1
|
Zeng J, Zhang M, Qin X, He Y, Liu X, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Li W, Dong H, Qiang Z, Lian J. Quenching residual H 2O 2 from UV/H 2O 2 with granular activated carbon: A significant impact of bicarbonate. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 354:141670. [PMID: 38462184 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
UV/H2O2 has been used as an advanced oxidation process to remove organic micropollutants from drinking water. It is essential to quench residual H2O2 to prevent increased chlorine demand during chlorination/chloramination and within distribution systems. Granular activated carbon (GAC) filter can quench the residual oxidant and eliminate some of the dissolved organic matter. However, knowledge on the kinetics and governing factors of GAC quenching of residual H2O2 from UV/H2O2 and the mechanism underlying the enhancement of the process by HCO3- is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse the kinetics and influential factors, particularly the significant impact of bicarbonate (HCO3-). H2O2 decomposition by GAC followed first-order kinetics, and the rate constants normalised by the GAC dosage (kn) were steady (1.6 × 10-3 L g-1 min-1) with variations in the GAC dosage and initial H2O2 concentration. Alkaline conditions favour H2O2 quenching. The content of basic groups exhibited a stronger correlation with the efficiency of GAC in quenching H₂O₂ than did the acidic groups, with their specific kn values being 8.9 and 2.4 min-1 M-1, respectively. The presence of chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and dissolved organic matter inhibited H2O2 quenching, while HCO3- promoted it. The interfacial hydroxyl radical (HO•) zones were visualised on the GAC surface, and HCO3- addition increased the HO• concentration. HCO3- increased the concentration of persistent free radicals (PFRs) on the GAC surface, which mainly contributed to HO• generation. A significant enhancement of HCO3- on H2O2 quenching by GAC was also verified in real water. This study revealed the synergistic mechanism of HCO3- and GAC on H2O2 quenching and presents the potential applications of residual H2O2 in the H2O2-based oxidation processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Zeng
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Ecological Conservation at Headwater Regions, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 1958 Ke-jia Road, Ganzhou, 341000, China; Hydrology and Water Resources Monitoring Center for Ganjiang Upstream Watershed, 8 Zhang-jia-wei Road, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Ecological Conservation at Headwater Regions, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 1958 Ke-jia Road, Ganzhou, 341000, China; Guyang Water Conservancy Agricultural Machinery Management Service Station, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Xinxin Qin
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Ecological Conservation at Headwater Regions, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 1958 Ke-jia Road, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yi He
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Ecological Conservation at Headwater Regions, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 1958 Ke-jia Road, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Ecological Conservation at Headwater Regions, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 1958 Ke-jia Road, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yichun Zhu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Ecological Conservation at Headwater Regions, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 1958 Ke-jia Road, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Zuwen Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Ecological Conservation at Headwater Regions, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 1958 Ke-jia Road, Ganzhou, 341000, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Water Engineering Safety and Efficient Utilization of Resources in Poyang Lake Watershed, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330099, China
| | - Wentao Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Huiyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Junfeng Lian
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Ecological Conservation at Headwater Regions, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 1958 Ke-jia Road, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiao K, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Fu D, Zhang Y, Luo Z, Lin Y, Wang Q, Pei J, Shen G. Size-resolved environmentally persistent free radicals in urban road dust and association with transition metals. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:7829-7839. [PMID: 37486413 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are receiving growing concerns owing to their potentially adverse impacts on human health. Road dust is one important source of air pollution in most cities and may pose significant health risks. Characteristics of EPFRs in urban road dusts and its formation mechanism(s) are still rarely studied. Here, we evaluated occurrence and size distributions of EPFRs in road dusts from different functional areas of an urban city, and assessed relationship between EPFRs and some transition metals. Strong electron paramagnetic resonance signals of 6.01 × 1016 - 1.3 × 1019 spins/g with the mean g value of 2.0029 ± 0.0019 were observed, indicating that EPFRs consisted of a mixture of C-centered radicals, and C-centered radicals with an adjacent oxygen atom in the urban road dust. Much more EPFRs enriched in finer dust particles. EPFRs significantly correlated with the total Fe, but not water-soluble Fe, suggesting different impacts of water-soluble and insoluble metals in the formation of EFPRs. Health risk assessment results indicated high risk potentials via the ingestion and dermal exposure to EPFRs in road dusts. Future studies are calling to look into formation mechanisms of EPFRs in urban road dusts and to quantitatively evaluate its potential risks on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xiao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zedong Wang
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yousong Zhou
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Donglei Fu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhihan Luo
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yichun Lin
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Qingyue Wang
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Juan Pei
- Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd., No.29 Hongcao Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aryal A, Noël A, Khachatryan L, Cormier SA, Chowdhury PH, Penn A, Dugas TR, Harmon AC. Environmentally persistent free radicals: Methods for combustion generation, whole-body inhalation and assessing cardiopulmonary consequences. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122183. [PMID: 37442324 PMCID: PMC10528481 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) containing environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) results from the incomplete combustion of organic wastes which chemisorb to transition metals. This process generates a particle-pollutant complex that continuously redox cycles to produce reactive oxygen species. EPFRs are well characterized, but their cardiopulmonary effects remain unknown. This publication provides a detailed approach to evaluating these effects and demonstrates the impact that EPFRs have on the lungs and vasculature. Combustion-derived EPFRs were generated (EPFR lo: 2.1e-16 radical/g, EPFR hi: 5.5e-17 radical/g), characterized, and verified as representative of those found in urban areas. Dry particle aerosolization and whole-body inhalation were established for rodent exposures. To verify that these particles and exposures recapitulate findings relevant to known PM-induced cardiopulmonary effects, male C57BL6 mice were exposed to filtered air, ∼280 μg/m3 EPFR lo or EPFR hi for 4 h/d for 5 consecutive days. Compared to filtered air, pulmonary resistance was increased in mice exposed to EPFR hi. Mice exposed to EPFR hi also exhibited increased plasma endothelin-1 (44.6 vs 30.6 pg/mL) and reduced nitric oxide (137 nM vs 236 nM), suggesting vascular dysfunction. Assessment of vascular response demonstrated an impairment in endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, with maximum relaxation decreased from 80% to 62% in filtered air vs EPFR hi exposed mice. Gene expression analysis highlighted fold changes in aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and antioxidant response genes including increases in lung Cyp1a1 (8.7 fold), Cyp1b1 (9 fold), Aldh3a1 (1.7 fold) and Nqo1 (2.4 fold) and Gclc (1.3 fold), and in aortic Cyp1a1 (5.3 fold) in mice exposed to EPFR hi vs filtered air. We then determined that lung AT2 cells were the predominate locus for AhR activation. Together, these data suggest the lung and vasculature as particular targets for the health impacts of EPFRs and demonstrate the importance of additional studies investigating the cardiopulmonary effects of EPFRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Aryal
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Alexandra Noël
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University A&M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University A&M College and the Pennington Biomedical Research Institute, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Pratiti H Chowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University A&M College and the Pennington Biomedical Research Institute, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Arthur Penn
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Tammy R Dugas
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Ashlyn C Harmon
