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Fardel O, Le Vee M, Jouan E, Denizot C, Parmentier Y. Nature and uses of fluorescent dyes for drug transporter studies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1233-51. [PMID: 26050735 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1053462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug transporters are now recognized as major players involved in pharmacokinetics and toxicology. Methods for assessing their activity are important to consider, particularly owing to regulatory requirements with respect to inhibition of drug transporter activity and prediction of drug-drug interactions. In this context, the use of fluorescent-dye-based transport assays is likely to deserve attention. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the nature of fluorescent dye substrates for ATP-binding cassette and solute carrier drug transporters. Their use for investigating drug transporter activity in cultured cells and clinical hematological samples, drug transporter inhibition, drug transporter imaging and drug transport at the organ level are summarized. EXPERT OPINION A wide range of fluorescent dyes is now available for use in various aspects of drug transporter studies. The use of these dyes for transporter analyses may, however, be hampered by classic pitfalls of fluorescence technology, such as quenching. Transporter-independent processes such as passive diffusion of dyes through plasma membrane or dye sequestration into subcellular compartments must also be considered, as well as the redundant handling by various distinct transporters of some fluorescent probes. Finally, standardization of dye-based transport assays remains an important on-going issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Fardel
- Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET) , UMR INSERM U1085, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes , France
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Inhibition of the MRP1-mediated transport of the menadione-glutathione conjugate (thiodione) in HeLa cells as studied by SECM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:11522-7. [PMID: 22679290 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1201555109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced in live HeLa cells by menadione (2-methyl-1,4-napthaquinone) was studied in real time by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The hydrophobic molecule menadione diffuses through a living cell membrane where it is toxic to the cell. However, in the cell it is conjugated with glutathione to form thiodione. Thiodione is then recognized and transported across the cell membrane via the ATP-driven MRP1 pump. In the extracellular environment, thiodione was detected by the SECM tip at levels of 140, 70, and 35 µM upon exposure of the cells to menadione concentrations of 500, 250, and 125 µM, respectively. With the aid of finite element modeling, the kinetics of thiodione transport was determined to be 1.6 10(-7) m/s, about 10 times faster than menadione uptake. Selective inhibition of these MRP1 pumps inside live HeLa cells by MK571 produced a lower thiodione concentration of 50 µM in presence of 500 µM menadione and 50 µM MK571. A similar reduced (50% drop) thiodione efflux was observed in the presence of monoclonal antibody QCRL-4, a selective blocking agent of the MRP1 pumps. The reduced thiodione flux confirmed that thiodione was transported by MRP1, and that glutathione is an essential substrate for MRP1-mediated transport. This finding demonstrates the usefulness of SECM in quantitative studies of MRP1 inhibitors and suggests that monoclonal antibodies can be a useful tool in inhibiting the transport of these MDR pumps, and thereby aiding in overcoming multidrug resistance.
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Enhancement of doxorubicin-induced antitumor activity and reduction of adverse reactions by cucurbitacin I. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Jia L, Guo C, Yang L, Xiang J, Tang Y, Liu H. Interaction between Reduced Glutathione and PEO−PPO−PEO Copolymers in Aqueous Solutions: Studied by 1H NMR and Spin−Lattice Relaxation. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:2228-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jp111418z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianwei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Liangrong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Junfeng Xiang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yalin Tang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huizhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Pazos M, Siccardi D, Mumy KL, Bien JD, Louie S, Shi HN, Gronert K, Mrsny RJ, McCormick BA. Multidrug resistance-associated transporter 2 regulates mucosal inflammation by facilitating the synthesis of hepoxilin A3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:8044-52. [PMID: 19017997 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.8044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil transmigration across mucosal surfaces contributes to dysfunction of epithelial barrier properties, a characteristic underlying many mucosal inflammatory diseases. Thus, insight into the directional movement of neutrophils across epithelial barriers will provide important information relating to the mechanisms of such inflammatory disorders. The eicosanoid hepoxilin A(3), an endogenous product of 12-lipoxygenase activity, is secreted from the apical surface of the epithelial barrier and establishes a chemotactic gradient to guide neutrophils from the submucosa across epithelia to the luminal site of an inflammatory stimulus, the final step in neutrophil recruitment. Currently, little is known regarding how hepoxilin A(3) is secreted from the intestinal epithelium during an inflammatory insult. In this study, we reveal that hepoxilin A(3) is a substrate for the apical efflux ATP-binding protein transporter multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2). Moreover, using multiple in vitro and in vivo models, we show that induction of intestinal inflammation profoundly up-regulates apical expression of MRP2, and that interfering with hepoxilin A(3) synthesis and/or inhibition of MRP2 function results in a marked reduction in inflammation and severity of disease. Lastly, examination of inflamed intestinal epithelia in human biopsies revealed up-regulation of MRP2. Thus, blocking hepoxilin A(3) synthesis and/or inhibiting MRP2 may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of epithelial-associated inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pazos
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Usansky HH, Hu P, Sinko PJ. Differential Roles of P-Glycoprotein, Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2, and CYP3A on Saquinavir Oral Absorption in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:863-9. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.017483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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7
