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Liu X, Beaudoin G, Zhang H, Esquivel Guzmán JA, Le Roux É, Pellerin C, Rivera E, Lavertu M, Zhu XX. Chlorophyllin-Containing Copolymers and Their Responsive Properties. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:124-130. [PMID: 38109902 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Copper-chlorophyllin is a water-soluble derivative of chlorophylls and shows low cytotoxicity and antimutagenic properties in cultured cells. It has multiple applications, including its use as a photosensitizer in photothermal therapy because of its green light-activated photothermal performance. In this work, it was copolymerized with a poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylic monomer to yield random copolymers by free radical polymerization, which showed dual temperature- and pH-dependent phase transitions in aqueous solutions. The cloud points of the copolymer solutions were raised by lowering the pH of the aqueous solutions due to the protonation of the carboxylic groups on the chlorophyllin moieties, which decreased the overall hydrophilicity of the polymers. At low pH values, complete protonation of the carboxylic acid groups of the chlorophyllin moieties led to an irreversible aggregation of the copolymers in water. The incorporation of chlorophyllin in the copolymer improved its stability over its single molecular form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Liu
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Hu Zhang
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jair A Esquivel Guzmán
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Élise Le Roux
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Christian Pellerin
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ernesto Rivera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marc Lavertu
- Département de Génie Chimique, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Xiao Xia Zhu
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Hondo E, Katta T, Sato A, Kadofusa N, Ishibashi T, Shimoda H, Katoh H, Iida A. Antiviral effects of micafungin against pteropine orthoreovirus, an emerging zoonotic virus carried by bats. Virus Res 2024; 339:199248. [PMID: 37858730 PMCID: PMC10665676 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Bat-borne emerging zoonotic viruses cause major outbreaks, such as the Ebola virus, Nipah virus, and/or beta coronavirus. Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV), whose spillover event occurred from fruits bats to humans, causes respiratory syndrome in humans widely in South East Asia. Repurposing approved drugs against PRV is an effective tool to confront future PRV pandemics. We screened 2,943 compounds in an FDA-approved drug library and identified eight hit compounds that reduce viral cytopathic effects on cultured Vero cells. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that six of eight hit compounds significantly inhibited PRV replication. Among them, micafungin used clinically as an antifungal drug, displayed a prominent antiviral effect on PRV. Secondly, the antiviral effects of micafungin on PRV infected human cell lines (HEK293T and A549), and their transcriptome changes by PRV infection were investigated, compared to four different bat-derived cell lines (FBKT1 (Ryukyu flying fox), DEMKT1 (Leschenault's rousette), BKT1 (Greater horseshoe bat), YUBFKT1 (Eastern bent-wing bats)). In two human cell lines, unlike bat cells that induce an IFN-γ response pathway, an endoplasmic reticulum stress response pathway was commonly activated. Additionally, micafungin inhibits viral release rather than suppressing PRV genome replication in human cells, although it was disturbed in Vero cells. The target of micafungin's action may vary depending on the animal species, but it must be useful for human purposes as a first choice of medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Hondo
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Tetsufumi Katta
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ayato Sato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoya Kadofusa
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ishibashi
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Katoh
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Atsuo Iida
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Chen Y, Li X, Wang M, Li Y, Fan J, Yan J, Zhang S, Lu L, Zou P. A cysteine protease inhibitor GC376 displays potent antiviral activity against coxsackievirus infection. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 5:100203. [PMID: 37767059 PMCID: PMC10520345 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10) can cause hand-foot-mouth disease and is also associated with severe complications, including viral pneumonia, aseptic and viral meningitis. Coxsackievirus infection may also play a role in the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction and in the increased risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus in adults. However, there are no approved vaccines or direct antiviral agents available to prevention or treatment of coxsackievirus infection. Here, we reported that GC376 potently inhibited CV-A10 infection in different cell lines without cytotoxicity, significantly suppressed production of viral proteins, and strongly reduced the yields of infectious progeny virions. Further study indicated that GC376, as viral 3C protease inhibitor, had the potential to restrain the cleavage of the viral polyprotein into individually functional proteins, thus suppressed the replication of CV-A10. Furthermore, the drug exhibited antiviral activity against coxsackieviruses of various serotypes including CV-A6, CV-A7 and CV-A16, suggesting that GC376 is a broad-spectrum anti-coxsackievirus inhibitor and the 3C protease is a promising target for developing anti-coxsackievirus agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Yan
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuye Zhang