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang R, Zhang R, Zimmerman AR, Wang H, Gao B. Applications, impacts, and management of biochar persistent free radicals: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121543. [PMID: 37019262 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a promising environmental contaminant remediation agent because of its adsorptive and catalytic properties. However, the environmental effects of persistent free radicals (PFRs) produced by biomass pyrolysis (biochar production) are still poorly understood, though they have received increasing research attention in recent years. Although PFRs both directly and indirectly mediate biochar's removal of environmental pollutants, they also have the potential to cause ecological damage. In order to support and sustain biochar applications, effective strategies are needed to control the negative effects of biochar PFRs. Yet, there has been no systematic evaluation of the environmental behavior, risks, or management techniques of biochar PFRs. Thus, this review: 1) outlines the formation mechanisms and types of biochar PFRs, 2) evaluates their environmental applications and potential risks, 3) summarizes their environmental migration and transformation, and 4) explores effective management strategies for biochar PFRs during both production and application phases. Finally, future research directions are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China; School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China; School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Andrew R Zimmerman
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu X, Liu G, Liu S, Qin L, Lin B, Wang M, Yang L, Zheng M. Free radical mechanism of toxic organic compound formations from o-chlorophenol. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130367. [PMID: 36444078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic free radical intermediates are pivotal to our understanding of toxic chemicals formation from chlorophenols that widely exist in thermal processes. However, in most cases, multiple free radical intermediates exist and produce complex spectra that are hard to deconvolute. Identification of free radical intermediates is the current difficulty for detailed formation mechanisms of toxic products from chlorophenols. In this study, a universal bottom-up method was developed to identify the organic free radical intermediates. Candidate organic free radicals were firstly speculated according to the critical parameters obtained from experimental electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra and the calculated bond dissociation energies of precursors. Their theoretical spectra were then used retrospectively to justify the accordance with the experimental EPR spectra. Identification of the organic free radicals provides straightforward evidence for the formation pathways of pollutants from chlorophenol. Internal factors influencing formation of radical intermediates and the toxic products were also studied, including the ortho effect of the precursor, spin densities of the organic free radical intermediates, and steric hindrance effects of the molecular intermediates. In combination of the experimental results and theoretical calculations, detailed formation mechanisms of toxic pollutants intermediating by organic free radicals from thermal oxidation of chlorophenol were strongly evidenced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Shuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bingcheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Mingxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo H, Wang Y, Yao K, Zheng H, Zhang X, Li R, Wang N, Fu H. The overlooked formation of environmentally persistent free radicals on particulate matter collected from biomass burning under light irradiation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107668. [PMID: 36459822 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The illumination process may be an important contributor to environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in atmospheric particles, but the ability of light to generate EPFRs in combustion products remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This paper studies the characteristics and formation mechanism of EPFRs in combustion particles after photoexcitation. METHOD The secondary photochemical processes and the generation and decay capability of EPFRs in size-resolved (<10 µm) biomass combustion particles were analysed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. RESULT Our results indicated that secondary EPFRs can be generated after illumination and the produced EPFRs have a lifetime of approximately 1 day. The content of secondary EPFRs after light exposure increased by 20 %-30 % compared to that of the original EPFRs. Through the analysis of components of different polarities, it was found that non-extractable substances were the main contributors to secondary EPFRs (75 %), followed by extractable organics. This study showed that metal species and quinones are important precursors for the formation of secondary EPFRs from non-extractable and extractable PM components, respectively. We found that O2 molecules are an important factor for the formation of secondary EPFRs from organic substances without oxygen functional groups. CONCLUSIONS This study presents information about the effects of light and O2 on the generation of EPFRs, and the unstable nature of secondary EPFRs has important implications for assessing the health risks of atmospheric particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Guo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China.
| | - Yidan Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Kaixing Yao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Han Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Xinji Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Rui Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Haiyan Fu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khachatryan L, Barekati-Goudarzi M, Asatryan R, Ozarowski A, Boldor D, Lomnicki SM, Cormier SA. Metal-Free Biomass-Derived Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (Bio-EPFRs) from Lignin Pyrolysis. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:30241-30249. [PMID: 36061701 PMCID: PMC9434622 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To assess contribution of the radicals formed from biomass burning, our recent findings toward the formation of resonantly stabilized persistent radicals from hydrolytic lignin pyrolysis in a metal-free environment are presented in detail. Such radicals have particularly been identified during fast pyrolysis of lignin dispersed into the gas phase in a flow reactor. The trapped radicals were analyzed by X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and high-frequency (HF) EPR spectroscopy. To conceptualize available data, the metal-free biogenic bulky stable radicals with extended conjugated backbones are suggested to categorize as a new type of metal-free environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) (bio-EPFRs). They can be originated not only from lignin/biomass pyrolysis but also during various thermal processes in combustion reactors and media, including tobacco smoke, anthropogenic sources and wildfires (forest/bushfires), and so on. The persistency of bio-EPFRs from lignin gas-phase pyrolysis was outlined with the evaluated lifetime of two groups of radicals being 33 and 143 h, respectively. The experimental results from pyrolysis of coniferyl alcohol as a model compound of lignin in the same fast flow reactor, along with our detailed potential energy surface analyses using high-level DFT and ab initio methods toward decomposition of a few other model compounds reported earlier, provide a mechanistic view on the formation of C- and O-centered radicals during lignin gas-phase pyrolysis. The preliminary measurements using HF-EPR spectroscopy also support the existence of O-centered radicals in the radical mixtures from pyrolysis of lignin possessing a high g value (2.0048).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | | | - Rubik Asatryan
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Andrew Ozarowski
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Florida, Tallahassee 32310, United States
| | - Dorin Boldor
- Department
of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, LSU AgCenter and LSU A&M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Slawomir M. Lomnicki
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Stephania A. Cormier
- Department
of Biological Sciences, LSU Superfund Research
Program and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xiang J, Zhu J, Zhou M, Liu LL, Wang LX, Peng M, Hou BS, Yiu SM, To WP, Che CM, Lau KC, Lau TC. Oxidative C–O bond cleavage of dihydroxybenzenes and conversion of coordinated cyanide to carbon monoxide using a luminescent Os( vi) cyanonitrido complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7988-7991. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03002k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photoreactions of OsN and dihydroxybenzenes lead to C–O bond cleavage of H2Q/H2Cat, accompanied by the conversion of the coordinated CN− into CO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, Hubei, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Rd., Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Rd., Hong Kong, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lu-Lu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Li-Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Min Peng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Bi-Shun Hou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Shek-Man Yiu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Pong To
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Rd., Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Rd., Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai-Chung Lau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tai-Chu Lau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Luo K, Pang Y, Wang D, Li X, Wang L, Lei M, Huang Q, Yang Q. A critical review on the application of biochar in environmental pollution remediation: Role of persistent free radicals (PFRs). J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 108:201-216. [PMID: 34465433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biochar as an emerging carbonaceous material has exhibited a great potential in environmental application for its perfect adsorption ability. However, there are abundant persistent free radicals (PFRs) in biochar, so the direct and indirect PFRs-mediated removal of organic and inorganic contaminants by biochar was widely reported. In order to comprehend deeply the formation of PFRs in biochar and their interactions with contaminants, this paper reviews the formation mechanisms of PFRs in biochar and the PFRs-mediated environmental applications of biochar in recent years. Finally, future challenges in this field are also proposed. This review provides a more comprehensive understanding on the emerging applications of biochar from the viewpoint of the catalytic role of PFRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Luo
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha 410003, China
| | - Ya Pang
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha 410003, China.
