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Iram F, Shahid M, Ansari J, Ashraf GM, Hassan MI, Islam A. Navigating the Maze of Alzheimer's disease by exploring BACE1: Discovery, current scenario, and future prospects. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 98:102342. [PMID: 38762102 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurological condition that has become a leading cause of cognitive decline in elder individuals. Hardly any effective medication has been developed to halt the progression of AD due to the disease's complexity. Several theories have been put forward to clarify the mechanisms underlying AD etiology. The identification of amyloid plaques as a hallmark of AD has sparked the development of numerous drugs targeting the players involved in the amyloidogenic pathway, such as the β-site of amyloid precursor protein cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1) blockers. Over the last ten years, preclinical and early experimental research has led several pharmaceutical companies to prioritize producing BACE1 inhibitors. Despite all these efforts, earlier discovered inhibitors were discontinued in consideration of another second-generation small molecules and recent BACE1 antagonists failed in the final stages of clinical trials because of the complications associated either with toxicity or effectiveness. In addition to discussing the difficulties associated with development of BACE1 inhibitors, this review aims to provide an overview of BACE1 and offer perspectives on the causes behind the failure of five recent BACE1 inhibitors, that would be beneficial for choosing effective treatment approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Iram
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohammad Shahid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaoud Ansari
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- University of Sharjah, College of Health Sciences, and Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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2
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Sharma V, Chander Sharma P, Reang J, Yadav V, Kumar Tonk R, Majeed J, Sharma K. Impact of GSK-3β and CK-1δ on Wnt signaling pathway in alzheimer disease: A dual target approach. Bioorg Chem 2024; 147:107378. [PMID: 38643562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an enigmatic neurological illness that offers few treatment options. Recent exploration has highlighted the crucial connection of the Wnt signaling pathway in AD pathogenesis, shedding light on potential therapeutic targets. The present study focuses on the dual targeting of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and casein kinase-1δ (CK-1δ) within the framework of the Wnt signaling pathway as a possible technique for AD intervention. GSK-3β and CK-1δ are multifunctional kinases known for their roles in tau hyperphosphorylation, amyloid processing, and synaptic dysfunction, all of which are major hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. They are intricately linked to Wnt signaling, which plays a pivotal part in sustaining neuronal function and synaptic plasticity. Dysregulation of the Wnt pathway in AD contributes to cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. This review delves into the molecular mechanisms by which GSK-3β and CK-1δ impact the Wnt signaling pathway, elucidating their roles in AD pathogenesis. We discuss the potential of small-molecule inhibitors along with their SAR studies along with the multi-targetd approach targeting GSK-3β and CK-1δ to modulate Wnt signaling and mitigate AD-related pathology. In summary, the dual targeting of GSK-3β and CK-1δ within the framework of the Wnt signaling pathway presents an innovative and promising avenue for future AD therapies, offering new hope for patients and caregivers in the quest to combat this challenging condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SPS, DPSRU, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | | | - Jurnal Reang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SPS, DPSRU, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Vivek Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SPS, DPSRU, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar Tonk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SPS, DPSRU, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Jaseela Majeed
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Management, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110017, India.
| | - Kalicharan Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SPS, DPSRU, New Delhi, 110017, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India.
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Romano R, Bucci C. Antisense therapy: a potential breakthrough in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1027-1035. [PMID: 37862205 PMCID: PMC10749614 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of disorders characterized by the progressive degeneration of neurons in the central or peripheral nervous system. Currently, there is no cure for neurodegenerative diseases and this means a heavy burden for patients and the health system worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to find new therapeutic approaches, and antisense therapies offer this possibility, having the great advantage of not modifying cellular genome and potentially being safer. Many preclinical and clinical studies aim to test the safety and effectiveness of antisense therapies in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The objective of this review is to summarize the recent advances in the development of these new technologies to treat the most common neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on those antisense therapies that have already received the approval of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Romano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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4
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Mendes GO, de Araújo Neto MF, Barbosa DB, do Bomfim MR, Andrade LSM, de Carvalho PB, de Oliveira TA, Falkoski DL, Maia EHB, Valle MS, Damázio LCM, da Silva AM, Taranto AG, Leite FHA. Identification of Potential Multitarget Compounds against Alzheimer's Disease through Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1645. [PMID: 38139772 PMCID: PMC10748159 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of cognitive functions, and it is the most prevalent type of dementia worldwide, accounting for 60 to 70% of cases. The pathogenesis of AD seems to involve three main factors: deficiency in cholinergic transmission, formation of extracellular deposits of β-amyloid peptide, and accumulation of deposits of a phosphorylated form of the TAU protein. The currently available drugs are prescribed for symptomatic treatment and present adverse effects such as hepatotoxicity, hypertension, and weight loss. There is urgency in finding new drugs capable of preventing the progress of the disease, controlling the symptoms, and increasing the survival of patients with AD. This study aims to present new multipurpose compounds capable of simultaneously inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)-responsible for recycling acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft-and beta-secretase 1 (BACE-1)-responsible for the generation of amyloid-β plaques. AChE, BChE, and BACE-1 are currently considered the best targets for the treatment of patients with AD. Virtual hierarchical screening based on a pharmacophoric model for BACE-1 inhibitors and a dual pharmacophoric model for AChE and BChE inhibitors were used to filter 214,446 molecules by QFITBACE > 0 and QFITDUAL > 56.34. The molecules selected in this first round were subjected to molecular docking studies with the three targets and further evaluated for their physicochemical and toxicological properties. Three structures: ZINC45068352, ZINC03873986, and ZINC71787288 were selected as good fits for the pharmacophore models, with ZINC03873986 being ultimately prioritized for validation through activity testing and synthesis of derivatives for SAR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géssica Oliveira Mendes
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, BA, Brazil; (G.O.M.); (M.F.d.A.N.); (D.B.B.); (M.R.d.B.)
| | - Moysés Fagundes de Araújo Neto
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, BA, Brazil; (G.O.M.); (M.F.d.A.N.); (D.B.B.); (M.R.d.B.)
| | - Deyse Brito Barbosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, BA, Brazil; (G.O.M.); (M.F.d.A.N.); (D.B.B.); (M.R.d.B.)
| | - Mayra Ramos do Bomfim
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, BA, Brazil; (G.O.M.); (M.F.d.A.N.); (D.B.B.); (M.R.d.B.)
| | - Lorena Silva Matos Andrade
- Laboratory of Chemoinformatics and Biological Assessment, Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, BA, Brazil;
| | | | - Tiago Alves de Oliveira
- Department of Bioengineering, Federal University of São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei 36301-160, MG, Brazil (D.L.F.); (A.G.T.)
- Department of Informatics, Management and Design, Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Divinópolis 35503-822, MG, Brazil; (E.H.B.M.); (A.M.d.S.)
| | - Daniel Luciano Falkoski
- Department of Bioengineering, Federal University of São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei 36301-160, MG, Brazil (D.L.F.); (A.G.T.)
| | - Eduardo Habib Bechelane Maia
- Department of Informatics, Management and Design, Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Divinópolis 35503-822, MG, Brazil; (E.H.B.M.); (A.M.d.S.)
| | - Marcelo Siqueira Valle
- Department of Natural Sciences, Federal University of São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei 36301-160, MG, Brazil;
| | | | - Alisson Marques da Silva
- Department of Informatics, Management and Design, Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Divinópolis 35503-822, MG, Brazil; (E.H.B.M.); (A.M.d.S.)
| | - Alex Gutterres Taranto
- Department of Bioengineering, Federal University of São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei 36301-160, MG, Brazil (D.L.F.); (A.G.T.)
| | - Franco Henrique Andrade Leite
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, BA, Brazil; (G.O.M.); (M.F.d.A.N.); (D.B.B.); (M.R.d.B.)