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Vannella KM, McMillan TR, Charbeneau RP, Wilke CA, Thomas PE, Toews GB, Peters-Golden M, Moore BB. Cysteinyl leukotrienes are autocrine and paracrine regulators of fibrocyte function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 179:7883-90. [PMID: 18025235 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.11.7883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by the accumulation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. These cells may accumulate from three potential sources: the expansion of resident lung fibroblasts, the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, or the recruitment and differentiation of circulating mesenchymal precursors known as fibrocytes. We have previously demonstrated that fibrocytes participate in lung fibrogenesis following administration of FITC to mice. We now demonstrate that leukotriene-deficient 5-LO(-/-) mice are protected from FITC-induced fibrosis. Both murine and human fibrocytes express both cysteinyl leukotriene receptor (CysLT) 1 and CysLT2. In addition, fibrocytes are capable of producing CysLTs and can be regulated via the autocrine or paracrine secretion of these lipid mediators. Exogenous administration of leukotriene (LT) D(4), but not LTC(4) induces proliferation of both murine and human fibrocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Consistent with this result, CysLT1 receptor antagonists are able to block the mitogenic effects of exogenous LTD(4) on fibrocytes. Endogenous production of CysLTs contributes to basal fibrocyte proliferation, but does not alter fibrocyte responses to basic fibroblast growth factor. Although CysLTs can induce the migration of fibrocytes in vitro, they do not appear to be essential for fibrocyte recruitment to the lung in vivo, possibly due to compensatory chemokine-mediated recruitment signals. However, CysLTs do appear to regulate the proliferation of fibrocytes once they are recruited to the lung. These data provide mechanistic insight into the therapeutic benefit of leukotriene synthesis inhibitors and CysLT1 receptor antagonists in animal models of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Vannella
- Immunology Graduate Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Hammond CL, Marchan R, Krance SM, Ballatori N. Glutathione export during apoptosis requires functional multidrug resistance-associated proteins. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:14337-47. [PMID: 17374608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611019200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
GSH is released in cells undergoing apoptosis, and the present study indicates that the multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs/ABCC) are responsible for this GSH release. Jurkat cells released approximately 75-80% of their total intracellular GSH during both Fas antibody- and staurosporine-induced apoptosis. In contrast, Raji cells, a lymphocyte cell line that is deficient in phosphatidylserine externalization, did not release GSH during apoptosis, and other apoptotic features appeared more slowly in these cells. Jurkat and Raji cell lines expressed comparable MRP and OATP/SLCO (organic anion-transporting polypeptide) mRNA levels, and MRP1 protein levels; however, differences existed in MRP1 localization and function. In Jurkat cells, MRP1 was largely localized to the plasma membrane, and these cells exported the MRP substrate calcein. Calcein release was enhanced during apoptosis. In contrast, Raji cells had little MRP1 at the plasma membrane and did not export calcein under basal or apoptotic conditions, indicating that these cells lack functional MRPs at the plasma membrane. GSH release in Jurkat cells undergoing apoptosis was inhibited by the organic anion transport inhibitors MK571, sulfinpyrazone, and probenecid, supporting a role for the MRP transporters in this process. Furthermore, when MRP1 expression was decreased with RNA interference, GSH release was lower under both basal and apoptotic conditions, providing direct evidence that MRP1 is involved in GSH export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Hammond
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Rigato I, Pascolo L, Fernetti C, Ostrow J, Tiribelli C. The human multidrug-resistance-associated protein MRP1 mediates ATP-dependent transport of unconjugated bilirubin. Biochem J 2005; 383:335-41. [PMID: 15245331 PMCID: PMC1134075 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Results of previous studies have suggested that UCB (unconjugated bilirubin) may be transported by MRP1/Mrp1 (multidrug-resistance-associated protein 1). To test this hypothesis directly, [3H]UCB transport was assessed in plasma-membrane vesicles from MDCKII cells (Madin-Darby canine kidney II cells) stably transfected with human MRP1 or MRP2; wild-type MDCKII cells served as controls. As revealed by Western blotting, transfection achieved abundant expression of MRP1 and MRP2. [3H]UCB uptake was measured in the presence of 60 microM human serum albumin at a free (unbound) concentration of UCB (B(F)) ranging from 5 to 72 nM and in the presence of 3 mM ATP or 3 mM AMP-PCP (adenosine 5'-[beta,gamma-methylene]triphosphate). MRP1-transfected vesicles showed transport activity three and five times higher respectively compared with MRP2 or wild-type vesicles, whose transport did not differ significantly. [3H]UCB transport was stimulated 4-fold by 1.5 mM GSH, occurred into an osmotically sensitive space, was inhibited by 3 microM MK571 and followed saturative kinetics with K(m)=10+/-3 nM (B(F)) and V(max)=100+/-13 pmol x min(-1) x (mg of protein)(-1). UCB significantly inhibited the transport of LTC4 (leukotriene C4), a leukotriene substrate known to have high affinity for MRP1. Collectively, these results prove directly that MRP1 mediates ATP-dependent cellular export of UCB and supports its role in protecting cells from bilirubin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igino Rigato
- *Liver Research Center, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park Basovizza, SS 14 Km 163.5, 34012 Trieste, Italy
- †Department of Biochimica, Biofisica e Chimica delle Macromolecole, University of Trieste, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorella Pascolo
- *Liver Research Center, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park Basovizza, SS 14 Km 163.5, 34012 Trieste, Italy
- †Department of Biochimica, Biofisica e Chimica delle Macromolecole, University of Trieste, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - Cristina Fernetti
- *Liver Research Center, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park Basovizza, SS 14 Km 163.5, 34012 Trieste, Italy
- †Department of Biochimica, Biofisica e Chimica delle Macromolecole, University of Trieste, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - J. Donald Ostrow
- ‡GI/Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- *Liver Research Center, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park Basovizza, SS 14 Km 163.5, 34012 Trieste, Italy
- †Department of Biochimica, Biofisica e Chimica delle Macromolecole, University of Trieste, 34012 Trieste, Italy
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, at Liver Research Center (email )
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van Zanden JJ, Geraets L, Wortelboer HM, van Bladeren PJ, Rietjens IMCM, Cnubben NHP. Structural requirements for the flavonoid-mediated modulation of glutathione S-transferase P1-1 and GS-X pump activity in MCF7 breast cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:1607-17. [PMID: 15041478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the structural requirements necessary for inhibition of glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GSTP1-1) and GS-X pump (MRP1 and MRP2) activity by structurally related flavonoids, in GSTP1-1 transfected MCF7 cells (pMTG5). The results reveal that GSTP1-1 activity in MCF7 pMTG5 cells can be inhibited by some flavonoids. Especially galangin was able to inhibit almost all cellular GSTP1-1 activity upon exposure of the cells to a concentration of 25microM. Other flavonoids like kaempferol, eriodictyol and quercetin showed a moderate GSTP1-1 inhibitory potential. For GSTP1-1 inhibition, no specific structural requirements necessary for potent inhibition could be defined. Most flavonoids appeared to be potent GS-X transport inhibitors with IC(50) values ranging between 0.8 and 8microM. Luteolin and quercetin were the strongest inhibitors with IC(50) values of 0.8 and 1.3microM, respectively. Flavonoids without a C2-C3 double bond like eriodictyol, taxifolin and catechin did not inhibit GS-X pump activity. The results of this study demonstrate that the