| | - Dongbo Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha 410003, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha 410003, China
| | - Min Lei
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha 410003, China
| | - Qi Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao Z, Wu M, Zhou D, Chen Q, Li H, Lang D, Pan B, Xing B. CuO and TiO 2 particles generated more stable and stronger EPFRs in dark than under UV-irradiation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 775:145555. [PMID: 33631563 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EFPRs) have recently attracted a great deal of research attention because of their significant toxicity and ubiquitous occurrence in the environment. The information is still very limited on how to estimate the intensity of EPFRs under ambient circumstances. This study is designed to specifically compare EPFRs generation during catechol degradation in dark and UV light irradiation. CuO and TiO2 were selected as model metal oxides to coat on silica at 1% CuO has a large electron exchange capacity, which may mediate catechol degradation in dark, while TiO2 possesses strong photocatalytic property and could accelerate catechol degradation under UV light. Under UV light irradiation, EPFRs were generated very quickly and reached the maximum value in 4 d, which was related to the photocatalytic property of the particle. However, these EPFRs dissipated quickly in 14 d. On the contrary, the intensities of EPFRs generated in dark were 2 times higher, and stabled for over 2 months. Therefore, the environmental impacts of EPFRs in dark may be widespread and long-lasting, which should be monitored more carefully. It should be noted that for CuO-coated silica, a significant amount of EPFRs (20% of the maximum) survived the UV-light irradiation and stabled during the experimental period (45 d). Stronger EPFRs were associated with more abundant dimer structures, suggesting the dimer structures were related to EPFRs formation during catechol degradation. Monitoring the generation of dimer structures in the degradation of organic chemicals may provide useful information to estimate EPFRs generation and risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zhao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Meixuan Wu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Dandan Zhou
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Quan Chen
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hao Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Di Lang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu X, Yang L, Liu G, Zheng M. Formation of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals during Thermochemical Processes and their Correlations with Unintentional Persistent Organic Pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6529-6541. [PMID: 33956443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Attention is increasingly being paid to environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), which are organic pollutants with the activities of free radicals and stabilities of organic pollutants. EPFRs readily form during thermal processes through the decomposition of organic precursors such as phenols, halogenated phenols, and quinone-type molecules, which are also important precursors of toxic unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (UPOPs). We have found that EPFRs are important intermediates for UPOP formation during thermal-related processes. However, interest in EPFRs is currently mostly focused on the toxicities and formation mechanisms of EPFRs themselves. Little information is available on the important roles EPFRs play in toxic UPOP formation during thermal processes. Here, we review the mechanisms involved in EPFR formation and transformation into UPOPs during thermal processes. The review is focused on typical EPFRs, including cyclopentadiene, phenoxy, and semiquinone radicals. The reaction temperature, metal species present, and oxygen concentration strongly affect EPFR and UPOP formation during thermal-related processes. Gaps in current knowledge and future directions for research into EPFR and UPOP formation, transformation, and control are presented. Understanding the relationships between EPFRs and UPOPs will allow synergistic control strategies to be developed for thermal-related industrial sources of EPFRs and UPOPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
A novel polyphenol oxidase immobilized polyglycine/reduced graphene oxide composite electrode for sensitive determination of catechol. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-020-01441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
13
|
Xu Y, Yang L, Wang X, Zheng M, Li C, Zhang A, Fu J, Yang Y, Qin L, Liu X, Liu G. Risk evaluation of environmentally persistent free radicals in airborne particulate matter and influence of atmospheric factors. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 196:110571. [PMID: 32276159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) was considered unrecognized composition of air pollutants and might help explain the long-standing medical mystery of why non-smokers develop tobacco-related diseases like lung cancer. EPFRs in airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can induce oxidative and DNA damage when inhaled. We assessed the inhalation risk of EPFRs in PM2.5 and factors influencing this risk in Beijing as a large city with frequent haze events. The average concentration of EPFRs in PM2.5 was 6.00 × 1017 spins/m3 in spring, autumn, and winter; lower concentrations were recorded in the summer. To estimate the daily inhalation risk of EPFRs in PM2.5, we used the equivalent EPFRs in cigarette tar. The average daily inhalation exposure of EPFRs in PM2.5 was estimated to be the equivalent of 33.1 cigarette tar EPFRs per day (range: 0.53-226.9) during both haze and non-haze days. The major factors influencing EPFR concentrations in the atmosphere were precipitation and humidity, which reduced airborne concentrations. Levels of PM2.5 and carbon monoxide were positively correlated with EPFR concentrations. The health risks of inhaling airborne EPFRs could be significant and should be recognized and quantified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Linjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hudzik JM, Barekati-Goudarzi M, Khachatryan L, Bozzelli JW, Ruckenstein E, Asatryan R. OH-Initiated Reactions of para-Coumaryl Alcohol Relevant to the Lignin Pyrolysis. Part II. Kinetic Analysis. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4875-4904. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Hudzik
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | | | - Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Joseph W. Bozzelli
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Eli Ruckenstein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14226, United States
| | - Rubik Asatryan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14226, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu L, Zhou Q, Yang X, Li G, Zhang J, Zhou X, Jiang W. Cytotoxicity of the soluble and insoluble fractions of atmospheric fine particulate matter. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 91:105-116. [PMID: 32172959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) includes soluble and insoluble fractions, and each fraction can interact with cells and cause adverse effects. PM2.5 samples were collected in Jinan, China, and the soluble and insoluble fractions were separated. According to physiochemical characterization, the soluble fraction mainly contains water-soluble ions and organic acids, and the insoluble fraction mainly contains kaolinite, calcium carbonate and some organic carbon. The interaction between PM2.5 and model cell membranes was examined with a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) to quantify PM2.5 attachment on membranes and membrane disruption. The cytotoxicity of the total PM2.5 and the soluble and insoluble fractions, was investigated. Negatively charged PM2.5 can adhere to the positively charged membranes and disrupt them. PM2.5 also adheres to negatively charged membranes but does not cause membrane rupture. Therefore, electrostatic repulsion does not prevent PM2.5 attachment, but electrostatic attraction induces remarkable membrane rupture. The human lung epithelial cell line A549 was used for cytotoxicity assessment. The detected membrane leakage, cellular swelling and blebbing indicated a cell necrosis process. Moreover, the insoluble PM2.5 fraction caused a higher cell mortality and more serious cell membrane damage than the soluble fraction. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) enhanced by the two fractions were not significantly different. The findings provide more information to better understand the mechanism of PM2.5 cytotoxicity and the effect of PM2.5 solubility on cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Qiuhua Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xuezhi Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xuehua Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Buledi JA, Ameen S, Khand NH, Solangi AR, Taqvi IH, Agheem MH, Wajdan Z. CuO Nanostructures Based Electrochemical Sensor for Simultaneous Determination of Hydroquinone and Ascorbic Acid. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamil A. Buledi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Sindh Jamshoro 76080- Pakistan
