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Zhu D, Lu Y, Yan Z, Deng Q, Hu B, Wang Y, Wang W, Wang Y, Wang Y. A β-Carboline Derivate PAD4 Inhibitor Reshapes Neutrophil Phenotype and Improves the Tumor Immune Microenvironment against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7973-7994. [PMID: 38728549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer is a highly aggressive and heterogeneous breast cancer subtype characterized by early metastasis, poor prognosis, and high recurrence. Targeting histone citrullination-mediated chromatin dysregulation to induce epigenetic alterations shows great promise in TNBC therapy. We report the synthesis, optimization, and evaluation of a novel series of β-carboline-derived peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 inhibitors that exhibited potent inhibition of TNBC cell proliferation. The most outstanding PAD4 inhibitor, compound 28, hindered the PAD4-H3cit-NET signaling pathway and inhibited the growth of solid tumors and pulmonary metastatic nodules in the 4T1 in situ mouse model. Furthermore, 28 improved the tumor immune microenvironment by reshaping neutrophil phenotype, upregulating the proportions of dendritic cells and M1 macrophages, and reducing the amount of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In conclusion, our work offered 28 as an efficacious PAD4 inhibitor that exerts a combination of conventional chemotherapy and immune-boosting effects, which represents a potential therapy strategy for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Zhanchao Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Center for Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Laboratory of Epigenetics, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Qian Deng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Yinsong Wang
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Yanming Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Center for Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Laboratory of Epigenetics, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yuji Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
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Hillebrand L, Liang XJ, Serafim RAM, Gehringer M. Emerging and Re-emerging Warheads for Targeted Covalent Inhibitors: An Update. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7668-7758. [PMID: 38711345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Covalent inhibitors and other types of covalent modalities have seen a revival in the past two decades, with a variety of new targeted covalent drugs having been approved in recent years. A key feature of such molecules is an intrinsically reactive group, typically a weak electrophile, which enables the irreversible or reversible formation of a covalent bond with a specific amino acid of the target protein. This reactive group, often called the "warhead", is a critical determinant of the ligand's activity, selectivity, and general biological properties. In 2019, we summarized emerging and re-emerging warhead chemistries to target cysteine and other amino acids (Gehringer, M.; Laufer, S. A. J. Med. Chem. 2019, 62, 5673-5724; DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01153). Since then, the field has rapidly evolved. Here we discuss the progress on covalent warheads made since our last Perspective and their application in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hillebrand
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xiaojun Julia Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ricardo A M Serafim
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gehringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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3
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Ranaivoson FM, Bande R, Cardaun I, De Riso A, Gärtner A, Loke P, Reinisch C, Vogirala P, Beaumont E. Crystal structure of human peptidylarginine deiminase type VI (PAD6) provides insights into its inactivity. IUCRJ 2024; 11:395-404. [PMID: 38656308 PMCID: PMC11067741 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252524002549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Human peptidylarginine deiminase isoform VI (PAD6), which is predominantly limited to cytoplasmic lattices in the mammalian oocytes in ovarian tissue, is essential for female fertility. It belongs to the peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzyme family that catalyzes the conversion of arginine residues to citrulline in proteins. In contrast to other members of the family, recombinant PAD6 was previously found to be catalytically inactive. We sought to provide structural insight into the human homologue to shed light on this observation. We report here the first crystal structure of PAD6, determined at 1.7 Å resolution. PAD6 follows the same domain organization as other structurally known PAD isoenzymes. Further structural analysis and size-exclusion chromatography show that PAD6 behaves as a homodimer similar to PAD4. Differential scanning fluorimetry suggests that PAD6 does not coordinate Ca2+ which agrees with acidic residues found to coordinate Ca2+ in other PAD homologs not being conserved in PAD6. The crystal structure of PAD6 shows similarities with the inactive state of apo PAD2, in which the active site conformation is unsuitable for catalytic citrullination. The putative active site of PAD6 adopts a non-productive conformation that would not allow protein-substrate binding due to steric hindrance with rigid secondary structure elements. This observation is further supported by the lack of activity on the histone H3 and cytokeratin 5 substrates. These findings suggest a different mechanism for enzymatic activation compared with other PADs; alternatively, PAD6 may exert a non-enzymatic function in the cytoplasmic lattice of oocytes and early embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanomezana M. Ranaivoson
- Protein Sciences Department, Evotec (United Kingdom), 95 Park Drive, Abingdon OX14 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Rieke Bande
- Assay Development Department, Manfred Eigen Campus, Evotec (Germany), Essener Bogen 7, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isabell Cardaun
- In vitro Biology Department, Manfred Eigen Campus, Evotec SE, Essener Bogen 7, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonio De Riso
- Protein Sciences Department, Evotec (United Kingdom), 95 Park Drive, Abingdon OX14 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Gärtner
- In vitro Biology Department, Manfred Eigen Campus, Evotec SE, Essener Bogen 7, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pui Loke
- Chemistry Department, Evotec (United Kingdom), 95 Park Drive, Abingdon OX14 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Reinisch
- Assay Development Department, Manfred Eigen Campus, Evotec (Germany), Essener Bogen 7, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Prasuna Vogirala
- Protein Sciences Department, Evotec (United Kingdom), 95 Park Drive, Abingdon OX14 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Beaumont
- Protein Sciences Department, Evotec (United Kingdom), 95 Park Drive, Abingdon OX14 4RY, United Kingdom
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Pasquero S, Gugliesi F, Biolatti M, Dell’Oste V, Albano C, Bajetto G, Griffante G, Trifirò L, Brugo B, Raviola S, Lacarbonara D, Yang Q, Sudeshna S, Barasa L, Haniff H, Thompson PR, Landolfo S, De Andrea M. Citrullination profile analysis reveals peptidylarginine deaminase 3 as an HSV-1 target to dampen the activity of candidate antiviral restriction factors. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011849. [PMID: 38055760 PMCID: PMC10727434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that remains latent in neuronal cell bodies but reactivates throughout an individual's life, causing severe adverse reactions, such as herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). Recently, it has also been implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The absence of an effective vaccine and the emergence of numerous drug-resistant variants have called for the development of new antiviral agents that can tackle HSV-1 infection. Host-targeting antivirals (HTAs) have recently emerged as promising antiviral compounds that act on host-cell factors essential for viral replication. Here we show that a new class of HTAs targeting peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), a family of calcium-dependent enzymes catalyzing protein citrullination, exhibits a marked inhibitory activity against HSV-1. Furthermore, we show that HSV-1 infection leads to enhanced protein citrullination through transcriptional activation of three PAD isoforms: PAD2, PAD3, and PAD4. Interestingly, PAD3-depletion by specific drugs or siRNAs dramatically inhibits HSV-1 replication. Finally, an analysis of the citrullinome reveals significant changes in the deimination levels of both cellular and viral proteins, with the interferon (IFN)-inducible proteins IFIT1 and IFIT2 being among the most heavily deiminated ones. As genetic depletion of IFIT1 and IFIT2 strongly enhances HSV-1 growth, we propose that viral-induced citrullination of IFIT1 and 2 is a highly efficient HSV-1 evasion mechanism from host antiviral resistance. Overall, our findings point to a crucial role of citrullination in subverting cellular responses to viral infection and demonstrate that PAD inhibitors efficiently suppress HSV-1 infection in vitro, which may provide the rationale for their repurposing as HSV-1 antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Pasquero
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Gugliesi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Biolatti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Dell’Oste
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Camilla Albano
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Greta Bajetto
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
- CAAD Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara Medical School, Novara, Italy
| | - Gloria Griffante
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Linda Trifirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Bianca Brugo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Raviola
- CAAD Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara Medical School, Novara, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Davide Lacarbonara
- CAAD Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara Medical School, Novara, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Qiao Yang
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, P.R. China
| | - Sen Sudeshna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leonard Barasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hafeez Haniff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Santo Landolfo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco De Andrea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin – Medical School, Turin, Italy
- CAAD Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara Medical School, Novara, Italy
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Geary B, Sun B, Tilvawala RR, Barasa L, Tsoyi K, Rosas IO, Thompson PR, Ho IC. Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 citrullinates MZB1 and promotes the secretion of IgM and IgA. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1290585. [PMID: 38094295 PMCID: PMC10716219 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1290585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction MZB1 is an endoplasmic reticulum residential protein preferentially expressed in plasma cells, marginal zone and B1 B cells. Recent studies on murine B cells show that it interacts with the tail piece of IgM and IgA heavy chain and promotes the secretion of these two classes of immunoglobulin. However, its role in primary human B cells has yet to be determined and how its function is regulated is still unknown. The conversion of peptidylarginine to peptidylcitrulline, also known as citrullination, by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) can critically influence the function of proteins in immune cells, such as neutrophils and T cells; however, the role of PADs in B cells remains to be elucidated. Method An unbiased analysis of human lung citrullinome was conducted to identify citrullinated proteins that are enriched in several chronic lung diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, compared to healthy controls. Mass spectrometry, site-specific mutagenesis, and western blotting were used to confirm the citrullination of candidate proteins. Their citrullination was suppressed by pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of PAD2 and the impact of their citrullination on the function and differentiation of human B cells was examined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and co-immunoprecipitation. Results Citrullinated MZB1 was preferentially enriched in RA-ILD but not in other chronic lung diseases. MZB1 was a substrate of PAD2 and was citrullinated during the differentiation of human plasmablasts. Ablation or pharmacological inhibition of PAD2 in primary human B cells attenuated the secretion of IgM and IgA but not IgG or the differentiation of IgM or IgA-expressing plasmablasts, recapitulating the effect of ablating MZB1. Furthermore, the physical interaction between endogenous MZB1 and IgM/IgA was attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of PAD2. Discussion Our data confirm the function of MZB1 in primary human plasmablasts and suggest that PAD2 promotes IgM/IgA secretion by citrullinating MZB1, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and RA-ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Geary
