1
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Saha S, Diroll BT, Ozlu MG, Chowdhury SN, Peana S, Kudyshev Z, Schaller RD, Jacob Z, Shalaev VM, Kildishev AV, Boltasseva A. Engineering the temporal dynamics of all-optical switching with fast and slow materials. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5877. [PMID: 37735167 PMCID: PMC10514334 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
All-optical switches control the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light using optical control pulses. They can operate at ultrafast timescales - essential for technology-driven applications like optical computing, and fundamental studies like time-reflection. Conventional all-optical switches have a fixed switching time, but this work demonstrates that the response-time can be controlled by selectively controlling the light-matter-interaction in so-called fast and slow materials. The bi-material switch has a nanosecond response when the probe interacts strongly with titanium nitride near its epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) wavelength. The response-time speeds up over two orders of magnitude with increasing probe-wavelength, as light's interaction with the faster Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) increases, eventually reaching the picosecond-scale near AZO's ENZ-regime. This scheme provides several additional degrees of freedom for switching time control, such as probe-polarization and incident angle, and the pump-wavelength. This approach could lead to new functionalities within key applications in multiband transmission, optical computing, and nonlinear optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Saha
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | | | - Mustafa Goksu Ozlu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sarah N Chowdhury
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Samuel Peana
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhaxylyk Kudyshev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Zubin Jacob
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alexander V Kildishev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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2
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Dixit KP, Gregory DA. Nanoscale modeling of dynamically tunable planar optical absorbers utilizing InAs and InSb in metal-oxide-semiconductor-metal configurations. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:100. [PMID: 37566175 PMCID: PMC10421843 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03879-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The attainment of dynamic tunability in spectrally selective optical absorption has been a longstanding objective in modern optics. Typically, Fabry-Perot resonators comprising metal and semiconductor thin films have been employed for spectrally selective light absorption. In such resonators, the resonance wavelength can be altered via structural modifications. The research has progressed further with the advent of specialized patterning of thin films and the utilization of metasurfaces. Nonetheless, achieving dynamic tuning of the absorption wavelength without altering the geometry of the thin film or without resorting to lithographic fabrication still poses a challenge. In this study, the incorporation of a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) architecture into the Fabry-Perot nanocavity is shown to yield dynamic spectral tuning in a perfect narrowband light absorber within the visible range. Such spectral tuning is achieved using n-type-doped indium antimonide and n-type-doped indium arsenide as semiconductors in a MOS-type structure. These semiconductors offer significant tuning of their optical properties via electrically induced carrier accumulation. The planar structure of the absorber models presented facilitates simple thin-film fabrication. With judicious material selection and appropriate bias voltage, a spectral shift of 47 nm can be achieved within the visible range, thus producing a discernible color change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtan P. Dixit
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA
| | - Don A. Gregory
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA
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3
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Chung H, Hwang I, Yu J, Boehm G, Belkin MA, Lee J. Electrical Phase Modulation Based on Mid-Infrared Intersubband Polaritonic Metasurfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207520. [PMID: 37029461 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrically reconfigurable metasurfaces that overcome the static limitations in controlling the fundamental properties of scattered light are opening new avenues for functional flat optics. This work proposes and experimentally demonstrates electrically phase-tunable mid-infrared metasurfaces based on the polaritonic coupling of Stark-tunable intersubband transitions in semiconductor heterostructures and electromagnetic modes in plasmonic nanoresonators. In the applied voltage range of -3 to +3 V, the local phase tuning of the light reflects from the metasurface, which enables the electrical control of the polarization state and wavefront of the reflected wave. Electrical beam polarization control, electrical beam diffraction control, and electrical beam steering are experimentally demonstrated as applications for local phase tunability. The proposed electrically tunable metasurfaces can easily tune the operating wavelength and function at relatively low voltages, which will enable various applications in the mid-infrared region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongju Chung
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Inyong Hwang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyeon Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Gerhard Boehm
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Mikhail A Belkin
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Jongwon Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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4
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Kilbane D, Prinz E, Eul T, Hartelt M, Mahro AK, Hensen M, Pfeiffer W, Aeschlimann M. Plasmonic wavelength-dependent optical switch. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:9579-9590. [PMID: 37157525 DOI: 10.1364/oe.484035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We design and experimentally demonstrate an optical switch based on the interference of plasmonic modes in whispering gallery mode (WGM) antennas. Simultaneous excitation of even and odd WGM modes, enabled by a small symmetry breaking via non-normal illumination, allows switching the plasmonic near field between opposite sides of the antenna, depending on the excitation wavelength used in a wavelength range of 60 nm centered around 790 nm. This proposed switching mechanism is experimentally demonstrated by combining photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) with a tunable wavelength femtosecond laser source in the visible and infrared.