structural features necessary for high potency GS-X pump inhibition by flavonoids are (1) the presence of hydroxyl groups, especially two of them generating the 3',4'-catechol moiety; and (2) a planar molecule due to the presence of a C2-C3 double bond. Other factors, like lipophilicity and the total number of hydroxyl groups do not seem to be dominating the flavonoid-mediated GS-X pump inhibition. To identify the GS-X pump responsible for the DNP-SG efflux in MCF7 cells, the effects of three characteristic flavonoids quercetin, flavone and taxifolin on MRP1 and MRP2 activity were studied using transfected MDCKII cells. All three flavonoids as well as the typical MRP inhibitor (MK571) affected MRP1-mediated transport activity in a similar way as observed in the MCF7 cells. In addition, the most potent GS-X pump inhibitor in the MCF7 cells, quercetin, did not affect MRP2-mediated transport activity. These observations clearly indicate that the GS-X pump activity in the MCF7 cells is likely to be the result of flavonoid-mediated inhibition of MRP1 and not MRP2. Altogether, the present study reveals that a major site for flavonoid interaction with GSH-dependent toxicokinetics is the GS-X pump MRP1 rather than the conjugating GSTP1-1 activity itself. Of the flavonoids shown to be most active especially quercetin is frequently marketed in functional food supplements. Given the physiological levels expected to be reached upon supplement intake, the IC(50) values of the present study point at possible flavonoid-drug and/or flavonoid-xenobiotic interactions especially regarding transport processes involved in toxicokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelmer J van Zanden
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8000, 6700 EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Yang Z, Horn M, Wang J, Shen DD, Ho RJY. Development and characterization of a recombinant Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line that expresses rat multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (rMRP1). AAPS PHARMSCI 2004; 6:E8. [PMID: 15198509 PMCID: PMC2750943 DOI: 10.1208/ps060108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) is one of the major proteins shown to mediate efflux transport of a broad range of antitumor drugs, glucuronide conjugates, and glutathione, in addition to endogenous substrates. Significant differences in substrate selectivity were reported for murine and human MRP1. As preclinical drug disposition and pharmacokinetics studies are often conducted in rats, we have recently cloned the rat MRP1 (rMRP1) and demonstrated that rMRP1 expressed in transfected cells effluxes calcein, a commonly used fluorescence substrate for human MRP1. To further characterize the rat ortholog of MRP1, we isolated a cell line stably expressing recombinant rMRP1. These cells were tested for their ability to transport calcein and a range of chemotherapeutic drugs. Our results showed that cells expressing rMRP1 consistently efflux calcein at a rate 5-fold greater than control cells. The rMRP1 transfected cells, like their human ortholog, can confer drug resistance to vinca alkaloid (vinblastine and vincristine) and anthracycline drugs (daunorubcin and doxorubicin), and the resistance conferred by the MRP1 can be partially abolished by the MRP-specific inhibitors. The transepithelial permeability due to rMRP1 expression in differentiated Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) cells was also investigated. The MRP1 transport activity is directional, as demonstrated by directional vinblastine transport. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the cellular expression of rMRP1, like its human ortholog, could confer resistance to anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziping Yang
- Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy, University of Washington, 98195-7610 Seattle, WA
| | - Micha Horn
- Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy, University of Washington, 98195-7610 Seattle, WA
| | - Joanne Wang
- Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy, University of Washington, 98195-7610 Seattle, WA
| | - Danny D Shen
- Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy, University of Washington, 98195-7610 Seattle, WA
| | - Rodney JY Ho
- Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy, University of Washington, 98195-7610 Seattle, WA
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Abstract
The rapidly dividing cleavage stages of embryos do not have the typical responses to cell damage, such as induction of the heat shock response, use of mitotic checkpoints, or use of apoptosis to eliminate severely damaged cells. This could create problems with integrity of DNA, but the solution in these embryos appears to be a "be prepared" approach, in which specific adaptations are used to minimize DNA damage during cleavage and the use of apoptosis at the mid-blastula transition to remove any cells that were nevertheless damaged. It has been assumed that this approach has evolved because of the advantage of rapid production of a motile larvae. Alternatively, this particular approach may have the selective advantage of increasing mutation rate when there are greater environmental stresses. This could provide more variants on which selective pressures could act and thus accelerate evolution during environmentally stressful periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Epel
- Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA.
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van Gorkom BAP, Timmer-Bosscha H, de Jong S, van der Kolk DM, Kleibeuker JH, de Vries EGE. Cytotoxicity of rhein, the active metabolite of sennoside laxatives, is reduced by multidrug resistance-associated protein 1. Br J Cancer 2002; 86:1494-500. [PMID: 11986786 PMCID: PMC2375364 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2001] [Revised: 02/21/2002] [Accepted: 02/25/2002] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthranoid laxatives, belonging to the anthraquinones as do anthracyclines, possibly increase colorectal cancer risk. Anthracyclines interfere with topoisomerase II, intercalate DNA and are substrates for P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1. P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 protect colonic epithelial cells against xenobiotics. The aim of this study was to analyse the interference of anthranoids with these natural defence mechanisms and the direct cytotoxicity of anthranoids in cancer cell lines expressing these mechanisms in varying combinations. A cytotoxicity profile of rhein, aloe emodin and danthron was established in related cell lines exhibiting different levels of topoisomerases, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 and P-glycoprotein. Interaction of rhein with multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 was studied by carboxy fluorescein efflux and direct cytotoxicity by apoptosis induction. Rhein was less cytotoxic in the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 overexpressing GLC4/ADR cell line compared to GLC4. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 inhibition with MK571 increased rhein cytotoxicity. Carboxy fluorescein efflux was blocked by rhein. No P-glycoprotein dependent rhein efflux was observed, nor was topoisomerase II responsible for reduced toxicity. Rhein induced apoptosis but did not intercalate DNA. Aloe emodin and danthron were no substrates for MDR mechanisms. Rhein is a substrate for multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 and induces apoptosis. It could therefore render the colonic epithelium sensitive to cytotoxic agents, apart from being toxic in itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A P van Gorkom