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bo Sun
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ronak R. Tilvawala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Leonard Barasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Konstantin Tsoyi
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ivan O. Rosas
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Barasa L, Thompson PR. Protein citrullination: inhibition, identification and insertion. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220240. [PMID: 37778377 PMCID: PMC10542963 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein citrullination is a post-translational modification (PTM) that is catalysed by the protein arginine deiminase (PAD) family of enzymes. This PTM involves the transformation of an arginine residue into citrulline. Protein citrullination is associated with several physiological processes, including the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, neutrophil extracellular trap formation and DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Aberrant protein citrullination is relevant to several autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases and certain forms of cancer. PAD inhibitors have shown remarkable efficacy in a range of diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), lupus, atherosclerosis and ulcerative colitis. In RA, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies can be detected prior to disease onset and are thus a valuable diagnostic tool for RA. Notably, citrullinated proteins may serve more generally as biomarkers of specific disease states; however, the identification of citrullinated protein residues remains challenging owing to the small 1 Da mass change that occurs upon citrullination. Herein, we highlight the progress made so far in the development of pan-PAD and isozyme selective inhibitors as well as the identification of citrullinated proteins and the site-specific incorporation of citrulline into proteins. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'The virtues and vices of protein citrullination'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Barasa
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Teng Y, Chen Y, Tang X, Wang S, Yin K. PAD2: A potential target for tumor therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188931. [PMID: 37315720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Peptide arginine deiminase 2(PAD2) catalyzes the conversion of arginine residues on target proteins to citrulline residues in the presence of calcium ions. This particular posttranslational modification is called citrullination. PAD2 can regulate the transcriptional activity of genes through histone citrullination and nonhistone citrullination. In this review, we summarize the evidence from recent decades and systematically illustrate the role of PAD2-mediated citrullination in tumor pathology and the regulation of tumor-associated immune cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and T cells. Several PAD2-specific inhibitors are also presented to discuss the feasibility of anti-PAD2 therapy to treat tumors and the urgent problems to be solved. Finally, we review some recent developments in the development of PAD2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Teng
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinyi Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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Humphries F, Shmuel-Galia L, Jiang Z, Zhou JY, Barasa L, Mondal S, Wilson R, Sultana N, Shaffer SA, Ng SL, Pesiridis GS, Thompson PR, Fitzgerald KA. Targeting STING oligomerization with small-molecule inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305420120. [PMID: 37549268 PMCID: PMC10434303 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305420120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an essential adaptor protein required for the inflammatory response to cytosolic DNA. dsDNA activates cGAS to generate cGAMP, which binds and activates STING triggering a conformational change, oligomerization, and the IRF3- and NFκB-dependent transcription of type I Interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory cytokines, as well as the activation of autophagy. Aberrant activation of STING is now linked to a growing number of both rare as well as common chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, we identify and characterize a potent small-molecule inhibitor of STING. This compound, BB-Cl-amidine inhibits STING signaling and production of type I IFNs, IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and NFκB-dependent cytokines, but not other pattern recognition receptors. In vivo, BB-Cl-amidine alleviated pathology resulting from accrual of cytosolic DNA in Trex-1 mutant mice. Mechanistically BB-Cl-amidine inhibited STING oligomerization through modification of Cys148. Collectively, our work uncovers an approach to inhibit STING activation and highlights the potential of this strategy for the treatment of STING-driven inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiachra Humphries
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Liraz Shmuel-Galia
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Zhaozhao Jiang
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Jeffrey Y. Zhou
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Leonard Barasa
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Santanu Mondal
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi110016, India
| | - Ruth Wilson
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Nadia Sultana
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01545
| | - Scott A. Shaffer
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01545
| | - Sze-Ling Ng
- Immunology Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, PA19426
| | | | - Paul R. Thompson
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Katherine A. Fitzgerald
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
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9
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Green RM, Thompson PR. Current insights into the role of citrullination in thrombosis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 75:102313. [PMID: 37148643 PMCID: PMC10523988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein citrullination is a post-translational modification of arginine that controls a diverse array of cellular processes, including gene regulation, protein stability, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Histone citrullination promotes chromatin decondensation and NET formation, a pro-inflammatory form of cell death that is aberrantly increased in numerous immune disorders. This review will provide insights into NETosis and how this novel form of cell death contributes to inflammatory diseases, with a particular emphasis on its role in thrombosis. We will also discuss recent efforts to develop PAD-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Madison Green
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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10
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Song YH, Wang ZJ, Kang L, He ZX, Zhao SB, Fang X, Li ZS, Wang SL, Bai Y. PADs and NETs in digestive system: From physiology to pathology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1077041. [PMID: 36761761 PMCID: PMC9902375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1077041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are the only enzyme class known to deiminate arginine residues into citrulline in proteins, a process known as citrullination. This is an important post-translational modification that functions in several physiological and pathological processes. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are generated by NETosis, a novel cell death in neutrophils and a double-edged sword in inflammation. Excessive activation of PADs and NETs is critically implicated in their transformation from a physiological to a pathological state. Herein, we review the physiological and pathological functions of PADs and NETs, in particular, the involvement of PAD2 and PAD4 in the digestive system, from inflammatory to oncological diseases, along with related therapeutic prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hang Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Kang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Xuan He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Bing Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Shen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Ling Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Christensen AO, Li G, Young CH, Snow B, Khan SA, DeVore SB, Edwards S, Bouma GJ, Navratil AM, Cherrington BD, Rothfuss HM. Peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes and citrullinated proteins in female reproductive physiology and associated diseases†. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:1395-1410. [PMID: 36087287 PMCID: PMC10248218 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrullination, the post-translational modification of arginine residues, is catalyzed by the four catalytically active peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD or PADI) isozymes and alters charge to affect target protein structure and function. PADs were initially characterized in rodent uteri and, since then, have been described in other female tissues including ovaries, breast, and the lactotrope and gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland. In these tissues and cells, estrogen robustly stimulates PAD expression resulting in changes in levels over the course of the female reproductive cycle. The best-characterized targets for PADs are arginine residues in histone tails, which, when citrullinated, alter chromatin structure and gene expression. Methodological advances have allowed for the identification of tissue-specific citrullinomes, which reveal that PADs citrullinate a wide range of enzymes and structural proteins to alter cell function. In contrast to their important physiological roles, PADs and citrullinated proteins are also involved in several female-specific diseases including autoimmune disorders and reproductive cancers. Herein, we review current knowledge regarding PAD expression and function and highlight the role of protein citrullination in both normal female reproductive tissues and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda O Christensen
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Guangyuan Li
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Coleman H Young
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Bryce Snow
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | | | - Stanley B DeVore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Sydney Edwards
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Gerrit J Bouma
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Amy M Navratil
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Brian D Cherrington
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Heather M Rothfuss
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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12
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Zhu D, Lu Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. PAD4 and Its Inhibitors in Cancer Progression and Prognosis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2414. [PMID: 36365233 PMCID: PMC9699117 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The systemic spread of malignancies and the risk of cancer-associated thrombosis are major clinical challenges in cancer therapy worldwide. As an important post-translational modification enzyme, peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) could mediate the citrullination of protein in different components (including nucleus and cytoplasm, etc.) of a variety of cells (tumor cells, neutrophils, macrophages, etc.), thus participating in gene regulation, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) and macrophage extracellular trap (MET). Thereby, PAD4 plays an important role in enhancing the growth of primary tumors and facilitating the distant metastasis of cancer cells. In addition, it is related to the formation of cancer-associated thrombosis. Therefore, the development of PAD4-specific inhibitors may be a promising strategy for treating cancer, and it may improve patient prognosis. In this review, we describe PAD4 involvement in gene regulation, protein citrullination, and NET formation. We also discuss its potential role in cancer and cancer-associated thrombosis, and we summarize the development and application of PAD4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yanming Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yuji Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, China