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5
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Zubritskaya I, Cichelero R, Faniayeu I, Martella D, Nocentini S, Rudquist P, Wiersma DS, Brongersma ML. Dynamically Tunable Optical Cavities with Embedded Nematic Liquid Crystalline Networks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209152. [PMID: 36683324 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tunable metal-insulator-metal (MIM) Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavities that can dynamically control light enable novel sensing, imaging and display applications. However, the realization of dynamic cavities incorporating stimuli-responsive materials poses a significant engineering challenge. Current approaches rely on refractive index modulation and suffer from low dynamic tunability, high losses, and limited spectral ranges, and require liquid and hazardous materials for operation. To overcome these challenges, a new tuning mechanism employing reversible mechanical adaptations of a polymer network is proposed, and dynamic tuning of optical resonances is demonstrated. Solid-state temperature-responsive optical coatings are developed by preparing a monodomain nematic liquid crystalline network (LCN) and are incorporated between metallic mirrors to form active optical microcavities. LCN microcavities offer large, reversible and highly linear spectral tuning of FP resonances reaching wavelength-shifts up to 40 nm via thermomechanical actuation while featuring outstanding repeatability and precision over more than 100 heating-cooling cycles. This degree of tunability allows for reversible switching between the reflective and the absorbing states of the device over the entire visible and near-infrared spectral regions, reaching large changes in reflectance with modulation efficiency ΔR = 79%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Zubritskaya
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Rafael Cichelero
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Ihar Faniayeu
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Daniele Martella
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Sara Nocentini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Per Rudquist
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience - MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 9, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Diederik Sybolt Wiersma
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Florence, via G. Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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6
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Abdelraouf OAM, Wang Z, Liu H, Dong Z, Wang Q, Ye M, Wang XR, Wang QJ, Liu H. Recent Advances in Tunable Metasurfaces: Materials, Design, and Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:13339-13369. [PMID: 35976219 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces, a two-dimensional (2D) form of metamaterials constituted by planar meta-atoms, exhibit exotic abilities to tailor electromagnetic (EM) waves freely. Over the past decade, tremendous efforts have been made to develop various active materials and incorporate them into functional devices for practical applications, pushing the research of tunable metasurfaces to the forefront of nanophotonics. Those active materials include phase change materials (PCMs), semiconductors, transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), ferroelectrics, liquid crystals (LCs), atomically thin material, etc., and enable intriguing performances such as fast switching speed, large modulation depth, ultracompactness, and significant contrast of optical properties under external stimuli. Integration of such materials offers substantial tunability to the conventional passive nanophotonic platforms. Tunable metasurfaces with multifunctionalities triggered by various external stimuli bring in rich degrees of freedom in terms of material choices and device designs to dynamically manipulate and control EM waves on demand. This field has recently flourished with the burgeoning development of physics and design methodologies, particularly those assisted by the emerging machine learning (ML) algorithms. This review outlines recent advances in tunable metasurfaces in terms of the active materials and tuning mechanisms, design methodologies, and practical applications. We conclude this review paper by providing future perspectives in this vibrant and fast-growing research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A M Abdelraouf
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Hailong Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Zhaogang Dong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Ming Ye
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiao Renshaw Wang
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Qi Jie Wang
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
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7