| | - Sidra Ameen
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Sindh Jamshoro 76080- Pakistan
- Department of ChemistryShaheed Benazir Bhutto University Shaheed Benazirabad 67450 Sindh Pakistan
| | - Nadir H. Khand
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Sindh Jamshoro 76080- Pakistan
| | - Amber R. Solangi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Sindh Jamshoro 76080- Pakistan
| | - Iqleem H. Taqvi
- Department of ChemistryGovernment College University Hyderabad 71500 Sindh Pakistan
| | - Muhammad H. Agheem
- Center for Pure and Applied GeologyUniversity of Sindh Jamshoro 76080- Pakistan
| | - Zahid Wajdan
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Sindh Jamshoro 76080- Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Odinga ES, Waigi MG, Gudda FO, Wang J, Yang B, Hu X, Li S, Gao Y. Occurrence, formation, environmental fate and risks of environmentally persistent free radicals in biochars. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105172. [PMID: 31739134 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biochars are used globally in agricultural crop production and environmental remediation. However, environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), which are stable emerging pollutants, are generated as a characteristic feature during biomass pyrolysis. EPFRs can induce the formation of reactive oxygen species, which poses huge agro-environmental and human health risks. Their half-lives and persistence in both biochar residues and in the atmosphere may lead to potentially adverse risks in the environment. This review highlights the comprehensive research into these bioreactive radicals, as well as the bottlenecks of biochar production leading up to the formation and persistence of EPFRs. Additionally, a way forward has been proposed, based on two main recommendations. A global joint initiative to create an all-encompassing regulations policy document that will improve both the technological and the quality control aspects of biochars to reduce EPFR generation at the production level. Furthermore, environmental impact and risk assessment studies should be conducted in the extensive applications of biochars in order to protect the environmental and human health. The highlighted key research directions proposed herein will shape the production, research, and adoption aspects of biochars, which will mitigate the considerable concerns raised on EPFRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Stephen Odinga
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Michael Gatheru Waigi
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fredrick Owino Gudda
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaojie Hu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shunyao Li
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xu M, Wu T, Tang YT, Chen T, Khachatryan L, Iyer PR, Guo D, Chen A, Lyu M, Li J, Liu J, Li D, Zuo Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Meng Y, Qi F. Environmentally persistent free radicals in PM 2.5: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 1:177-197. [PMID: 34308260 DOI: 10.1007/s42768-019-00021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are a new class of pollutants that are long-lived in fine particles (PM2.5), i.e., their 1/e lifetime ranges from days to months (or even infinite). They are capable of producing harmful reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals. The redox cycling of EPFRs is considered as an important pathway for PM2.5 to induce oxidative stress inside the humans, causing adverse health effects such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Consequently, research regarding their toxicity, formation and environmental occurrences in PM2.5 has attracted increasing attentions globally during the past two decades. However, literature data in this field remain quite limited and discrete. Hence, an extensive review is urgently needed to summarize the current understanding of this topic. In this work, we systematically reviewed the analytical methods and environmental occurrences, e.g., types, concentrations, and decay behaviors, as well as possible sources of EPFRs in PM2.5. The types of pretreatment methods, g-values of common EPFRs and categories of decay processes were discussed in detail. Moreover, great efforts were made to revisit the original data of the published works of EPFRs in airborne particulate matter and provided additional useful information for comparison where possible, e.g., their mean and standard deviation of g-values, line widths (ΔH p-p), and concentrations. Finally, possible research opportunities were highlighted to further advance our knowledge of this emerging issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Xu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.,New Materials Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.,New Materials Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Yu-Ting Tang
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Poornima Ramesh Iyer
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Dengting Guo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Anran Chen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Miao Lyu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Jinhu Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Yuxin Zuo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Shihan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Yining Meng
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Fei Qi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kibet JK, Jebet A, Kinyanjui T. Molecular oxygenates from the thermal degradation of tobacco and material characterization of tobacco char. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
20
|
Ruan X, Sun Y, Du W, Tang Y, Liu Q, Zhang Z, Doherty W, Frost RL, Qian G, Tsang DCW. Formation, characteristics, and applications of environmentally persistent free radicals in biochars: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 281:457-468. [PMID: 30827730 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Due to abundant biomass and eco-friendliness, biochar is exemplified as one of the most promising candidates to mediate the degradation of environmental contaminants. Recently, environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) have been detected in biochars, which can activate S2O82- or H2O2 to generate reactive oxygen species for effective degradation of organic and inorganic contaminants. Comprehending the formation mechanisms of EPFRs in biochars and their interactions with contaminants is indispensable to further develop their environmental applications, e.g., direct and indirect EPFR-mediated removal of organics/inorganics by biochars. With reference to the information of EPFRs in environmental matrices, this article critically reviews the formation mechanisms, characteristics, interactions, and environmental applications of EPFRs in biochars. Synthesis conditions and loading of metals/organics are considered as key parameters controlling their concentrations, types, and activities. This review provides new and important insights into the fate and emerging applications of surface-bound EPFRs in biochars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Ruan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China; Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuqing Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weimeng Du
