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Cui M, Liu S, Xie X, Yang J, Wang T, Jiao Y, Lin M, Sui K. Self-Assembly Reinforced Alginate Fibers for Enhanced Strength, Toughness, and Bone Regeneration. Biomacromolecules 2024. [PMID: 38741285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Material reinforcement commonly exists in a contradiction between strength and toughness enhancement. Herein, a reinforced strategy through self-assembly is proposed for alginate fibers. Sodium alginate (SA) microstructures with regulated secondary structures are assembled in acidic and ethanol as reinforcing units for alginate fibers. Acidity increases the flexibility of the helix and contributes to enhanced extendibility. Ethanol is responsible for formation of a stiff β-sheet, which enhances the modulus and strength. The structurally engineered SA assembly exhibits robust mechanical compatibility, and thus reinforced alginate fibers possess an improved tensile strength of 2.1 times, a prolonged elongation of 1.5 times, and an enhanced toughness of 3.0 times compared with SA fibers without reinforcement. The reinforcement through self-assembly provides an understanding of strengthening and toughening mechanism based on secondary structures. Due to a similar modulus with bones, reinforced alginate fibers exhibit good efficacy in accelerating bone regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Shuwei Liu
- Joint Laboratory of Opto-Functional Theranostics in Medicine and Chemistry, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xuelai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Jinhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Tianyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Yuyang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Min Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Kunyan Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
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Zhang Z, Kong Y, Gao J, Han X, Lian Z, Liu J, Wang WJ, Yang X. Engineering strong man-made cellulosic fibers: a review of the wet spinning process based on cellulose nanofibrils. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38465763 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06126d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
With the goal of sustainable development, manufacturing continuous high-performance fibers based on sustainable resources is an emerging research direction. However, compared to traditional synthetic fibers, plant fibers have limited length/diameter and uncontrollable natural defects, while regenerated cellulose fibers such as viscose and Lyocell suffer from inferior mechanical properties. Wet-spun fibers based on nanocelluloses especially cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) offer superior mechanical performance since CNFs are the fundamental high-performance building blocks of plant cell walls. This review aims to summarize the progress of making CNF wet-spun fibers, emphasizing on the whole wet spinning process including spinning suspension preparation, spinning, coagulation, washing, drying and post-stretching steps. By establishing the relationships between the nano-scale assembling structure and the macroscopic changes in the CNF dope from gels to dried fibers, effective methods and strategies to improve the mechanical properties of the final fibers are analyzed and proposed. Based on this, the opportunities and challenges for potential industrial-scale production are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, P.R. China
| | - Yuying Kong
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, P.R. China
| | - Junqi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, P.R. China
| | - Zechun Lian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China.
| | - Jiamin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China.
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, P.R. China
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Yang C, Zhu Y, Tian Z, Zhang C, Han X, Jiang S, Liu K, Duan G. Preparation of nanocellulose and its applications in wound dressing: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127997. [PMID: 37949262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose, as a nanoscale polymer material, has garnered significant attention worldwide due to its numerous advantages including excellent biocompatibility, thermal stability, non-toxicity, large specific surface area, and good hydrophilicity. Various methods can be employed for the preparation of nanocellulose. Traditional approaches such as mechanical, chemical, and biological methods possess their own distinct characteristics and limitations. However, with the growing deterioration of our living environment, several green and environmentally friendly preparation techniques have emerged. These novel approaches adopt eco-friendly technologies or employ green reagents to achieve environmental sustainability. Simultaneously, there is a current research focus on optimizing traditional nanocellulose preparation methods while addressing their inherent drawbacks. The combination of mechanical and chemical methods compensates for the limitations associated with using either method alone. Nanocellulose is widely used in wound dressings owing to its exceptional properties, which can accelerate the wound healing process and reduce patient discomfort. In this paper, the principle, advantages and disadvantages of each preparation method of nanocellulose and the research findings in recent years are introduced Moreover, this review provides an overview of the utilization of nanocellulose in wound dressing applications. Finally, the prospective trends in its development alongside corresponding preparation techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yaqin Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhiwei Tian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Institute of Materials Science and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Xiaoshuai Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shaohua Jiang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Kunming Liu
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Gaigai Duan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Zhou L, Han J, Xiao J, Yang X, Chen S. Microfluidic-Assisted Self-Assembly of 2D Nanosheets toward in situ Generation of Robust Nanofiber Film. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301310. [PMID: 37080949 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Methods allow the enhancement of nanofibers via self-assembly are potentially important for new disciplines with many advantages, including multi-anchor interaction, intrinsic mechanical properties and versatility. Herein, a microfluidic-assisted self-assembly process to construct hydroxyl functionalized boron nitride nanosheets (OH-BNNS)/graphene oxide (GO)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composite nanofiber film, in which stable and precisely controlled self-assembly is fulfilled by the confined ultra-small-volume chip is demonstrated. Multiple fine structural analyses alongside with the density-functional theory (DFT) calculations are implemented to confirm the synergistic effect of noncovalent interactions (hydrogen bonding interaction, π - π stacking interaction, and van der Waals attraction) plays a critical role in the robust micro-structure and a massive 700% enhancement of mechanical strength via adding only 0.3 wt% OH-BNNS and GO. Importantly, profiled from broadband optical absorption ability, robust mechanical properties and outstanding flexibility, the self-assembled 3D OH-BNNS/GO/TPU nanofiber film reveals an adorable evaporation rate of 4.04 kg m-2 h-1 under one sun illumination with stable energy transfer efficiency (93.2%) by accompanying hydrogen bonding interaction. This microfluidic-assisted self-assembly strategy will provide a constructive entry point for the rational design of nanofibers and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jingtao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jijun Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
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Benselfelt T, Kummer N, Nordenström M, Fall AB, Nyström G, Wågberg L. The Colloidal Properties of Nanocellulose. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201955. [PMID: 36650954 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses are anisotropic nanoparticles of semicrystalline assemblies of glucan polymers. They have great potential as renewable building blocks in the materials platform of a more sustainable society. As a result, the research on nanocellulose has grown exponentially over the last decades. To fully utilize the properties of nanocelluloses, a fundamental understanding of their colloidal behavior is necessary. As elongated particles with dimensions in a critical nanosize range, their colloidal properties are complex, with several behaviors not covered by classical theories. In this comprehensive Review, we describe the most prominent colloidal behaviors of nanocellulose by combining experimental data and theoretical descriptions. We discuss the preparation and characterization of nanocellulose dispersions, how they form networks at low concentrations, how classical theories cannot describe their behavior, and how they interact with other colloids. We then show examples of how scientists can use this fundamental knowledge to control the assembly of nanocellulose into new materials with exceptional properties. We hope aspiring and established researchers will use this Review as a guide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Benselfelt
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nico Kummer
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Malin Nordenström
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Gustav Nyström
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
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Anani OA, Adama KK, Ukhurebor KE, Habib AI, Abanihi VK, Pal K. Application of nanofibrous protein for the purification of contaminated water as a next generational sorption technology: a review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:232004. [PMID: 36807991 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acbd9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Globally, wastes from agricultural and industrial activities cause water pollution. Pollutants such as microbes, pesticides, and heavy metals in contaminated water bodies beyond their threshold limits result in several diseases like mutagenicity, cancer, gastrointestinal problems, and skin or dermal issues when bioaccumulated via ingestion and dermal contacts. Several technologies have been used in modern times to treat wastes or pollutants such as membrane purification technologies and ionic exchange methods. However, these methods have been recounted to be capital intensive, non-eco-friendly, and need deep technical know-how to operate thus, contributing to their inefficiencies and non-efficacies. This review work evaluated the application of Nanofibrils-protein for the purification of contaminated water. Findings from the study indicated that Nanofibrils protein is economically viable, green, and sustainable when used for water pollutant management or removal because they have outstanding recyclability of wastes without resulting in a secondary phase-pollutant. It is recommended to use residues from dairy industries, agriculture, cattle guano, and wastes from a kitchen in conjunction with nanomaterials to develop nanofibrils protein which has been recounted for the effective removal of micro and micropollutants from wastewater and water. The commercialization of nanofibrils protein for the purification of wastewater and water against pollutants has been tied to novel methods in nanoengineering technology, which depends strongly on the environmental impact in the aqueous ecosystem. So, there is a need to establish a legal framework for the establishment of a nano-based material for the effective purification of water against pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osikemekha Anthony Anani
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology and Forensic Biology, Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Edo State University, Uzairue, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Kenneth Kennedy Adama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Edo State University, Uzairue, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Aishatu Idris Habib
- Department of Microbiology, Edo State University, Faculty of Science, Uzairue, Nigeria
| | - Vincent Kenechi Abanihi
- Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Edo State University, Uzairue, Nigeria
| | - Kaushik Pal
- University Centre for Research and Development (UCRD), Department of Physics, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Gharuan, Punjab 140413, India
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Hanif F, Imran M, Zhang Y, Jia Z, Lu X, Lu R, Tang B. Form-Stable Phase Change Material with Wood-Based Materials as Support. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040942. [PMID: 36850225 PMCID: PMC9966897 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Building shape-stable phase change materials (PCMs) are crucial for their practical applications. Particularly, it is vital to utilize renewable/recyclable biomass media as the support material of form-stable PCMs. In this review article, we summarized the recent developments for building form-stable PCMs consisting of wood as a supporting material, either carbonized wood or wood composites. Moreover, the electrothermal conversion and photothermal conversion of form-stable PCMs based on carbonized wood are also demonstrated. In addition, the current technical problems and future research developments of wood-based PCMs are discussed, especially the leakage problem of PCMs during the phase change transition process. All of this information will be helpful for the in-depth understanding and development of new PCMs suitable for wide application perspectives.