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Jaffray W, Belli F, Carnemolla EG, Dobas C, Mackenzie M, Travers J, Kar AK, Clerici M, DeVault C, Shalaev VM, Boltasseva A, Ferrera M. Near-zero-index ultra-fast pulse characterization. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3536. [PMID: 35725983 PMCID: PMC9209551 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transparent conducting oxides exhibit giant optical nonlinearities in the near-infrared window where their linear index approaches zero. Despite the magnitude and speed of these nonlinearities, a “killer” optical application for these compounds has yet to be found. Because of the absorptive nature of the typically used intraband transitions, out-of-plane configurations with short optical paths should be considered. In this direction, we propose an alternative frequency-resolved optical gating scheme for the characterization of ultra-fast optical pulses that exploits near-zero-index aluminium zinc oxide thin films. Besides the technological advantages in terms of manufacturability and cost, our system outperforms commercial modules in key metrics, such as operational bandwidth, sensitivity, and robustness. The performance enhancement comes with the additional benefit of simultaneous self-phase-matched second and third harmonic generation. Because of the fundamental importance of novel methodologies to characterise ultra-fast events, our solution could be of fundamental use for numerous research labs and industries. Frequency resolved optical gating is the core method for characterising ultra-fast optical pulses. Here, the authors use zero-index nonlinearities to largely enhance key performances and enable simultaneous second and third harmonic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace Jaffray
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, SUPA, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Federico Belli
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, SUPA, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Enrico G Carnemolla
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, SUPA, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Catalina Dobas
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, SUPA, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Mark Mackenzie
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, SUPA, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - John Travers
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, SUPA, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Ajoy K Kar
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, SUPA, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Matteo Clerici
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Clayton DeVault
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Marcello Ferrera
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, SUPA, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
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8
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Yang J, Zhang X. Optical Fiber Delivered Ultrafast Plasmonic Optical Switch. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2100280. [PMID: 34026464 PMCID: PMC8132049 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast optical switch based on plasmonic nanostructures has large application potentials in optical logic circuits and optical communication systems. Integration of plasmonic optical switching devices with optical fibers is a breakthrough for realizing practical applications in long-range optical data transmission or communication techniques. Here, the incorporation of plasmonic optical switch devices onto the end facets of optical fibers is reported, so that the switched optical signals are generated by interaction between femtosecond laser pulses and plasmonic nanostructures on one end of the fiber, and are delivered via the fiber waveguide to the other end for detection or decoding. "Quenching" of localized surface plasmon in the gold nanowires by its interaction with band-edge modulation in gold through strong optical excitation is the responsible photophysics. This work accomplishes for the first time the implementation of ultrafast plasmonic optical switch device on optical fiber tips for logic data transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Yang
- Institute of Information Photonics TechnologyFaculty of ScienceBeijing University of TechnologyBeijing100124China
- Modern Police Technology and Equipment Research CenterCollege of Police Equipment and TechnologyChina People's Police UniversityLangfang065000China
| | - Xinping Zhang
- Institute of Information Photonics TechnologyFaculty of ScienceBeijing University of TechnologyBeijing100124China
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9
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Bohn J, Luk TS, Tollerton C, Hutchings SW, Brener I, Horsley S, Barnes WL, Hendry E. All-optical switching of an epsilon-near-zero plasmon resonance in indium tin oxide. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1017. [PMID: 33589641 PMCID: PMC7884677 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear optical devices and their implementation into modern nanophotonic architectures are constrained by their usually moderate nonlinear response. Recently, epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) materials have been found to have a strong optical nonlinearity, which can be enhanced through the use of cavities or nano-structuring. Here, we study the pump dependent properties of the plasmon resonance in the ENZ region in a thin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO). Exciting this mode using the Kretschmann-Raether configuration, we study reflection switching properties of a 60 nm layer close to the resonant plasmon frequency. We demonstrate a thermal switching mechanism, which results in a shift in the plasmon resonance frequency of 20 THz for a TM pump intensity of 70 GW cm-2. For degenerate pump and probe frequencies, we highlight an additional two-beam coupling contribution, not previously isolated in ENZ nonlinear optics studies, which leads to an overall pump induced change in reflection from 1% to 45%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus Bohn
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Ting Shan Luk
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | - Igal Brener
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | - Euan Hendry