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China; Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuyuan Tang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China; Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China; Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhanying Zhang
- Centre of Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - William Doherty
- Centre of Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Ray L Frost
- Centre of Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Guangren Qian
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China; Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Asatryan R, Hudzik JM, Bozzelli JW, Khachatryan L, Ruckenstein E. OH-Initiated Reactions of p-Coumaryl Alcohol Relevant to the Lignin Pyrolysis. Part I. Potential Energy Surface Analysis. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2570-2585. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubik Asatryan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14226, United States
| | - Jason M. Hudzik
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Joseph W. Bozzelli
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Eli Ruckenstein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14226, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pelucchi M, Cavallotti C, Cuoci A, Faravelli T, Frassoldati A, Ranzi E. Detailed kinetics of substituted phenolic species in pyrolysis bio-oils. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00198g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive kinetic model for the pyrolysis and combustion of substituted phenolic species, key components of fast pyrolysis bio-oils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pelucchi
- CRECK Modeling Lab
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering
- Politecnico di Milano
- Italy
| | - Carlo Cavallotti
- CRECK Modeling Lab
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering
- Politecnico di Milano
- Italy
| | - Alberto Cuoci
- CRECK Modeling Lab
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering
- Politecnico di Milano
- Italy
| | - Tiziano Faravelli
- CRECK Modeling Lab
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering
- Politecnico di Milano
- Italy
| | - Alessio Frassoldati
- CRECK Modeling Lab
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering
- Politecnico di Milano
- Italy
| | - Eliseo Ranzi
- CRECK Modeling Lab
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering
- Politecnico di Milano
- Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Poly (naphthol green B) modified carbon paste electrode sensor for catechol and hydroquinone. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
24
|
Furutani Y, Dohara Y, Kudo S, Hayashi JI, Norinaga K. Theoretical Study on the Kinetics of Thermal Decomposition of Guaiacol and Catechol. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8495-8503. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b08112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Koyo Norinaga
- Department
of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Asatryan R, Bennadji H, Bozzelli JW, Ruckenstein E, Khachatryan L. Molecular Products and Fundamentally Based Reaction Pathways in the Gas-Phase Pyrolysis of the Lignin Model Compound p-Coumaryl Alcohol. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3352-3371. [PMID: 28406634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The fractional pyrolysis of lignin model compound para-coumaryl alcohol (p-CMA) containing a propanoid side chain and a phenolic OH group was studied using the System for Thermal Diagnostic Studies at temperatures from 200 to 900 °C, in order to gain mechanistic insight into the role of large substituents in high-lignin feedstocks pyrolysis. Phenol and its simple derivatives p-cresol, ethyl-, propenyl-, and propyl-phenols were found to be the major products predominantly formed at low pyrolysis temperatures (<500 °C). A cryogenic trapping technique was employed combined with EPR spectroscopy to identify the open-shell intermediates registered at pyrolysis temperatures above 500 °C. These were characterized as radical mixtures primarily consisting of oxygen-linked conjugated radicals. A comprehensive potential energy surface analysis of p-CMA and p-CMA + H atom systems was performed using various DFT protocols to examine the possible role of concerted molecular eliminations and free-radical mechanisms in the formation of major products. Other significant unimolecular concerted reactions along with formation and decomposition of primary radicals are also described and evaluated. The calculations suggest that a set of the chemically activated secondary radical channels is relevant to the low temperature product formation under fractional pyrolysis conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubik Asatryan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14226, United States
| | - Hayat Bennadji
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, United States
| | - Joseph W Bozzelli
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology , Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Eli Ruckenstein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14226, United States
| | - Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Furutani Y, Kudo S, Hayashi JI, Norinaga K. Theoretical Study on Reaction Pathways Leading to CO and CO2 in the Pyrolysis of Resorcinol. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:631-637. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b05168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Furutani
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Shinji Kudo
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro Hayashi
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
- Research
and Education Centre of Carbon Resources, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Koyo Norinaga
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Khachatryan L, Xu MX, Wu AJ, Pechagin M, Asatryan R. Radicals and molecular products from the gas-phase pyrolysis of lignin model compounds. Cinnamyl alcohol. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS 2016; 121:75-83. [PMID: 28344372 PMCID: PMC5363761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The experimental results on detection and identification of intermediate radicals and molecular products from gas-phase pyrolysis of cinnamyl alcohol (CnA), the simplest non-phenolic lignin model compound, over the temperature range of 400-800 °C are reported. The low temperature matrix isolation - electron paramagnetic resonance (LTMI-EPR) experiments along with the theoretical calculations, provided evidences on the generation of the intermediate carbon and oxygen centered as well as oxygen-linked, conjugated radicals. A mechanistic analysis is performed based on density functional theory to explain formation of the major products from CnA pyrolysis; cinnamaldehyde, indene, styrene, benzaldehyde, 1-propynyl benzene, and 2-propenyl benzene. The evaluated bond dissociation patterns and unimolecular decomposition pathways involve dehydrogenation, dehydration, 1,3-sigmatropic H-migration, 1,2-hydrogen shift, C-O and C-C bond cleavage processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Corresponding author. (L. Khachatryan)