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Jiang X, Mietner JB, Harder C, Komban R, Chen S, Strelow C, Sazama U, Fröba M, Gimmler C, Müller-Buschbaum P, Roth SV, Navarro JRG. 3D Printable Hybrid Gel Made of Polymer Surface-Modified Cellulose Nanofibrils Prepared by Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization (SI-SET-LRP) and Upconversion Luminescent Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:5687-5700. [PMID: 36669131 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A cellulose nanofibril-based hybrid gel material was developed by grafting the polymerized stearyl acrylate (PSA) and upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) onto cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) via Cu0-mediated radical polymerization (SET-LRP) to create a highly cross-linked CNF system. A two-step strategy was exploited to surface-exchange the ligand of the UCNPs from a hydrophobic ligand (oleic acid) to a hydrophilic small-molecule ligand (2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, AMPS) and therefore be suitable for SET-LRP. The characteristics and properties of the hybrid material (UCNP-PSA-CNF) were monitored by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), rheology, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and microscopic analysis. Those characterization techniques prove the efficient modification of the CNF, with the presence of 1.8% UCNPs. The luminescence measurement was carried out using a homebuilt confocal microscope with a 980 nm laser source. The nanostructure of UCNPs and their incorporated CNF species were measured by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). In addition, this CNF-based hybrid gel has decisive rheological properties, such as good viscoelasticity (loss tangent was below 0.35 for the UCNP-PSA-CNF gel, while the PSA-CNF gel reached the highest value of 0.42), shear-thinning behavior, and shape retention, and was successfully applied to three-dimensional (3D) gel printing throughout various 3D print models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehe Jiang
- Institute of Wood Science, University Hamburg, Leuschnerstraße 91, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Benedikt Mietner
- Institute of Wood Science, University Hamburg, Leuschnerstraße 91, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Constantin Harder
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rajesh Komban
- Fraunhofer Center for Applied Nanotechnology CAN, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shouzheng Chen
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Strelow
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uta Sazama
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, University Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Fröba
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, University Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Gimmler
- Fraunhofer Center for Applied Nanotechnology CAN, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funtionelle Materielien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julien R G Navarro
- Institute of Wood Science, University Hamburg, Leuschnerstraße 91, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
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Biocompatible Optical Fibers Made of Regenerated Cellulose and Recombinant Cellulose-Binding Spider Silk. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8010037. [PMID: 36648823 PMCID: PMC9844472 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The fabrication of green optical waveguides based on cellulose and spider silk might allow the processing of novel biocompatible materials. Regenerated cellulose fibers are used as the core and recombinantly produced spider silk proteins eADF4(C16) as the cladding material. A detected delamination between core and cladding could be circumvented by using a modified spider silk protein with a cellulose-binding domain-enduring permanent adhesion between the cellulose core and the spider silk cladding. The applied spider silk materials were characterized optically, and the theoretical maximum data rate was determined. The results show optical waveguide structures promising for medical applications, for example, in the future.
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Wang B, Qiu S, Chen Z, Hu Y, Shi G, Zhuo H, Zhang H, Zhong L. Assembling nanocelluloses into fibrous materials and their emerging applications. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 299:120008. [PMID: 36876760 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses, derived from various plants or specific bacteria, represent the renewable and sophisticated nano building blocks for emerging functional materials. Especially, the assembly of nanocelluloses as fibrous materials can mimic the structural organization of their natural counterparts to integrate various functions, thus holding great promise for potential applications in various fields, such as electrical device, fire retardance, sensing, medical antibiosis, and drug release. Due to the advantages of nanocelluloses, a variety of fibrous materials have been fabricated with the assistance of advanced techniques, and their applications have attracted great interest in the past decade. This review begins with an overview of nanocellulose properties followed by the historical development of assembling processes. There will be a focus on assembling techniques, including traditional methods (wet spinning, dry spinning, and electrostatic spinning) and advanced methods (self-assembly, microfluidic, and 3D printing). In particular, the design rules and various influencing factors of assembling processes related to the structure and function of fibrous materials are introduced and discussed in detail. Then, the emerging applications of these nanocellulose-based fibrous materials are highlighted. Finally, some perspectives, key opportunities, and critical challenges on future research trends within this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Shuting Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zehong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yijie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Ge Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Hao Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Huili Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, China.