- Clinical Center for BioTherapy and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Heo SY, Lee Y, Kim TH, Heo SJ, Shin H, Lee J, Yi M, Kang HW, Jung WK. Anti-Cancer Effect of Chlorophyllin-Assisted Photodynamic Therapy to Induce Apoptosis through Oxidative Stress on Human Cervical Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11565. [PMID: 37511323 PMCID: PMC10380873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is an alternative approach to treating tumors that utilizes photochemical reactions between a photosensitizer and laser irradiation for the generation of reactive oxygen species. Currently, natural photosensitive compounds are being promised to replace synthetic photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy because of their low toxicity, lesser side effects, and high solubility in water. Therefore, the present study investigated the anti-cancer efficacy of chlorophyllin-assisted photodynamic therapy on human cervical cancer by inducing apoptotic response through oxidative stress. The chlorophyllin-assisted photodynamic therapy significantly induced cytotoxicity, and the optimal conditions were determined based on the results, including laser irradiation time, laser power density, and chlorophyllin concentration. In addition, reactive oxygen species generation and Annexin V expression level were detected on the photodynamic reaction-treated HeLa cells under the optimized conditions to evaluate apoptosis using a fluorescence microscope. In the Western blotting analysis, the photodynamic therapy group showed the increased protein expression level of the cleaved caspase 8, caspase 9, Bax, and cytochrome C, and the suppressed protein expression level of Bcl-2, pro-caspase 8, and pro-caspase 9. Moreover, the proposed photodynamic therapy downregulated the phosphorylation of AKT1 in the HeLa cells. Therefore, our results suggest that the chlorophyllin-assisted photodynamic therapy has potential as an antitumor therapy for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Yeong Heo
- Jeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeachan Lee
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Heo
- Jeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwarang Shin
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Lee
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunggi Yi
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Kang
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Major of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Smart Healthcare and New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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5
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Recent advances in anti-coxsackievirus A16 viral drug research. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:97-117. [PMID: 36538291 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease, a childhood disorder caused by enteroviruses, is intermittently endemic in the Asia-Pacific region and endangers the lives of many infants and young children. Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) is one of the major pathogens causing hand, foot, and mouth disease on occasion, resulting in catastrophic neurological sequelae and patient death. Currently, no clinical interventions are available that completely block the CV-A16 infection. Therefore, research on anti-CV-A16 treatment continues to be a significant focus of interest. This report provides a detailed background on and an introduction to CV-A16; a description of the viral gene and protein structures and a summary of the current advances in pharmaceutical targets, drug research and other related areas.
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A novel cyclic γ-AApeptide-based long-acting pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor with potential oral bioavailability by targeting two sites in spike protein. Cell Discov 2022; 8:88. [PMID: 36075899 PMCID: PMC9453727 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor-binding domain (RBD) in S1 subunit and heptad repeat 1 (HR1) domain in S2 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein are the targets of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and pan-coronavirus (CoV) fusion inhibitory peptides, respectively. However, neither nAb- nor peptide-based drugs can be used orally. In this study, we screened a one-bead-two-compound (OBTC) cyclic γ-AApeptide library against SARS-CoV-2 S protein and identified a hit: S-20 with potent membrane fusion inhibitory activity, but moderate selectivity index (SI). After modification, one derivative, S-20-1, exhibited improved fusion inhibitory activity and SI (>1000). S-20-1 could effectively inhibit infection by pseudotyped and authentic SARS-CoV-2 and pseudotyped variants of concern (VOCs), including B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron), as well as MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-NL63. It could also inhibit infection of a pseudotyped SARS-related coronavirus WIV1 (SARSr-CoV-WIV1) from bats. Intranasal application of S-20-1 to mice before or after challenge with HCoV-OC43 or SARS-CoV-2 provided significant protection from infection. Importantly, S-20-1 was highly resistant to proteolytic degradation, had long half-life, and possessed favorable oral bioavailability. Mechanistic studies suggest that S-20-1 binds with high affinity to RBD in S1 and HR1 domain in S2 of SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Thus, with its pan-CoV fusion and entry inhibitory activity by targeting two sites in S protein, desirable half-life, and promising oral bioavailability, S-20-1 is a potential candidate for further development as a novel therapeutic and prophylactic drug against infection by SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, as well as future emerging and reemerging CoVs.
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Clark NF, Taylor-Robinson AW, Heimann K. Could chlorophyllins improve the safety profile of beta-d-N4-hydroxycytidine versus N-hydroxycytidine, the active ingredient of the SARS-CoV-2 antiviral molnupiravir? Ther Adv Drug Saf 2022; 13:20420986221107753. [PMID: 35898799 PMCID: PMC9309465 DOI: 10.1177/20420986221107753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Could natural plant pigment (chlorophyll) derivatives (chlorophyllins) improve the
safety of the antiviral Molnupiravir, used to treat COVID-19 disease?