| | - Meng-xia Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Ang-jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Mikhail Pechagin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Rubik Asatryan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jia H, Nulaji G, Gao H, Wang F, Zhu Y, Wang C. Formation and Stabilization of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals Induced by the Interaction of Anthracene with Fe(III)-Modified Clays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6310-9. [PMID: 27224055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are occasionally detected in Superfund sites but the formation of EPFRs induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is not well understood. In the present work, the formation of EPFRs on anthracene-contaminated clay minerals was quantitatively monitored via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and surface/interface-related environmental influential factors were systematically explored. The obtained results suggest that EPFRs are more readily formed on anthracene-contaminated Fe(III)-montmorillonite than in other tested systems. Depending on the reaction condition, more than one type of organic radicals including anthracene-based radical cations with g-factors of 2.0028-2.0030 and oxygenic carbon-centered radicals featured by g-factors of 2.0032-2.0038 were identified. The formed EPFRs are stabilized by their interaction with interlayer surfaces, and such surface-bound EPFRs exhibit slow decay with 1/e-lifetime of 38.46 days. Transformation pathway and possible mechanism are proposed on the basis of experimental results and quantum mechanical simulations. Overall, the formation of EPFRs involves single-electron-transfer from anthracene to Fe(III) initially, followed by H2O addition on formed aromatic radical cation. Because of their potential exposure in soil and atmosphere, such clay surface-associated EPFRs might induce more serious toxicity than PAHs and exerts significant impacts on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhong Jia
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Gulimire Nulaji
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China
- School of Geology and Mining Engineering, Xinjiang University , Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Hongwei Gao
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Fu Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Yunqing Zhu
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Chuanyi Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xu MX, Khachatryan L, Baev A, Asatryan R. Radicals from the gas-phase pyrolysis of a lignin model compound: p-coumaryl alcohol. RSC Adv 2016; 6:62399-62405. [PMID: 28458882 DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11372a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intermediate radicals produced in the gas-phase pyrolysis of one of the main building blocks of lignin - p-coumaryl alcohol (p-CMA) - were investigated using the low temperature matrix isolation technique interfaced with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (LTMI-EPR). An anisotropic EPR spectrum characterized by a high g-value (>2.0080) and a relatively low saturation coefficient (∼1.40) throughout the high pyrolytic temperature region (700 to 1000 °C) was observed. Theoretical calculations revealed plausible decomposition pathways for p-CMA comprising highly delocalized aromatic radicals. The results provide evidence for a dominant role of oxygen-centered radicals during the pyrolysis of p-CMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xia Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Alexander Baev
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Rubik Asatryan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yang HM, Appari S, Kudo S, Hayashi JI, Norinaga K. Detailed Chemical Kinetic Modeling of Vapor-Phase Reactions of Volatiles Derived from Fast Pyrolysis of Lignin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Mei Yang
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School
of Engineering Sciences, ‡Institute for Materials
Chemistry and Engineering, and §Research and Education Centre of Carbon Resources, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Srinivas Appari
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School
of Engineering Sciences, ‡Institute for Materials
Chemistry and Engineering, and §Research and Education Centre of Carbon Resources, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Shinji Kudo
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School
of Engineering Sciences, ‡Institute for Materials
Chemistry and Engineering, and §Research and Education Centre of Carbon Resources, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro Hayashi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School
of Engineering Sciences, ‡Institute for Materials
Chemistry and Engineering, and §Research and Education Centre of Carbon Resources, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Koyo Norinaga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School
of Engineering Sciences, ‡Institute for Materials
Chemistry and Engineering, and §Research and Education Centre of Carbon Resources, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Altarawneh M, Dlugogorski BZ. Formation of dibenzofuran, dibenzo-p-dioxin and their hydroxylated derivatives from catechol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:1822-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04168b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study presents mechanistic and kinetic accounts of the formation of dibenzofuran (DF), dibenzo-p-dioxin (DD) and their hydroxylated derivatives (OHs-DF/OHs-DD) from the catechol (CT) molecule, as model compounds for phenolic constituents in biomass.
Collapse
|
32
|
The simultaneous electrochemical detection of catechol and hydroquinone with [Cu(Sal-β-Ala)(3,5-DMPz)2]/SWCNTs/GCE. SENSORS 2014; 14:22274-84. [PMID: 25429411 PMCID: PMC4299013 DOI: 10.3390/s141222274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A glassy carbon electrode was modified with a copper(II) complex [Cu(Sal-β-Ala) (3,5-DMPz)2] (Sal = salicylaldehyde, β-Ala = β-alanine, 3,5-DMPz = 3,5-dimethylpyrazole) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The modified electrode was used to detect catechol (CT) and hydroquinone (HQ) and exhibited good electrocatalytic activities toward the oxidation of CT and HQ. The peak currents were linear with the CT and HQ concentrations over the range of 5–215 μmol·L−1 and 5–370 μmol·L−1 with corresponding detection limits of 3.5 μmol·L−1 and 1.46 μmol·L−1 (S/N = 3) respectively. Moreover, the modified electrode exhibited good sensitivity, stability and reproducibility for the determination of CT and HQ, indicating the promising applications of the modified electrode in real sample analysis.
Collapse
|
33
|
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Identification of Labile Radicals Formed during Pyrolysis of Catechool, Hydroquinone, and Phenol through Neutral Pyrolysis Product Mass Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/930573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Catechol, hydroquinone, and phenol are known to be environmental pollutants due to their ability to generate environmentally free radicals, which cause millions of deaths worldwide. Recently, efforts have been done to precisely identify the origin and the nature of those free radicals employing EPR-LTMI technique. All the three precursors generate cyclopentadienyl radical as major pyrolysis products and phenoxyl radical as both pyrolysis and photolysis products which were obtained from phenol; ortho-semiquinone and para-semiquinone were seen, respectively, from the pyrolysis of catechol and hydroquinone. However, it has been suspected that the solely use of the EPR-LTMI did not allow the isolation of the more labile radicals that is supposedly terminated by radical-radical or radical-surface interaction. The present study reports the gas chromatography mass analysis of the pyrolysis products from catechol, hydroquinone, and phenol. Naphthalene , indene, and hydroxyindene were observed as the pyrolysis products of hydroquinone, while fluorene, 1H-indenol and its isomer 1H-inden-1-one 2,3 dihydro, acenaphthylene, benzofuran-7-methyl, and benzofuran-2-methyl were observed as pyrolysis products of catechol. Dibenzo dioxin and dibenzo furan were observed from pyrolysis of catechol and hydroquinone. Those products result from the combination of radicals such as cyclopentadienyl, para-semiquinone, ortho-semiquinone, hydroxyl-cyclohexadienyl, phenoxyl, and most importantly Hydroxycyclopentadienyl which was not identified by EPR-LTMI.