| | - Linxin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
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11
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Heise K, Koso T, King AWT, Nypelö T, Penttilä P, Tardy BL, Beaumont M. Spatioselective surface chemistry for the production of functional and chemically anisotropic nanocellulose colloids. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2022; 10:23413-23432. [PMID: 36438677 PMCID: PMC9664451 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta05277f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Maximizing the benefits of nanomaterials from biomass requires unique considerations associated with their native chemical and physical structure. Both cellulose nanofibrils and nanocrystals are extracted from cellulose fibers via a top-down approach and have significantly advanced materials chemistry and set new benchmarks in the last decade. One major challenge has been to prepare defined and selectively modified nanocelluloses, which would, e.g., allow optimal particle interactions and thereby further improve the properties of processed materials. At the molecular and crystallite level, the surface of nanocelluloses offers an alternating chemical structure and functional groups of different reactivity, enabling straightforward avenues towards chemically anisotropic and molecularly patterned nanoparticles via spatioselective chemical modification. In this review, we will explain the influence and role of the multiscale hierarchy of cellulose fibers in chemical modifications, and critically discuss recent advances in selective surface chemistry of nanocelluloses. Finally, we will demonstrate the potential of those chemically anisotropic nanocelluloses in materials science and discuss challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Espoo Finland
| | - Tetyana Koso
- Materials Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki FI-00560 Helsinki Finland
| | - Alistair W T King
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Biomaterial Processing and Products 02044 Espoo Finland
| | - Tiina Nypelö
- Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Paavo Penttilä
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Espoo Finland
| | - Blaise L Tardy
- Khalifa University, Department of Chemical Engineering Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
- Center for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology, Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
- Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and Hydrogen, Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Marco Beaumont
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24 A-3430 Tulln Austria
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12
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Luotonen OIV, Greca LG, Nyström G, Guo J, Richardson JJ, Rojas OJ, Tardy BL. Benchmarking supramolecular adhesive behavior of nanocelluloses, cellulose derivatives and proteins. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 292:119681. [PMID: 35725211 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
One of the key steps towards a broader implementation of renewable materials is the development of biodegradable adhesives that can be attained at scale and utilized safely. Recently, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were demonstrated to have remarkable adhesive properties. Herein, we study three classes of naturally synthesized biopolymers as adhesives, namely nanocelluloses (CNFs), cellulose derivatives, and proteins by themselves and when used as additives with CNCs. Among the samples evaluated, the adhesion strength was the highest for bovine serum albumin and hydroxypropyl cellulose (beyond 10 MPa). These were followed by carboxymethylcellulose and CNCs (ca. 5 MPa) and mechanically fibrillated CNFs (ca. 2 MPa), and finally by tempo-oxidized CNFs (0.2 MPa) and lysozyme (1.5 MPa). Remarkably, we find that the anisotropy of adhesion (in plane vs out of plane) falls within a narrow range across the bio-based adhesives studied. Collectively, this study benchmarks bio-based non-covalent adhesives aiming towards their improvement and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otso I V Luotonen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Luiz G Greca
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Gustav Nyström
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Junling Guo
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and Nanointerfaces, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Joseph J Richardson
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Blaise L Tardy
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P. O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Khalifa University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Research and Innovation Center on CO(2) and Hydrogen, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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13
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Ye X, Capezza AJ, Davoodi S, Wei XF, Andersson RL, Chumakov A, Roth SV, Langton M, Lundell F, Hedenqvist MS, Lendel C. Robust Assembly of Cross-Linked Protein Nanofibrils into Hierarchically Structured Microfibers. ACS NANO 2022; 16:12471-12479. [PMID: 35904348 PMCID: PMC9413408 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural, high-performance fibers generally have hierarchically organized nanosized building blocks. Inspired by this, whey protein nanofibrils (PNFs) are assembled into microfibers, using flow-focusing. By adding genipin as a nontoxic cross-linker to the PNF suspension before spinning, significantly improved mechanical properties of the final fiber are obtained. For curved PNFs, with a low content of cross-linker (2%) the fiber is almost 3 times stronger and 4 times stiffer than the fiber without a cross-linker. At higher content of genipin (10%), the elongation at break increases by a factor of 2 and the energy at break increases by a factor of 5. The cross-linking also enables the spinning of microfibers from long straight PNFs, which has not been achieved before. These microfibers have higher stiffness and strength but lower ductility and toughness than those made from curved PNFs. The fibers spun from the two classes of nanofibrils show clear morphological differences. The study demonstrates the production of protein-based microfibers with mechanical properties similar to natural protein-based fibers and provides insights about the role of the nanostructure in the assembly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Ye
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio J. Capezza
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saeed Davoodi
- Department
of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Teknikringen
8, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xin-Feng Wei
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard L. Andersson
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei Chumakov
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan V. Roth
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maud Langton
- Department
of Molecular Sciences, SLU, Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences, BioCentrum, Almas allé 5, SE-756
61, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Lundell
- Department
of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Teknikringen
8, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael S. Hedenqvist
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christofer Lendel
- Department
of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Juan LT, Lin SH, Wong CW, Jeng US, Huang CF, Hsu SH. Functionalized Cellulose Nanofibers as Crosslinkers to Produce Chitosan Self-Healing Hydrogel and Shape Memory Cryogel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:36353-36365. [PMID: 35930741 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibers functionalized with multiple aldehyde group were synthesized as the crosslinker to produce composite self-healing hydrogel and shape memory cryogel from chitosan. The hydrogel possessed effective self-healing (∼100% efficiency) and shear-thinning properties. The cryogel had macroporous structure, large water absorption (>4300%), and high compressibility. Both hydrogel and cryogel were injectable. In particular, the cryogel (nanocellulose/chitosan 1:6) revealed thermally induced shape memory, the mechanism of which was elucidated by in situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) as changes in orientation of the induced crystalline structure during the shape memory program. The shape memory cryogel with a large size (15 mm × 10 mm × 1.1 mm) injected through a 16 G syringe needle was recoverable in 37 °C water. Moreover, the cryogel was cytocompatible and promoted cell growth. The nanocellulose-chitosan composite hydrogel and cryogel are injectable and degradable biomaterials with adjustable mechanical properties for potential medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ting Juan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Ho Lin
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chui-Wei Wong
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - U-Ser Jeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Feng Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology (iCAST), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shan-Hui Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
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15
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Hierarchical nano-helix as a new reinforcing unit for simultaneously ultra-strong and super-tough alginate fibers. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 297:119998. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Chen H, Wang B, Li J, Ying G, Chen K. High-strength and super-hydrophobic multilayered paper based on nano-silica coating and micro-fibrillated cellulose. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 288:119371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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He W, Qian D, Wang Y, Zhang G, Cheng Y, Hu X, Wen K, Wang M, Liu Z, Zhou X, Zhu M. A Protein-Like Nanogel for Spinning Hierarchically Structured Artificial Spider Silk. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201843. [PMID: 35509216 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spider dragline silk is draw-spun from soluble, β-sheet-crosslinked spidroin in aqueous solution. This spider silk has an excellent combination of strength and toughness, which originates from the hierarchical structure containing β-sheet crosslinking points, spiral nanoassemblies, a rigid sheath, and a soft core. Inspired by the spidroin structure and spider spinning process, a soluble and crosslinked nanogel is prepared and crosslinked fibers are drew spun with spider-silk-like hierarchical structures containing cross-links, aligned nanoassemblies, and sheath-core structures. Introducing nucleation seeds in the nanogel solution, and applying prestretch and a spiral architecture in the nanogel fiber, further tunes the alignment and assembly of the polymer chains, and enhances the breaking strength (1.27 GPa) and toughness (383 MJ m-3 ) to approach those of the best dragline silk. Theoretical modeling provides understanding for the dependence of the fiber's spinning capacity on the nanogel size. This work provides a new strategy for the direct spinning of tough fiber materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian He
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dong Qian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Guanghao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- Chemical Engineering College, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Huhhot, 010051, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Kai Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Meilin Wang
- Department of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Zunfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Department of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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18
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Rai R, Dhar P. Biomedical engineering aspects of nanocellulose: a review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:362001. [PMID: 35576914 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac6fef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is one of the most abundant renewable biopolymer in nature and is present as major constituent in both plant cell walls as well as synthesized by some microorganisms as extracellular products. In both the systems, cellulose self-assembles into a hierarchical ordered architecture to form micro to nano-fibrillated structures, on basis of which it is classified into various forms. Nanocellulose (NCs) exist as rod-shaped highly crystalline cellulose nanocrystals to high aspect ratio cellulose nanofibers, micro-fibrillated cellulose and bacterial cellulose (BC), depending upon the origin, structural and morphological properties. Moreover, NCs have been processed into diversified products ranging from composite films, coatings, hydrogels, aerogels, xerogels, organogels, rheological modifiers, optically active birefringent colored films using traditional-to-advanced manufacturing techniques. With such versatility in structure-property, NCs have profound application in areas of healthcare, packaging, cosmetics, energy, food, electronics, bioremediation, and biomedicine with promising commercial potential. Herein this review, we highlight the recent advancements in synthesis, fabrication, processing of NCs, with strategic chemical modification routes to tailor its properties for targeted biomedical applications. We also study the basic mechanism and models for biosynthesis of cellulose in both plant and microbial systems and understand the structural insights of NC polymorphism. The kinetics study for both enzymatic/chemical modifications of NCs and microbial growth behavior of BC under various reactor configurations are studied. The challenges associated with the commercial aspects as well as industrial scale production of pristine and functionalized NCs to meet the growing demands of market are discussed and prospective strategies to mitigate them are described. Finally, post chemical modification evaluation of biological and inherent properties of NC are important to determine their efficacy for development of various products and technologies directed for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Rai