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Kiran PVR, Waiker DK, Verma A, Saraf P, Bhardwaj B, Kumar H, Singh A, Kumar P, Singh N, Srikrishna S, Trigun SK, Shrivastava SK. Design and development of benzyl piperazine linked 5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione conjugates as potential agents to combat Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106749. [PMID: 37517157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Our present work demonstrates the molecular hybridization-assisted design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 22 benzylpiperazine-linked 1,2,4-triazole compounds (PD1-22) as AD modifying agents. All the compounds were tested for their in vitro hChEs, hBACE-1, and Aβ-aggregation inhibition properties. Among them, compound PD-08 and PD-22 demonstrated good hChE and hBACE-1 inhibition as compared to standards donepezil and rivastigmine. Both compounds displaced PI from PAS at 50 µM concentration which was comparable to donepezil and also demonstrated anti-Aβ aggregation properties in self- and AChE-induced thioflavin T assay. Both compounds have shown excellent BBB permeation via PAMPA-BBB assay and were found to be non-neurotoxic at 80 µM concentration against differentiated SH-SY5Y cell lines. Compound PD-22 demonstrated an increase in rescued eye phenotype in Aβ-phenotypic drosophila AD model and amelioration of behavioral deficits in the Aβ-induced rat model of AD. The in-silico docking studies of compound PD-22 revealed a good binding profile towards CAS and PAS residues of AChE and the catalytic dyad of the BACE-1. The 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation studies of compound PD-22 complexed with AChE and BACE-1 enzymes suggested stable ligand-protein complex throughout the simulation run. Based on our findings compound PD-22 could further be utilized as a lead to design a promising candidate for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pidugu Venkata Ravi Kiran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Digambar Kumar Waiker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Akash Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Poorvi Saraf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Bhagwati Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Hansal Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Abhinav Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Namrata Singh
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Saripella Srikrishna
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Surendra Kumar Trigun
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sushant Kumar Shrivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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6
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Maiuolo J, Costanzo P, Masullo M, D’Errico A, Nasso R, Bonacci S, Mollace V, Oliverio M, Arcone R. Hydroxytyrosol-Donepezil Hybrids Play a Protective Role in an In Vitro Induced Alzheimer's Disease Model and in Neuronal Differentiated Human SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13461. [PMID: 37686262 PMCID: PMC10488223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative pathology among progressive dementias, and it is characterized by the accumulation in the brain of extracellular aggregates of beta-amyloid proteins and neurofibrillary intracellular tangles consisting of τ-hyperphosphorylated proteins. Under normal conditions, beta-amyloid peptides exert important trophic and antioxidant roles, while their massive presence leads to a cascade of events culminating in the onset of AD. The fibrils of beta-amyloid proteins are formed by the process of fibrillogenesis that, starting from individual monomers of beta-amyloid, can generate polymers of this protein, constituting the hypothesis of the "amyloid cascade". To date, due to the lack of pharmacological treatment for AD without toxic side effects, chemical research is directed towards the realization of hybrid compounds that can act as an adjuvant in the treatment of this neurodegenerative pathology. The hybrid compounds used in this work include moieties of a hydroxytyrosol, a nitrohydroxytyrosol, a tyrosol, and a homovanillyl alcohol bound to the N-benzylpiperidine moiety of donepezil, the main drug used in AD. Previous experiments have shown different properties of these hybrids, including low toxicity and antioxidant and chelating activities. The purpose of this work was to test the effects of hybrid compounds mixed with Aβ1-40 to induce fibrillogenesis and mimic AD pathogenesis. This condition has been studied both in test tubes and by an in vitro model of neuronal differentiated human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The results obtained from test tube experiments showed that some hybrids inhibit the activity of the enzymes AChE, BuChE, and BACE-1. Cell experiments suggested that hybrids could inhibit fibrillogenesis, negatively modulating caspase-3. They were also shown to exert antioxidant effects, and the acetylated hybrids were found to be more functional and efficient than nonacetylated forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Maiuolo
- Department of Health Science, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Paola Costanzo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 12C, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Mariorosario Masullo
- Department of Movement Science and Well-Being, University “Parthenope” of Naples, Via Medina, 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Antonio D’Errico
- Department of Movement Science and Well-Being, University “Parthenope” of Naples, Via Medina, 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Rosarita Nasso
- Department of Movement Science and Well-Being, University “Parthenope” of Naples, Via Medina, 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Sonia Bonacci
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy (M.O.)
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Science, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Manuela Oliverio
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy (M.O.)
| | - Rosaria Arcone
- Department of Movement Science and Well-Being, University “Parthenope” of Naples, Via Medina, 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (R.A.)
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Mendes GO, Pita SSDR, Carvalho PBD, Silva MPD, Taranto AG, Leite FHA. Molecular Multi-Target Approach for Human Acetylcholinesterase, Butyrylcholinesterase and β-Secretase 1: Next Generation for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:880. [PMID: 37375827 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by progressive memory loss and other affected cognitive functions. Pharmacological therapy of AD relies on inhibitors of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), offering only a palliative effect and being incapable of stopping or reversing the neurodegenerative process. However, recent studies have shown that inhibiting the enzyme β-secretase 1 (BACE-1) may be able to stop neurodegeneration, making it a promising target. Considering these three enzymatic targets, it becomes feasible to apply computational techniques to guide the identification and planning of molecules capable of binding to all of them. After virtually screening 2119 molecules from a library, 13 hybrids were built and further screened by triple pharmacophoric model, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (t = 200 ns). The selected hybrid G meets all stereo-electronic requirements to bind to AChE, BChE, and BACE-1 and offers a promising structure for future synthesis, enzymatic testing, and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géssica Oliveira Mendes
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Salvador 44036-900, BA, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana, Salvador 44036-900, BA, Brazil
| | - Samuel Silva da Rocha Pita
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana, Salvador 44036-900, BA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Modeling (LaBiMM), Pharmacy College, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Michel Pires da Silva
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Drug Design, Department of Bioengineering, Federal University of Sao Joao del-Rei, São João del-Rei 36301-1601, MG, Brazil
- Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Department of Informatics, Management and Design, R. Álvares de Azevedo, 400, Bela Vista, Divinópolis 35503-822, MG, Brazil
| | - Alex Gutterres Taranto
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Drug Design, Department of Bioengineering, Federal University of Sao Joao del-Rei, São João del-Rei 36301-1601, MG, Brazil
| | - Franco Henrique Andrade Leite
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Salvador 44036-900, BA, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana, Salvador 44036-900, BA, Brazil
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8
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Chen C, Wang X, Xu D, Zhang H, Chan HN, Zhan Z, Jia S, Song Q, Song G, Li HW, Wong MS. Multifunctional theranostic carbazole-based cyanine for real-time imaging of amyloid-β and therapeutic treatment of multiple pathologies in Alzheimer's disease. J Mater Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37161476 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00082f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the synaptic and neuronal loss, which results in cognitive impairment in particular learning and memory. Currently, AD is incurable and no single confirmative test can clinically be used to diagnose AD. In light of the complex and multifactorial nature of AD etiology, the development of multifunctional/multi-target drugs that act on multiple pathological pathways and mechanisms shows great therapeutic potential for intervention of this devastating disease. We report herein a multifunctional theranostic cyanine, SLCOOH, which serves not only as a highly sensitive fluorescent probe for real-time imaging of amyloid-β (Aβ) contents in different age groups of transgenic (Tg) AD mice but also as an effective therapeutic agent for early AD intervention via multiple pathological targets in the AD mouse model. Remarkably, treatment with SLCOOH gives rise to multiple therapeutic benefits, including the amelioration of cognitive decline, a reduction in Aβ levels, a decrease in hyperphosphorylated tau proteins and tau depositions, and the alleviation of synaptic loss and dysfunctions in young triple Tg AD mice. Our results have demonstrated that in addition to superior Aβ imaging capability, SLCOOH exhibits versatile and effective multiple modes of drug action, signifying outstanding therapeutic potential to treat early onset AD. Our work also paves the way for the development of effective Aβ-targeted theranostic agents for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China.
| | - Xueli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China.
- Present address: College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Di Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China.
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China.
| | - Hei-Nga Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China.
| | - Zhonghao Zhan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Shizheng Jia
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Qingting Song
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China.
| | - Guoli Song
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hung-Wing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China.
| | - Man Shing Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China.