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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10
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Watanabe R, Mita M, Okamoto T, Isobe T, Nakajima A, Matsushita S. Aluminium metal-insulator-metal structure fabricated by the bottom-up approach. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:2271-2275. [PMID: 36133391 PMCID: PMC9418675 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00082e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic color is an elegant color resulting from light absorption and emission induced by collective oscillation of free electrons in a metal and enables unprecedented new color expression. In particular, Al plasmonic color is highly desirable because of the low cost and high stability of Al. Here, we report a new cost-effective, wide-area fabrication method for an Al metal-insulator-metal (MIM) plasmonic nanostructure using a vapor deposition and sintering process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Watanabe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology S7-7 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Mai Mita
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology S7-7 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | | | - Toshihiro Isobe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology S7-7 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Akira Nakajima
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology S7-7 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Sachiko Matsushita
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology S7-7 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
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11
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Bruno V, Vezzoli S, DeVault C, Roger T, Ferrera M, Boltasseva A, Shalaev VM, Faccio D. Dynamical Control of Broadband Coherent Absorption in ENZ Films. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E110. [PMID: 31968578 PMCID: PMC7020079 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interferometric effects between two counter-propagating beams incident on an optical system can lead to a coherent modulation of the absorption of the total electromagnetic radiation with 100% efficiency even in deeply subwavelength structures. Coherent perfect absorption (CPA) rises from a resonant solution of the scattering matrix and often requires engineered optical properties. For instance, thin film CPA benefits from complex nanostructures with suitable resonance, albeit at a loss of operational bandwidth. In this work, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate a broadband CPA based on light-with-light modulation in epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) subwavelength films. We show that unpatterned ENZ films with different thicknesses exhibit broadband CPA with a near-unity maximum value located at the ENZ wavelength. By using Kerr optical nonlinearities, we dynamically tune the visibility and peak wavelength of the total energy modulation. Our results based on homogeneous thick ENZ media open a route towards on-chip devices that require efficient light absorption and dynamical tunability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Bruno
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Stefano Vezzoli
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, UK;
| | - Clayton DeVault
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (C.D.); (A.B.); (V.M.S.)
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Thomas Roger
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (T.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Marcello Ferrera
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (T.R.); (M.F.)
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (C.D.); (A.B.); (V.M.S.)
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Vladimir M. Shalaev
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (C.D.); (A.B.); (V.M.S.)
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Daniele Faccio
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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12
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Lee CW, Choi HJ, Jeong H. Tunable metasurfaces for visible and SWIR applications. NANO CONVERGENCE 2020; 7:3. [PMID: 31956942 PMCID: PMC6970092 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-019-0213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Demand on optical or photonic applications in the visible or short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectra, such as vision, virtual or augmented displays, imaging, spectroscopy, remote sensing (LIDAR), chemical reaction sensing, microscopy, and photonic integrated circuits, has envisaged new type of subwavelength-featured materials and devices for controlling electromagnetic waves. The study on metasurfaces, of which the thickness is either comparable to or smaller than the wavelength of the considered incoming electromagnetic wave, has been grown rapidly to embrace the needs of developing sub 100-micron active photonic pixelated devices and their arrayed form. Meta-atoms in metasurfaces are now actively controlled under external stimuli to lead to a large phase shift upon the incident light, which has provided a huge potential for arrayed two-dimensional active optics. This short review summarizes actively tunable or reconfigurable metasurfaces for the visible or SWIR spectra, to account for the physical operating principles and the current issues to overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Won Lee
- Institute of Advanced Optics and Photonics, Department of Applied Optics, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, 34158, Korea.