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| | - Prodyut Dhar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
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19
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Guo J, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhao Y. Conductive Materials with Elaborate Micro/Nanostructures for Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110024. [PMID: 35081264 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics, an emerging field with the mutual penetration of biological systems and electronic sciences, allows the quantitative analysis of complicated biosignals together with the dynamic regulation of fateful biological functions. In this area, the development of conductive materials with elaborate micro/nanostructures has been of great significance to the improvement of high-performance bioelectronic devices. Thus, here, a comprehensive and up-to-date summary of relevant research studies on the fabrication and properties of conductive materials with micro/nanostructures and their promising applications and future opportunities in bioelectronic applications is presented. In addition, a critical analysis of the current opportunities and challenges regarding the future developments of conductive materials with elaborate micro/nanostructures for bioelectronic applications is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Guo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
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20
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Das R, Lindström T, Sharma PR, Chi K, Hsiao BS. Nanocellulose for Sustainable Water Purification. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8936-9031. [PMID: 35330990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses (NC) are nature-based sustainable biomaterials, which not only possess cellulosic properties but also have the important hallmarks of nanomaterials, such as large surface area, versatile reactive sites or functionalities, and scaffolding stability to host inorganic nanoparticles. This class of nanomaterials offers new opportunities for a broad spectrum of applications for clean water production that were once thought impractical. This Review covers substantial discussions based on evaluative judgments of the recent literature and technical advancements in the fields of coagulation/flocculation, adsorption, photocatalysis, and membrane filtration for water decontamination through proper understanding of fundamental knowledge of NC, such as purity, crystallinity, surface chemistry and charge, suspension rheology, morphology, mechanical properties, and film stability. To supplement these, discussions on low-cost and scalable NC extraction, new characterizations including solution small-angle X-ray scattering evaluation, and structure-property relationships of NC are also reviewed. Identifying knowledge gaps and drawing perspectives could generate guidance to overcome uncertainties associated with the adaptation of NC-enabled water purification technologies. Furthermore, the topics of simultaneous removal of multipollutants disposal and proper handling of post/spent NC are discussed. We believe NC-enabled remediation nanomaterials can be integrated into a broad range of water treatments, greatly improving the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasel Das
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Tom Lindström
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States.,KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Priyanka R Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Kai Chi
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Benjamin S Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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21
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Gowda VK, Rosén T, Roth SV, Söderberg LD, Lundell F. Nanofibril Alignment during Assembly Revealed by an X-ray Scattering-Based Digital Twin. ACS NANO 2022; 16:2120-2132. [PMID: 35104107 PMCID: PMC8867913 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The nanostructure, primarily particle orientation, controls mechanical and functional (e.g., mouthfeel, cell compatibility, optical, morphing) properties when macroscopic materials are assembled from nanofibrils. Understanding and controlling the nanostructure is therefore an important key for the continued development of nanotechnology. We merge recent developments in the assembly of biological nanofibrils, X-ray diffraction orientation measurements, and computational fluid dynamics of complex flows. The result is a digital twin, which reveals the complete particle orientation in complex and transient flow situations, in particular the local alignment and spatial variation of the orientation distributions of different length fractions, both along the process and over a specific cross section. The methodology forms a necessary foundation for analysis and optimization of assembly involving anisotropic particles. Furthermore, it provides a bridge between advanced in operandi measurements of nanostructures and phenomena such as transitions between liquid crystal states and in silico studies of particle interactions and agglomeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Krishne Gowda
- Department
of Engineering Mechanics, Royal Institute
of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- FLOW, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Rosén
- Treesearch, Royal
Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of
Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Royal Institute
of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan V. Roth
- Treesearch, Royal
Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of
Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Royal Institute
of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Deutches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - L. Daniel Söderberg
- FLOW, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Treesearch, Royal
Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of
Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Royal Institute
of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Lundell
- Department
of Engineering Mechanics, Royal Institute
of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- FLOW, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of
Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- E-mail:
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22
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Li J, Li S, Huang J, Khan AQ, An B, Zhou X, Liu Z, Zhu M. Spider Silk-Inspired Artificial Fibers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103965. [PMID: 34927397 PMCID: PMC8844500 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Spider silk is a natural polymeric fiber with high tensile strength, toughness, and has distinct thermal, optical, and biocompatible properties. The mechanical properties of spider silk are ascribed to its hierarchical structure, including primary and secondary structures of the spidroins (spider silk proteins), the nanofibril, the "core-shell", and the "nano-fishnet" structures. In addition, spider silk also exhibits remarkable properties regarding humidity/water response, water collection, light transmission, thermal conductance, and shape-memory effect. This motivates researchers to prepare artificial functional fibers mimicking spider silk. In this review, the authors summarize the study of the structure and properties of natural spider silk, and the biomimetic preparation of artificial fibers from different types of molecules and polymers by taking some examples of artificial fibers exhibiting these interesting properties. In conclusion, biomimetic studies have yielded several noteworthy findings in artificial fibers with different functions, and this review aims to provide indications for biomimetic studies of functional fibers that approach and exceed the properties of natural spider silk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of Pharmacy and College of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Functional Polymer MaterialsFrontiers Science Center for New Organic MatterNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Sitong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of Pharmacy and College of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Functional Polymer MaterialsFrontiers Science Center for New Organic MatterNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Jiayi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of Pharmacy and College of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Functional Polymer MaterialsFrontiers Science Center for New Organic MatterNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Abdul Qadeer Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of Pharmacy and College of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Functional Polymer MaterialsFrontiers Science Center for New Organic MatterNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
| | - Baigang An
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology LiaoningAnshan114051China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of ScienceChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing211198China
| | - Zunfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyCollege of Pharmacy and College of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Functional Polymer MaterialsFrontiers Science Center for New Organic MatterNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology LiaoningAnshan114051China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringDonghua UniversityShanghai201620China
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23
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Lendel C, Solin N. Protein nanofibrils and their use as building blocks of sustainable materials. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39188-39215. [PMID: 35492452 PMCID: PMC9044473 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06878d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development towards a sustainable society requires a radical change of many of the materials we currently use. Besides the replacement of plastics, derived from petrochemical sources, with renewable alternatives, we will also need functional materials for applications in areas ranging from green energy and environmental remediation to smart foods. Proteins could, with their intriguing ability of self-assembly into various forms, play important roles in all these fields. To achieve that, the code for how to assemble hierarchically ordered structures similar to the protein materials found in nature must be cracked. During the last decade it has been demonstrated that amyloid-like protein nanofibrils (PNFs) could be a steppingstone for this task. PNFs are formed by self-assembly in water from a range of proteins, including plant resources and industrial side streams. The nanofibrils display distinct functional features and can be further assembled into larger structures. PNFs thus provide a framework for creating ordered, functional structures from the atomic level up to the macroscale. This review address how industrial scale protein resources could be transformed into PNFs and further assembled into materials with specific mechanical and functional properties. We describe what is required from a protein to form PNFs and how the structural properties at different length scales determine the material properties. We also discuss potential chemical routes to modify the properties of the fibrils and to assemble them into macroscopic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christofer Lendel
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 30 SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Niclas Solin
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Electronic and Photonic Materials, Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Linköping University Linköping 581 83 Sweden
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24