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13
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Cicek E, Monard G, Sungur FA. Molecular Mechanism of Protein Arginine Deiminase 2: A Study Involving Multiple Microsecond Long Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Biochemistry 2022; 61:1286-1297. [PMID: 35737372 PMCID: PMC9260958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) is a Ca2+-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of protein arginine residues to citrulline. This kind of structural modification in histone molecules may affect gene regulation, leading to effects that may trigger several diseases, including breast cancer, which makes PAD2 an attractive target for anticancer drug development. To design new effective inhibitors to control activation of PAD2, improving our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PAD2 using up-to-date computational techniques is essential. We have designed five different PAD2-substrate complex systems based on varying protonation states of the active site residues. To search the conformational space broadly, multiple independent molecular dynamics simulations of the complexes have been performed. In total, 50 replica simulations have been performed, each of 1 μs, yielding a total simulation time of 50 μs. Our findings identify that the protonation states of Cys647, Asp473, and His471 are critical for the binding and localization of the N-α-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester substrate within the active site. A novel mechanism for enzyme activation is proposed according to near attack conformers. This represents an important step in understanding the mechanism of citrullination and developing PAD2-inhibiting drugs for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Cicek
- Informatics Institute, Computational Science and Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, TR-34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gerald Monard
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LPCT, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Fethiye Aylin Sungur
- Informatics Institute, Computational Science and Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, TR-34469 Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Yang ML, Horstman S, Gee R, Guyer P, Lam TT, Kanyo J, Perdigoto AL, Speake C, Greenbaum CJ, Callebaut A, Overbergh L, Kibbey RG, Herold KC, James EA, Mamula MJ. Citrullination of glucokinase is linked to autoimmune diabetes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1870. [PMID: 35388005 PMCID: PMC8986778 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, including reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines in tissues amplify various post-translational modifications of self-proteins. A number of post-translational modifications have been identified as autoimmune biomarkers in the initiation and progression of Type 1 diabetes. Here we show the citrullination of pancreatic glucokinase as a result of inflammation, triggering autoimmunity and affecting glucokinase biological functions. Glucokinase is expressed in hepatocytes to regulate glycogen synthesis, and in pancreatic beta cells as a glucose sensor to initiate glycolysis and insulin signaling. We identify autoantibodies and autoreactive CD4+ T cells to glucokinase epitopes in the circulation of Type 1 diabetes patients and NOD mice. Finally, citrullination alters glucokinase biologic activity and suppresses glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Our study define glucokinase as a Type 1 diabetes biomarker, providing new insights of how inflammation drives post-translational modifications to create both neoautoantigens and affect beta cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Yang
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sheryl Horstman
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Renelle Gee
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Perrin Guyer
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - TuKiet T Lam
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Keck MS & Proteomics Resource, WM Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jean Kanyo
- Keck MS & Proteomics Resource, WM Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ana L Perdigoto
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aïsha Callebaut
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Richard G Kibbey
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kevan C Herold
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark J Mamula
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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15
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Pasquero S, Gugliesi F, Griffante G, Dell’Oste V, Biolatti M, Albano C, Bajetto G, Delbue S, Signorini L, Dolci M, Landolfo S, De Andrea M. Novel antiviral activity of PAD inhibitors against human beta-coronaviruses HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral Res 2022; 200:105278. [PMID: 35288208 PMCID: PMC8915624 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, along with the likelihood that new coronavirus strains will appear in the nearby future, highlights the urgent need to develop new effective antiviral agents. In this scenario, emerging host-targeting antivirals (HTAs), which act on host-cell factors essential for viral replication, are a promising class of antiviral compounds. Here we show that a new class of HTAs targeting peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), a family of calcium-dependent enzymes catalyzing protein citrullination, is endowed with a potent inhibitory activity against human beta-coronaviruses (HCoVs). Specifically, we show that infection of human fetal lung fibroblasts with HCoV-OC43 leads to enhanced protein citrullination through transcriptional activation of PAD4, and that inhibition of PAD4-mediated citrullination with either of the two pan-PAD inhibitors Cl-A and BB-Cl or the PAD4-specific inhibitor GSK199 curbs HCoV-OC43 replication. Furthermore, we show that either Cl-A or BB-Cl treatment of African green monkey kidney Vero-E6 cells, a widely used cell system to study beta-CoV replication, potently suppresses HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 replication. Overall, our results demonstrate the potential efficacy of PAD inhibitors, in suppressing HCoV infection, which may provide the rationale for the repurposing of this class of inhibitors for the treatment of COVID-19 patients.
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16
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Chen T, Wang Y, Nan Z, Wu J, Li A, Zhang T, Qu X, Li C. Interaction Between Macrophage Extracellular Traps and Colon Cancer Cells Promotes Colon Cancer Invasion and Correlates With Unfavorable Prognosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:779325. [PMID: 34925357 PMCID: PMC8671452 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundMacrophage extracellular traps (METs) and tumor-infiltrating macrophages contribute to the progression of several diseases. But the role of METs and tumor-infiltrating macrophages in colon cancer (CC) has not been illuminated. In this study, we aimed to clarify the prognostic value of METs for CC patients and to explore the interaction between CC cells and METs in vitro and in vivo.MethodsA training cohort consisting of 116 patients and a validation cohort of 94 patients were enrolled in this study. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining was conducted to determine METs formation in CC patients. Cox regression was used to perform prognostic analysis and screen out the best prognostic model. A nomogram was established to predict 5-year overall survival (OS). The correlation between METs with clinicopathological features and inflammatory markers was analyzed. The formation of METs in vitro was detected by SYTOX® green and IF staining, and the effect of METs on CC cells was detected by transwell assays. PAD2-IN-1, a selective inhibitor of peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2), was introduced to destroy the crosstalk between CC cells and METs in vitro and in vivo.ResultsMETs levels were higher in CC tissues and were an independent prognostic factor for CC patients. The prognostic model consisting of age, tumors local invasion, lymph node metastasis and METs were confirmed to be consistent and accurate for predicting the 5-year OS of CC patients. Besides, METs were correlated with distant metastasis and inflammation. Through in vitro experiments, we confirmed that there was a positive feedback loop between CC cells and METs, in that METs promoted the invasion of CC cells and CC cells enhanced the production of METs, in turn. This interaction could be blocked by PAD2-IN-1 inhibitors. More importantly, animal experiments revealed that PAD2-IN-1 inhibited METs formation and CC liver metastasis in vivo.ConclusionsMETs were the potential biomarker of CC patient prognosis. PAD2-IN-1 inhibited the crosstalk between CC cells and METs in vitro and in vivo, which should be emphasized in CC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaodi Nan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ailu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Tingguo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xun Qu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Li,
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17
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Ahmed D, Puthussery H, Basnett P, Knowles JC, Lange S, Roy I. Controlled Delivery of Pan-PAD-Inhibitor Cl-Amidine Using Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Microspheres. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312852. [PMID: 34884657 PMCID: PMC8658019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study deals with the process of optimization and synthesis of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) microspheres with encapsulated Cl-amidine. Cl-amidine is an inhibitor of peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), a group of calcium-dependent enzymes, which play critical roles in a number of pathologies, including autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as cancer. While Cl-amidine application has been assessed in a number of in vitro and in vivo models; methods of controlled release delivery remain to be investigated. P(3HB) microspheres have proven to be an effective delivery system for several compounds applied in antimicrobial, wound healing, cancer, and cardiovascular and regenerative disease models. In the current study, P(3HB) microspheres with encapsulated Cl-amidine were produced in a size ranging from ~4–5 µm and characterized for surface morphology, porosity, hydrophobicity and protein adsorption, in comparison with empty P(3HB) microspheres. Cl-amidine encapsulation in P(3HB) microspheres was optimized, and these were found to be less hydrophobic, compared with the empty microspheres, and subsequently adsorbed a lower amount of protein on their surface. The release kinetics of Cl-amidine from the microspheres were assessed in vitro and expressed as a function of encapsulation efficiency. There was a burst release of ~50% Cl-amidine in the first 24 h and a zero order release from that point up to 16 days, at which time point ~93% of the drug had been released. As Cl-amidine has been associated with anti-cancer effects, the Cl-amidine encapsulated microspheres were assessed for the inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the mammalian breast cancer cell line SK-BR-3, including in the presence of the anti-proliferative drug rapamycin. The cytotoxicity of the combinatorial effect of rapamycin with Cl-amidine encapsulated P(3HB) microspheres was found to be 3.5% more effective within a 24 h period. The cells treated with Cl-amidine encapsulated microspheres alone, were found to have 36.5% reduction in VEGF expression when compared with untreated SK-BR-3 cells. This indicates that controlled release of Cl-amidine from P(3HB) microspheres may be effective in anti-cancer treatment, including in synergy with chemotherapeutic agents. Using controlled drug-delivery of Cl-amidine encapsulated in Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) microspheres may be a promising novel strategy for application in PAD-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Ahmed
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6XH, UK;
| | - Hima Puthussery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6XH, UK; (H.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Pooja Basnett
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6XH, UK; (H.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Jonathan C. Knowles
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK;
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6XH, UK;
- Correspondence: emails: (S.L.); (I.R.); Tel.: +44-(0)207-911-5000 (ext. 64832) (S.L.); +44-(0)114-222-5962 (ext. 64096) (I.R.)
| | - Ipsita Roy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Correspondence: emails: (S.L.); (I.R.); Tel.: +44-(0)207-911-5000 (ext. 64832) (S.L.); +44-(0)114-222-5962 (ext. 64096) (I.R.)