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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van Gorkom BA, Karrenbeld A, van der Sluis T, Zwart N, de Vries EG, Kleibeuker JH. Apoptosis induction by sennoside laxatives in man; escape from a protective mechanism during chronic sennoside use? J Pathol 2001; 194:493-9. [PMID: 11523059 DOI: 10.1002/path.914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chronic sennoside use induces melanosis coli (MC) and possibly increases colorectal cancer risk. Sennosides alter colonic crypt length, proliferative activity, and bcl-2 expression 18 h after administration. To investigate possible mechanisms for carcinogenesis, the effects of acute sennoside use and the presence of MC on colorectal epithelium were studied. Colorectal biopsies from 15 subjects receiving sennosides 6 h before sigmoidoscopy (Sen), 15 controls (NSen), and 27 with MC [11 moderate (MMC) and 16 severe (SMC)]. were analysed for degree of apoptosis (H&E staining), immunohistochemical p53, p21/WAF and bcl-2 expression, and proliferative activity (labelling index, LI). Apoptosis (p=0.0004), intensity of p53 staining (p=0.01), and p21/WAF expression (p=0.008) were increased in Sen and SMC compared with NSen and MMC. p53 expression was increased in Sen (p=0.004). No difference in bcl-2 expression or LI was observed. Crypts were shorter in Sen (p=0.05) and longer in SMC (p=0.04) than in NSen. It is concluded that sennosides acutely induce apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells, presumably by a p53, p21/WAF-mediated pathway, resulting in shorter crypts. In severe melanosis coli, apoptosis seems to be delayed, causing longer crypts without a rise in proliferative activity or bcl-2 expression. This escape from a presumably protective mechanism may enhance the risk of carcinogenesis during chronic sennoside use.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A van Gorkom
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Minamino T, Tamai M, Itoh Y, Tatsumi Y, Nomura M, Yokogawa K, Suzuki H, Sugiyama Y, Ohshima T, Miyamoto K. In vivo cisplatin resistance depending upon canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter (cMOAT). Jpn J Cancer Res 1999; 90:1171-8. [PMID: 10595747 PMCID: PMC5925990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro sensitivities to cisplatin of AH66 and AH66F cells, a variant obtained from AH66 cells, were very similar, when assayed in a medium containing 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), whereas in the in vivo experiments AH66F cells were sensitive and AH66 cells were highly resistant to cisplatin. In this study, we examined the mechanism of the in vivo cisplatin resistance of AH66 cells. The in vitro cisplatin sensitivity of AH66 cells was lowered by changing FBS to 5% ascites fluid (ASF) in the assay medium and the sensitivity in FBS by treatment with buthioninesulfoximine (BSO). The sensitivity of AH66F cells was not changed by these treatments. Moreover, after culture in 5% ASF for 48 h, the accumulation of cisplatin in AH66 cells was decreased and the efflux of cisplatin from the cells was accelerated. The accumulation of cisplatin in AH66 cells in ASF was increased by pretreatment with BSO, sodium azide or probenecid. Then, we examined the expression of the glutathione (GSH) conjugate efflux pump family. Among them, only the expression of canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter (cMOAT) in AH66 cells was decreased by culture in FBS and enhanced by ASF. These results suggest that some substances contained in ASF enhanced the expression of cMOAT in the plasma membrane of AH66 cells and this transporter actively extruded cisplatin-GSH conjugate from the cells. Consequently, AH66 cells afford a cisplatin-resistant tumor in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Minamino
- Department of Legal Medicine, Kanazawa University School of Medicine
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van der Kolk DM, Vellenga E, Müller M, de Vries EG. Multidrug resistance protein MRP1, glutathione, and related enzymes. Their importance in acute myeloid leukemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 457:187-98. [PMID: 10500793 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4811-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR), which is cross-resistance to structurally and functionally unrelated drugs such as anthracyclines, epipodophyllotoxins and vinca alkaloids, is a major cause of treatment failure in malignant disorders. Known mechanisms of MDR are overexpression of the ATP-dependent membrane proteins P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance protein (MRP1), or an increased detoxification of compounds mediated by glutathione (GSH) or GSH related enzymes. MRP1 appeared to transport drugs conjugated to GSH and also unmodified cytostatic agents in presence of GSH. The relation between MRP1, GSH and enzymes involved in GSH metabolism or GSH dependent detoxification reactions recently has drawn a lot of attention. Coordinated induction of MRP1 and GSH related enzymes is reported in malignant cells after exposure to cytostatic agents. Besides MRP1, a number of MRP1 homologs are identified, named MRP2, MRP3, MRP4, MRP5 and MRP6. The relation between MDR and expression of these MRP1 homologs is currently under research.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, MDR
- Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase/metabolism
- Glutathione/metabolism
- Glutathione Transferase/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Models, Biological
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Affiliation(s)
- D M van der Kolk
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital of Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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P�rez-Sim�n JA, Valverde B, Mart�nez A, Tabernero D, Almeida J, Gutierrez N, San Miguel JF, Orfao A. Correlation of rhodamine 123 efflux by neoplastic plasma cells with clinical and biological characteristics of multiple myeloma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0320(19990215)38:1<24::aid-cyto4>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Townsend AJ, Fields WR, Doss AJ, Clapper ML, Doehmer J, Morrow CS. Modeling the chemoprotective functions of glutathione S-transferases in cultured cell lines by heterologous expression. Drug Metab Rev 1999; 31:43-69. [PMID: 10065365 DOI: 10.1081/dmr-100101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A J Townsend
- Biochemistry Department, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem North Carolina 27157, USA
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19
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Alvarez M, Robey R, Sandor V, Nishiyama K, Matsumoto Y, Paull K, Bates S, Fojo T. Using the national cancer institute anticancer drug screen to assess the effect of MRP expression on drug sensitivity profiles. Mol Pharmacol 1998; 54:802-14. [PMID: 9804615 DOI: 10.1124/mol.54.5.802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The MRP gene contributes to one form of multidrug resistance. To identify drugs interacting with MRP, we measured MRP mRNA expression by quantitative PCR in 60 cell lines of the National Cancer Institute Anticancer Drug Screen. Expression was detected in all cell lines (highest in lung carcinomas and central nervous system tumors) with a range of 14-fold. A mean graph of MRP mRNA levels was constructed to determine Pearson correlation coefficients (PCCs) with mean graphs of >40,000 compounds using the COMPARE analysis. Only 20 compounds had PCCs of >/=0.500. The PCCs for VP-16, doxorubicin, and vincristine were 0.008, 0.13, and 0.257, respectively. Initially, 36 compounds with PCCs of >/=0.428 were analyzed using two MRP-overexpressing cell lines; low levels of cross-resistance was demonstrated for 23 compounds (1.3-9.4-fold). Twenty-four compounds also were available for further studies. Using a fluorescence activated cell sorter assay to measure competition of calcein efflux from MRP-overexpressing cells, 10 compounds were found to increase calcein retention by >/=2-fold. Ten compounds also were able to reduce ATP-dependent [3H]LTC4 transport into vesicles from MRP-overexpressing cells. These results contrast with previous studies with MDR-1 in which high correlations were found and confirmed for a large number of compounds. Although other assays may be more revealing, in these unselected cell lines, MRP mRNA expression was a poor predictor of drug sensitivity. This raises the possibility that other factors, including conjugating enzymes, glutathione levels, or other transporters, confound the MRP effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alvarez