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Tardy BL, Mattos BD, Otoni CG, Beaumont M, Majoinen J, Kämäräinen T, Rojas OJ. Deconstruction and Reassembly of Renewable Polymers and Biocolloids into Next Generation Structured Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14088-14188. [PMID: 34415732 PMCID: PMC8630709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the most recent developments in supramolecular and supraparticle structures obtained from natural, renewable biopolymers as well as their disassembly and reassembly into engineered materials. We introduce the main interactions that control bottom-up synthesis and top-down design at different length scales, highlighting the promise of natural biopolymers and associated building blocks. The latter have become main actors in the recent surge of the scientific and patent literature related to the subject. Such developments make prominent use of multicomponent and hierarchical polymeric assemblies and structures that contain polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, and others), polyphenols (lignins, tannins), and proteins (soy, whey, silk, and other proteins). We offer a comprehensive discussion about the interactions that exist in their native architectures (including multicomponent and composite forms), the chemical modification of polysaccharides and their deconstruction into high axial aspect nanofibers and nanorods. We reflect on the availability and suitability of the latter types of building blocks to enable superstructures and colloidal associations. As far as processing, we describe the most relevant transitions, from the solution to the gel state and the routes that can be used to arrive to consolidated materials with prescribed properties. We highlight the implementation of supramolecular and superstructures in different technological fields that exploit the synergies exhibited by renewable polymers and biocolloids integrated in structured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Bruno D. Mattos
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Caio G. Otoni
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Federal University
of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São
Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marco Beaumont
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University
of Technology, 2 George
Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Johanna Majoinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tero Kämäräinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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25
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Brouzet C, Mittal N, Rosén T, Takeda Y, Söderberg LD, Lundell F, Takana H. Effect of Electric Field on the Hydrodynamic Assembly of Polydisperse and Entangled Fibrillar Suspensions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:8339-8347. [PMID: 34176263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dynamics of colloidal particles can be controlled by the application of electric fields at micrometer-nanometer length scales. Here, an electric field-coupled microfluidic flow-focusing device is designed for investigating the effect of an externally applied alternating current (AC) electric field on the hydrodynamic assembly of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). We first discuss how the nanofibrils align parallel to the direction of the applied field without flow. Then, we apply an electric field during hydrodynamic assembly in the microfluidic channel and observe the effects on the mechanical properties of the assembled nanostructures. We further discuss the nanoscale orientational dynamics of the polydisperse and entangled fibrillar suspension of CNFs in the channel. It is shown that electric fields induced with the electrodes locally increase the degree of orientation. However, hydrodynamic alignment is demonstrated to be much more efficient than the electric field for aligning CNFs. The results are useful for understanding the development of the nanostructure when designing high-performance materials with microfluidics in the presence of external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Brouzet
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center and Linné FLOW Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Nitesh Mittal
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center and Linné FLOW Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Tomas Rosén
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center and Linné FLOW Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Yusuke Takeda
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - L Daniel Söderberg
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center and Linné FLOW Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Lundell
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center and Linné FLOW Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Hidemasa Takana
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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26
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Rosén T, Hsiao BS, Söderberg LD. Elucidating the Opportunities and Challenges for Nanocellulose Spinning. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2001238. [PMID: 32830341 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Man-made continuous fibers play an essential role in society today. With the increase in global sustainability challenges, there is a broad spectrum of societal needs where the development of advanced biobased fibers could provide means to address the challenges. Biobased regenerated fibers, produced from dissolved cellulose are widely used today for clothes, upholstery, and linens. With new developments in the area of advanced biobased fibers, it would be possible to compete with high-performance synthetic fibers such as glass fibers and carbon fibers as well as to provide unique functionalities. One possible development is to fabricate fibers by spinning filaments from nanocellulose, Nature's nanoscale high-performance building block, which will require detailed insights into nanoscale assembly mechanisms during spinning, as well as knowledge regarding possible functionalization. If successful, this could result in a new class of man-made biobased fibers. This work aims to identify the progress made in the field of spinning of nanocellulose filaments, as well as outline necessary steps for efficient fabrication of such nanocellulose-based filaments with controlled and predictable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Rosén
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, S-100 44, Sweden
| | - Benjamin S Hsiao
- Chemistry Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
| | - L Daniel Söderberg
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, S-100 44, Sweden
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27
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Ajdary R, Tardy BL, Mattos BD, Bai L, Rojas OJ. Plant Nanomaterials and Inspiration from Nature: Water Interactions and Hierarchically Structured Hydrogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2001085. [PMID: 32537860 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in the area of plant-based hydrogels are introduced, especially those derived from wood as a widely available, multiscale, and hierarchical source of nanomaterials, as well as other cell wall elements. With water being fundamental in a hydrogel, water interactions, hydration, and swelling, all critically important in designing, processing, and achieving the desired properties of sustainable and functional hydrogels, are highlighted. A plant, by itself, is a form of a hydrogel, at least at given states of development, and for this reason phenomena such as fluid transport, diffusion, capillarity, and ionic effects are examined. These aspects are highly relevant not only to plants, especially lignified tissues, but also to the porous structures produced after removal of water (foams, sponges, cryogels, xerogels, and aerogels). Thus, a useful source of critical and comprehensive information is provided regarding the synthesis of hydrogels from plant materials (and especially wood nanostructures), and about the role of water, not only for processing but for developing hydrogel properties and uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Ajdary
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto, Espoo, FIN-00076, Finland
| | - Blaise L Tardy
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto, Espoo, FIN-00076, Finland
| | - Bruno D Mattos
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto, Espoo, FIN-00076, Finland
| | - Long Bai
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Chemistry and, Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto, Espoo, FIN-00076, Finland
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Chemistry and, Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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28
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Tu H, Zhu M, Duan B, Zhang L. Recent Progress in High-Strength and Robust Regenerated Cellulose Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000682. [PMID: 32686231 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
High-strength petroleum-based materials like plastics have been widely used in various fields, but their nonbiodegradability has caused serious pollution problems. Cellulose, as the most abundant sustainable polymer, has a great chance to act as the ideal substitute for plastics due to its low cost, wide availability, biodegradability, etc. Herein, the recent achievements for developing cellulose "green" solvents and regenerated cellulose materials with high strength via the "bottom-up" route are presented. Cellulose can be regenerated to produce films/membranes, hydrogels/aerogels, filaments/fibers, microspheres/beads, bioplastics, etc., which show potential applications in textiles, biomedicine, energy storage, packaging, etc. Importantly, these cellulose-based materials can be biodegraded in soil and oceans, reducing environmental pollution. The cellulose solvents, dissolving mechanism, and strategies for constructing the regenerated cellulose functional materials with high strength and performances, together with the current achievements and urgent challenges are summarized, and some perspectives are also proposed. The near future will be an exciting era for high-strength biodegradable and renewable materials. The hope is that many environmentally friendly materials with good properties and low cost will be produced for commercial use, which will be beneficial for sustainable development in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Tu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Mengxiang Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bo Duan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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29
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Ray U, Zhu S, Pang Z, Li T. Mechanics Design in Cellulose-Enabled High-Performance Functional Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002504. [PMID: 32794349 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The abundance of cellulose found in natural resources such as wood, and the wide spectrum of structural diversity of cellulose nanomaterials in the form of micro-nano-sized particles and fibers, have sparked a tremendous interest to utilize cellulose's intriguing mechanical properties in designing high-performance functional materials, where cellulose's structure-mechanics relationships are pivotal. In this progress report, multiscale mechanics understanding of cellulose, including the key role of hydrogen bonding, the dependence of structural interfaces on the spatial hydrogen bond density, the effect of nanofiber size and orientation on the fracture toughness, are discussed along with recent development on enabling experimental design techniques such as structural alteration, manipulation of anisotropy, interface and topology engineering. Progress in these fronts renders cellulose a prospect of being effectuated in an array of emerging sustainable applications and being fabricated into high-performance structural materials that are both strong and tough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upamanyu Ray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Shuze Zhu
- Center for X-Mechanics, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhenqian Pang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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30
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Vimentin Cytoskeleton Architecture Analysis on Polylactide and Polyhydroxyoctanoate Substrates for Cell Culturing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136821. [PMID: 34201927 PMCID: PMC8268722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA), widely used in bioengineering and medicine, gained popularity due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability. Natural origin and eco-friendly background encourage the search of novel materials with such features, such as polyhydroxyoctanoate (P(3HO)), a polyester of bacterial origin. Physicochemical features of both P(3HO) and PLA have an impact on cellular response 32, i.e., adhesion, migration, and cell morphology, based on the signaling and changes in the architecture of the three cytoskeletal networks: microfilaments (F-actin), microtubules, and intermediate filaments (IF). To investigate the role of IF in the cellular response to the substrate, we focused on vimentin intermediate filaments (VIFs), present in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEF). VIFs maintain cell integrity and protect it from external mechanical stress, and also take part in the transmission of signals from the exterior of the cell to its inner organelles, which is under constant investigation. Physiochemical properties of a substrate have an impact on cells’ morphology, and thus on cytoskeleton network signaling and assembly. In this work, we show how PLA and P(3HO) crystallinity and hydrophilicity influence VIFs, and we identify that two different types of vimentin cytoskeleton architecture: network “classic” and “nutshell-like” are expressed by MEFs in different numbers of cells depending on substrate features.