| | - Hee Jin Choi
- Institute of Advanced Optics and Photonics, Department of Applied Optics, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, 34158, Korea
| | - Heejeong Jeong
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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13
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Kim J, Krayer LJ, Garrett JL, Munday JN. Interfacial Defect-Mediated Near-Infrared Silicon Photodetection with Metal Oxides. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:47516-47524. [PMID: 31741388 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to recent breakthroughs in silicon photonics, sub-band-gap photodetection in silicon (Si) has become vital to the development of next-generation integrated photonic devices for telecommunication systems. In particular, photodetection in Si using complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatible materials is in high demand for cost-effective integration. Here, we achieve broad-band near-infrared photodetection in Si/metal-oxide Schottky junctions where the photocurrent is generated from interface defects induced by aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) films deposited on a Si substrate. The combination of photoexcited carrier generation from both interface defect states and intrinsic Si bulk defect states contributes to a photoresponse of 1 mA/W at 1325 nm and 0.22 mA/W at 1550 nm with zero-biasing. From a fit to the Fowler equation for photoemission, we quantitatively determine the individual contributions from these effects. Finally, using this analysis, we demonstrate a gold-nanoparticle-coated photodiode that has three distinct photocurrent responses resulting from hot carriers in the gold, interface defects from the AZO, and bulk defects within the Si. The hot carrier response is found to dominate near the band gap of Si, while the interface defects dominate for longer wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongbum Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | | | | | - Jeremy N Munday
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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14
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Caligiuri V, Palei M, Biffi G, Artyukhin S, Krahne R. A Semi-Classical View on Epsilon-Near-Zero Resonant Tunneling Modes in Metal/Insulator/Metal Nanocavities. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3151-3160. [PMID: 30920844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Metal/Insulator/Metal nanocavities (MIMs) are highly versatile systems for nanometric light confinement and waveguiding, and their optical properties are mostly interpreted in terms of surface plasmon polaritons. Although classic electromagnetic theory accurately describes their behavior, it often lacks physical insight, leaving some fundamental aspects of light interaction with these structures unexplored. In this work, we elaborate a quantum mechanical description of the MIM cavity as a double barrier quantum well. We identify the square of the imaginary part κ of the refractive index ñ of the metal as the optical potential and find that MIM cavity resonances are suppressed if the ratio n/κ exceeds a certain limit, which shows that low n and high κ values are desired for strong and sharp cavity resonances. Interestingly, the spectral regions of cavity mode suppression correspond to the interband transitions of the metals, where the optical processes are intrinsically non-Hermitian. The quantum treatment allows to describe the tunnel effect for photons and reveals that the MIM cavity resonances can be excited by resonant tunneling via illumination through the metal, without the need of momentum matching techniques such as prisms or grating couplers. By combining this analysis with spectroscopic ellipsometry on experimental MIM structures and by developing a simple harmonic oscillator model of the MIM for the calculation of its effective permittivity, we show that the cavity eigenmodes coincide with low-loss zeros of the effective permittivity. Therefore, the MIM resonances correspond to epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) eigenmodes that can be excited via resonant tunneling. Our approach provides a toolbox for the engineering of ENZ resonances throughout the entire visible range, which we demonstrate experimentally and theoretically. In particular, we apply our quantum mechanical approach to asymmetric MIM superabsorbers and use it for configuring broadly tunable refractive index sensors. Our work elucidates the role of MIM cavities as photonic analogues to tunnel diodes and opens new perspectives for metamaterials with designed ENZ response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milan Palei
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale , Università degli Studi di Genova , Via Dodecaneso, 31 , 16146 Genova , Italy
| | - Giulia Biffi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale , Università degli Studi di Genova , Via Dodecaneso, 31 , 16146 Genova , Italy
| | - Sergey Artyukhin
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Roman Krahne
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
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15