- Departamento Hematologia-Oncologia, Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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20
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Gailer J, Lindner W. On-column formation of arsenic-glutathione species detected by size-exclusion chromatography in conjunction with arsenic-specific detectors. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 716:83-93. [PMID: 9824221 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The 'retention analysis method', which is based on size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) in conjunction with an arsenic-specific detector (graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer, GFAAS), was used to study the effect of pH (range 2.0-10.0), temperature (4, 25 and 37 degrees C), and the concentration of glutathione in the mobile phase (0.5-7.5 mM) on the formation of arsenic-glutathione species after injection of sodium arsenite using phosphate-buffered saline solutions as mobile phases. The formation of arsenic-GSH species was facilitated by low temperatures (4 degrees C), pH 6.0-8.0 and high concentrations of glutathione (7.5 mM) in the mobile phase. Simulating the physicochemical parameters found inside human red blood cells (approximately 3.0 mM glutathione, 37 degrees C, pH 7.4) and hepatocytes (approximately 7.5 mM glutathione, 37 degrees C, pH 7.4), SEC-GFAAS provided evidence for the formation of arsenic-glutathione species under these conditions. In addition, the 'chelating agent', sodium DL-2,3-dimercapto- -propanesulfonate (1.0 and 2.0 mM) was demonstrated to bind arsenous acid stronger in the presence of glutathione (7.5 mM) under these conditions (PBS buffer, pH 7.4, 37 degrees C).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gailer
- University Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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21
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Chang XB, Hou YX, Riordan JR. Stimulation of ATPase activity of purified multidrug resistance-associated protein by nucleoside diphosphates. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:23844-8. [PMID: 9726996 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.37.23844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane vesicles prepared from cells expressing the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) transport glutathione S-conjugates of hydrophobic substrates in an ATP dependent manner. Purified MRP possesses ATPase activity which can be further stimulated by anticancer drugs or leukotriene C4. However, the detailed relationship between ATP hydrolysis and drug transport has not been established. How the ATPase activity of MRP is regulated in the cell is also not known. In this report, we have examined the effects of different nucleotides on the ATPase activity of purified MRP. We have found that pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphates have little effect on enzymatic activity. In contrast, purine nucleotides dATP, dGTP, and adenosine 5'-(beta,gamma-imido)triphosphate function as competitive inhibitors. Somewhat unexpectedly, low concentrations of all the nucleoside diphosphates (NDPs) tested, except UDP, stimulate the ATPase activity severalfold. ADP or GDP at higher concentrations was inhibitory, reflecting NDP binding to the substrate site. On the other hand, the enhancement of hydrolysis at low NDP concentrations must reflect interactions with a separate site. Therefore, we postulate the presence of at least two types of nucleotide binding sites on the MRP, a catalytic site(s) to which ATP preferentially binds and is hydrolyzed and a regulatory site to which NDPs preferentially bind and stimulate hydrolysis. Interestingly, the stimulatory effects of drugs transported by MRP and NDPs are not additive, i.e. drugs are not able to further stimulate the NDP-activated enzyme. Hence, the two activation pathways intersect at some point. Since both nucleotide binding domains of MRP are likely to be required for drug stimulation of ATPase activity, the two sites that we postulate may also involve both domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- X B Chang
- S. C. Johnson Medical Research Center, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
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22
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Epel D. Use of multidrug transporters as first lines of defense against toxins in aquatic organisms. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(98)10005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Gao M, Yamazaki M, Loe DW, Westlake CJ, Grant CE, Cole SP, Deeley RG. Multidrug resistance protein. Identification of regions required for active transport of leukotriene C4. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:10733-40. [PMID: 9553138 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.17.10733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance protein (MRP) is a broad specificity, primary active transporter of organic anion conjugates that confers a multidrug resistance phenotype when transfected into drug-sensitive cells. The protein was the first example of a subgroup of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily whose members have three membrane-spanning domains (MSDs) and two nucleotide binding domains. The role(s) of the third MSD of MRP and its related transporters is not known. To begin to address this question, we examined the ability of various MRP fragments, expressed individually and in combination, to transport the MRP substrate, leukotriene C4 (LTC4). We found that elimination of the entire NH2-terminal MSD or just the first putative transmembrane helix, or substitution of the MSD with the comparable region of the functionally and structurally related transporter, the canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter (cMOAT/MRP2), had little effect on protein accumulation in the membrane. However, all three modifications decreased LTC4 transport activity by at least 90%. Transport activity could be reconstituted by co-expression of the NH2-terminal MSD with a fragment corresponding to the remainder of the MRP molecule, but this required both the region encoding the transmembrane helices of the NH2-terminal MSD and the cytoplasmic region linking it to the next MSD. In contrast, a major part of the cytoplasmic region linking the NH2-proximal nucleotide binding domain of the protein to the COOH-proximal MSD was not required for active transport of LTC4.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gao
- Cancer Research Laboratories, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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24