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18
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Martín Monreal MT, Rebak AS, Massarenti L, Mondal S, Šenolt L, Ødum N, Nielsen ML, Thompson PR, Nielsen CH, Damgaard D. Applicability of Small-Molecule Inhibitors in the Study of Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 2 (PAD2) and PAD4. Front Immunol 2021; 12:716250. [PMID: 34737738 PMCID: PMC8560728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrullination, the conversion of peptidyl-arginine into peptidyl-citrulline, is involved in the breakage of self-tolerance in anti-CCP-positive rheumatoid arthritis. This reaction is catalyzed by peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADs), of which PAD2 and PAD4 are thought to play key pathogenic roles. Small-molecule PAD inhibitors such as the pan-PAD inhibitor BB-Cl-amidine, the PAD2-specific inhibitor AFM-30a, and the PAD4-specific inhibitor GSK199 hold therapeutic potential and are useful tools in studies of citrullination. Using an ELISA based on the citrullination of fibrinogen, we found that AFM-30a inhibited the catalytic activity of PADs derived from live PMNs or lysed PBMCs and PMNs and of PADs in cell-free synovial fluid samples from RA patients, while GSK199 had minor effects. In combination, AFM-30a and GSK199 inhibited total intracellular citrullination and citrullination of histone H3 in PBMCs, as determined by Western blotting. They were essentially nontoxic to CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, NK cells, and monocytes at concentrations ranging from 1 to 20 μM, while BB-Cl-amidine was cytotoxic at concentrations above 1 μM, as assessed by flow cytometric viability staining and by measurement of lactate dehydrogenase released from dying cells. In conclusion, AFM-30a is an efficient inhibitor of PAD2 derived from PBMCs, PMNs, or synovial fluid. AFM-30a and GSK199 can be used in combination for inhibition of PAD activity associated with PBMCs but without the cytotoxic effect of BB-Cl-amidine. This suggests that AFM-30a and GSK199 may have fewer off-target effects than BB-Cl-amidine and therefore hold greater therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Martín Monreal
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Stripp Rebak
- Department of Proteomics, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (NNF CPR), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Massarenti
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Santanu Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Ladislav Šenolt
- Institute of Rheumatology and Department of Rheumatology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Niels Ødum
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael L Nielsen
- Department of Proteomics, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (NNF CPR), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Claus H Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section for Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dres Damgaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Román-Meléndez GD, Monaco DR, Montagne JM, Quizon RS, Konig MF, Astatke M, Darrah E, Larman HB. Citrullination of a phage-displayed human peptidome library reveals the fine specificities of rheumatoid arthritis-associated autoantibodies. EBioMedicine 2021; 71:103506. [PMID: 34481243 PMCID: PMC8414044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post-translational modifications (PTMs) on proteins can be targeted by antibodies associated with autoimmunity. Despite a growing appreciation for their intrinsic role in disease, there is a lack of highly multiplexed serological assays to characterize the fine specificities of PTM-directed autoantibodies. Methods In this study, we used the programmable phage display technology, Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq), to profile rheumatoid arthritis (RA) associated anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) reactivities. Findings Using both unmodified and peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD)-modified phage display libraries consisting of ~250,000 overlapping 90 amino acid peptide tiles spanning the human proteome, PTM PhIP-Seq robustly identified antibodies to citrulline-dependent epitopes. Interpretation PTM PhIP-Seq was used to quantify key differences among RA patients, including PAD isoform specific ACPA profiles, and thus represents a powerful tool for proteome-scale antibody-binding analyses. Funding This research is based upon work supported in part by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA). The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of ODNI, IARPA, or the US Government. The US Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright annotation therein. This study was made possible by a National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) grant R01 GM136724 (HBL). MFK was supported by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) grant T32AR048522. ED was supported by the Rheumatology Research Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D Román-Meléndez
- Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R Monaco
- Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janelle M Montagne
- Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rachel S Quizon
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Maximilian F Konig
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mekbib Astatke
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Erika Darrah
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - H Benjamin Larman
- Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Endotoxemia induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an extremely severe syndrome identified by global activation of inflammatory responses. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play an important role in the development of endotoxemia. Histone hypercitrullination catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) is a key step of NET formation. We have previously demonstrated that simultaneous inhibition of PAD2 and PAD4 with pan-PAD inhibitors can decrease NETosis and improve survival in a mouse model of LPS-induced endotoxic shock. However, the effects of PAD2 specific inhibition during NETosis and endotoxic shock are poorly understood. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of the specific PAD2 or PAD4 inhibitor on LPS-induced endotoxic shock in mice. We found that PAD2 inhibition but not PAD4 inhibition improves survival. Also, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and NETosis were significantly reduced by PAD2 inhibitor. To our knowledge, this study demonstrates for the first time that PAD2 inhibition can reduce NETosis, decrease inflammatory cytokine production, and protect against endotoxin-induced lethality. Our findings provided a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of endotoxic shock.
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21
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Yang ML, Sodré FMC, Mamula MJ, Overbergh L. Citrullination and PAD Enzyme Biology in Type 1 Diabetes - Regulators of Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and Pathology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:678953. [PMID: 34140951 PMCID: PMC8204103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.678953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in human proteins is a physiological process leading to structural and immunologic variety in proteins, with potentially altered biological functions. PTMs often arise through normal responses to cellular stress, including general oxidative changes in the tissue microenvironment and intracellular stress to the endoplasmic reticulum or immune-mediated inflammatory stresses. Many studies have now illustrated the presence of 'neoepitopes' consisting of PTM self-proteins that induce robust autoimmune responses. These pathways of inflammatory neoepitope generation are commonly observed in many autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes (T1D), among others. This review will focus on one specific PTM to self-proteins known as citrullination. Citrullination is mediated by calcium-dependent peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes, which catalyze deimination, the conversion of arginine into the non-classical amino acid citrulline. PADs and citrullinated peptides have been associated with different autoimmune diseases, notably with a prominent role in the diagnosis and pathology of rheumatoid arthritis. More recently, an important role for PADs and citrullinated self-proteins has emerged in T1D. In this review we will provide a comprehensive overview on the pathogenic role for PADs and citrullination in inflammation and autoimmunity, with specific focus on evidence for their role in T1D. The general role of PADs in epigenetic and transcriptional processes, as well as their crucial role in histone citrullination, neutrophil biology and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation will be discussed. The latter is important in view of increasing evidence for a role of neutrophils and NETosis in the pathogenesis of T1D. Further, we will discuss the underlying processes leading to citrullination, the genetic susceptibility factors for increased recognition of citrullinated epitopes by T1D HLA-susceptibility types and provide an overview of reported autoreactive responses against citrullinated epitopes, both of T cells and autoantibodies in T1D patients. Finally, we will discuss recent observations obtained in NOD mice, pointing to prevention of diabetes development through PAD inhibition, and the potential role of PAD inhibitors as novel therapeutic strategy in autoimmunity and in T1D in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Yang
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Fernanda M C Sodré
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark J Mamula
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Bruggeman Y, Sodré FMC, Buitinga M, Mathieu C, Overbergh L, Kracht MJL. Targeting citrullination in autoimmunity: insights learned from preclinical mouse models. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:269-281. [PMID: 33896351 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1918104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aberrant citrullination and excessive peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) activity are detected in numerous challenging autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes. Because excessive PAD activity is a common denominator in these diseases, PADs are interesting potential therapeutic targets for future therapies. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the advances made in the design of PAD inhibitors, their utilization and therapeutic potential in preclinical mouse models of autoimmunity. Relevant literature encompasses studies from 1994 to 2021 that are available on PubMed.gov. EXPERT OPINION Pan-PAD inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases. Drugs achieving pan-PAD inhibition were capable of ameliorating, reversing, and preventing clinical symptoms in preclinical mouse models. However, the implications for PADs in key biological processes potentially present a high risk for clinical complications and could hamper the translation of PAD inhibitors to the clinic. We envisage that PAD isozyme-specific inhibitors will improve the understanding the role of PAD isozymes in disease pathology, reduce the risk of side-effects and enhance prospects for future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylke Bruggeman
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fernanda M C Sodré
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mijke Buitinga
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria J L Kracht
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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23
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Epitope-Based Chicken-Derived Novel Anti-PAD2 Monoclonal Antibodies Inhibit Citrullination. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6659960. [PMID: 33937418 PMCID: PMC8055403 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6659960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aberrant upregulation of protein arginine deiminase 2- (PAD2-) catalyzed citrullination is reported in various autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis) and several cancers. Currently, there are no anti-PAD2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that can inhibit the citrullination reaction. Here, an epitope 341YLNRGDRWIQDEIEFGY357 was examined as an antigenic site of PAD2. Chickens were immunized with this epitope, and the generated mAbs were screened for its reactivity against the full-length PAD2. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that six mAbs, which were screened from the phage display library, crossreacted with mouse PAD2. Kinetic analysis revealed that mAbs are bound to PAD2 in the nanomolar range, which indicated a strong binding. Results of the in vitro citrullination inhibition assay revealed that the half-maximal effective concentration values of mAbs for the inhibition of histone or benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester citrullination were in the range of 6–75 nM which supports strong inhibition capabilities. Alanine scanning of epitope revealed that the peptide fragment 344RGDRWIQDEIEF355 was responsible for generating strong antibody responses that inhibit the PAD2-catalyzed citrullination reaction. These antibodies can aid in understanding the extracellular PAD2 function and treating diseases associated with aberrant citrullination.