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9
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Nisa N, Rasmita B, Arati C, Uditraj C, Siddhartha R, Dinata R, Bhanushree B, Bidanchi RM, Manikandan B, Laskar SA, Abinash G, Pori B, Roy VK, Gurusubramanian G. Repurposing of phyto-ligand molecules from the honey bee products for Alzheimer's disease as novel inhibitors of BACE-1: small molecule bioinformatics strategies as amyloid-based therapy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:51143-51169. [PMID: 36808033 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the neurodegenerative diseases, manifesting dementia, spatial disorientation, language, cognitive, and functional impairment, mainly affects the elderly population with a growing concern about the financial burden on society. Repurposing can improve the traditional progress of drug design applications and could speed up the identification of innovative remedies for AD. The pursuit of potent anti-BACE-1 drugs for AD treatment has become a pot boiler topic in the recent past and to instigate the design of novel improved inhibitors from the bee products. Drug-likeness characteristics (ADMET: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity), docking (AutoDock Vina), simulation (GROMACS), and free energy interaction (MM-PBSA, molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area) analyses were performed to identify the lead candidates from the bee products (500 bioactives from the honey, royal jelly, propolis, bee bread, bee wax, and bee venom) for Alzheimer's disease as novel inhibitors of BACE-1 (beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (1) receptor using appropriate bioinformatics tools. Forty-four bioactive lead compounds were screened from the bee products through high throughput virtual screening on the basis of their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics characteristics, showing favorable intestinal and oral absorption, bioavailability, blood brain barrier penetration, less skin permeability, and no inhibition of cytochrome P450 inhibitors. The docking score of the forty-four ligand molecules was found to be between -4 and -10.3 kcal/mol, respectively, exhibiting strong binding affinity to BACE1 receptor. The highest binding affinity was observed in the rutin (-10.3 kcal/mol), 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (-9.5 kcal/mol), nemorosone (-9.5 kcal/mol), and luteolin (-8.9 kcal/mol). Furthermore, these compounds demonstrated high total binding energy -73.20 to -105.85 kJ/mol), and low root mean square deviation (0.194-0.202 nm), root mean square fluctuation (0.0985-0.1136 nm), radius of gyration (2.12 nm), number of H-bonds (0.778-5.436), and eigenvector values (2.39-3.54 nm2) in the molecular dynamic simulation, signifying restricted motion of Cα atoms, proper folding and flexibility, and highly stable with compact of the BACE1 receptor with the ligands. Docking and simulation studies concluded that rutin, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, nemorosone, and luteolin are plausibly used as novel inhibitors of BACE1 to combat AD, but further in-depth experimental investigations are warranted to prove these in silico findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisekhoto Nisa
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
| | - Borgohain Rasmita
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
| | - Chettri Arati
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
| | - Chetia Uditraj
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
| | | | - Roy Dinata
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
| | - Baishya Bhanushree
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
| | | | - Bose Manikandan
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
| | - Saeed Ahmed Laskar
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
| | - Giri Abinash
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
| | - Buragohain Pori
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
| | - Vikas Kumar Roy
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
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10
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Qiu W, Liu H, Liu Y, Lu X, Wang L, Hu Y, Feng F, Li Q, Sun H. Regulation of beta-amyloid for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Research progress of therapeutic strategies and bioactive compounds. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36945751 DOI: 10.1002/med.21947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is difficult to treat. Extracellular amyloid is the principal pathological criterion for the diagnosis of AD. Amyloid β (Aβ) interacts with various receptor molecules on the plasma membrane and mediates a series of signaling pathways that play a vital role in the occurrence and development of AD. Research on receptors that interact with Aβ is currently ongoing. Overall, there are no effective medications to treat AD. In this review, we first discuss the importance of Aβ in the pathogenesis of AD, then summarize the latest progress of Aβ-related targets and compounds. Finally, we put forward the challenges and opportunities in the development of effective AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Qiu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijun Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyu Hu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Institute of Food and Pharmaceuticals Research, Jiangsu, Huaian, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Martins MM, Branco PS, Ferreira LM. Enhancing the Therapeutic Effect in Alzheimer's Disease Drugs: The role of Polypharmacology and Cholinesterase inhibitors. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202300461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Margarida Martins
- Department of Chemistry NOVA School of Science and Technology Campus da Caparica 2825-149 Caparica Portugal
| | - Paula S. Branco
- Department of Chemistry NOVA School of Science and Technology Campus da Caparica 2825-149 Caparica Portugal
| | - Luísa M. Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry NOVA School of Science and Technology Campus da Caparica 2825-149 Caparica Portugal
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12
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Piperidine Derivatives: Recent Advances in Synthesis and Pharmacological Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032937. [PMID: 36769260 PMCID: PMC9917539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Piperidines are among the most important synthetic fragments for designing drugs and play a significant role in the pharmaceutical industry. Their derivatives are present in more than twenty classes of pharmaceuticals, as well as alkaloids. The current review summarizes recent scientific literature on intra- and intermolecular reactions leading to the formation of various piperidine derivatives: substituted piperidines, spiropiperidines, condensed piperidines, and piperidinones. Moreover, the pharmaceutical applications of synthetic and natural piperidines were covered, as well as the latest scientific advances in the discovery and biological evaluation of potential drugs containing piperidine moiety. This review is designed to help both novice researchers taking their first steps in this field and experienced scientists looking for suitable substrates for the synthesis of biologically active piperidines.
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13
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Monteiro KLC, Dos Santos Alcântara MG, Freire NML, Brandão EM, do Nascimento VL, Dos Santos Viana LM, de Aquino TM, da Silva-Júnior EF. BACE-1 Inhibitors Targeting Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 20:131-148. [PMID: 37309767 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230612155953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) is the main event related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Over the years, several disease-modulating approaches have been reported, but without clinical success. The amyloid cascade hypothesis evolved and proposed essential targets such as tau protein aggregation and modulation of β-secretase (β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 - BACE-1) and γ-secretase proteases. BACE-1 cuts the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to release the C99 fragment, giving rise to several Aβ peptide species during the subsequent γ-secretase cleavage. In this way, BACE-1 has emerged as a clinically validated and attractive target in medicinal chemistry, as it plays a crucial role in the rate of Aβ generation. In this review, we report the main results of candidates in clinical trials such as E2609, MK8931, and AZD-3293, in addition to highlighting the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic-related effects of the inhibitors already reported. The current status of developing new peptidomimetic, non-peptidomimetic, naturally occurring, and other class inhibitors are demonstrated, considering their main limitations and lessons learned. The goal is to provide a broad and complete approach to the subject, exploring new chemical classes and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadja Luana Chagas Monteiro
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Marcone Gomes Dos Santos Alcântara
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Monteiro Lins Freire
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Esaú Marques Brandão
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Lima do Nascimento
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Líbni Maísa Dos Santos Viana
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mendonça de Aquino
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Edeildo Ferreira da Silva-Júnior
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
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14
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Kaur G, Goyal B. Deciphering the Molecular Mechanism of Inhibition of β‐Secretase (BACE1) Activity by a 2‐Amino‐imidazol‐4‐one Derivative. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gurmeet Kaur
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology Patiala 147004 Punjab India
| | - Bhupesh Goyal
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology Patiala 147004 Punjab India
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15
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Inoue M, Higashi T, Hayashi Y, Onodera R, Fujisawa K, Taharabaru T, Yokoyama R, Ouchi K, Misumi Y, Ueda M, Inoue Y, Mizuguchi M, Saito T, Saido TC, Ando Y, Arima H, Motoyama K, Jono H. Multifunctional Therapeutic Cyclodextrin-Appended Dendrimer Complex for Treatment of Systemic and Localized Amyloidosis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:40599-40611. [PMID: 36052562 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Amyloidosis pathologically proceeds via production of amyloidogenic proteins by organs, formation of protein aggregates through structural changes, and their deposition on tissues. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that amyloidosis generally develops through three critical pathological steps: (1) production of amyloid precursor proteins, (2) amyloid formation, and (3) amyloid deposition. However, no clinically effective therapy that is capable of targeting each pathological step of amyloidosis independently is currently available. Here, we combined therapeutic effects and developed a short hairpin RNA expression vector (shRNA) complex with a cyclodextrin-appended cationic dendrimer (CDE) as a novel multitarget therapeutic drug that is capable of simultaneously suppressing these three steps. We evaluated its therapeutic effects on systemic transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis and Alzheimer's disease (AD) as localized amyloidosis, by targeting TTR and amyloid β, respectively. CDE/shRNA exhibited RNAi effects to suppress amyloid protein production and also achieved both inhibition of amyloid formation and disruption of existing amyloid fibrils. The multitarget therapeutic effects of CDE/shRNA were confirmed by evaluating TTR deposition reduction in early- and late-onset human ATTR amyloidosis model rats and amyloid β deposition reduction in AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F AD model mice. Thus, the CDE/shRNA complex exhibits multifunctional therapeutic efficacy and may reveal novel strategies for establishing curative treatments for both systemic and localized amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Inoue
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Program for Leading Graduate Schools "Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented (HIGO) Program", Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Taishi Higashi
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yuya Hayashi
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Risako Onodera
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kazuya Fujisawa
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Toru Taharabaru
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Ryoma Yokoyama
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kenta Ouchi
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yohei Misumi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Ueda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Inoue
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Mineyuki Mizuguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yukio Ando
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Department of Amyloidosis Research, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch-machi, Sasebo-shi, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Arima
- Laboratory of Evidence-Based Pharmacotherapy, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-machi, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511 Japan
| | - Keiichi Motoyama
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Jono
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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16
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New Drug Design Avenues Targeting Alzheimer's Disease by Pharmacoinformatics-Aided Tools. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091914. [PMID: 36145662 PMCID: PMC9503559 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) have been of great interest to scientists for a long time due to their multifactorial character. Among these pathologies, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is of special relevance, and despite the existence of approved drugs for its treatment, there is still no efficient pharmacological therapy to stop, slow, or repair neurodegeneration. Existing drugs have certain disadvantages, such as lack of efficacy and side effects. Therefore, there is a real need to discover new drugs that can deal with this problem. However, as AD is multifactorial in nature with so many physiological pathways involved, the most effective approach to modulate more than one of them in a relevant manner and without undesirable consequences is through polypharmacology. In this field, there has been significant progress in recent years in terms of pharmacoinformatics tools that allow the discovery of bioactive molecules with polypharmacological profiles without the need to spend a long time and excessive resources on complex experimental designs, making the drug design and development pipeline more efficient. In this review, we present from different perspectives how pharmacoinformatics tools can be useful when drug design programs are designed to tackle complex diseases such as AD, highlighting essential concepts, showing the relevance of artificial intelligence and new trends, as well as different databases and software with their main results, emphasizing the importance of coupling wet and dry approaches in drug design and development processes.