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Kuo MT, Bao J, Furuichi M, Yamane Y, Gomi A, Savaraj N, Masuzawa T, Ishikawa T. Frequent coexpression of MRP/GS-X pump and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase mRNA in drug-resistant cells, untreated tumor cells, and normal mouse tissues. Biochem Pharmacol 1998; 55:605-15. [PMID: 9515571 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00494-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the multidrug-resistance protein gene MRP, which confers non-P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance, has been found in many drug-resistant variants and tumor samples. Recent studies have demonstrated that MRP functions as an ATP-dependent transporter functionally related to the previously described glutathione-conjugate (GS-X) pump. We have shown recently that the MRP and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS) heavy subunit mRNA levels are coordinately overexpressed in cisplatin (CP)-resistant human leukemia cells (Ishikawa et al., J Biol Chem 271: 14981-14988, 1996) and frequently co-elevated in human colorectal tumors (Kuo et al., Cancer Res 56: 3642-3644, 1996). In the present study, we showed the coexpression patterns of thirteen additional human drug-resistant cell lines representing different tumor cell origins selected with different agents, except for one doxorubicin-selected line which demonstrated minor elevation in MRP mRNA with no detectable increase in gamma-GCS mRNA, suggesting that the increase of MRP mRNA preceded the increase in gamma-GCS mRNA. Furthermore, in seventeen randomly selected untreated tumor cell lines, the overall correlation coefficient between MRP and gamma-GCS mRNA levels was 0.861. In normal mice, the correlation coefficient of mrp and gamma-gcs mRNA was 0.662 in fourteen tissues (kidney and liver were not included) analyzed. Kidney and liver expressed low levels of mrp relative to gamma-gcs; however, these two tissues expressed high levels of a functionally related mrp homologue, mrp2 (cMoat or cMrp), which may have compensated for the underexpressed mrp in maintaining the total GS-X pump activities. Altogether, these results demonstrated the frequent coexpression of these two genes in various cell settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Kuo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
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25
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Twentyman P, Bagrij T. The influence of glutathione metabolism on multidrug resistance in MRP-overexpressing cells. Drug Resist Updat 1998; 1:121-7. [PMID: 16904398 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-7646(98)80027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/1998] [Revised: 01/26/1998] [Accepted: 01/28/1998] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The multidrug resistance (+associated) protein (MRP) is one of two ATP-dependent transport molecules which have been shown to be a cause of multidrug resistance in mammalian cells. The protein is ubiquitously expressed in human tissues and in a range of tumor types. In addition to a range of neutral or cationic cytotoxic drugs, MRP also transports heavy metals and organic anions including glutathione (GSH)-conjugates and glucuronate conjugates. In cells depleted of GSH, the activity of MRP towards cationic drugs is abrogated whereas activity towards organic anions is preserved. Possible mechanisms involved in this differential action and strategies for its exploitation in clinical chemotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Twentyman
- United Kingdom Co-ordinating Committee on Cancer Research, London, UK.
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26
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Marbeuf-Gueye C, Broxterman HJ, Dubru F, Priebe W, Garnier-Suillerot A. Kinetics of anthracycline efflux from multidrug resistance protein-expressing cancer cells compared with P-glycoprotein-expressing cancer cells. Mol Pharmacol 1998; 53:141-7. [PMID: 9443942 DOI: 10.1124/mol.53.1.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The multidrug resistance protein (MRP) has been shown to mediate ATP-dependent efflux of anticancer agents of diverse structure, such as daunorubicin (DNR), vincristine and etoposide. Thus, this protein does confer a multidrug resistant phenotype to cancer cells, similar to P-glycoprotein (Pgp). The substrate specificity of both transporter proteins is partly overlapping but is otherwise very distinct; because MRP is a multiple organic anion transporter, it transports certain glutathione conjugates and may be partly dependent on intracellular glutathione levels for the transport of anthracyclines. We have studied the transport kinetics of a series of anthracyclines in MRP and Pgp that overexpress tumor cell lines to obtain information on the substrate specificity of these proteins. The anthracyclines have modifications in the sugar moiety. The mean active efflux coefficient Ka, used to characterize the efficiency of the active efflux, was very similar for DNR and one of its 4'-deoxy-derivatives (eso-DNR) for MRP and Pgp [10-20 x 10(-10)/sec/(cells/ml)]. The permanently neutral derivatives 3'-deamino-3'-hydroxy-doxorubicin (OH-DOX) and 3'-deamino-3'-hydroxy-daunorubicin (OH-DNR) were effluxed by both proteins but had a lower Ka [2 x 10(-10) and 6 x 10(-10)/sec/(cells/ml) (OH-DOX)] and 2 x 10(-10) and 5 x 10(-10)/sec/(cells/ml) (OH-DNR)] for MRP and Pgp. Two anthracyclines, the doxorubicin derivative pirarubicin and 2'-bromo-4'-epi-DNR seemed to have a slightly higher Ka value for Pgp than for MRP. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constants (K(m)) and maximal efflux rates (VM) for the active transport were within a narrow range for both transporters, except for OH-DOX and OH-DNR, which had a lower VM in the case of MRP-mediated transport, suggesting a role of the amino group in the interaction with glutathione. Determination of the Hill coefficient (nH) of the MRP-mediated efflux gave most values close to 2, which suggests cooperativity of the transport of anthracyclines as reported before for Pgp. In conclusion, the transport kinetics of anthracyclines by MRP and Pgp are very similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marbeuf-Gueye
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie Biomoléculaire et Cellulaire (URA Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2056), Université Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
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27
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Vezmar M, Deady LW, Tilley L, Georges E. The quinoline-based drug, N-[4-[1-hydroxy-2-(dibutylamino)ethyl] quinolin-8-yl]-4-azidosalicylamide, photoaffinity labels the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) at a biologically relevant site. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 241:104-11. [PMID: 9405241 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
MRP is a member of the ABC trafficking proteins thought to mediate the transport of glutathione S-conjugates and amphiphilic natural products. However, unlike P-glycoprotein, the biochemical mechanism by which MRP mediates the resistance to cytotoxic drugs is not clear. In this report, we describe the interactions of a quinoline-based drug, N-{4-[1-hydroxy-2-(dibutylamino)ethyl] quinolin-8-yl}-4-azidosalicylamide (IAAQ), with MRP. Our results demonstrate the ability of IAAQ to photoaffinity label a 190 kDa protein in resistant Small Cell Lung Cancer cells (H69/AR) but not in the parental H69 cells. The photoaffinity labeling of the 190 kDa protein with IAAQ was both saturable and specific. The identity of the 190 kDa protein, as MRP, was confirmed by immunoprecipitation with the monoclonal antibody, QCRL-1. Furthermore, a molar excess of LTC4, MK 571 or vinblastine inhibited the photoaffinity labeling of MRP with IAAQ in intact cells and plasma membranes. Cell growth and drug transport studies showed H69/AR cells to be less sensitive to and to accumulate less IAAQ than the parental H69 cells. In addition, MK 571 and doxorubicin increased the sensitivity to and the accumulation of IAAQ in H69/AR cells. Together, the results of this study show for the first time the direct binding of unaltered cytotoxic drug to MRP. Moreover, given the structural similarities between IAAQ and MK 571, we suggest that MK 571 modulates MRP-mediated resistance by direct binding to MRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vezmar
