ng/g; lower levels were measured in grains from organic agriculture. AMPA was quantified in nine samples up to 40 ng/g. The findings of this study led to the identification of candidate RMs, with "high" and "low" glyphosate levels. A preliminary stability study determined that glyphosate is stable in oat material at room temperature for six months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Cruz
- U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8392, USA
| | - Jacolin A Murray
- U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8392, USA.
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de Souza APF, Ferreira GS, Pagliarini FS, Rodrigues NR. Exposure assessment of glyphosate residues in soy-based infant formulas from the Brazilian market. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-021-01320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Duke SO. Glyphosate: Uses Other Than in Glyphosate-Resistant Crops, Mode of Action, Degradation in Plants, and Effects on Non-target Plants and Agricultural Microbes. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 255:1-65. [PMID: 33895876 DOI: 10.1007/398_2020_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most used herbicide globally. It is a unique non-selective herbicide with a mode of action that is ideal for vegetation management in both agricultural and non-agricultural settings. Its use was more than doubled by the introduction of transgenic, glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops. All of its phytotoxic effects are the result of inhibition of only 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), but inhibition of this single enzyme of the shikimate pathway results in multiple phytotoxicity effects, both upstream and downstream from EPSPS, including loss of plant defenses against pathogens. Degradation of glyphosate in plants and microbes is predominantly by a glyphosate oxidoreductase to produce aminomethylphosphonic acid and glyoxylate and to a lesser extent by a C-P lyase to produce sarcosine and phosphate. Its effects on non-target plant species are generally less than that of many other herbicides, as it is not volatile and is generally sprayed in larger droplet sizes with a relatively low propensity to drift and is inactivated by tight binding to most soils. Some microbes, including fungal plant pathogens, have glyphosate-sensitive EPSPS. Thus, glyphosate can benefit GR crops by its activity on some plant pathogens. On the other hand, glyphosate can adversely affect some microbes that are beneficial to agriculture, such as Bradyrhizobium species, although GR crop yield data indicate that such an effect has been minor. Effects of glyphosate on microbes of agricultural soils are generally minor and transient, with other agricultural practices having much stronger effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O Duke
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.
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Tittlemier SA, Bestvater L, Carlson J, Kletke J, Izydorczyk M, Fu BX. Fate of glyphosate in wheat during milling and bread production. Cereal Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lianna Bestvater
- Grain Research Laboratory Canadian Grain Commission Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - Jules Carlson
- Grain Research Laboratory Canadian Grain Commission Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - Jerry Kletke
- Grain Research Laboratory Canadian Grain Commission Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - Marta Izydorczyk
- Grain Research Laboratory Canadian Grain Commission Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - Bin Xiao Fu
- Grain Research Laboratory Canadian Grain Commission Winnipeg MB Canada
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