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17
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Wu Q, Li X, Jiang XW, Yao D, Zhou LJ, Xu ZH, Wang N, Zhao QC, Zhang Z. Yuan-Zhi decoction in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: An integrated approach based on chemical profiling, network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental evaluation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:893244. [PMID: 36091836 PMCID: PMC9451491 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.893244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Yuan-Zhi Decoction (YZD) is a traditional Chinese medical formulation with demonstrated clinical benefits in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We used liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to identify 27 unique chemical components of YZD. Analyzing these using network pharmacology and molecular docking models identified 34 potential interacting molecular targets involved in 26 biochemical pathways. When tested in an animal model of AD, the APP/PS1 transgenic mice showed measurable improvements in spatial orientation and memory after the administration of YZD. These improvements coincided with significantly reduced deposition of Aβ plaques and tau protein in the hippocampi in the treated animals. In addition, a decreased BACE1 and beta-amyloid levels, a downregulation of the p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β, and an upregulation of the PI3K and p-AKT/AKT pathway was seen in YZD treated animals. These in vivo changes validated the involvement of molecular targets and pathways predicted in silico analysis of the chemical components of YZD. This study provides scientific support for the clinical use of YZD and justifies further investigations into its effects in AD. Furthermore, it demonstrates the utility of network pharmacology in elucidating the biochemical mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Jiang
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhou
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zi-Hua Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing-Chun Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhou Zhang, ; Qing-Chun Zhao,
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhou Zhang, ; Qing-Chun Zhao,
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18
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Toropov AA, Toropova AP, Achary PGR, Raškova M, Raška I. The searching for agents for Alzheimer's disease treatment via the system of self-consistent models. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 32:549-557. [PMID: 35287529 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2053918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Robust quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for hBACE-1 inhibitors (pIC50) for a large database (n = 1706) are established. New statistical criteria of the predictive potential of models are suggested and tested. These criteria are the index of ideality of correlation (IIC) and the correlation intensity index (CII). The system of self-consistent models is a new approach to validate the predictive potential of QSAR-models. The statistical quality of models obtained using the CORAL software (http://www.insilico.eu/coral) for the validation sets is characterized by the average determination coefficient R2v= 0.923, and RMSE =0.345. Three new promising molecular structures which can become inhibitors hBACE-1 are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Toropov
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Alla P Toropova
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - P Ganga Raju Achary
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technical Education and Research(ITER), Siksha 'O'Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751030, India
| | - Maria Raškova
- 3rd Medical Department, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 1, 12808 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Raška
- 3rd Medical Department, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 1, 12808 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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19
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Taoka BM, Wu WL, Hao J, Dolmaski M, Wang H, Levorse D, Orth P, Hyde LA, Smith B, Michener MS, Kennedy ME, Parker EM, Cumming JN. Design and discovery of C2-fluoroalkyl iminothiazine dioxides as BACE inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 56:128463. [PMID: 34838652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the structure-activity-relationships of novel fluoroalkyl substituents at the C2 position of iminothiazine dioxide beta secretase inhibitors. Key discoveries include reduced amidine basicity and its effect on Pgp, cell potency, and efficacy in various preclinical in vivo efficacy animal models. Findings from these structure-activity-relationships are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Taoka
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Wen-Lian Wu
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Jinsong Hao
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Martin Dolmaski
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Hongwu Wang
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Dorthy Levorse
- Department of Preclinical Development, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Peter Orth
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Lynn A Hyde
- Department of Neuroscience, Safety and Laboratory Animal Research, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Brad Smith
- Department of Safety and Laboratory Animal Research MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Maria S Michener
- Department of Safety and Laboratory Animal Research MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Matthew E Kennedy
- Department of Neuroscience, Safety and Laboratory Animal Research, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Eric M Parker
- Department of Neuroscience, Safety and Laboratory Animal Research, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Jared N Cumming
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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20
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From virtual screening hits targeting a cryptic pocket in BACE-1 to a nontoxic brain permeable multitarget anti-Alzheimer lead with disease-modifying and cognition-enhancing effects. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113779. [PMID: 34418785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Starting from six potential hits identified in a virtual screening campaign directed to a cryptic pocket of BACE-1, at the edge of the catalytic cleft, we have synthesized and evaluated six hybrid compounds, designed to simultaneously reach BACE-1 secondary and catalytic sites and to exert additional activities of interest for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have identified a lead compound with potent in vitro activity towards human BACE-1 and cholinesterases, moderate Aβ42 and tau antiaggregating activity, and brain permeability, which is nontoxic in neuronal cells and zebrafish embryos at concentrations above those required for the in vitro activities. This compound completely restored short- and long-term memory in a mouse model of AD (SAMP8) relative to healthy control strain SAMR1, shifted APP processing towards the non-amyloidogenic pathway, reduced tau phosphorylation, and increased the levels of synaptic proteins PSD95 and synaptophysin, thereby emerging as a promising disease-modifying, cognition-enhancing anti-AD lead.
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21
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Wu C, Zhang G, Zhang ZW, Jiang X, Zhang Z, Li H, Qin HL, Tang W. Structure-activity relationship, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of novel dienyl sulphonyl fluorides as selective BuChE inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1860-1873. [PMID: 34425715 PMCID: PMC8386747 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1959571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To discover novel scaffolds as leads against dementia, a series of δ-aryl-1,3-dienesulfonyl fluorides with α-halo, α-aryl and α-alkynyl were assayed for ChE inhibitory activity, in which compound A10 was identified as a selective BuChE inhibitor (IC50 = 0.021 μM for eqBChE, 3.62 μM for hBuChE). SAR of BuChE inhibition showed: (i) o- > m- > p-; -OCH3 > -CH3 > -Cl (-Br) for δ-aryl; (ii) α-Br > α-Cl, α-I. Compound A10 exhibited neuroprotective, BBB penetration, mixed competitive inhibitory effect on BuChE (Ki = 29 nM), and benign neural and hepatic safety. Treatment with A10 could almost entirely recover the Aβ1-42-induced cognitive dysfunction to the normal level, and the assessment of total amount of Aβ1-42 confirmed its anti-amyloidogenic profile. Therefore, the potential BuChE inhibitor A10 is a promising effective lead for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guijuan Zhang
- Management Center of Anhui Continuing Education Network Park, Anhui Open University, Hefei, China
| | - Zai-Wei Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ziwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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22
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Investigation of glutathione as a natural antioxidant and multitarget inhibitor for Alzheimer’s disease: Insights from molecular simulations. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Shaik JB, Kandrakonda YR, Kallubai M, Gajula NN, Dubey S, Aramati BMR, Subramanyam R, Amooru GD. Deciphering the AChE-binding mechanism with multifunctional tricyclic coumarin anti-Alzheimer's agents using biophysical and bioinformatics approaches and evaluation of their modulating effect on Amyloidogenic peptide assembly. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1409-1420. [PMID: 34740688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Investigating the drug-AChE binding mechanism is vital in understanding its cogent use in medical practice against Alzheimer's disease (AD). The production and accumulation of oligomers of β-amyloid is a central event in the neuropathology of AD. Beside the inhibition of assembly process, modulation of the aggregation process of these proteins towards minimally toxic pathways may be a possible therapeutic strategy for AD. Hence, the present study aims to examine the effect of multifunctional fused tricyclic 7-hydroxy 4-methyl coumarin analogs (HMC1-5) on the self-induced aggregation of β-amyloid using Thioflavin T (ThT) assay, scanning electron microscopic study, AlamarBlue and immune blotting assays and also the binding mechanism with AChE by fluorescence emission, conformational, molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies under physiological pH 7.4. The ThT assay, FE-SEM study, cell line and western blots establish that the HMC1-5 molecules could irreversibly disrupt preformed Aβ42 fibrils, accelerate the aggregates into micro size co-assembled structures, and effectively eliminate the cytotoxicity of Aβ1-42. Fluorescence emission studies indicating a strong binding affinity between HMC1-5 and AChE with the binding constants of 1.04 × 105, 3.57 × 104, 1.97 × 104, 3.07 × 104 and 2.95 × 104 M-1, respectively and binding sites number found to be 1. CD studies disclosed a partial unfolding in the secondary structure of AChE upon binding with HMC1-5. Docking analysis inferred that the HMC1-5 were bound through hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions to the AChE active site. Molecular dynamics simulations emphasized the stability of AChE-HMC1-5 complexes throughout the 100 ns simulations, and the local conformational changes of the residues of AChE validate the stability of complexes. These results provide new and unique complementary approach for modulating the biological effects of the Aβ aggregates by coumarin analogs and new insights for further in vivo investigations as novel anti AD agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeelan Basha Shaik
- Department of Chemistry, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Monika Kallubai
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Navya Naidu Gajula
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Shreya Dubey
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | | | - Rajagopal Subramanyam
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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Kim TK, Hong JM, Kim KH, Han SJ, Kim IC, Oh H, Yim JH. Potential of Ramalin and Its Derivatives for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2021; 26:6445. [PMID: 34770857 PMCID: PMC8588271 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still unclear, and presently there is no cure for the disease that can be used for its treatment or to stop its progression. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of ramalin (isolated from the Antarctic lichen, Ramalina terebrata), which exhibits various physiological activities, in AD. Specifically, derivatives were synthesized based on the structure of ramalin, which has a strong antioxidant effect, BACE-1 inhibition activity, and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, ramalin and its derivatives exhibit activity against multiple targets associated with AD and can serve as potential therapeutic agents for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Kyoung Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (T.K.K.); (J.-M.H.); (K.H.K.); (S.J.H.); (I.-C.K.)
| | - Ju-Mi Hong
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (T.K.K.); (J.-M.H.); (K.H.K.); (S.J.H.); (I.-C.K.)
| | - Kyung Hee Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (T.K.K.); (J.-M.H.); (K.H.K.); (S.J.H.); (I.-C.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Hanseo University, Seosan 31962, Korea
| | - Se Jong Han
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (T.K.K.); (J.-M.H.); (K.H.K.); (S.J.H.); (I.-C.K.)
| | - Il-Chan Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (T.K.K.); (J.-M.H.); (K.H.K.); (S.J.H.); (I.-C.K.)
| | - Hyuncheol Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea;
| | - Joung Han Yim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (T.K.K.); (J.-M.H.); (K.H.K.); (S.J.H.); (I.-C.K.)