Collapse
|
34
|
Herring P, Khachatryan L, Lomnicki S, Dellinger B. Paramagnetic centers in particulate formed from the oxidative pyrolysis of 1-methylnaphthalene in the presence of Fe(III) 2O 3 nanoparticles. COMBUSTION AND FLAME 2013; 160:2996-3003. [PMID: 25673882 PMCID: PMC4321761 DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The identity of radical species associated with particulate formed from the oxidative pyrolysis of 1-methylnaphthalene (1-MN) was investigated using low temperature matrix isolation electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (LTMI-EPR), a specialized technique that provided a method of sampling and analysis of the gas-phase paramagnetic components. A superimposed EPR signal was identified to be a mixture of organic radicals (carbon and oxygen-centered) and soot. The carbon-centered radicals were identified as a mixture of the resonance-stabilized indenyl, cyclopentadienyl, and naphthalene 1-methylene radicals through the theoretical simulation of the radical's hyperfine structure. Formation of these radical species was promoted by the addition of Fe(III)2O3 nanoparticles. Enhanced formation of resonance stabilized radicals from the addition of Fe(III)2O3 nanoparticles can account for the observed increased sooting tendency associated with Fe(III)2O3 nanoparticle addition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Herring
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Lavrent Khachatryan
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Slawomir Lomnicki
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Barry Dellinger
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Vejerano EP, Holder AL, Marr LC. Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans from incineration of nanomaterials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:4866-74. [PMID: 23528156 DOI: 10.1021/es304895z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Disposal of some nanomaterial-laden waste through incineration is inevitable, and nanomaterials' influence on combustion byproduct formation under high-temperature, oxidative conditions is not well understood. This work reports the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from incineration of paper and plastic waste containing various nanomaterials, including titania, nickel oxide, silver, ceria, iron oxide, quantum dots, and C60-fullerene, in a laboratory-scale furnace. The presence of nanomaterials in the waste stream resulted in higher emissions of some PAH species and lower emissions of others, depending on the type of waste. The major PAH species formed were phenanthrene and anthracene, and emissions were sensitive to the amount of nanomaterials in the waste. Generally, there were no significant differences in emission factors for the larger PAH species when nanomaterials were added to the waste. The total PAH emission factors were on average ~6 times higher for waste spiked with nanomaterials v. their bulk counterparts. Emissions of chlorinated dioxins from poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) waste were not detected; however, chlorinated furans were formed at elevated concentrations with wastes containing silver and titania nanomaterials, and toxicity was attributable mainly to 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran. The combination of high specific surface area and catalytic, including electrocatalytic, properties of nanomaterials might be responsible for affecting the formation of toxic pollutants during incineration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Vejerano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 418 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kibet J, Khachatryan L, Dellinger B. Molecular products and radicals from pyrolysis of lignin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:12994-13001. [PMID: 23131040 DOI: 10.1021/es302942c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Thermal degradation of lignin under two reaction regimes (pyrolysis in N(2) and oxidative pyrolysis in 4% O(2) in N(2)) has been investigated in a tubular, isothermal, flow-reactor over the temperature range 200-900 °C at a residence time of 0.2 s. Two experimental protocols were adopted: (1) Partial pyrolysis in which the same lignin sample was continuously pyrolyzed at each temperature and (2) conventional pyrolysis, in which new lignin samples were pyrolyzed at each pyrolysis temperature. The results identified common relationships between the two modes of experiments, as well as some differences. The majority of products from partial pyrolysis peaked between 300 and 500 °C, whereas for conventional pyrolysis reaction products peaked between 400 and 500 °C. The principal products were syringol (2,6-dimethoxy phenol), guaiacol (2-methoxy phenol), phenol, and catechol. Of the classes of compounds analyzed, the phenolic compounds were the most abundant, contributing over 40% of the total compounds detected. Benzene, styrene, and p-xylene were formed in significant amounts throughout the entire temperature range. Interestingly, six ringed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were formed during partial pyrolysis. Oxidative pyrolysis did not result in large differences from pyrolysis; the main products still were syringol, guaiacol, phenol, the only significant difference being the product distribution peaked between 200 and 400 °C. For the first time, low temperature matrix isolation electron paramagnetic resonance was successfully interfaced with the pyrolysis reactor to elucidate the structures of the labile reaction intermediates. The EPR results suggested the presence of methoxyl, phenoxy, and substituted phenoxy radicals as precursors for formation of major products; syringol, guaiacol, phenols, and substituted phenols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kibet
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Vejerano E, Lomnicki SM, Dellinger B. Formation and stabilization of combustion-generated, environmentally persistent radicals on Ni(II)O supported on a silica surface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:9406-11. [PMID: 22831558 PMCID: PMC3597086 DOI: 10.1021/es301136d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are formed when hydroxyl- and chlorine-substituted aromatics chemisorbed on Cu(II)O and Fe(III)(2)O(3) surfaces and were stabilized through their interactions with the surface metal cation. The current study reports our laboratory investigation on the formation and stabilization of EPFRs on a Ni(II)O surface. The EPFRs were produced by the chemisorption of adsorbates on the supported metal oxide surface and transfer of an electron from the adsorbate to the metal center, resulting in reduction of the metal cation. Depending on the temperature and the nature of the adsorbate, more than one type of organic radical was formed. A phenoxyl-type radical, with g-value between 2.0029 and 2.0044, and a semiquinone-type radical, with g-value from 2.0050 to as high as 2.0081, were observed. The half-lives on Ni(II)O were long and ranged from 1.5 to 5.2 days, which were similar to what were observed on Fe(III)(2)O(3). The yields of the EPFRs formed on Ni(II)O were ~8× higher than on Cu(II)O and ~50× higher than on Fe(III)(2)O(3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vejerano
- Louisiana State University, Chemistry Department, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Naranchimeg O, Kim SK, Jeon SW. The Modified Electrode by PEDOP with MWCNTs-Palladium Nanoparticles for the Determination of hydroquinone and Catechol. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.8.2771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
39
|
Khachatryan L, Asatryan R, McFerrin C, Adounkpe J, Dellinger B. Radicals from the gas-phase pyrolysis of catechol. 2. Comparison of the pyrolysis of catechol and hydroquinone. J Phys Chem A 2011; 114:10110-6. [PMID: 20731470 DOI: 10.1021/jp1054588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Formation of radicals from the pyrolysis of catechol (CT) and hydroquinone (HQ) over a temperature range of 350-900 °C was studied using low-temperature matrix isolation electron paramagnetic resonance (LTMI EPR) spectroscopy. Comparative analysis of the pyrolysis mechanisms of these isomeric compounds was performed, and the role of semiquinone-type carrier radicals was studied. Pathways of unimolecular decomposition of intermediate radicals and molecular products were identified from the examination of the potential energy surface of catechol calculated at B3LYP hybrid density functional theory and composite CBS-QB3 levels. The results were compared with the experimental observations and mechanistic pathways previously developed for the pyrolysis of hydroquinone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Vejerano E, Lomnicki S, Dellinger B. Formation and stabilization of combustion-generated environmentally persistent free radicals on an Fe(III)2O3/silica surface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:589-594. [PMID: 21138295 DOI: 10.1021/es102841s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) form when chlorine- and hydroxy-substituted benzenes chemisorb on Cu(II)O-containing surfaces under postcombustion conditions. This paper reports the formation of EPFRs on silica particles containing 5% Fe(III)(2)O(3). The EPFRs are formed by the chemisorption of substituted aromatic molecular adsorbates on the metal cation center followed by electron transfer from the adsorbate to the metal ion at temperatures from 150 to 400 °C. Depending on the nature of the adsorbate and the temperature, two organic EPFRs were formed: a phenoxyl-type radical, which has a lower g-value of 2.0024-2.0040, and a second semiquinone-type radical, with a g-value of 2.0050-2.0065. Yields of EPFRs were ∼10× lower for iron than copper; however, the half-lives of EPFRs on iron ranged from 24 to 111 h, compared to the half-lives on copper of 27 to 74 min. The higher oxidation potential of Fe(III)(2)O(3) is believed to result in greater decomposition of the adsorbate, resulting in the lower EPFR yields, but increased stabilization of the EPFR once formed, resulting in the longer half-lives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vejerano