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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28
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Chang XB, Hou YX, Riordan JR. ATPase activity of purified multidrug resistance-associated protein. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:30962-8. [PMID: 9388243 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.49.30962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human multidrug resistance protein (MRP) was expressed at high levels in stably transfected baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells. These cells exhibited a pattern of cross-resistance to several different drugs typical of an MRP-mediated phenotype despite the addition of 10 histidine residues at the C terminus to facilitate purification. Consistent with this functional evidence of the presence of MRP at the surface of these transfectants, strong signals were detected by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence using a specific monoclonal antibody to MRP. There was intense uniform staining of the cell surface as well as weaker staining of intracellular membranes. MRP-containing membranes were solubilized in 1% N-dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside in the presence of 0.4% sheep brain phospholipids. Two sequential affinity purification steps on Ni-NTA agarose and wheat germ agglutinin agarose provided substantial enrichment, and contaminating bands were not detected. ATPase activity of the purified protein was assayed in the presence of the phospholipids, which had been maintained throughout all purification steps. ATP was hydrolyzed in proportion to the amount of purified protein assayed, and typical Michaelis-Menten behavior was exhibited, yielding estimations of Km of approximately 3.0 mM and Vmax of 0.46 micromol mg-1 min-1. This activity was moderately stimulated by the drugs that others have shown to be transported by MRP-containing membrane vesicles. This stimulation was enhanced by reduced glutathione as is its drug transport, and oxidized glutathione, itself a substrate for transport, caused a strong stimulation. These data describe the first purification of MRP and provide the first direct evidence that the molecule possesses drug-stimulated ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- X B Chang
- S. C. Johnson Medical Research Center, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
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29
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Oehlke J, Beyermann M, Wiesner B, Melzig M, Berger H, Krause E, Bienert M. Evidence for extensive and non-specific translocation of oligopeptides across plasma membranes of mammalian cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1330:50-60. [PMID: 9375812 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(97)00141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
After exposure of bovine aortic endothelial cells to various small peptides (tetra- to undeca-mer), extensive transport of the peptides across the plasma membrane was observed in the concentration range 10(-7) to 10(-2) M. The observed transport events, which contradict the generally anticipated poor permeability of peptides across plasma membranes, exhibited high complexity and showed no saturability up to a concentration of 10(-2) M. Evidence was found for the involvement of mdrp-like transporters as well as of energy-independent facilitated diffusion events. The peptide levels within the cells approximated those of the incubation solution within 30 min, indicating high capacity and velocity for the involved transport processes. Correspondingly, preloaded cells exported about 80% of the internalized peptide within 5 min at 37 degrees C. Analogous results were found after peptide exposure to several other mammalian cell types, indicating a more general importance of the transport phenomena described here. Our findings contradict the prevailing opinion that the often observed lack of activity of externally administered peptides against their targets within intact cells is accounted for primarily by poor cellular uptake and point to export processes counteracting the uptake to be more important in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oehlke
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany.
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30
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Kolaczkowski M, Goffeau A. Active efflux by multidrug transporters as one of the strategies to evade chemotherapy and novel practical implications of yeast pleiotropic drug resistance. Pharmacol Ther 1997; 76:219-42. [PMID: 9535181 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(97)00094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mankind is faced by the increasing emergence of resistant pathogens, including cancer cells. An overview of the different strategies adopted by a variety of cells to evade chemotherapy is presented, with a focus on the mechanisms of multidrug transport. In particular, we analyze the yeast network for pleiotropic drug resistance and assess the potentiality of this system for further understanding of the mechanism of broad specificity and for development of novel practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kolaczkowski
- Unité de Biochimie Physiologique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain La Neuve, Belgium
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31
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Stride BD, Grant CE, Loe DW, Hipfner DR, Cole SP, Deeley RG. Pharmacological characterization of the murine and human orthologs of multidrug-resistance protein in transfected human embryonic kidney cells. Mol Pharmacol 1997; 52:344-53. [PMID: 9281595 DOI: 10.1124/mol.52.3.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the human multidrug-resistance protein (MRP) causes a form of multidrug resistance similar to that conferred by P-glycoprotein, although the two proteins are only distantly related. In contrast to P-glycoprotein, human MRP has also been shown to be a primary active transporter of a structurally diverse range of organic anionic conjugates, some of which may be physiological substrates. At present, the mechanism by which MRP transports these compounds and mediates multidrug resistance is not understood. With the objective of developing an animal model for studies on the normal functions of MRP and its ability to confer multidrug resistance in vivo, we recently cloned the murine ortholog of MRP (mrp). To assess the degree of functional conservation between mrp and MRP, we directly compared the drug cross-resistance profiles they confer when transfected into human embryonic kidney cells, as well as their ability to actively transport leukotriene C4, 17beta-Estradiol 17beta-(D-glucuronide), and vincristine; mrp and MRP conferred similar drug resistance profiles, with the exception that only MRP conferred resistance to the anthracyclines tested. Consistent with these findings, accumulation of [3H]vincristine and [3H]VP-16 was decreased, and efflux of [3H]vincristine was increased in both murine and human MRP-transfected cell populations, whereas only human MRP-transfected cells displayed decreased accumulation and increased efflux of [3H]daunorubicin. Membrane vesicles derived from both transfected cell populations transported leukotriene C4 in an ATP-dependent manner with comparable efficiency, although the efficiency of 17beta-estradiol 17beta-(D-glucuronide) transport was somewhat higher with MRP transfectants. ATP-dependent transport of vincristine was also observed with vesicles from mrp and MRP transfectants but only in the presence of glutathione. These studies reveal intrinsic differences between the murine and human MRP orthologs with respect to their ability to confer resistance to a major class of chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Stride