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25
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Rea Martinez J, Šelo G, Fernández-Arche MÁ, Bermudez B, García-Giménez MD. Dual Role of Phenyl Amides from Hempseed on BACE 1, PPARγ, and PGC-1α in N2a-APP Cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:2447-2453. [PMID: 34460260 PMCID: PMC8610369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD) the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques in the brain leads to neuroinflammation, neuronal cell dysfunction, and progressive memory loss. Therefore, blocking the formation of Aβ plaques has emerged as one of the most promising strategies to develop AD treatments. Hempseed is widely used as a food, and recently its compounds have shown beneficial effects on neuroinflammation. The objective of this study was to investigate whether a fraction rich in phenyl amide compounds, N-trans-caffeoyltyramine (CAFT) and N-trans-coumaroyltyramine (CUMT), can affect gene expression: β-site amyloid-precursor-protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE 1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR γ), and PPARγ-coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in N2a-APP cells. The mRNA levels were measured using RT-qPCR. The ethyl acetate fraction and CAFT were found to reduce BACE1 gene expression and are promissory PPARγ and PGC-1α natural agonists. The results show that hempseed compounds can inhibit the expression of BACE 1, which is involved in the accumulation of Aβ plaques and positively affect transcription factors involved in complex and diverse biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Rea Martinez
- Department
of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Seville, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gordana Šelo
- Department
of Process Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | | | - Beatriz Bermudez
- Department
of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Ugbaja S, Lawal I, Kumalo H, Lawal M. Alzheimer's Disease and β-Secretase Inhibition: An Update With a Focus on Computer-Aided Inhibitor Design. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:266-285. [PMID: 34370634 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210809100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an intensifying neurodegenerative illness due to its irreversible nature. Identification of β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme1 (BACE1) has been a significant medicinal focus towards AD treatment, and this has opened ground for several investigations. Despite the numerous works in this direction, no BACE1 inhibitor has made it to the final approval stage as an anti-AD drug. METHOD We provide an introductory background of the subject with a general overview of the pathogenesis of AD. The review features BACE1 inhibitor design and development with a focus on some clinical trials and discontinued drugs. Using the topical keywords BACE1, inhibitor design, and computational/theoretical study in the Web of Science and Scopus database, we retrieved over 49 relevant articles. The search years are from 2010 and 2020, with analysis conducted from May 2020 to March 2021. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Researchers have employed computational methodologies to unravel potential BACE1 inhibitors with a significant outcome. The most used computer-aided approach in BACE1 inhibitor design and binding/interaction studies are pharmacophore development, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), virtual screening, docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. These methods, plus more advanced ones including quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) and QM, have proven substantial in the computational framework for BACE1 inhibitor design. Computational chemists have embraced the incorporation of in vitro assay to provide insight into the inhibition performance of identified molecules with potential inhibition towards BACE1. Significant IC50 values up to 50 nM, better than clinical trial compounds, are available in the literature. CONCLUSION The continuous failure of potent BACE1 inhibitors at clinical trials is attracting many queries prompting researchers to investigate newer concepts necessary for effective inhibitor design. The considered properties for efficient BACE1 inhibitor design seem enormous and require thorough scrutiny. Lately, researchers noticed that besides appreciable binding affinity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation, BACE1 inhibitor must show low or no affinity for permeability-glycoprotein. Computational modeling methods have profound applications in drug discovery strategy. With the volume of recent in silico studies on BACE1 inhibition, the prospect of identifying potent molecules that would reach the approved level is feasible. Investigators should try pushing many of the identified BACE1 compounds with significant anti-AD properties to preclinical and clinical trial stages. We also advise computational research on allosteric inhibitor design, exosite modeling, and multisite inhibition of BACE1. These alternatives might be a solution to BACE1 drug discovery in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ugbaja
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Isiaka Lawal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied and Computer Science, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Boulevard, 1900, Vanderbijlpark, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hezekiel Kumalo
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Monsurat Lawal
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Vilela AFL, Narciso Dos Reis VE, Cardoso CL. Co-Immobilized Capillary Enzyme Reactor Based on Beta-Secretase1 and Acetylcholinesterase: A Model for Dual-Ligand Screening. Front Chem 2021; 9:708374. [PMID: 34307303 PMCID: PMC8295500 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.708374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a dual enzymatic system assay involving liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) to screen AChE and BACE1 ligands. A fused silica capillary (30 cm × 0.1 mm i.d. × 0.362 mm e.d.) was used as solid support. The co-immobilization procedure encompassed two steps and random immobilization. The resulting huAChE+BACE1-ICER/MS was characterized by using acetylcholine (ACh) and JMV2236 as substrates. The best conditions for the dual enzymatic system assay were evaluated and compared to the conditions of the individual enzymatic system assays. Analysis was performed in series for each enzyme. The kinetic parameters (KMapp) and inhibition assays were evaluated. To validate the system, galantamine and a β-secretase inhibitor were employed as standard inhibitors, which confirmed that the developed screening assay was able to identify reference ligands and to provide quantitative parameters. The combination of these two enzymes in a single on-line system allowed possible multi-target inhibitors to be screened and identified. The innovative huAChE+BACE1-ICER/MS dual enzymatic system reported herein proved to be a reliable tool to identify and to characterize hit ligands for AChE and BACE1 in an enzymatic competitive environment. This innovative system assay involved lower costs; measured the product from enzymatic hydrolysis directly by MS; enabled immediate recovery of the enzymatic activity; showed specificity, selectivity, and sensitivity; and mimicked the cellular process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ferreira Lopes Vilela
- Departamento de Química, Grupo de Cromatografia de Bioafinidade e Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vitor Eduardo Narciso Dos Reis
- Departamento de Química, Grupo de Cromatografia de Bioafinidade e Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carmen Lúcia Cardoso
- Departamento de Química, Grupo de Cromatografia de Bioafinidade e Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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28
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Godyń J, Zaręba P, Łażewska D, Stary D, Reiner-Link D, Frank A, Latacz G, Mogilski S, Kaleta M, Doroz-Płonka A, Lubelska A, Honkisz-Orzechowska E, Olejarz-Maciej A, Handzlik J, Stark H, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Malawska B, Bajda M. Cyanobiphenyls: Novel H 3 receptor ligands with cholinesterase and MAO B inhibitory activity as multitarget compounds for potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105129. [PMID: 34217977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and incurable illness that requires the urgent approval of new effective drugs. However, since 2003, no new molecules have shown successful results in clinical trials, thereby making the common "one compound - one target" paradigm questionable. Recently, the multitarget-directed ligand (MTDL) approach has gained popularity, as compounds targeting at least two biological targets may be potentially more effective in treating AD. On the basis of these findings, we designed, synthesized, and evaluated through biological assays a series of derivatives of alicyclic amines linked by an alkoxy bridge to an aromatic lipophilic moiety of [1,1'-biphenyl]-4-carbonitrile. The research results revealed promising biological activity of the obtained compounds toward the chosen targets involved in AD pathophysiology; the compounds showed high affinity (mostly low nanomolar range of Ki values) for human histamine H3 receptors (hH3R) and good nonselective inhibitory potency (micromolar range of IC50 values) against acetylcholinesterase from electric eel (eeAChE) and equine serum butyrylcholinesterase (eqBuChE). Moreover, micromolar/submicromolar potency against human monoamine oxidase B (hMAO B) was detected for some compounds. The study identified compound 5 as a multiple hH3R/eeAChE/eqBuChE/hMAO B ligand (5: hH3R Ki = 9.2 nM; eeAChE IC50 = 2.63 µM; eqBuChE IC50 = 1.30 µM; hMAO B IC50 = 0.60 µM). Further in vitro studies revealed that compound 5 exhibits a mixed type of eeAChE and eqBuChE inhibition, good metabolic stability, and moderate hepatotoxicity effect on HepG2 cells. Finally, compound 5 showed a beneficial effect on scopolamine-induced memory impairments, as assessed by the passive avoidance test, thus revealing the potential of this compound as a promising agent for further optimization for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Godyń
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Paula Zaręba
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Dorota Łażewska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Dorota Stary
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - David Reiner-Link
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Annika Frank
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Szczepan Mogilski
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland
| | - Maria Kaleta
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Agata Doroz-Płonka
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Annamaria Lubelska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Ewelina Honkisz-Orzechowska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Olejarz-Maciej
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Handzlik
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Barbara Malawska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland
| | - Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Krakow 30-688, Poland.