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31
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Peydayesh M, Mezzenga R. Protein nanofibrils for next generation sustainable water purification. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3248. [PMID: 34059677 PMCID: PMC8166862 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Water scarcity is rapidly spreading across the planet, threatening the population across the five continents and calling for global sustainable solutions. Water reclamation is the most ecological approach for supplying clean drinking water. However, current water purification technologies are seldom sustainable, due to high-energy consumption and negative environmental footprint. Here, we review the cutting-edge technologies based on protein nanofibrils as water purification agents and we highlight the benefits of this green, efficient and affordable solution to alleviate the global water crisis. We discuss the different protein nanofibrils agents available and analyze them in terms of performance, range of applicability and sustainability. We underline the unique opportunity of designing protein nanofibrils for efficient water purification starting from food waste, as well as cattle, agricultural or dairy industry byproducts, allowing simultaneous environmental, economic and social benefits and we present a case analysis, including a detailed life cycle assessment, to establish their sustainable footprint against other common natural-based adsorbents, anticipating a bright future for this water purification approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Peydayesh
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.
- ETH Zurich, Department of Materials, Zurich, Switzerland.
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32
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Bast L, Klockars KW, Greca LG, Rojas OJ, Tardy BL, Bruns N. Infiltration of Proteins in Cholesteric Cellulose Structures. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2067-2080. [PMID: 33899466 PMCID: PMC8154265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) can spontaneously self-assemble into chiral nematic (cn) structures, similar to natural cholesteric organizations. The latter display highly dissipative fracture propagation mechanisms given their "brick" (particles) and "mortar" (soft matrix) architecture. Unfortunately, CNCs in liquid media have strong supramolecular interactions with most macromolecules, leading to aggregated suspensions. Herein, we describe a method to prepare nanocomposite materials from chiral nematic CNCs (cn-CNCs) with strongly interacting secondary components. Films of cn-CNCs were infiltrated at various loadings with strongly interacting silk proteins and bovine serum albumin. For comparison and to determine the molecular weight range of macromolecules that can infiltrate cn-CNC films, they were also infiltrated with a range of poly(ethylene glycol) polymers that do not interact strongly with CNCs. The extent and impact of infiltration were evaluated by studying the optical reflection properties of the resulting hybrid materials (UV-vis spectroscopy), while fracture dissipation mechanisms were observed via electron microscopy. We propose that infiltration of cn-CNCs enables the introduction of virtually any secondary phase for nanocomposite formation that is otherwise not possible using simple mixing or other conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia
K. Bast
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Konrad W. Klockars
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Luiz G. Greca
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Departments
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry, and Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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33
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Shen Y, Levin A, Kamada A, Toprakcioglu Z, Rodriguez-Garcia M, Xu Y, Knowles TPJ. From Protein Building Blocks to Functional Materials. ACS NANO 2021; 15:5819-5837. [PMID: 33760579 PMCID: PMC8155333 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are the fundamental building blocks for high-performance materials in nature. Such materials fulfill structural roles, as in the case of silk and collagen, and can generate active structures including the cytoskeleton. Attention is increasingly turning to this versatile class of molecules for the synthesis of next-generation green functional materials for a range of applications. Protein nanofibrils are a fundamental supramolecular unit from which many macroscopic protein materials are formed. In this Review, we focus on the multiscale assembly of such protein nanofibrils formed from naturally occurring proteins into new supramolecular architectures and discuss how they can form the basis of material systems ranging from bulk gels, films, fibers, micro/nanogels, condensates, and active materials. We review current and emerging approaches to process and assemble these building blocks in a manner which is different to their natural evolutionarily selected role but allows the generation of tailored functionality, with a focus on microfluidic approaches. We finally discuss opportunities and challenges for this class of materials, including applications that can be involved in this material system which consists of fully natural, biocompatible, and biodegradable feedstocks yet has the potential to generate materials with performance and versatility rivalling that of the best synthetic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shen
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, 2006 Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aviad Levin
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Ayaka Kamada
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Zenon Toprakcioglu
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Marc Rodriguez-Garcia
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- Xampla, the BioInnovation Building, 25 Cambridge
Science Park Road, Cambridge CB4 0FW, U.K.
| | - Yufan Xu
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Tuomas P. J. Knowles
- Centre
for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
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34
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Rosén T, Wang R, He H, Zhan C, Chodankar S, Hsiao BS. Shear-free mixing to achieve accurate temporospatial nanoscale kinetics through scanning-SAXS: ion-induced phase transition of dispersed cellulose nanocrystals. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1084-1095. [PMID: 33514993 PMCID: PMC8323814 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01048k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved in situ characterization of well-defined mixing processes using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is usually challenging, especially if the process involves changes of material viscoelasticity. In specific, it can be difficult to create a continuous mixing experiment without shearing the material of interest; a desirable situation since shear flow both affects nanoscale structures and flow stability as well as resulting in unreliable time-resolved data. Here, we demonstrate a flow-focusing mixing device for in situ nanostructural characterization using scanning-SAXS. Given the interfacial tension and viscosity ratio between core and sheath fluids, the core material confined by sheath flows is completely detached from the walls and forms a zero-shear plug flow at the channel center, allowing for a trivial conversion of spatial coordinates to mixing times. With this technique, the time-resolved gel formation of dispersed cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) was studied by mixing with a sodium chloride solution. It is observed how locally ordered regions, so called tactoids, are disrupted when the added monovalent ions affect the electrostatic interactions, which in turn leads to a loss of CNC alignment through enhanced rotary diffusion. The demonstrated flow-focusing scanning-SAXS technique can be used to unveil important kinetics during structural formation of nanocellulosic materials. However, the same technique is also applicable in many soft matter systems to provide new insights into the nanoscale dynamics during mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Rosén
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew York 11794-3400USA
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologySE-100 44 StockholmSweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologySE-100 44 StockholmSweden
| | - Ruifu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew York 11794-3400USA
| | - HongRui He
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew York 11794-3400USA
| | - Chengbo Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew York 11794-3400USA
| | - Shirish Chodankar
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National LabUptonNYUSA
| | - Benjamin S. Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew York 11794-3400USA
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35
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Li T, Chen C, Brozena AH, Zhu JY, Xu L, Driemeier C, Dai J, Rojas OJ, Isogai A, Wågberg L, Hu L. Developing fibrillated cellulose as a sustainable technological material. Nature 2021; 590:47-56. [PMID: 33536649 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-03167-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, found in trees, waste from agricultural crops and other biomass. The fibres that comprise cellulose can be broken down into building blocks, known as fibrillated cellulose, of varying, controllable dimensions that extend to the nanoscale. Fibrillated cellulose is harvested from renewable resources, so its sustainability potential combined with its other functional properties (mechanical, optical, thermal and fluidic, for example) gives this nanomaterial unique technological appeal. Here we explore the use of fibrillated cellulose in the fabrication of materials ranging from composites and macrofibres, to thin films, porous membranes and gels. We discuss research directions for the practical exploitation of these structures and the remaining challenges to overcome before fibrillated cellulose materials can reach their full potential. Finally, we highlight some key issues towards successful manufacturing scale-up of this family of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Chaoji Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra H Brozena
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J Y Zhu
- USDA Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lixian Xu
- Sappi Biotech, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Driemeier
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jiaqi Dai
- Inventwood LLC, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Akira Isogai
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. .,Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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36
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Karlsson RMP, Larsson PT, Pettersson T, Wågberg L. Swelling of Cellulose-Based Fibrillar and Polymeric Networks Driven by Ion-Induced Osmotic Pressure. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:12261-12271. [PMID: 32986431 PMCID: PMC7586395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose-based model materials in the form of fibrillar networks and macromolecular hydrogels were used to investigate the ion-induced swelling in relation to the elasticity and structure of the network. Both networks were charged by the introduction of carboxyl groups onto the cellulose surface, and the dimensions of the networks in aqueous solution were measured as a function of pH. The use of cellulose-model materials that contained either noncrystalline cellulose or cellulose I fibrils made it possible to model the effect of the ion-induced osmotic pressure of a delignified wood fiber wall. The noncrystalline hydrogels represented the noncrystalline domains of the fiber wall and the fibrillar network represented the supramolecular network of cellulose I fibrils of the fiber wall. The experimental results were compared to swelling potentials computed using the Donnan theory, and it was found that the ion-induced water uptake within the cellulose networks followed the theoretical predictions to a large extent. However, fibrillar networks were found to plastically deform upon swelling and deviated from the ideal Donnan theory for polyelectrolyte gel networks. Upon addition of salt to the aqueous phase surrounding the cellulose materials, both hydrogels and fibrillar networks deviated from the Donnan theory predictions, suggesting that structural differences between the networks impact their swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose-Marie Pernilla Karlsson
- Department
of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Tomas Larsson
- Department
of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- RISE
Bioeconomy, Drottning
Kristinas väg 61, 114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Pettersson
- Department
of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Division of Fiber Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department
of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Division of Fiber Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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Thomas P, Duolikun T, Rumjit NP, Moosavi S, Lai CW, Bin Johan MR, Fen LB. Comprehensive review on nanocellulose: Recent developments, challenges and future prospects. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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38
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MXene/wood-derived hierarchical cellulose scaffold composite with superior electromagnetic shielding. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 254:117033. [PMID: 33357838 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic-interference (EMI) shielding materials that are green, lightweight, and with high mechanical properties need to be urgently developed to address increasingly severe radiation pollution. However, limited EMI shielding materials are successfully used in practical applications, due to the intensive energy consumption or the absence of sufficient strength. Herein, an environmentally friendly and effective method was proved to fabricate wood-based composites with high mechanical robustness and EMI shielding performance by a MXene/cellulose scaffold assembly strategy. The lignocellulose composites with a millimeter-thick mimic the "mortar-brick" layered structure, resulting in excellent mechanical properties that can achieve the compressive strength of 288 MPa and EMI shielding effectiveness of 39.3 dB. This "top-down" method provides an alternative for the efficient production of robust and sustainable EMI shielding materials that can be used in the fields of structural materials for next-generation communications and electronic devices.