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24
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Mondal S, Thompson PR. Chemical biology of protein citrullination by the protein A arginine deiminases. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 63:19-27. [PMID: 33676233 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Citrullination is a post-translational modification (PTM) that converts peptidyl-arginine into peptidyl-citrulline; citrullination is catalyzed by the protein arginine deiminases (PADs). This PTM is associated with several physiological processes, including the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and DNA-damage induced apoptosis. Notably, aberrant protein citrullination is relevant to several autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases and certain forms of cancer. As such, the PADs are promising therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the development of PAD inhibitors and activity-based probes, the development and use of citrulline-specific probes in chemoproteomic applications, and methods to site-specifically incorporate citrulline into proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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25
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Sodré FMC, Bissenova S, Bruggeman Y, Tilvawala R, Cook DP, Berthault C, Mondal S, Callebaut A, You S, Scharfmann R, Mallone R, Thompson PR, Mathieu C, Buitinga M, Overbergh L. Peptidylarginine Deiminase Inhibition Prevents Diabetes Development in NOD Mice. Diabetes 2021; 70:516-528. [PMID: 33203696 PMCID: PMC7881854 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein citrullination plays a role in several autoimmune diseases. Its involvement in murine and human type 1 diabetes has recently been recognized through the discovery of antibodies and T-cell reactivity against citrullinated peptides. In the current study, we demonstrate that systemic inhibition of peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), the enzymes mediating citrullination, through BB-Cl-amidine treatment, prevents diabetes development in NOD mice. This prevention was associated with reduced levels of citrullination in the pancreas, decreased circulating autoantibody titers against citrullinated glucose-regulated protein 78, and reduced spontaneous neutrophil extracellular trap formation of bone marrow-derived neutrophils. Moreover, BB-Cl-amidine treatment induced a shift from Th1 to Th2 cytokines in the serum and an increase in the frequency of regulatory T cells in the blood and spleen. In the pancreas, BB-Cl-amidine treatment preserved insulin production and was associated with a less destructive immune infiltrate characterized by reduced frequencies of effector memory CD4+ T cells and a modest reduction in the frequency of interferon-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Our results point to a role of citrullination in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes, with PAD inhibition leading to disease prevention through modulation of immune pathways. These findings provide insight in the potential of PAD inhibition for treating autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M C Sodré
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Samal Bissenova
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ylke Bruggeman
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ronak Tilvawala
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Dana P Cook
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claire Berthault
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Santanu Mondal
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Aïsha Callebaut
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sylvaine You
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mijke Buitinga
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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26
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Peptidylarginine Deiminase Inhibitor Application, Using Cl-Amidine, PAD2, PAD3 and PAD4 Isozyme-Specific Inhibitors in Pancreatic Cancer Cells, Reveals Roles for PAD2 and PAD3 in Cancer Invasion and Modulation of Extracellular Vesicle Signatures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031396. [PMID: 33573274 PMCID: PMC7866560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies with limited survival rate. Roles for peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) have been studied in relation to a range of cancers with roles in epigenetic regulation (including histone modification and microRNA regulation), cancer invasion, and extracellular vesicle (EV) release. Hitherto though, knowledge on PADs in PDAC is limited. In the current study, two PDAC cell lines (Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2) were treated with pan-PAD inhibitor Cl-amidine as well as PAD2, PAD3, and PAD4 isozyme-specific inhibitors. Effects were assessed on changes in EV signatures, including EV microRNA cargo (miR-21, miR-126, and miR-221), on changes in cellular protein expression relevant for pancreatic cancer progression and invasion (moesin), for mitochondrial housekeeping (prohibitin, PHB), and gene regulation (deiminated histone H3, citH3). The two pancreatic cancer cell lines were found to predominantly express PAD2 and PAD3, which were furthermore expressed at higher levels in Panc-1, compared with MiaPaCa-2 cells. PAD2 isozyme-specific inhibitor had the strongest effects on reducing Panc-1 cell invasion capability, which was accompanied by an increase in moesin expression, which in pancreatic cancer is found to be reduced and associated with pancreatic cancer aggressiveness. Some reduction, but not significant, was also found on PHB levels while effects on histone H3 deimination were variable. EV signatures were modulated in response to PAD inhibitor treatment, with the strongest effects observed for PAD2 inhibitor, followed by PAD3 inhibitor, showing significant reduction in pro-oncogenic EV microRNA cargo (miR-21, miR-221) and increase in anti-oncogenic microRNA cargo (miR-126). While PAD2 inhibitor, followed by PAD3 inhibitor, had most effects on reducing cancer cell invasion, elevating moesin expression, and modulating EV signatures, PAD4 inhibitor had negligible effects and pan-PAD inhibitor Cl-amidine was also less effective. Compared with MiaPaCa-2 cells, stronger modulatory effects for the PAD inhibitors were observed in Panc-1 cells, which importantly also showed strong response to PAD3 inhibitor, correlating with previous observations that Panc-1 cells display neuronal/stem-like properties. Our findings report novel PAD isozyme regulatory roles in PDAC, highlighting roles for PAD isozyme-specific treatment, depending on cancer type and cancer subtypes, including in PDAC.
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27
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Tian Y, Qu S, Alam HB, Williams AM, Wu Z, Deng Q, Pan B, Zhou J, Liu B, Duan X, Ma J, Mondal S, Thompson PR, Stringer KA, Standiford TJ, Li Y. Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 has potential as both a biomarker and therapeutic target of sepsis. JCI Insight 2020; 5:138873. [PMID: 33055424 PMCID: PMC7605547 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a family of calcium-dependent enzymes that are involved in a variety of human disorders, including cancer and autoimmune diseases. Although targeting PAD4 has shown no benefit in sepsis, the role of PAD2 remains unknown. Here, we report that PAD2 is engaged in sepsis and sepsis-induced acute lung injury in both human patients and mice. Pad2–/– or selective inhibition of PAD2 by a small molecule inhibitor increased survival and improved overall outcomes in mouse models of sepsis. Pad2 deficiency decreased neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Importantly, Pad2 deficiency inhibited Caspase-11–dependent pyroptosis in vivo and in vitro. Suppression of PAD2 expression reduced inflammation and increased macrophage bactericidal activity. In contrast to Pad2–/–, Pad4 deficiency enhanced activation of Caspase-11–dependent pyroptosis in BM-derived macrophages and displayed no survival improvement in a mouse sepsis model. Collectively, our findings highlight the potential of PAD2 as an indicative marker and therapeutic target for sepsis. Peptidylarginine deiminases 2 (PAD2) regulates neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in sepsis and sepsis-induced acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzi Tian
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shibin Qu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Xian, Shanxi, China
| | - Hasan B Alam
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Aaron M Williams
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Zhenyu Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Infectious Disease, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiufang Deng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Baihong Pan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Trauma Center, Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Baoling Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xiuzhen Duan
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Santanu Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathleen A Stringer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Theodore J Standiford
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yongqing Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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28
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Wang Y, Chen R, Gan Y, Ying S. The roles of PAD2- and PAD4-mediated protein citrullination catalysis in cancers. Int J Cancer 2020; 148:267-276. [PMID: 33459350 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) catalyze the conversion of arginine residues to citrulline residues on target proteins in the presence of calcium ions. This elaborate type of posttranslational modification is termed citrullination. PADs may regulate gene transcriptional activity via histone citrullination. There has been an increasing appreciation for the roles of PADs in a wide variety of biological processes. In this review article, we summarize recent evidence indicating that PADs and citrullinated proteins are involved in several physiological and pathological processes related to cancer. Of particular interest is that PAD2 and PAD4 exhibit characteristic expression levels, activities and specific biological effects in diverse types of cancer. We also list several PAD inhibitors, propose the possible mechanisms underlying the biological actions of PAD-mediated protein citrullination in experimental models and discuss the potential therapeutic value of PADs and their inhibitors for disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Wang
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Riping Chen
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yihan Gan
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shibo Ying
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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29
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Abstract
Neutrophils are critical to innate immunity, including host defense against bacterial and fungal infections. They achieve their host defense role by phagocytosing pathogens, secreting their granules full of cytotoxic enzymes, or expelling neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) during the process of NETosis. NETs are weblike DNA structures decorated with histones and antimicrobial proteins released by activated neutrophils. Initially described as a means for neutrophils to neutralize pathogens, NET release also occurs in sterile inflammation, promotes thrombosis, and can mediate tissue damage. To effectively manipulate this double-edged sword to fight a particular disease, researchers must work toward understanding the mechanisms driving NETosis. Such understanding would allow the generation of new drugs to promote or prevent NETosis as needed. While knowledge regarding the (patho)physiological roles of NETosis is accumulating, little is known about the cellular and biophysical bases of this process. In this review, we describe and discuss our current knowledge of the molecular, cellular, and biophysical mechanisms mediating NET release as well as open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawa Racine Thiam
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; ,
| | - Siu Ling Wong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232
| | - Denisa D Wagner
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; ,
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30