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Runnerstrom EL, Kelley KP, Folland TG, Nolen JR, Engheta N, Caldwell JD, Maria JP. Polaritonic Hybrid-Epsilon-near-Zero Modes: Beating the Plasmonic Confinement vs Propagation-Length Trade-Off with Doped Cadmium Oxide Bilayers. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:948-957. [PMID: 30582700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polaritonic materials that support epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) modes offer the opportunity to design light-matter interactions at the nanoscale through extreme subwavelength light confinement, producing phenomena like resonant perfect absorption. However, the utility of ENZ modes in nanophotonic applications has been limited by a flat spectral dispersion, which leads to small group velocities and extremely short propagation lengths. Here, we overcome this constraint by hybridizing ENZ and surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes in doped cadmium oxide epitaxial bilayers. This results in strongly coupled hybrid modes that are characterized by an anticrossing in the polariton dispersion and a large spectral splitting on the order of 1/3 of the mode frequency. These hybrid modes simultaneously achieve modal propagation and ENZ mode-like interior field confinement, adding propagation character to ENZ mode properties. We subsequently tune the resonant frequencies, dispersion, and coupling of these polaritonic-hybrid-epsilon-near-zero (PH-ENZ) modes by tailoring the modal oscillator strength and the ENZ-SPP spectral overlap. PH-ENZ modes ultimately leverage the most desirable characteristics of both ENZ and SPP modes, allowing us to overcome the canonical plasmonic trade-off between confinement and propagation length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Runnerstrom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Kyle P Kelley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Thomas G Folland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - J Ryan Nolen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - Nader Engheta
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Joshua D Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37212 , United States
| | - Jon-Paul Maria
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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16
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Goldflam MD, Ruiz I, Howell SW, Wendt JR, Sinclair MB, Peters DW, Beechem TE. Tunable dual-band graphene-based infrared reflectance filter. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:8532-8541. [PMID: 29715819 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.008532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrated an actively tunable optical filter that controls the amplitude of reflected long-wave-infrared light in two separate spectral regions concurrently. Our device exploits the dependence of the excitation energy of plasmons in a continuous and unpatterned sheet of graphene on the Fermi-level, which can be controlled via conventional electrostatic gating. The filter enables simultaneous modification of two distinct spectral bands whose positions are dictated by the device geometry and graphene plasmon dispersion. Within these bands, the reflected amplitude can be varied by over 15% and resonance positions can be shifted by over 90 cm-1. Electromagnetic simulations verify that tuning arises through coupling of incident light to graphene plasmons by a grating structure. Importantly, the tunable range is determined by a combination of graphene properties, device structure, and the surrounding dielectrics, which dictate the plasmon dispersion. Thus, the underlying design shown here is applicable across a broad range of infrared frequencies.
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17
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Yan R, Wang Z, Du Z, Wang H, Cheng X, Xiong J. A biomimetic fluorescent chemosensor for highly sensitive zinc(ii) detection and its application for cell imaging. RSC Adv 2018; 8:33361-33367. [PMID: 35548108 PMCID: PMC9086477 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06501b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To fabricate a novel biomimetic fluorescent chemosensor, PSaAEMA-co-PMPC was synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization, and this copolymer could be used for the detection of zinc(ii) and cell imaging. A series tests with various metal ions verified the specific fluorescence response behavior. This novel biomimetic fluorescent chemosensor exhibits excellent selectivity for Zn2+ ions over a wide range of tested metal ions in an aqueous solution. Moreover, cytotoxicity and bio-imaging tests were conducted to study the potential bio-application of the chemosensor. Owing to the biomimetic portion (phosphorylcholine), this copolymer possesses outstanding biocompatibility and could clearly image cells. The results indicated that PSaAEMA-co-PMPC has great potential for application in zinc(ii) detection and cell imaging. To fabricate a novel biomimetic fluorescent chemosensor, PSaAEMA-co-PMPC was synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization, and this copolymer could be used for the detection of zinc(ii) and cell imaging.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yan
- Textile Institute
- College of Light Industry
- Textile and Food Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Zongliang Du
- Textile Institute
- College of Light Industry
- Textile and Food Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Haibo Wang
- Textile Institute
- College of Light Industry
- Textile and Food Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Xu Cheng
- Textile Institute
- College of Light Industry
- Textile and Food Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Junjie Xiong
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
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