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39
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Mu X, Fitzpatrick V, Kaplan DL. From Silk Spinning to 3D Printing: Polymer Manufacturing using Directed Hierarchical Molecular Assembly. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901552. [PMID: 32109007 PMCID: PMC7415583 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Silk spinning offers an evolution-based manufacturing strategy for industrial polymer manufacturing, yet remains largely inaccessible as the manufacturing mechanisms in biological and synthetic systems, especially at the molecular level, are fundamentally different. The appealing characteristics of silk spinning include the sustainable sourcing of the protein material, the all-aqueous processing into fibers, and the unique material properties of silks in various formats. Substantial progress has been made to mimic silk spinning in artificial manufacturing processes, despite the gap between natural and artificial systems. This report emphasizes the universal spinning conditions utilized by both spiders and silkworms to generate silk fibers in nature, as a scientific and technical framework for directing molecular assembly into high-performance structures. The preparation of regenerated silk feedstocks and mimicking native spinning conditions in artificial manufacturing are discussed, as is progress and challenges in fiber spinning and 3D printing of silk-composites. Silk spinning is a biomimetic model for advanced and sustainable artificial polymer manufacturing, offering benefits in biomedical applications for tissue scaffolds and implantable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Vincent Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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40
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Niinivaara E, Cranston ED. Bottom-up assembly of nanocellulose structures. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 247:116664. [PMID: 32829792 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses, both cellulose nanofibrils and cellulose nanocrystals, are gaining research traction due to their viability as key components in commercial applications and industrial processes. Significant efforts have been made to understand both the potential of assembling nanocelluloses, and the limits and prospectives of the resulting structures. This Review focuses on bottom-up techniques used to prepare nanocellulose-only structures, and details the intermolecular and surface forces driving their assembly. Additionally, the interactions that contribute to their structural integrity are discussed along with alternate pathways and suggestions for improved properties. Six categories of nanocellulose structures are presented: (1) powders, beads, and droplets; (2) capsules; (3) continuous fibres; (4) films; (5) hydrogels; and (6) aerogels and dried foams. Although research on nanocellulose assembly often focuses on fundamental science, this Review also provides insight on the potential utilization of such structures in a wide array of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-0076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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41
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Witko T, Solarz D, Feliksiak K, Haraźna K, Rajfur Z, Guzik M. Insights into In Vitro Wound Closure on Two Biopolyesters-Polylactide and Polyhydroxyoctanoate. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2793. [PMID: 32575761 PMCID: PMC7344463 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two bio-based polymers have been compared in this study, namely: polylactide (PLA) and polyhydroxyoctanoate (PHO). Due to their properties such as biocompatibility, and biointegrity they are considered to be valuable materials for medical purposes, i.e., creating scaffolds or wound dressings. Presented biopolymers were investigated for their impact on cellular migration strategies of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) 3T3 cell line. Advanced microscopic techniques, including confocal microscopy and immunofluorescent protocols, enabled the thorough analysis of the cell shape and migration. Application of wound healing assay combined with dedicated software allowed us to perform quantitative analysis of wound closure dynamics. The outcome of the experiments demonstrated that the wound closure dynamics for PLA differs from PHO. Single fibroblasts grown on PLA moved 1.5-fold faster, than those migrating on the PHO surface. However, when a layer of cells was considered, the wound closure was by 4.1 h faster for PHO material. The accomplished work confirms the potential of PLA and PHO as excellent candidates for medical applications, due to their properties that propagate cell migration, vitality, and proliferation-essential cell processes in the healing of damaged tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Witko
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (T.W.); (D.S.); (K.F.)
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Daria Solarz
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (T.W.); (D.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Karolina Feliksiak
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (T.W.); (D.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Katarzyna Haraźna
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Zenon Rajfur
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (T.W.); (D.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Maciej Guzik
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland;
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42
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Rosén T, Mittal N, Roth SV, Zhang P, Lundell F, Söderberg LD. Flow fields control nanostructural organization in semiflexible networks. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:5439-5449. [PMID: 32469347 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01975h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic alignment of proteinaceous or polymeric nanofibrillar building blocks can be utilized for subsequent assembly into intricate three-dimensional macrostructures. The non-equilibrium structure of flowing nanofibrils relies on a complex balance between the imposed flow-field, colloidal interactions and Brownian motion. The understanding of the impact of non-equilibrium dynamics is not only weak, but is also required for structural control. Investigation of underlying dynamics imposed by the flow requires in situ dynamic characterization and is limited by the time-resolution of existing characterization methods, specifically on the nanoscale. Here, we present and demonstrate a flow-stop technique, using polarized optical microscopy (POM) to quantify the anisotropic orientation and diffusivity of nanofibrils in shear and extensional flows. Microscopy results are combined with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements to estimate the orientation of nanofibrils in motion and simultaneous structural changes in a loose network. Diffusivity of polydisperse systems is observed to act on multiple timescales, which is interpreted as an effect of apparent fibril lengths that also include nanoscale entanglements. The origin of the fastest diffusivity is correlated to the strength of velocity gradients, independent of type of deformation (shear or extension). Fibrils in extensional flow results in highly anisotropic systems enhancing interfibrillar contacts, which is evident through a slowing down of diffusive timescales. Our results strongly emphasize the need for careful design of fluidic microsystems for assembling fibrillar building blocks into high-performance macrostructures relying on improved understanding of nanoscale physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Rosén
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden. and Linné FLOW Center, KTH Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, Qsquars Backe 18, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nitesh Mittal
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden. and Linné FLOW Center, KTH Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, Qsquars Backe 18, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan V Roth
- DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, Germany and Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Fredrik Lundell
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden. and Linné FLOW Center, KTH Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, Qsquars Backe 18, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Daniel Söderberg
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden. and Linné FLOW Center, KTH Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, Qsquars Backe 18, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Ingverud T, Erlandsson J, Wågberg L, Malkoch M. Dendritic Polyampholyte-Assisted Formation of Functional Cellulose Nanofibril Materials. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:2856-2863. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ingverud
- Division of Coating Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Erlandsson
- Division of Fibre Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Fibre Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Malkoch
- Division of Coating Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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44
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Chen C, Li Z, Mi R, Dai J, Xie H, Pei Y, Li J, Qiao H, Tang H, Yang B, Hu L. Rapid Processing of Whole Bamboo with Exposed, Aligned Nanofibrils toward a High-Performance Structural Material. ACS NANO 2020; 14:5194-5202. [PMID: 32275131 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lightweight structural materials are critical in construction and automobile applications. In past centuries, there has been great success in developing strong structural materials, such as steels, concrete, and petroleum-based composites, most of which, however, are either too heavy, high cost, or nonrenewable. Biosourced composites are attractive alternatives to conventional structural materials, especially when high mechanical strength is presented. Here we demonstrate a strong, lightweight bio-based structural material derived from bamboo via a two-step manufacturing process involving partial delignification followed by microwave heating. Partial delignification is a critical step prior to microwave heating as it makes the cell walls of bamboo softer and exposes more cellulose nanofibrils, which enables superior densification of the bamboo structure via heat-driven shrinkage. Additionally, microwave heating, as a fast and uniform heating method, can drive water out of the bamboo structure, yet without destroying the material's structural integrity, even after undergoing a large volume reduction of 28.9%. The resulting microwave-heated delignified bamboo structure demonstrates outstanding mechanical properties with a nearly 2-times improved tensile strength, 3.2-times enhanced toughness, and 2-times increased bending strength compared to natural bamboo. Additionally, the specific tensile strength of the modified bamboo structure reaches 560 MPa cm3 g-1, impressive given that its density is low (1.0 g cm-3), outperforming common structural materials, such as steels, metal alloys, and petroleum-based composites. These excellent mechanical properties combined with the resource abundance, renewable and sustainable features of bamboo, as well as the rapid, scalable manufacturing process, make this strong microwave-processed bamboo structure attractive for lightweight, energy-efficient engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoji Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Zhihan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ruiyu Mi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jiaqi Dai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Hua Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jianguo Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Haiyu Qiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Hu Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Bao Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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45