- Cancer Research Laboratories,Queen's University, Kingston, Canada K7L 3N6
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32
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Hepatobiliary elimination of cationic drugs: the role of P-glycoproteins and other ATP-dependent transporters. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(97)00498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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33
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Dick LR, Cruikshank AA, Destree AT, Grenier L, McCormack TA, Melandri FD, Nunes SL, Palombella VJ, Parent LA, Plamondon L, Stein RL. Mechanistic studies on the inactivation of the proteasome by lactacystin in cultured cells. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:182-8. [PMID: 8995245 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.1.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural product lactacystin exerts its cellular antiproliferative effects through a mechanism involving acylation and inhibition of the proteasome, a cytosolic proteinase complex that is an essential component of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway for intracellular protein degradation. In vitro, lactacystin does not react with the proteasome; rather, it undergoes a spontaneous conversion (lactonization) to the active proteasome inhibitor, clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone. We show here that when the beta-lactone is added to mammalian cells in culture, it rapidly enters the cells, where it can react with the sulfhydryl of glutathione to form a thioester adduct that is both structurally and functionally analogous to lactacystin. We call this adduct lactathione, and like lactacystin, it does not react with the proteasome, but can undergo lactonization to yield back the active beta-lactone. We have studied the kinetics of this reaction under appropriate in vitro conditions as well as the kinetics of lactathione accumulation and proteasome inhibition in cells treated with lactacystin or beta-lactone. The results indicate that only the beta-lactone (not lactacystin) can enter cells and suggest that the formation of lactathione serves to concentrate the inhibitor inside cells, providing a reservoir for prolonged release of the active beta-lactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Dick
- ProScript, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Gao M, Loe DW, Grant CE, Cole SP, Deeley RG. Reconstitution of ATP-dependent leukotriene C4 transport by Co-expression of both half-molecules of human multidrug resistance protein in insect cells. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:27782-7. [PMID: 8910374 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.44.27782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance protein (MRP) confers a multidrug resistance phenotype similar to that associated with overexpression of P-glycoprotein. Unlike P-glycoprotein, MRP has also been shown to be a primary active ATP-dependent transporter of conjugated organic anions. The mechanism(s) by which MRP transports these compounds and increases resistance to natural product drugs is unknown. To facilitate studies on the structure and function of MRP, we have determined whether a baculovirus expression system can be used to produce active protein. Full-length MRP as well as molecules corresponding to either the NH2- or COOH-proximal halves of the protein were expressed individually and in combination in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf21 cells. High levels of intact and half-length proteins were detected in membrane vesicles from infected cells. Although underglycosylated, the full-length protein transported leukotriene C4 (LTC4) with kinetic parameters very similar to those of MRP produced in transfected HeLa cells. Neither half-molecule was able to transport LTC4. However, a functional transporter with characteristics similar to those of intact protein could be reconstituted when both half-molecules were co-expressed. Transport of LTC4 by Sf21 membrane vesicles containing either intact or reconstituted MRP was competitively inhibited by both S-decylglutathione and 17beta-estradiol 17-(beta-D-glucuronide), with Ki values similar to those reported previously for MRP expressed in HeLa cells (Loe, D. W., Almquist, K. C., Deeley, R. G., and Cole, S. P. C. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 9675-9682; Loe, D. W., Almquist, K. C., Cole, S. P. C., and Deeley, R. G. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 9683-9689). These studies demonstrate that human MRP produced in insect cells can function as an active transporter of LTC4 and that the NH2- and COOH-proximal halves of the protein can assemble efficiently to form a transporter with functional characteristics similar to those of the intact protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gao
- Cancer Research Laboratories, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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Paul S, Breuninger LM, Tew KD, Shen H, Kruh GD. ATP-dependent uptake of natural product cytotoxic drugs by membrane vesicles establishes MRP as a broad specificity transporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:6929-34. [PMID: 8692921 PMCID: PMC38911 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.14.6929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MRP is a recently isolated ATP-binding cassette family transporter. We previously reported transfection studies that established that MRP confers multidrug resistance [Kruh, G. D., Chan, A., Myers, K., Gaughan, K., Miki, T. & Aaronson, S. A. (1994) Cancer Res. 54, 1649-1652] and that expression of MRP is associated with enhanced cellular efflux of lipophilic cytotoxic agents [Breuninger, L. M., Paul, S., Gaughan, K., Miki, T., Chan, A., Aaronson, S. A. & Kruh, G. D. (1995) Cancer Res. 55, 5342-5347]. To examine the biochemical mechanism by which MRP confers multidrug resistance, drug uptake experiments were performed using inside-out membrane vesicles prepared from NIH 3T3 cells transfected with an MRP expression vector. ATP-dependent transport was observed for several lipophilic cytotoxic agents including daunorubicin, etoposide, and vincristine, as well as for the glutathione conjugate leukotriene C4 (LTC4). However, only marginally increased uptake was observed for vinblastine and Taxol. Drug uptake was osmotically sensitive and saturable with regard to substrate concentration, with Km values of 6.3 microM, 4.4 microM, 4.2 microM, 35 nM, and 38 microM, for daunorubicin, etoposide, vincristine, LTC4, and ATP, respectively. The broad substrate specificity of MRP was confirmed by the observation that daunorubicin transport was competitively inhibited by reduced and oxidized glutathione, the glutathione conjugates S-(p-azidophenacyl)-glutathione (APA-SG) and S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione (DNP-SG), arsenate, and the LTD4 antagonist MK571. This study establishes that MRP pumps unaltered lipophilic cytotoxic drugs, and suggests that this activity is an important mechanism by which the transporter confers multidrug resistance. The present study also indicates that the substrate specificity of MRP is overlapping but distinct from that of P-glycoprotein, and includes both the neutral or mildly cationic natural product cytotoxic drugs and the anionic products of glutathione conjugation. The widespread expression of MRP in tissues, combined with its ability to transport both lipophilic xenobiotics and the products of phase II detoxification, indicates that the transporter represents a widespread and remarkably versatile cellular defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Paul
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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