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Urick ME, Bell DW. Proteomic profiling of FBXW7-mutant serous endometrial cancer cells reveals upregulation of PADI2, a potential therapeutic target. Cancer Med 2020; 9:3863-3874. [PMID: 32248654 PMCID: PMC7286459 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advancements over the past decade revealing molecular aberrations characteristic of endometrial cancer (EC) subtypes, serous ECs remain difficult to treat and associated with poor outcomes. This is due, in part, to the rarity of these tumors within clinical trials and the inability to directly target the most frequent genomic abnormalities. One of the most commonly somatically mutated genes in serous ECs is the tumor suppressor F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (FBXW7). METHODS To identify changes in protein expression associated with FBXW7 mutation, we clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-edited ARK4 FBXW7 nonmutant serous EC cells to insert recurrent FBXW7 mutations. We then compared the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic profiles of CRISPR-edited ARK1 and ARK4 serous EC cells to matched parental cells. RESULTS Among distinct total and phosphorylated proteins that were significantly differentially expressed in FBXW7-mutant cell lines compared to matched parental lines, we identified increased PADI2 (peptidyl arginine deiminase 2) expression in all ARK1 and ARK4 CRISPR-edited FBXW7-mutant cell lines. We further confirmed the correlation between FBXW7 mutation and increased PADI2 expression in a third biological background, JHUEM-1 endometrioid EC cells. Finally, we established that PADI2 protein is expressed in primary serous endometrial tumors. CONCLUSION Our findings provide novel insight into proteomic changes associated with FBXW7 mutation in serous ECs and identify PADI2 as a novel potential therapeutic target for these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ellen Urick
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics BranchNational Human Genome Research InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Daphne W. Bell
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics BranchNational Human Genome Research InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
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31
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Barasa L, Yong A, Yoganathan S. An Efficient Chemo‐Selective N‐Alkylation Methodology for the Structure Diversification of Indolylbenzimidazoles. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Barasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesMedicinal Chemistry DivisionCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSt. John's University 8000 Utopia Pkwy, Queens NY 11439
| | - Alison Yong
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesMedicinal Chemistry DivisionCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSt. John's University 8000 Utopia Pkwy, Queens NY 11439
| | - Sabesan Yoganathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesMedicinal Chemistry DivisionCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSt. John's University 8000 Utopia Pkwy, Queens NY 11439
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32
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Uysal-Onganer P, MacLatchy A, Mahmoud R, Kraev I, Thompson PR, Inal JM, Lange S. Peptidylarginine Deiminase Isozyme-Specific PAD2, PAD3 and PAD4 Inhibitors Differentially Modulate Extracellular Vesicle Signatures and Cell Invasion in Two Glioblastoma Multiforme Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041495. [PMID: 32098295 PMCID: PMC7073130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive adult brain tumour with poor prognosis. Roles for peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) in GBM have recently been highlighted. Here, two GBM cell lines were treated with PAD2, PAD3 and PAD4 isozyme-specific inhibitors. Effects were assessed on extracellular vesicle (EV) signatures, including EV-microRNA cargo (miR21, miR126 and miR210), and on changes in cellular protein expression relevant for mitochondrial housekeeping (prohibitin (PHB)) and cancer progression (stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM-1) and moesin), as well as assessing cell invasion. Overall, GBM cell-line specific differences for the three PAD isozyme-specific inhibitors were observed on modulation of EV-signatures, PHB, STIM-1 and moesin protein levels, as well as on cell invasion. The PAD3 inhibitor was most effective in modulating EVs to anti-oncogenic signatures (reduced miR21 and miR210, and elevated miR126), to reduce cell invasion and to modulate protein expression of pro-GBM proteins in LN229 cells, while the PAD2 and PAD4 inhibitors were more effective in LN18 cells. Furthermore, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways for deiminated proteins relating to cancer, metabolism and inflammation differed between the two GBM cell lines. Our findings highlight roles for the different PAD isozymes in the heterogeneity of GBM tumours and the potential for tailored PAD-isozyme specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Uysal-Onganer
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK;
| | - Amy MacLatchy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK; (A.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Rayan Mahmoud
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK; (A.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Igor Kraev
- Electron Microscopy Suite, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK;
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA;
| | - Jameel M. Inal
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK;
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)207-911-5000 (ext. 64832)
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33
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Barasa L, Vemana HP, Surubhotla N, Ha SS, Kong J, Yong A, Croft JL, Dukhande VV, Yoganathan S. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Structurally Diverse Benzimidazole Scaffolds as Potential Chemotherapeutic Agents. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 20:301-314. [PMID: 31746304 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666191028101506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Drug resistance and adverse effects are immense healthcare challenges in cancer therapy. Benzimidazole ring-based small molecules have been effective anticancer agents in drug development. In an effort to develop novel chemotherapeutics, we synthesized and assessed the anticancer and antibacterial activities of a small library of structurally unique benzimidazoles. METHODS The benzimidazoles were derived from indole, N-alkyl indole, fatty acid, and alpha-amino acid scaffolds providing a panel of diverse structures. The compounds were tested in three different cancer cell lines for cytotoxicity: HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), HeLa (human cervical carcinoma), and A549 (human lung carcinoma). Mechanism of cell death induced by benzimidazoles was evaluated using fluorescent dye-based apoptosis-necrosis assay, immunoblotting for active caspases, topoisomerase-II activity assay, and cell cycle assay. RESULTS Cell viability testing revealed that indole- and fatty acid-based benzimidazoles were most potent followed by the amino acid derivatives. Many compounds induced cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner with cellular cytotoxicity (CC50) <20μM in the cell lines tested. Most compounds exhibited cytotoxicity via apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway. Inhibition of topoisomerase activity and cell cycle alterations were not the primary mechanisms of cytotoxicity. In addition, several compounds showed promising activity against S. aureus and S. epidermidis (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of as low as 0.04μmol/mL). CONCLUSION The reported benzimidazole derivatives possess promising anticancer and antibacterial properties. Additionally, we discovered apoptosis to be the primary mechanism for cancer cell death induced by the tested benzimidazoles. Our findings suggest that further development of these scaffolds could provide drug leads towards new chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Barasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, United States
| | - Hari P Vemana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, United States
| | - Nirupama Surubhotla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, United States
| | - Sin S Ha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, United States
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, United States
| | - Alison Yong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, United States
| | - John L Croft
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, United States
| | - Vikas V Dukhande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, United States
| | - Sabesan Yoganathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, United States
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34
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Sun B, Chang HH, Salinger A, Tomita B, Bawadekar M, Holmes CL, Shelef MA, Weerapana E, Thompson PR, Ho IC. Reciprocal regulation of Th2 and Th17 cells by PAD2-mediated citrullination. JCI Insight 2019; 4:129687. [PMID: 31723060 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated citrullination, a unique form of posttranslational modification catalyzed by the peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), has been observed in several human diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. However, the physiological roles of PADs in the immune system are still poorly understood. Here, we report that global inhibition of citrullination enhances the differentiation of type 2 helper T (Th2) cells but attenuates the differentiation of Th17 cells, thereby increasing the susceptibility to allergic airway inflammation. This effect on Th cells is due to inhibition of PAD2 but not PAD4. Mechanistically, PAD2 directly citrullinates GATA3 and RORγt, 2 key transcription factors determining the fate of differentiating Th cells. Citrullination of R330 of GATA3 weakens its DNA binding ability, whereas citrullination of 4 arginine residues of RORγt strengthens its DNA binding. Finally, PAD2-deficient mice also display altered Th2/Th17 immune response and heightened sensitivity to allergic airway inflammation. Thus, our data highlight the potential and caveat of PAD2 as a therapeutic target of Th cell-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hui-Hsin Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ari Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Beverly Tomita
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Caitlyn L Holmes
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine and.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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35
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Mondal S, Gong X, Zhang X, Salinger AJ, Zheng L, Sen S, Weerapana E, Zhang X, Thompson PR. Halogen Bonding Increases the Potency and Isozyme Selectivity of Protein Arginine Deiminase 1 Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School 364 Plantation street Worcester MA 01605 USA
| | - Xuefeng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Ari J. Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School 364 Plantation street Worcester MA 01605 USA
- Department of ChemistryBoston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School 364 Plantation street Worcester MA 01605 USA
| | - Sudeshna Sen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School 364 Plantation street Worcester MA 01605 USA
| | | | - Xuesen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School 364 Plantation street Worcester MA 01605 USA
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36
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Mondal S, Gong X, Zhang X, Salinger AJ, Zheng L, Sen S, Weerapana E, Zhang X, Thompson PR. Halogen Bonding Increases the Potency and Isozyme Selectivity of Protein Arginine Deiminase 1 Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12476-12480. [PMID: 31276611 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminases (PADs) hydrolyze the side chain of arginine to form citrulline. Aberrant PAD activity is associated with rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus, and certain cancers. These pathologies established the PADs as therapeutic targets and multiple PAD inhibitors are known. Herein, we describe the first highly potent PAD1-selective inhibitors (1 and 19). Detailed structure-activity relationships indicate that their potency and selectivity is due to the formation of a halogen bond with PAD1. Importantly, these inhibitors inhibit histone H3 citrullination in HEK293TPAD1 cells and mouse zygotes with excellent potency. Based on this scaffold, we also developed a PAD1-selective activity-based probe that shows remarkable cellular efficacy and proteome selectivity. Based on their potency and selectivity we expect that 1 and 19 will be widely used chemical tools to understand PAD1 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Xuefeng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ari J Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Sudeshna Sen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | | | - Xuesen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
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37
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Mishra N, Schwerdtner L, Sams K, Mondal S, Ahmad F, Schmidt RE, Coonrod SA, Thompson PR, Lerch MM, Bossaller L. Cutting Edge: Protein Arginine Deiminase 2 and 4 Regulate NLRP3 Inflammasome-Dependent IL-1β Maturation and ASC Speck Formation in Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:795-800. [PMID: 31292215 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes catalyze the conversion of protein-bound arginine into citrulline, an irreversible posttranslational modification with loss of a positive charge that can influence protein-protein interactions and protein structure. Protein arginine deiminase activity depends on high intracellular calcium concentrations occurring in dying cells. In this study, we demonstrate that protein citrullination is common during pyroptotic cell death in macrophages and that inhibition of PAD enzyme activity by Cl-amidine, a pan-PAD inhibitor, blocks NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and proinflammatory IL-1β release in macrophages. Genetic deficiency of either PAD2 or PAD4 alone in murine macrophages does not impair IL-1β release; however, pharmacological inhibition or small interfering RNA knockdown of PAD2 within PAD4-/- macrophages does. Our results suggest that PAD2 and 4 activity in macrophages is required for optimal inflammasome assembly and IL-1β release, a finding of importance for autoimmune diseases and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mishra