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Li B, Barnhart RW, Dion A, Guinness S, Happe A, Hayward CM, Kohrt J, Makowski T, Maloney M, Nelson JD, Nematalla A, McWilliams JC, Peng Z, Raggon J, Sagal J, Weisenburger GA, Bao D, Gonzalez M, Lu J, McLaws MD, Tao J, Wu B. Process Development of a Second Generation β-Amyloid-Cleaving Enzyme Inhibitor—Improving the Robustness of a Halogen-Metal Exchange Using Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Li
- Chemical Research & Development, Worldwide Research Development & Medical, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Chemical Research & Development La Jolla Laboratory, Worldwide Research Development & Medical, Pfizer Inc., Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Richard W. Barnhart
- Chemical Research & Development, Worldwide Research Development & Medical, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amelie Dion
- Chemical Research & Development, Worldwide Research Development & Medical, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Steven Guinness
- Chemical Research & Development, Worldwide Research Development & Medical, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Alan Happe
- Chemical Research & Development Worldwide Research Development & Medical, Pfizer Inc., Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9ND, U.K
| | - Cheryl M. Hayward
- Chemical Research & Development, Worldwide Research Development & Medical, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeffrey Kohrt
- Chemical Research & Development, Worldwide Research Development & Medical, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Teresa Makowski
- Chemical Research & Development, Worldwide Research Development & Medical, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark Maloney
- Chemical Research & Development, Worldwide Research Development & Medical, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jade D. Nelson
- Chemical Research & Development, Worldwide Research Development & Medical, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Asaad Nematalla
- Chemical Research & Development, Worldwide Research Development & Medical, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - J. Christopher McWilliams
- Chemical Research & Development, Worldwide Research Development & Medical, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Zhihui Peng
- Chemical Research & Development, Worldwide Research Development & Medical, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeffrey Raggon
- Chemical Research & Development, Worldwide Research Development & Medical, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John Sagal
- Chemical Research & Development, Worldwide Research Development & Medical, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gerald A. Weisenburger
- Chemical Research & Development, Worldwide Research Development & Medical, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Denghui Bao
- Asymchem Life Science Co. Limited, No. 71, 7th Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Miguel Gonzalez
- Asymchem Life Science Co. Limited, No. 71, 7th Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jiangping Lu
- Asymchem Life Science Co. Limited, No. 71, 7th Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Mark D. McLaws
- Asymchem Life Science Co. Limited, No. 71, 7th Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jian Tao
- Asymchem Life Science Co. Limited, No. 71, 7th Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Baolin Wu
- Asymchem Life Science Co. Limited, No. 71, 7th Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
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30
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Design, synthesis and in-vitro evaluation of fluorinated triazoles as multi-target directed ligands for Alzheimer disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 42:127999. [PMID: 33839248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease is multi-factorial and inflammation plays a major role in the disease progression and severity. Metals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the key mediators for inflammatory conditions associated with Alzheimer's. Along multi-factorial nature, major challenge for developing new drug is the ability of the molecule to cross blood brain barrier (BBB). We have designed and synthesized multi-target directed hexafluorocarbinol containing triazoles to inhibit Amyloid β aggregation and simultaneously chelate the excess metals present in the extracellular space and scavenge the ROS thus reduce the inflammatory condition. From the screened compound library, compound 1c found to be potent and safe. It has demonstrated inhibition of Amyloid β aggregation (IC50 of 4.6 μM) through selective binding with Amyloid β at the nucleation site (evidenced from the molecular docking). It also chelate metals (Cu+2, Zn+2 and Fe+3) and scavenges ROS significantly. Due to the presence of hexafluorocarbinol moiety in the molecule it may assist to permeate BBB and improve the pharmacokinetic properties. The in-vitro results of compound 1c indicate the promiscuity for the development of hexafluorocarbinol containing triazoles amide scaffold as multi-target directed therapy against Alzheimer disease.
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31
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Dual-target compounds for Alzheimer's disease: Natural and synthetic AChE and BACE-1 dual-inhibitors and their structure-activity relationship (SAR). Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113492. [PMID: 33984802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease and represents the major cause of dementia worldwide. Currently, there are no available treatments capable to deliver disease-modifying effects, and the available drugs can only alleviate the symptoms. The exact pathology of AD is not yet fully understood and several hallmarks such as the presence of amyloid-β (Aβ) senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) as well as the loss of cholinergic function have been associated to AD. Distinct pharmacological targets have been validated to address AD, with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-secretase-1 (BACE-1) being two of the most explored ones. A great deal of research has been devoted to the development of new AChE and BACE-1 effective inhibitors, tackled separately or in combination of both. The multi-factorial nature of AD conducted to the development of multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs), defined as single molecules capable to modulate more than one biological target, as an alternative approach to the old paradigm one-target one-drug. In this context, this review describes a collection of natural and synthetic compounds with dual-inhibitory properties towards both AChE and BACE-1 in the MTDLs context. Furthermore, this review also provides a critical comprehensive analysis of structure-activity relationships (SAR) of the synthetic compounds.
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32
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Aslam M, Mohandoss S, Subramanian P, You S, Yang WG, Kim SH, Lee YR. Indium-Catalyzed Aromative Spiro Coupling of Quinones with Oxindoles for Highly Functionalized Xanthenes as Efficient Fluorophores. Org Lett 2021; 23:1383-1387. [PMID: 33529042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A convenient and an efficient protocol for the assembly of diverse xanthenes bearing a biologically interesting oxindole nucleus is developed by utilizing the In(III)-catalyzed spiro coupling of 1,4-benzoquinones or 1,4-naphthoquinones with oxindoles. This novel protocol proceeds via a cascade of double Michael additions and intramolecular cyclization. The synthesized compounds have potential use as fluorophores for the selective imaging of heavy metals in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aslam
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sonaimuthu Mohandoss
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Palanisamy Subramanian
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneungdaehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - SangGuan You
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120 Gangneungdaehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Guen Yang
- Analysis Research Division, Daegu Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hong Kim
- Analysis Research Division, Daegu Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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33
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Kepchia D, Currais A, Dargusch R, Finley K, Schubert D, Maher P. Geroprotective effects of Alzheimer's disease drug candidates. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:3269-3289. [PMID: 33550278 PMCID: PMC7906177 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Geroprotectors are compounds that slow the biological aging process in model organisms and may therefore extend healthy lifespan in humans. It is hypothesized that they do so by preserving the more youthful function of multiple organ systems. However, this hypothesis has rarely been tested in any organisms besides C. elegans and D. melanogaster. To determine if two life-extending compounds for Drosophila maintain a more youthful phenotype in old mice, we asked if they had anti-aging effects in both the brain and kidney. We utilized rapidly aging senescence-accelerated SAMP8 mice to investigate age-associated protein level alterations in these organs. The test compounds were two cognition-enhancing Alzheimer's disease drug candidates, J147 and CMS121. Mice were fed the compounds in the last quadrant of their lifespan, when they have cognitive deficits and are beginning to develop CKD. Both compounds improved physiological markers for brain and kidney function. However, these two organs had distinct, tissue-specific protein level alterations that occurred with age, but in both cases, drug treatments restored a more youthful level. These data show that geroprotective AD drug candidates J147 and CMS121 prevent age-associated disease in both brain and kidney, and that their apparent mode of action in each tissue is distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Kepchia
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Antonio Currais
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard Dargusch
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kim Finley
- Donald P. Shiley BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92115, USA
| | - David Schubert
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pamela Maher
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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34
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Zhu H, Dronamraju V, Xie W, More SS. Sulfur-containing therapeutics in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Med Chem Res 2021; 30:305-352. [PMID: 33613018 PMCID: PMC7889054 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur is widely existent in natural products and synthetic organic compounds as organosulfur, which are often associated with a multitude of biological activities. OBenzothiazole, in which benzene ring is fused to the 4,5-positions of the thiazolerganosulfur compounds continue to garner increasing amounts of attention in the field of medicinal chemistry, especially in the development of therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a fatal neurodegenerative disease and the primary cause of age-related dementia posing severe societal and economic burdens. Unfortunately, there is no cure for AD. A lot of research has been conducted on sulfur-containing compounds in the context of AD due to their innate antioxidant potential and some are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. In this review, we have described emerging trends in the field, particularly the concept of multi-targeting and formulation of disease-modifying strategies. SAR, pharmacological targets, in vitro/vivo ADMET, efficacy in AD animal models, and applications in clinical trials of such sulfur compounds have also been discussed. This article provides a comprehensive review of organosulfur-based AD therapeutic agents and provides insights into their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhou Zhu
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Venkateshwara Dronamraju
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Wei Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Swati S. More
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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35
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Gao K, Nguyen DD, Tu M, Wei GW. Generative Network Complex for the Automated Generation of Drug-like Molecules. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:5682-5698. [PMID: 32686938 PMCID: PMC8142330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Current drug discovery is expensive and time-consuming. It remains a challenging task to create a wide variety of novel compounds that not only have desirable pharmacological properties but also are cheaply available to low-income people. In this work, we develop a generative network complex (GNC) to generate new drug-like molecules based on the multiproperty optimization via the gradient descent in the latent space of an autoencoder. In our GNC, both multiple chemical properties and similarity scores are optimized to generate drug-like molecules with desired chemical properties. To further validate the reliability of the predictions, these molecules are reevaluated and screened by independent 2D fingerprint-based predictors to come up with a few hundreds of new drug candidates. As a demonstration, we apply our GNC to generate a large number of new BACE1 inhibitors, as well as thousands of novel alternative drug candidates for eight existing market drugs, including Ceritinib, Ribociclib, Acalabrutinib, Idelalisib, Dabrafenib, Macimorelin, Enzalutamide, and Panobinostat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifu Gao
- Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Duc Duy Nguyen
- Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Meihua Tu
- Pfizer Medicine Design, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Guo-Wei Wei
- Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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36
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De Simone A, Tumiatti V, Andrisano V, Milelli A. Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β: A New Gold Rush in Anti-Alzheimer's Disease Multitarget Drug Discovery? J Med Chem 2020; 64:26-41. [PMID: 33346659 PMCID: PMC8016207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Alzheimer’s
disease (AD), like other multifactorial diseases,
is the result of a systemic breakdown of different physiological networks.