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Huang Z, Wang X, Wu N, Chu F, Luo J. TheFinite Element Modeling and Experimental Study of Sandwich Plates with Frequency-Dependent Viscoelastic Material Model. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13102296. [PMID: 32429289 PMCID: PMC7288149 DOI: 10.3390/ma13102296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Athree-layer composite plate element is developed for finite element modeling and vibration analysis of sandwich plate with frequency-dependent viscoelastic material core. The plate element is quadrilateral element bounded by four-node with 7-degree-of-freedom per node. The frequency-dependent characteristics of viscoelastic material parameters are described using the Biot model. The method of identifying the parameters of the Biot model is given. By introducing auxiliary coordinates, the Biot model is combined with the finite element equation of the viscoelastic sandwich plate. Through a series of mathematical transformations, the equation is transformed into a standard second-order steady linear system equation form to simplify the solution process. Finally, the vibration characteristics of the viscoelastic sandwich plate are analyzed and experimentally studied. The results show that the method in this paper is correct and reliable, and it has certain reference and application value for solving similar engineering vibration problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Huang
- Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jingdezhen 333001, China; (Z.H.); (N.W.)
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jingdezhen 333001, China; (Z.H.); (N.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nanxing Wu
- Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jingdezhen 333001, China; (Z.H.); (N.W.)
| | - Fulei Chu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Jing Luo
- Beijing Research Institute of Automation for Machinery Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100120, China;
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46
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Clancy AJ, Anthony DB, De Luca F. Metal Mimics: Lightweight, Strong, and Tough Nanocomposites and Nanomaterial Assemblies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:15955-15975. [PMID: 32191431 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ideal structural material would have high strength and stiffness with a tough ductile failure, all with a low density. Historically, no such material exists, and materials engineers have had to sacrifice a desired property during materials selection, with metals (high density), fiber composites (brittle failure), and polymers (low stiffness) having fundamental limitations on at least one front. The ongoing revolution of nanomaterials provides a potential route to build on the potential of fiber-reinforced composites, matching their strength while integrating toughening behaviors akin to metal deformations, all while using low-weight constituents. Here, the challenges, approaches, and recent developments of nanomaterials for structural applications are discussed, with an emphasis on improving toughening mechanisms, which is often the neglected factor in a field that chases strength and stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Clancy
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - David B Anthony
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - François De Luca
- Advanced Materials Characterisation group, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, U.K
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47
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High-strength cellulose films obtained by the combined action of shear force and surface selective dissolution. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 233:115883. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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48
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Liao X, Dulle M, de Souza E Silva JM, Wehrspohn RB, Agarwal S, Förster S, Hou H, Smith P, Greiner A. High strength in combination with high toughness in robust and sustainable polymeric materials. Science 2020; 366:1376-1379. [PMID: 31831668 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay9033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In materials science, there is an intrinsic conflict between high strength and high toughness, which can be resolved for different materials only through the use of innovative design principles. Advanced materials must be highly resistant to both deformation and fracture. We overcome this conflict in man-made polymer fibers and show multifibrillar polyacrylonitrile yarn with a toughness of 137 ± 21 joules per gram in combination with a tensile strength of 1236 ± 40 megapascals. The nearly perfect uniaxial orientation of the fibrils, annealing under tension in the presence of linking molecules, is essential for the yarn's notable mechanical properties. This underlying principle can be used to create similar strong and tough fibers from other commodity polymers in the future and can be used in a variety of applications in areas such as biomedicine, satellite technology, textiles, aircrafts, and automobiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Liao
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin Dulle
- JCNS-1/ICS-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Ralf B Wehrspohn
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Straße 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems (IMWS), Walter-Hülse-Straße 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Seema Agarwal
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stephan Förster
- JCNS-1/ICS-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Physical Chemistry, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Haoqing Hou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul Smith
- ETH Zürich, HCP F41.2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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49
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Ecofriendly Preparation and Characterization of a Cassava Starch/Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate Film. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8030329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Composite films of polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) were prepared by adding thermoplastic starch (TPS) (TPS/PBAT) and nano-zinc oxide (nano-ZnO) (TPS/PBAT/nano-ZnO). The changes of surface morphology, thermal properties, crystal types and functional groups of starch during plasticization were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, synchronous thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectrometry, mechanical property tests, and contact Angle and transmittance tests. The relationship between the addition of TPS and the tensile strength, transmittance, contact angle, water absorption, and water vapor barrier of the composite film, and the influence of nano-ZnO on the mechanical properties and contact angle of the 10% TPS/PBAT composite film. Experimental results show that, after plasticizing, the crystalline form of starch changed from A-type to V-type, the functional group changed and the lipophilicity increased; the increase of TPS content, the light transmittance and mechanical properties of the composite membrane decreased, while the water vapor transmittance and water absorption increased. The mechanical properties of the composite can be significantly improved by adding nano-ZnO at a lower concentration (optimum content is 1 wt%).
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50
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Xiong R, Luan J, Kang S, Ye C, Singamaneni S, Tsukruk VV. Biopolymeric photonic structures: design, fabrication, and emerging applications. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:983-1031. [PMID: 31960001 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs01007b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Biological photonic structures can precisely control light propagation, scattering, and emission via hierarchical structures and diverse chemistry, enabling biophotonic applications for transparency, camouflaging, protection, mimicking and signaling. Corresponding natural polymers are promising building blocks for constructing synthetic multifunctional photonic structures owing to their renewability, biocompatibility, mechanical robustness, ambient processing conditions, and diverse surface chemistry. In this review, we provide a summary of the light phenomena in biophotonic structures found in nature, the selection of corresponding biopolymers for synthetic photonic structures, the fabrication strategies for flexible photonics, and corresponding emerging photonic-related applications. We introduce various photonic structures, including multi-layered, opal, and chiral structures, as well as photonic networks in contrast to traditionally considered light absorption and structural photonics. Next, we summarize the bottom-up and top-down fabrication approaches and physical properties of organized biopolymers and highlight the advantages of biopolymers as building blocks for realizing unique bioenabled photonic structures. Furthermore, we consider the integration of synthetic optically active nanocomponents into organized hierarchical biopolymer frameworks for added optical functionalities, such as enhanced iridescence and chiral photoluminescence. Finally, we present an outlook on current trends in biophotonic materials design and fabrication, including current issues, critical needs, as well as promising emerging photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0245, USA.
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