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lidja Schwerdtner
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kelly Sams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Santanu Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Fareed Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Reinhold E Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Scott A Coonrod
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 1745 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lukas Bossaller
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
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38
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Zheng L, Nagar M, Maurais AJ, Slade DJ, Parelkar SS, Coonrod SA, Weerapana E, Thompson PR. Calcium Regulates the Nuclear Localization of Protein Arginine Deiminase 2. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3042-3056. [PMID: 31243954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminases (PADs) are calcium-dependent enzymes that mediate the post-translational conversion of arginine into citrulline. Dysregulated PAD activity is associated with numerous autoimmune disorders and cancers. In breast cancer, PAD2 citrullinates histone H3R26 and activates the transcription of estrogen receptor target genes. However, PAD2 lacks a canonical nuclear localization sequence, and it is unclear how this enzyme is transported into the nucleus. Here, we show for the first time that PAD2 translocates into the nucleus in response to calcium signaling. Using BioID2, a proximity-dependent biotinylation method for identifying interacting proteins, we found that PAD2 preferentially associates with ANXA5 in the cytoplasm. Binding of calcium to PAD2 weakens this cytoplasmic interaction, which generates a pool of calcium-bound PAD2 that can interact with Ran. We hypothesize that this latter interaction promotes the translocation of PAD2 into the nucleus. These findings highlight a critical role for ANXA5 in regulating PAD2 and identify an unusual mechanism whereby proteins translocate between the cytosol and nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester , Massachusetts 01605 , United States.,Program in Chemical Biology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , 364 Plantation Street , Worcester , Massachusetts 01605 , United States
| | - Mitesh Nagar
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester , Massachusetts 01605 , United States.,Program in Chemical Biology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , 364 Plantation Street , Worcester , Massachusetts 01605 , United States
| | - Aaron J Maurais
- Department of Chemistry , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , United States
| | - Daniel J Slade
- Department of Biochemistry , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
| | - Sangram S Parelkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester , Massachusetts 01605 , United States
| | - Scott A Coonrod
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , United States
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester , Massachusetts 01605 , United States.,Program in Chemical Biology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , 364 Plantation Street , Worcester , Massachusetts 01605 , United States
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39
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Kosgodage US, Matewele P, Mastroianni G, Kraev I, Brotherton D, Awamaria B, Nicholas AP, Lange S, Inal JM. Peptidylarginine Deiminase Inhibitors Reduce Bacterial Membrane Vesicle Release and Sensitize Bacteria to Antibiotic Treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:227. [PMID: 31316918 PMCID: PMC6610471 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane and membrane vesicles (OMV/MV) are released from bacteria and participate in cell communication, biofilm formation and host-pathogen interactions. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are phylogenetically conserved enzymes that catalyze post-translational deimination/citrullination of proteins, causing structural and functional changes in target proteins. PADs also play major roles in the regulation of eukaryotic extracellular vesicle release. Here we show phylogenetically conserved pathways of PAD-mediated OMV/MV release in bacteria and describe deiminated/citrullinated proteins in E. coli and their derived OMV/MVs. Furthermore, we show that PAD inhibitors can be used to effectively reduce OMV/MV release, both in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Importantly, this resulted in enhanced antibiotic sensitivity of both E. coli and S. aureus to a range of antibiotics tested. Our findings reveal novel strategies for applying pharmacological OMV/MV-inhibition to reduce antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchini S. Kosgodage
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Matewele
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Mastroianni
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Kraev
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Brotherton
- Bioscience Research Group, Extracellular Vesicle Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Brigitte Awamaria
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P. Nicholas
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jameel M. Inal
- Bioscience Research Group, Extracellular Vesicle Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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40
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Backus KM, Cao J, Maddox SM. Opportunities and challenges for the development of covalent chemical immunomodulators. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3421-3439. [PMID: 31204229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Compounds that react irreversibly with cysteines have reemerged as potent and selective tools for altering protein function, serving as chemical probes and even clinically approved drugs. The exquisite sensitivity of human immune cell signaling pathways to oxidative stress indicates the likely, yet still underexploited, general utility of covalent probes for selective chemical immunomodulation. Here, we provide an overview of immunomodulatory cysteines, including identification of electrophilic compounds available to label these residues. We focus our discussion on three protein classes essential for cell signaling, which span the 'druggability' spectrum from amenable to chemical probes (kinases), somewhat druggable (proteases), to inaccessible (phosphatases). Using existing inhibitors as a guide, we identify general strategies to guide the development of covalent probes for selected undruggable classes of proteins and propose the application of such compounds to alter immune cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keriann M Backus
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Jian Cao
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sean M Maddox
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, USA
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41
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Mondal S, Thompson PR. Protein Arginine Deiminases (PADs): Biochemistry and Chemical Biology of Protein Citrullination. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:818-832. [PMID: 30844238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are well-known to undergo a variety of post-translational modifications (PTMs). One such PTM is citrullination, an arginine modification that is catalyzed by a group of hydrolases called protein arginine deiminases (PADs). Hundreds of proteins are known to be citrullinated and hypercitrullination is associated with autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), lupus, ulcerative colitis (UC), Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), and certain cancers. In this Account, we summarize our efforts to understand the structure and mechanism of the PADs and to develop small molecule chemical probes of protein citrullination. PAD activity is highly regulated by calcium. Structural studies with PAD2 revealed that calcium-binding occurs in a stepwise fashion and induces a series of dramatic conformational changes to form a catalytically competent active site. These studies also identified the presence of a calcium-switch that controls the overall calcium-dependence and a gatekeeper residue that shields the active site in the absence of calcium. Using biochemical and site-directed mutagenesis studies, we identified the key residues (two aspartates, a cysteine, and a histidine) responsible for catalysis and proposed a general mechanism of citrullination. Although all PADs follow this mechanism, substrate binding to the thiolate or thiol form of the enzyme varies for different isozymes. Substrate-specificity studies revealed that PADs 1-4 prefer peptidyl-arginine over free arginine and certain citrullination sites on a peptide substrate. Using high-throughput screening and activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), we identified several reversible (streptomycin, minocycline, and chlorotetracycline) and irreversible (streptonigrin, NSC 95397) PAD-inhibitors. Screening of a DNA-encoded library and lead-optimization led to the development of GSK199 and GSK484 as highly potent PAD4-selective inhibitors. Furthermore, use of an electrophilic, cysteine-targeted haloacetamidine warhead to mimic the guanidinium group in arginine afforded several mechanism-based pan-PAD-inhibitors including Cl-amidine and BB-Cl-amidine. These compounds are highly efficacious in various animal models, including those mimicking RA, UC, and lupus. Structure-activity relationships identified numerous covalent PAD-inhibitors with different bioavailability, in vivo stability, and isozyme-selectivity (PAD1-selective: D-Cl-amidine; PAD2-selective: compounds 16-20; PAD3-selective: Cl4-amidine; and PAD4-selective: TDFA). Finally, this Account describes the development of PAD-targeted and citrulline-specific chemical probes. While PAD-targeted probes were utilized for identifying off-targets and developing high-throughput inhibitor screening platforms, citrulline-specific probes enabled the proteomic identification of novel diagnostic biomarkers of hypercitrullination-related autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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42
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Insight into Neutrophil Extracellular Traps through Systematic Evaluation of Citrullination and Peptidylarginine Deiminases. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:2160192. [PMID: 30993117 PMCID: PMC6434303 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2160192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune inflammatory arthritis, citrullinated proteins are targeted by autoantibodies and thus thought to drive disease. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a source of citrullinated proteins and are increased in rheumatoid arthritis and therefore also implicated in disease pathogenesis. However, not all NETs are citrullinated. One theory aiming to clarify the intersection of citrullination, NETs, and rheumatoid arthritis suggests that specific stimuli induce different types of NETs defined by citrullination status. However, most studies do not evaluate uncitrullinated NETs, only citrullinated or total NETs. Further, the requirement for peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) 2 and 4, two important citrullinating enzymes in neutrophils and rheumatoid arthritis, in the formation of different NETs has not been clearly defined. To determine if specific stimulants induce citrullinated or uncitrullinated NETs and if those structures require PAD2 or PAD4, human and murine neutrophils, including from PAD4−/− and PAD2−/− mice, were stimulated in vitro and NETs imaged and quantified. In humans, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), ionomycin, monosodium urate (MSU), and Candida albicans induced NETs with MSU and C. albicans inducing primarily citrullinated, PMA primarily uncitrullinated, and ionomycin a mix of NETs. Only ionomycin and C. albicans were strong inducers of NETs in mice with ionomycin-induced NETs mostly citrullinated and C. albicans-induced NETs a mix of citrullinated and uncitrullinated. Interestingly, no stimulus induced exclusively citrullinated or uncitrullinated NETs. Further, PAD4 was required for citrullinated NETs only, whereas PAD2 was not required for either NET in mice. Therefore, specific stimuli induce varying proportions of both citrullinated and uncitrullinated NETs with different requirements for PAD4. These findings highlight the complexity of NET formation and the need to further define the mechanisms by which different NETs form and their implications for autoimmune disease.