Molnupiravir, a specific SARS-CoV-2 antiviral, may cause adverse genetic changes and
thereby create potential host cell damage (through genotoxicity and DNA stressors). In our
opinion, this side effect of treatment could be reduced if the antiviral was taken as a
combined therapy with chlorophyllins. Specifically, we hypothesise that chlorophyllins
might improve the overall effectiveness of molnupiravir, typically used to treat patients
suffering from COVID-19. Chlorophyllins, antioxidants derived from natural plant
chlorophyll, are safe, effective and non-toxic antioxidants that could combat possible
genotoxic flow-on effects of molnupiravir. In addition, as they possess antiviral
properties, treatment with chlorophyllins may enhance the overall antiviral effect via a
mechanism different to molnupiravir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F Clark
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5042 Australia
| | | | - Kirsten Heimann
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Cruces MP, González E, Pimentel E, Jiménez E, Sánchez P. Relationship between lifespan and somatic mutation in D. melanogaster after treatment with chlorophyllin. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 93:103891. [PMID: 35654371 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC) has a genetic damage inhibitory capacity due to its antioxidant action. For this reason, it was considered to investigate its role in the life span of Drosophila melanogaster and its relationship with the frequency of somatic mutation induced by gamma rays. Results indicated that SCC alone prolonged the lifespan only in females, but in combination with 20 Gy of gamma rays, the aging delay in both sexes was significant. In addition to confirming that the porphyrin reduces the frequency of mutation, the individuals with the highest mutation load are the individuals who die more quickly, and once they are eliminated, the survivor individuals treated with 20 Gy or with SCC + 20 Gy, died at the same rate. The results together indicate that SCC not only inhibits induced genetic damage, but it also has beneficial effects that probably cause an aging delay of the treated population that need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Patricia Cruces
- Departamento de Biología, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ), Carretera México-Toluca, S/N, la Marquesa, Ocoyoacac CP. 52750, México
| | - Elena González
- Departamento de Biología, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ), Carretera México-Toluca, S/N, la Marquesa, Ocoyoacac CP. 52750, México
| | - Emilio Pimentel
- Departamento de Biología, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ), Carretera México-Toluca, S/N, la Marquesa, Ocoyoacac CP. 52750, México.
| | - Elizabeth Jiménez
- Departamento de Biología, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ), Carretera México-Toluca, S/N, la Marquesa, Ocoyoacac CP. 52750, México
| | - Petra Sánchez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Edo Mex., México
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Wang J, Hu Y, Zheng M. Enterovirus A71 antivirals: Past, present, and future. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1542-1566. [PMID: 35847514 PMCID: PMC9279511 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a significant human pathogen, especially in children. EV-A71 infection is one of the leading causes of hand, foot, and mouth diseases (HFMD), and can lead to neurological complications such as acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in severe cases. Although three EV-A71 vaccines are available in China, they are not broadly protective and have reduced efficacy against emerging strains. There is currently no approved antiviral for EV-A71. Significant progress has been made in developing antivirals against EV-A71 by targeting both viral proteins and host factors. However, viral capsid inhibitors and protease inhibitors failed in clinical trials of human rhinovirus infection due to limited efficacy or side effects. This review discusses major discoveries in EV-A71 antiviral development, analyzes the advantages and limitations of each drug target, and highlights the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to advance the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yanmei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Madeleine Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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10
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Jeelan Basha N, Basavarajaiah SM, Shyamsunder K. Therapeutic potential of pyrrole and pyrrolidine analogs: an update. Mol Divers 2022; 26:2915-2937. [PMID: 35079946 PMCID: PMC8788913 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Jeelan Basha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Academy Degree College-Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560043, India.