- Louisiana State University, Chemistry Department, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ahammad A, Sarker S, Rahman M, Lee JJ. Simultaneous Determination of Hydroquinone and Catechol at an Activated Glassy Carbon Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200900449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
42
|
Khachatryan L, Adounkpe J, Asatryan R, Dellinger B. Radicals from the Gas-Phase Pyrolysis of Catechol: 1. o-Semiquinone and ipso-Catechol Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:2306-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jp908243q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, and Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Julien Adounkpe
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, and Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Rubik Asatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, and Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Barry Dellinger
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, and Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chapter 9 Pyrolysis of Alcohols and Phenols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(09)02809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
|
44
|
Altarawneh M, Dlugogorski BZ, Kennedy EM, Mackie JC. Theoretical Study of Unimolecular Decomposition of Catechol. J Phys Chem A 2009; 114:1060-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp909025s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammednoor Altarawneh
- Chemical Engineering Department, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan, Process Safety and Environment Protection Research Group School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia, and School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Bogdan Z. Dlugogorski
- Chemical Engineering Department, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan, Process Safety and Environment Protection Research Group School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia, and School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Eric M. Kennedy
- Chemical Engineering Department, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan, Process Safety and Environment Protection Research Group School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia, and School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - John C. Mackie
- Chemical Engineering Department, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan, Process Safety and Environment Protection Research Group School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia, and School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lomnicki S, Truong H, Dellinger B. Mechanisms of product formation from the pyrolytic thermal degradation of catechol. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:629-633. [PMID: 18640699 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Catechol has been identified as one of the most abundant organic products in tobacco smoke and a major molecular precursor for semiquinone type radicals in the combustion of biomass material. The high-temperature gas-phase pyrolysis of catechol under hydrogen-rich and hydrogen-lean conditions was studied using a fused-silica tubular flow reactor coupled to an in-line GC/MS analytical system. Thermal degradation of catechol over temperature range of 250-1000 degrees C with a reaction time of 2.0s yielded a variety products including phenol, benzene, dibenzofuran, dibenzo-p-dioxin, phenylethyne, styrene, indene, anthracene, naphthalene, and biphenylene. Ortho-benzoquinone which is typically associated with the presence of semiquinone radicals was not observed and is proposed to be the result of fast decomposition reactions that lead to a variety of other reaction products. This is in contrast to the decomposition of hydroquinone that produced para-benzoquinone as the major product. A detailed mechanism of the degradation pathway of catechol is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Lomnicki
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Truong H, Lomnicki S, Dellinger B. Mechanisms of molecular product and persistent radical formation from the pyrolysis of hydroquinone. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 71:107-113. [PMID: 18023845 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hydroquinone is considered to be one of the major, potential molecular precursors for semiquinone-type radicals in the combustion of complex polymeric and oligomeric structures contained in biomass materials. Comprehensive product yield determinations from the high-temperature, gas-phase pyrolysis of hydroquinone in two operational modes (rich and lean hydrogen conditions) are reported at a reaction time of 2.0s over a temperature range of 250-1000 degrees C. Below 500 degrees C, p-benzoquinone is the dominant product, while at temperatures above 650 degrees C other products including phenol, benzene, styrene, indene, naphthalene, biphenylene, phenylethyne, dibenzofuran and dibenzo-p-dioxin are formed. Hydrogen-rich conditions initially inhibit hydroquinone decomposition (below 500 degrees C) but promote product formation at higher temperatures. The decomposition process apparently proceeds via formation of a resonance stabilized p-semiquinone radical. Detailed mechanisms of formation of stable molecular species as well as stable radicals are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hieu Truong
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ab initio study of the formation and degradation reactions of semiquinone and phenoxyl radicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
48
|
Khachatryan L, Adounkpe J, Dellinger B. Formation of Phenoxy and Cyclopentadienyl Radicals from the Gas-Phase Pyrolysis of Phenol. J Phys Chem A 2007; 112:481-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp073999m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
49
|
A Sensitive Chemiluminescence Method for Determination of Hydroquinone and Catechol. SENSORS 2007. [DOI: 10.3390/s7040578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
50
|
Dellinger B, Lomnicki S, Khachatryan L, Maskos Z, Hall RW, Adounkpe J, McFerrin C, Truong H. Formation and stabilization of persistent free radicals. PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE. INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMBUSTION 2007; 31:521-528. [PMID: 25598747 PMCID: PMC4295210 DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2006.07.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that stable and relatively unreactive "environmentally persistent free radicals (PFRs)" can be readily formed in the post-flame and cool-zone regions of combustion systems and other thermal processes. These resonance-stabilized radicals, including semiquinones, phenoxyls, and cyclopentadienyls, can be formed by the thermal decomposition of molecular precursors including catechols, hydroquinones and phenols. Association with the surfaces of fine particles imparts additional stabilization to these radicals such that they can persist almost indefinitely in the environment. A mechanism of chemisorption and electron transfer from the molecular adsorbate to a redox-active transition metal or other receptor is shown through experiment, and supported by molecular orbital calculations, to result in PFR formation. Both oxygen-centered and carbon-centered PFRs are possible that can significantly affect their environmental and biological reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry Dellinger
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 413 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Slawomir Lomnicki
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 413 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 413 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Zofia Maskos
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 413 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Randall W. Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 413 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Julien Adounkpe
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 413 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Cheri McFerrin
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 413 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Hieu Truong
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 413 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|