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Nagar M, Tilvawala R, Thompson PR. Thioredoxin Modulates Protein Arginine Deiminase 4 (PAD4)-Catalyzed Citrullination. Front Immunol 2019; 10:244. [PMID: 30853960 PMCID: PMC6396667 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein citrullination is a post-translational modification catalyzed by the protein arginine deiminases (PADs). This modification plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of numerous autoimmune disorders including RA. Recently, there has been a growing interest in investigating physiological regulators of PAD activity to understand the primary cause of the associated disorders. Apart from calcium, it is well-documented that a reducing environment activates the PADs. Although the concentration of thioredoxin (hTRX), an oxidoreductase that maintains the cellular reducing environment, is elevated in RA patients, its contribution toward RA progression or PAD activity has not been explored. Herein, we demonstrate that hTRX activates PAD4. Kinetic characterization of PAD4 using hTRX as the reducing agent yielded parameters that are comparable to those obtained with a routinely used non-physiological reducing agent, e.g., DTT, suggesting the importance of hTRX in PAD regulation under physiological conditions. Furthermore, we show that various hTRX mutants, including redox inactive hTRX variants, are capable of activating PAD4. This indicates a mechanism that does not require oxidoreductase activity. Indeed, we observed non-covalent interactions between PAD4 and hTRX variants, and propose that these redox-independent interactions are sufficient for hTRX-mediated PAD4 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Nagar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Ronak Tilvawala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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Peptidylarginine Deiminases Post-Translationally Deiminate Prohibitin and Modulate Extracellular Vesicle Release and MicroRNAs in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010103. [PMID: 30597867 PMCID: PMC6337164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of adult primary malignant brain tumour with poor prognosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a key-mediator through which GBM cells promote a pro-oncogenic microenvironment. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), which catalyze the post-translational protein deimination of target proteins, are implicated in cancer, including via EV modulation. Pan-PAD inhibitor Cl-amidine affected EV release from GBM cells, and EV related microRNA cargo, with reduced pro-oncogenic microRNA21 and increased anti-oncogenic microRNA126, also in combinatory treatment with the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ). The GBM cell lines under study, LN18 and LN229, differed in PAD2, PAD3 and PAD4 isozyme expression. Various cytoskeletal, nuclear and mitochondrial proteins were identified to be deiminated in GBM, including prohibitin (PHB), a key protein in mitochondrial integrity and also involved in chemo-resistance. Post-translational deimination of PHB, and PHB protein levels, were reduced after 1 h treatment with pan-PAD inhibitor Cl-amidine in GBM cells. Histone H3 deimination was also reduced following Cl-amidine treatment. Multifaceted roles for PADs on EV-mediated pathways, as well as deimination of mitochondrial, nuclear and invadopodia related proteins, highlight PADs as novel targets for modulating GBM tumour communication.
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Wan Y, Zhang Z, Ma N, Bi J, Zhang G. Acylamino-Directed Specific Sequential Difunctionalizations of Anilides via Metal-Free Relay Reactions for p-Oxygen and o-Nitrogen Incorporation. J Org Chem 2018; 84:780-791. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yameng Wan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Nana Ma
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Jingjing Bi
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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Liu Y, Lightfoot YL, Seto N, Carmona-Rivera C, Moore E, Goel R, O'Neil L, Mistry P, Hoffmann V, Mondal S, Premnath PN, Gribbons K, Dell'Orso S, Jiang K, Thompson PR, Sun HW, Coonrod SA, Kaplan MJ. Peptidylarginine deiminases 2 and 4 modulate innate and adaptive immune responses in TLR-7-dependent lupus. JCI Insight 2018; 3:124729. [PMID: 30518690 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptidylarginine deiminases PAD2 and PAD4 are implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. PAD4 may be pathogenic in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) through its role in neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation that promotes autoantigen externalization, immune dysregulation, and organ damage. The role of this enzyme in mouse models of autoimmunity remains unclear, as pan-PAD chemical inhibitors improve clinical phenotype, whereas PAD4-KO models have given conflicting results. The role of PAD2 in SLE has not been investigated. The differential roles of PAD2 and PAD4 in TLR-7-dependent lupus autoimmunity were examined. Padi4-/- displayed decreased autoantibodies, type I IFN responses, immune cell activation, vascular dysfunction, and NET immunogenicity. Padi2-/- mice showed abrogation of Th subset polarization, with some disease manifestations reduced compared with WT but to a lesser extent than Padi4-/- mice. RNA sequencing analysis revealed distinct modulation of immune-related pathways in PAD-KO lymphoid organs. Human T cells express both PADs and, when exposed to either PAD2 or PAD4 inhibitors, displayed abrogation of Th1 polarization. These results suggest that targeting PAD2 and/or PAD4 activity modulates dysregulated TLR-7-dependent immune responses in lupus through differential effects of innate and adaptive immunity. Compounds that target PADs may have potential therapeutic roles in T cell-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Liu
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), and
| | - Yaíma L Lightfoot
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), and
| | - Nickie Seto
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), and
| | - Carmelo Carmona-Rivera
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), and
| | - Erica Moore
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), and
| | - Rishi Goel
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), and
| | - Liam O'Neil
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), and
| | - Pragnesh Mistry
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), and
| | - Victoria Hoffmann
- Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Santanu Mondal
- University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Katherine Gribbons
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), and
| | - Stefania Dell'Orso
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, Office of Science and Technology, IRP, NIAMS/ NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kan Jiang
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, Office of Science and Technology, IRP, NIAMS/ NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, Office of Science and Technology, IRP, NIAMS/ NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Scott A Coonrod
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), and
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Barasa L, Yoganathan S. An efficient one-pot conversion of carboxylic acids into benzimidazoles via an HBTU-promoted methodology. RSC Adv 2018; 8:35824-35830. [PMID: 35547918 PMCID: PMC9088178 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07773h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzimidazole is a privileged, and routinely used pharmacophore in the drug discovery process. Herein, we report a mild, acid-free and one-pot synthesis of indole, alkyl and alpha-amino benzimidazoles through a novel HBTU-promoted methodology. An extensive library of indole-carboxylic acids, alkyl carboxylic acids and N-protected alpha-amino acids has been converted into the corresponding benzimidazoles in 80-99% yield. Since alpha-aminobenzimidazoles are highly useful synthons as chiral ligands for chemical catalysis, as well as for drug discovery endeavors, our reported method provides direct access to this scaffold in a simple, one-pot operation from commercially available carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Barasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University Queens NY 11439 USA +1-718-990-5215
| | - Sabesan Yoganathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University Queens NY 11439 USA +1-718-990-5215
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48
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Tjin CC, Wissner RF, Jamali H, Schepartz A, Ellman JA. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of an Indazole-Based Selective Protein Arginine Deiminase 4 (PAD4) Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:1013-1018. [PMID: 30344909 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is a calcium-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of arginine to citrulline within target proteins. Dysregulation of PAD4 has been implicated in a number of human diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases as well as cancer. In this study, we report on the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a new class of haloacetamidine-based compounds as potential PAD4 inhibitors. Specifically, we describe the identification of 4,5,6-trichloroindazole 24 as a highly potent PAD4 inhibitor that displays >10-fold selectivity for PAD4 over PAD3 and >50-fold over PAD1 and PAD2. The efficacy of this compound in cells was determined by measuring the inhibition of PAD4-mediated H4 citrullination in HL-60 granulocytes.
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Nemmara VV, Tilvawala R, Salinger AJ, Miller L, Nguyen SH, Weerapana E, Thompson PR. Citrullination Inactivates Nicotinamide- N-methyltransferase. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2663-2672. [PMID: 30044909 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide- N-methyltransferase (NNMT) catalyzes the irreversible methylation of nicotinamide (NAM) to form N-methyl nicotinamide using S-adenosyl methionine as a methyl donor. NNMT is implicated in several chronic disease conditions, including cancers, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and Parkinson's disease. Although phosphorylation of NNMT in gastric tumors is reported, the functional effects of this post-translational modification has not been investigated. We previously reported that citrullination of NNMT by Protein Arginine Deiminases abolished its methyltransferase activity. Herein, we investigate the mechanism of inactivation. Using tandem mass spectrometry, we identified three sites of citrullination in NNMT. With this information in hand, we used a combination of site-directed mutagenesis, kinetics, and circular dichoism experiments to demonstrate that citrullination of R132 leads to a structural perturbation that ultimately promotes NNMT inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh V. Nemmara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Ronak Tilvawala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Ari J. Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Lacey Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Son Hong Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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50
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Kumar S. Highly Efficient Cell-Penetrating Probes of Protein Arginine Deiminases for Functional Proteomics. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1806-1809. [PMID: 29949677 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminases (PADs) have recently emerged at the forefront of drug-discovery programs for several human disorders. Despite this, a precise understanding of their functional roles in human biology remains to be fully elucidated. This report highlights a recent development of next-generation activity-based PAD probes that are highly efficient, cell active, and metabolically stable. This discovery should rapidly expedite functional assignments of PAD biology in both normal and diseased cells, thereby leading to the development of PAD-targeted therapeutics in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjai Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Queens, NY, 11367, USA.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry and Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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