| | - S M Basavarajaiah
- P.G. Department of Chemistry, Vijaya College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560004, India
| | - K Shyamsunder
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Academy Degree College-Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560043, India
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11
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Xu B, Liu M, Ma S, Ma Y, Liu S, Shang L, Zhu C, Ye S, Wang Y. 4-Iminooxazolidin-2-One as a Bioisostere of Cyanohydrin Suppresses EV71 Proliferation by Targeting 3C pro. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0102521. [PMID: 34787443 PMCID: PMC8597634 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01025-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fatal pathogen enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), which leads to serious neurological syndromes. While there are no effective clinical agents available for EV71 treatment thus far, EV71 3C protease (3Cpro), a cysteine protease encoded by the virus, has become a promising drug target for discovery of antiviral drugs, given that it plays a crucial role in virus proliferation and interferes with host cell function. Here, we report two inhibitors of EV71 3Cpro, FOPMC and FIOMC, that were developed from previously reported cyanohydrin derivative (R)-1 by replacing the acyl cyanohydrin group with 4-iminooxazolidin-2-one. FOPMC and FIOMC have potent antiviral activity and dramatically improved metabolic stability. These two inhibitors demonstrated broad anti-EV effects on various cell lines and five epidemic viral strains. We further illuminated the binding models between 3Cpro and FOPMC/FIOMC through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The substitution of an acyl cyanohydrin group with 4-iminooxazolidin-2-one does make FOPMC and FIOMC potent anti-EV71 drug candidates as universal nonclassical bioisosteres with a cyanohydrin moiety. IMPORTANCE EV71 is one of the most epidemic agents of HFMD. Thus far, there are no antiviral drugs available for clinical usage. The conserved EV71 3Cpro plays pivotal roles in virus proliferation and defense host immunity, as well as having no homology in host cells, making it a most promising antiviral target. In this work, we identified that propyl- and isopropyl-substituted 4-iminooxazolidin-2-one moieties (FOPMC and FIOMC) effectively inhibited five epidemic viral strains in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD), HEK-293T, and VeroE6 cell lines. The inhibition mechanism was also illustrated with molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The successful replacement of the labile cyanohydrin greatly improved the stability and pharmacokinetic properties of (R)-1, making 4-iminooxazolidin-2-one a nonclassical bioisosteric moiety of cyanohydrin. This discovery addressed a critical issue of the primitive structural scaffold of these promising anti-EV71 inhibitors and could lead to their development as broad-spectrum anti-EV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghong Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meijun Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sen Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuying Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Si Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Dashwood RH. Cancer interception by interceptor molecules: mechanistic, preclinical and human translational studies with chlorophylls. Genes Environ 2021; 43:8. [PMID: 33676582 PMCID: PMC7937315 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Before 'cancer interception' was first advocated, 'interceptor molecules' had been conceived as a sub-category of preventive agents that interfered with the earliest initiation steps in carcinogenesis. Three decades ago, a seminal review cataloged over fifty synthetic agents and natural products that were known or putative interceptor molecules. Chlorophylls and their derivatives garnered much interest based on the potent antimutagenic activity in the Salmonella assay, and the subsequent mechanistic work that provided proof-of-concept for direct molecular complexes with planar aromatic carcinogens. As the 'interceptor molecule' hypothesis evolved, mechanistic experiments and preclinical studies supported the view that chlorophylls can interact with environmental heterocyclic amines, aflatoxins, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to limit their uptake and bioavailability in vivo. Support also came from human translational studies involving ultralow dose detection in healthy volunteers, as well as intervention in at-risk subjects. Antimutagenic and antigenotoxic effects of natural and synthetic chlorophylls against small alkylating agents also highlighted the fact that non-interceptor mechanisms existed. This gave impetus to investigations broadly related to free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory effects, immune modulation and photodynamic therapy. Therapeutic aspects of chlorophylls also were investigated, with evidence for cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human cancer cells. As the science has evolved, new mechanistic leads continue to support the use and development of chlorophylls and their porphyrin derivatives for cancer interception, beyond the initial interest as interceptor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick H Dashwood
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Texas A&M Health, 2121 West Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Li X, Qiao J, Li Z, Qi L. Dual protein ligand-modified gold nanoclusters for selective detection of serum sodium copper chlorophyllin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 243:118798. [PMID: 32854084 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Precisely tuning the emission wavelength of dual ligands co-functionalized gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) presents a bright prospect for highly selective drug detection. In this study, gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) with strong red fluorescence at 633 nm were synthesized using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and bromelain (Bro) as dual ligands for highly selective detection of sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC). Interestingly, the auto-fluorescence interference of the dual ligands was effectively avoided due to the fluorescence emission red-shifts of the prepared BSA/Bro@AuNCs; this may be mainly due to the rigid structure of the proteins. The fluorescence of BSA/Bro@AuNCs was quenched after addition of SCC, which performed well and provided a good linear calibration curve in the 5.0-25.0 μM range (R2 = 0.999), and a detection limit as low as 0.5 μM. The proposed assay was further applied to the measurement of SCC in rat serums after an intravenous injection. The dual protein ligand-capped AuNCs showed great potential for drug analysis in actual biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Zhongguancun Beiyijie, Beijing 100190, China; College of Chemical and Phamaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Juan Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Zhongguancun Beiyijie, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- College of Chemical and Phamaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
| | - Li Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Zhongguancun Beiyijie, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China.
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