As result, several lines of evidence suggest that it could be more
efficiently tackled by molecules directed toward different dysregulated
biochemical targets or pathways. In this context, the selection of
targets to which the new molecules will be directed is crucial. For
years, the design of such multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) has
been based on the selection of main targets involved in the “cholinergic”
and the “β-amyloid” hypothesis. Recently, there
have been some reports on MTDLs targeting the glycogen synthase kinase
3β (GSK-3β) enzyme, due to its appealing properties. Indeed,
this enzyme is involved in tau hyperphosphorylation, controls a multitude
of CNS-specific signaling pathways, and establishes strict connections
with several factors implicated in AD pathogenesis. In the present
Miniperspective, we will discuss the reasons behind the development
of GSK-3β-directed MTDLs and highlight some of the recent efforts
to obtain these new classes of MTDLs as potential disease-modifying
agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela De Simone
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tumiatti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d' Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d' Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d' Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
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37
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Zhou Y, Zhu F, Liu Y, Zheng M, Wang Y, Zhang D, Anraku Y, Zou Y, Li J, Wu H, Pang X, Tao W, Shimoni O, Bush AI, Xue X, Shi B. Blood-brain barrier-penetrating siRNA nanomedicine for Alzheimer's disease therapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/41/eabc7031. [PMID: 33036977 PMCID: PMC7546706 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc7031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Toxic aggregated amyloid-β accumulation is a key pathogenic event in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which derives from amyloid precursor protein (APP) through sequential cleavage by BACE1 (β-site APP cleavage enzyme 1) and γ-secretase. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) show great promise for AD therapy by specific silencing of BACE1. However, lack of effective siRNA brain delivery approaches limits this strategy. Here, we developed a glycosylated "triple-interaction" stabilized polymeric siRNA nanomedicine (Gal-NP@siRNA) to target BACE1 in APP/PS1 transgenic AD mouse model. Gal-NP@siRNA exhibits superior blood stability and can efficiently penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via glycemia-controlled glucose transporter-1 (Glut1)-mediated transport, thereby ensuring that siRNAs decrease BACE1 expression and modify relative pathways. Noticeably, Gal-NP@siBACE1 administration restored the deterioration of cognitive capacity in AD mice without notable side effects. This "Trojan horse" strategy supports the utility of RNA interference therapy in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Feiyan Zhu
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Meng Zheng
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
| | - Yibin Wang
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Dongya Zhang
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yasutaka Anraku
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yan Zou
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Jia Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Haigang Wu
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Xiaobin Pang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olga Shimoni
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Xue Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Bingyang Shi
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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38
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Sakata RP, Antoniolli G, Lancellotti M, Kawano DF, Guimarães Barbosa E, Almeida WP. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2'-Aminochalcone: A multi-target approach to find drug candidates to treat Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104201. [PMID: 32890999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative process that compromises cognitive functions. The physiopathology of AD is multifactorial and is mainly supported by the cholinergic and amyloid hypotheses, which allows the identification the fundamental role of some markers, such as the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-secretase (BACE-1), and the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). In this work, we prepared a series of chalcones and 2'-aminochalcones, which were tested against AChE and BACE-1 enzymes and on the aggregation of Aβ. All compounds inhibited AChE activity with different potencies. We have found that the majority of chalcones having the amino group are able to inhibit BACE-1, which was not observed for chalcones without this group. The most active compound is the one derived from 2,3-dichlorobenzaldeyde, having an IC50 value of 2.71 μM. A molecular docking study supported this result, showing a good interaction of the amino group with aspartic acid residues of the catalytic diade of BACE-1. Thioflavin-T fluorescence emission is reduced in 30 - 40%, when Aβ42 is incubated in the presence of some chalcones under aggregation conditions. In vitro cytotoxicity and in silico prediction of pharmacokinetic properties were also conducted in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata P Sakata
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Brazil; Porphirio da Paz High School, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Lancellotti
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, 200, Candido Portinari, Campinas, SP ZC 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Daniel Fabio Kawano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, 200, Candido Portinari, Campinas, SP ZC 13083-871, Brazil
| | | | - Wanda P Almeida
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, 200, Candido Portinari, Campinas, SP ZC 13083-871, Brazil.
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39
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Pinheiro L, Faustino C. Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Amyloid-β in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:418-452. [PMID: 30907320 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190321163438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder linked to protein misfolding and aggregation. AD is pathologically characterized by senile plaques formed by extracellular Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and Intracellular Neurofibrillary Tangles (NFT) formed by hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Extensive synaptic loss and neuronal degeneration are responsible for memory impairment, cognitive decline and behavioral dysfunctions typical of AD. Amyloidosis has been implicated in the depression of acetylcholine synthesis and release, overactivation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and increased intracellular calcium levels that result in excitotoxic neuronal degeneration. Current drugs used in AD treatment are either cholinesterase inhibitors or NMDA receptor antagonists; however, they provide only symptomatic relief and do not alter the progression of the disease. Aβ is the product of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) processing after successive cleavage by β- and γ-secretases while APP proteolysis by α-secretase results in non-amyloidogenic products. According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, Aβ dyshomeostasis results in the accumulation and aggregation of Aβ into soluble oligomers and insoluble fibrils. The former are synaptotoxic and can induce tau hyperphosphorylation while the latter deposit in senile plaques and elicit proinflammatory responses, contributing to oxidative stress, neuronal degeneration and neuroinflammation. Aβ-protein-targeted therapeutic strategies are thus a promising disease-modifying approach for the treatment and prevention of AD. This review summarizes recent findings on Aβ-protein targeted AD drugs, including β-secretase inhibitors, γ-secretase inhibitors and modulators, α-secretase activators, direct inhibitors of Aβ aggregation and immunotherapy targeting Aβ, focusing mainly on those currently under clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Pinheiro
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Célia Faustino
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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40
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A Novel Compound YS-5-23 Exhibits Neuroprotective Effect by Reducing β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1's Expression and H 2O 2-Induced Cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2113-2127. [PMID: 32556702 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The abnormally accumulated amyloid-β (Aβ) and oxidative stress contribute to the initiation and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the rate-limiting enzyme for the production of Aβ. Furthermore, Aβ was reported to increase oxidative stress; then the overproduced oxidative stress continues to increase the expression and activity of BACE1. Consequently, inhibition of both BACE1 and oxidative stress is a better strategy for AD therapy compared with those one-target treatment methods. In the present study, our novel small molecule YS-5-23 was proved to possess both of the activities. Specifically, we found that YS-5-23 reduces BACE1's expression in both SH-SY5Y and Swedish mutated amyloid precursor protein (APP) overexpressed HEK293 cells, and it can also suppress BACE1's expression induced by H2O2. Moreover, YS-5-23 decreases H2O2-induced cytotoxicity including alleviating H2O2-induced apoptosis and loss of mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) because it attenuates the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level elevated by H2O2. Meanwhile, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is involved in the anti-H2O2 and BACE1 inhibition effect of YS-5-23. Our findings indicate that YS-5-23 may develop as a drug candidate in the prevention and treatment of AD.
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41
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Benek O, Korabecny J, Soukup O. A Perspective on Multi-target Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:434-445. [PMID: 32448557 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a complex pathophysiology that includes aggregation of pathological proteins, impaired neurotransmission, increased oxidative stress, or microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Therapeutics targeting only one of these AD-related subpathologies have not yet been successful in the search for a disease-modifying treatment. Therefore, multi-target drugs (MTDs) aiming simultaneously at several subpathologies are expected to be a better approach. However, the concept of MTD is inherently connected with several limitations, which are often ignored during MTD design and development. Here, we provide an overview of the MTD approach and discuss its potential pitfalls in the context of AD treatment. We also put forward ideas to be used in the rational design of MTDs to obtain drugs that are effective against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Benek
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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42
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Jeandet P, Mathew B, Ashraf GM, Perveen A, Bin-Jumah MN, Mousa SA, Abdel-Daim MM. Novel Anti-Alzheimer's Therapeutic Molecules Targeting Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7039138. [PMID: 32411333 PMCID: PMC7206886 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7039138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia among older people, and the prevalence of this disease is estimated to rise quickly in the upcoming years. Unfortunately, almost all of the drug candidates tested for AD until now have failed to exhibit any efficacy. Henceforth, there is an increased necessity to avert and/or slow down the advancement of AD. It is known that one of the major pathological characteristics of AD is the presence of senile plaques (SPs) in the brain. These SPs are composed of aggregated amyloid beta (Aβ), derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Pharmaceutical companies have conducted a number of studies in order to identify safe and effective anti-Aβ drugs to combat AD. It is known that α-, β-, and γ-secretases are the three proteases that are involved in APP processing. Furthermore, there is a growing interest in these proteases, as they have a contribution to the modulation and production of Aβ. It has been observed that small compounds can be used to target these important proteases. Indeed, these compounds must satisfy the common strict requirements of a drug candidate targeted for brain penetration and selectivity toward different proteases. In this article, we have focused on the auspicious molecules which are under development for targeting APP-processing enzymes. We have also presented several anti-AD molecules targeting Aβ accumulation and phosphorylation signaling in APP processing. This review highlights the structure-activity relationship and other physicochemical features of several pharmacological candidates in order to successfully develop new anti-AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit, Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - May N. Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, New York, NY 12144, USA
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Chaves S, Resta S, Rinaldo F, Costa M, Josselin R, Gwizdala K, Piemontese L, Capriati V, Pereira-Santos AR, Cardoso SM, Santos MA. Design, Synthesis, and In Vitro Evaluation of Hydroxybenzimidazole-Donepezil Analogues as Multitarget-Directed Ligands for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:E985. [PMID: 32098407 PMCID: PMC7070709 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs), obtained by attachment of a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole (BIM) unit to donepezil (DNP) active mimetic moiety (benzyl-piperidine/-piperazine) was designed, synthesized, and evaluated as potential anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) drugs in terms of biological activity (inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation), metal chelation, and neuroprotection capacity. Among the DNP-BIM hybrids studied herein, the structural isomerization did not significantly improve the biological properties, while some substitutions, namely fluorine atom in each moiety or the methoxy group in the benzyl ring, evidenced higher cholinergic AChE activity. All the compounds are able to chelate Cu and Zn metal ions through their bidentate BIM moieties, but compound 5, containing a three-dentate chelating unit, is the strongest Cu(II) chelator. Concerning the viability on neuroblastoma cells, compounds 9 and 10 displayed the highest reduction of Aβ-induced cell toxicity. In silico calculations of some pharmacokinetic descriptors indicate that all the compounds but the nitro derivatives have good potential oral-bioavailability. Overall, it can be concluded that most of the studied DNP-BIM conjugates showed quite good anti-AD properties, therefore deserving to be considered in further studies with the aim of understanding and treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Chaves
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.C.); (S.R.); (F.R.); (M.C.); (R.J.); (K.G.)
| | - Simonetta Resta
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.C.); (S.R.); (F.R.); (M.C.); (R.J.); (K.G.)
- Dipartimento di Farmacia–Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (L.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Federica Rinaldo
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.C.); (S.R.); (F.R.); (M.C.); (R.J.); (K.G.)
- Dipartimento di Farmacia–Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (L.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Marina Costa
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.C.); (S.R.); (F.R.); (M.C.); (R.J.); (K.G.)
| | - Romane Josselin
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.C.); (S.R.); (F.R.); (M.C.); (R.J.); (K.G.)
| | - Karolina Gwizdala
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.C.); (S.R.); (F.R.); (M.C.); (R.J.); (K.G.)
| | - Luca Piemontese
- Dipartimento di Farmacia–Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (L.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Vito Capriati
- Dipartimento di Farmacia–Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (L.P.); (V.C.)
- Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
| | - A. Raquel Pereira-Santos
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.P.-S.); (S.M.C.)
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra M. Cardoso
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.P.-S.); (S.M.C.)
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Amélia Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.C.); (S.R.); (F.R.); (M.C.); (R.J.); (K.G.)
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Alzheimer's Disease Pharmacotherapy in Relation to Cholinergic System Involvement. Biomolecules 2019; 10:biom10010040. [PMID: 31888102 PMCID: PMC7022522 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease, a major and increasing global health challenge, is an irreversible, progressive form of dementia, associated with an ongoing decline of brain functioning. The etiology of this disease is not completely understood, and no safe and effective anti-Alzheimer’s disease drug to prevent, stop, or reverse its evolution is currently available. Current pharmacotherapy concentrated on drugs that aimed to improve the cerebral acetylcholine levels by facilitating cholinergic neurotransmission through inhibiting cholinesterase. These compounds, recognized as cholinesterase inhibitors, offer a viable target across key sign domains of Alzheimer’s disease, but have a modest influence on improving the progression of this condition. In this paper, we sought to highlight the current understanding of the cholinergic system involvement in Alzheimer’s disease progression in relation to the recent status of the available cholinesterase inhibitors as effective therapeutics.
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Blaikie L, Kay G, Kong Thoo Lin P. Current and emerging therapeutic targets of alzheimer's disease for the design of multi-target directed ligands. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:2052-2072. [PMID: 32206241 PMCID: PMC7069509 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00337a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, and a major cause of death worldwide. The number of people suffering from this debilitating disorder is rising at an unprecedented rate, with a subsequent surge in healthcare costs. Only four drugs are clinically available for the treatment of AD symptoms, but they are not disease-modifying. Consequently, there is an urgent need for a cure. Although the cause of this debilitating condition remains poorly understood, it is believed that several factors may be involved in combination - including, health and lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors. In recent years, a number of hallmarks of the disease have also been discovered, and it is believed that these factors may play an important role in the development of AD. Amyloid aggregation is one such factor which has been highly investigated, in addition to cholinesterase enzymes and tau aggregation. In the last decade, multi-target drugs have been increasingly investigated for their application to AD treatment. By combining two or more pharmacophores in a single compound, it is possible to synthesise a drug which can target several factors that are involved in AD development. This is a particularly attractive approach as it would avoid the use of combination therapies. As a result, it could reduce the burden on carers and families, and decrease healthcare and social care costs. Many active pharmacophores have been employed for the development of hybrid drugs, due to their abilities to inhibit the factors currently widely recognised to be involved in AD. These compounds have demonstrated promising results; however, research is still required to optimise the pharmacological profiles of the drugs, in addition to their potencies. Meanwhile, extensive research is continuously being performed into other potential targets for the treatment of AD. Based on the results obtained thus far, it is likely that multi-target compounds will continue to be increasingly studied in the future as potential treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Blaikie
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , Robert Gordon University , Aberdeen , Scotland , UK .
| | - Graeme Kay
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , Robert Gordon University , Aberdeen , Scotland , UK .
| | - Paul Kong Thoo Lin
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , Robert Gordon University , Aberdeen , Scotland , UK .
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46
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Kadukova M, Chupin V, Grudinin S. Docking rigid macrocycles using Convex-PL, AutoDock Vina, and RDKit in the D3R Grand Challenge 4. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2019; 34:191-200. [PMID: 31784861 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-019-00263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The D3R Grand Challenge 4 provided a brilliant opportunity to test macrocyclic docking protocols on a diverse high-quality experimental data. We participated in both pose and affinity prediction exercises. Overall, we aimed to use an automated structure-based docking pipeline built around a set of tools developed in our team. This exercise again demonstrated a crucial importance of the correct local ligand geometry for the overall success of docking. Starting from the second part of the pose prediction stage, we developed a stable pipeline for sampling macrocycle conformers. This resulted in the subangstrom average precision of our pose predictions. In the affinity prediction exercise we obtained average results. However, we could improve these when using docking poses submitted by the best predictors. Our docking tools including the Convex-PL scoring function are available at https://team.inria.fr/nano-d/software/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kadukova
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Inria, Grenoble INP, LJK, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia, 141700
| | - Vladimir Chupin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia, 141700
| | - Sergei Grudinin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Inria, Grenoble INP, LJK, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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47
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Coupling enhanced sampling of the apo-receptor with template-based ligand conformers selection: performance in pose prediction in the D3R Grand Challenge 4. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2019; 34:149-162. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-019-00244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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48
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Vanda D, Zajdel P, Soural M. Imidazopyridine-based selective and multifunctional ligands of biological targets associated with psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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49
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Ivasiv V, Albertini C, Gonçalves AE, Rossi M, Bolognesi ML. Molecular Hybridization as a Tool for Designing Multitarget Drug Candidates for Complex Diseases. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1694-1711. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190619115735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Molecular hybridization is a well-exploited medicinal chemistry strategy that aims to combine
two molecules (or parts of them) in a new, single chemical entity. Recently, it has been recognized
as an effective approach to design ligands able to modulate multiple targets of interest. Hybrid compounds
can be obtained by linking (presence of a linker) or framework integration (merging or fusing)
strategies. Although very promising to combat the multifactorial nature of complex diseases, the development
of molecular hybrids faces the critical issues of selecting the right target combination and the
achievement of a balanced activity towards them, while maintaining drug-like-properties. In this review,
we present recent case histories from our own research group that demonstrate why and how molecular
hybridization can be carried out to address the challenges of multitarget drug discovery in two therapeutic
areas that are Alzheimer’s and parasitic diseases. Selected examples spanning from linker- to fragment-
based hybrids will allow to discuss issues and consequences relevant to drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Ivasiv
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum − University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Albertini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum − University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ana E. Gonçalves
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum − University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum − University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria L. Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum − University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
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50
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Radiosynthesis of a carbon-11 labeled tetrahydrobenzisoxazole derivative as a new PET probe for γ-secretase imaging in Alzheimer's disease. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 155:108915. [PMID: 31590101 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To develop PET radiotracers for imaging of Alzheimer's disease, a new carbon-11 labeled potent and selective γ-secretase modulator (GSM) has been synthesized. The reference standard tetrahydrobenzisoxazole derivative 8 and its desmethylated precursor 9 were synthesized from cyclohex-2-en-1-one and 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzaldehyde in eight and nine steps with 11% and 5% overall chemical yield, respectively. The radiotracer [11C]8 was prepared from its corresponding precursor 9 with [11C]CH3OTf through O-11C-methylation and isolated by RP-HPLC combined with SPE in 45-50% radiochemical yield, based on [11C]CO2 and decay corrected to EOB. The radiochemical purity was >99%, and the molar activity (Am) at EOB was 555-740 GBq/μmol.
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