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Zhao Z, Li H, Wei Y, Fang G, Jiang Q, Pang Y, Huang W, Tang M, Jing Y, Feng X, Luo XS, Berkemeier T. Airborne environmentally persistent free radicals ( EPFRs) in PM 2.5 from combustion sources: Abundance, cytotoxicity and potential exposure risks. Sci Total Environ 2024; 927:172202. [PMID: 38599399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
As an emerging atmospheric pollutant, airborne environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are formed during many combustion processes and pose various adverse health effects. In health-oriented air pollution control, it is vital to evaluate the health effects of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from different emission sources. In this study, various types of combustion-derived PM2.5 were collected on filters in a partial-flow dilution tunnel sampling system from three typical emission sources: coal combustion, biomass burning, and automobile exhaust. Substantial concentrations of EPFRs were determined in PM2.5 samples and associated with significant potential exposure risks. Results from in vitro cytotoxicity and oxidative potential assays suggest that EPFRs may cause substantial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon inhalation exposure to PM2.5 from anthropogenic combustion sources, especially from automobile exhaust. This study provides important evidence for the source- and concentration-dependent health effects of EPFRs in PM2.5 and motivates further assessments to advance public health-oriented PM2.5 emission control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hanhan Li
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yaqian Wei
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Guodong Fang
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yuting Pang
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Zhejiang Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Weijie Huang
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingwei Tang
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yuanshu Jing
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinyuan Feng
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiao-San Luo
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Yao K, Zheng H, Guo H. Oxidative potential, environmentally persistent free radicals and reactive oxygen species of size-resolved ambient particles near highways. Environ Pollut 2024; 341:122858. [PMID: 37967708 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a group of atmospheric pollutants with an uncertain toxicity, particularly when collected near highways. This study examined the oxidative potential (OP) of, as well as the environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) present in PM samples collected near highways in Xiamen, China. Our findings revealed that PM had a relatively high OP, ranging from 3.8 to 18.5 nmol/min/μg, surpassing values reported in previous research. The oxidative potential of the water-insoluble fraction (OPWIS), which accounted for 68% of the total oxidative potential (OPTotal), demonstrated rapid toxicity, whereas the oxidative potential of the water-soluble fraction (OPWS) displayed a steadier toxicity release pattern. The primary free radicals detected in PM were oxygen-centered. The measured concentration of EPFRs was 6.073 × 1014 spins/m3, which is lower than that reported in previous studies, possibly because of the high relative humidity of the road environment in Xiamen. We also investigated the interaction between PM and water near highways and observed the generation of R and OH radicals. Additionally, we analysed the sample composition and evaluated the contributions of the different components to OPTotal. Transition metals (Fe, Cu, and Zn) were identified as the major contributors, accounting for 33.2% of the OPTotal. The positive correlation observed between EPFRs and ROS suggests that EPFRs may be involved in ROS generation. The correlation analysis indicated that the oxidative potential measured using the DTT method (OPDTT) could serve as an indicator of ROS generation. Finally, based on the relationship between OPDTT, EPFRs, and ROS, we propose that reducing the emission of transition metals, particularly Fe, represents an effective control measure for mitigating PM toxicity near highways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinji Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Yidan Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Kaixing Yao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Han Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Huibin Guo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China.
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Wang L, Zhao W, Luo P, He Q, Zhang W, Dong C, Zhang Y. Environmentally persistent free radicals in PM 2.5 from a typical Chinese industrial city during COVID-19 lockdown: The unexpected contamination level variation. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:424-432. [PMID: 37778816 PMCID: PMC9418963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused concerns globally. To reduce the rapid transmission of the virus, strict city lockdown measures were conducted in different regions. China is the country that takes the earliest home-based quarantine for people. Although normal industrial and social activities were suspended, the spread of virus was efficiently controlled. Simultaneously, another merit of the city lockdown measure was noticed, which is the improvement of the air quality. Contamination levels of multiple atmospheric pollutants were decreased. However, in this work, 24 and 14 air fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were continuously collected before and during COVID-19 city lockdown in Linfen (a typical heavy industrial city in China), and intriguingly, the unreduced concentration was found for environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in PM2.5 after normal life suspension. The primary non-stopped coal combustion source and secondary Cu-related atmospheric reaction may have impacts on this phenomenon. The cigarette-based assessment model also indicated possible exposure risks of PM2.5-bound EPFRs during lockdown of Linfen. This study revealed not all the contaminants in the atmosphere had an apparent concentration decrease during city lockdown, suggesting the pollutants with complicated sources and formation mechanisms, like EPFRs in PM2.5, still should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Key Laboratory of Molecular Sensing and Harmful Substances Detection Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wuduo Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Key Laboratory of Molecular Sensing and Harmful Substances Detection Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Peiru Luo
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Key Laboratory of Molecular Sensing and Harmful Substances Detection Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qingyun He
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Key Laboratory of Molecular Sensing and Harmful Substances Detection Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wenfen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Key Laboratory of Molecular Sensing and Harmful Substances Detection Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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Li K, Yu J, Kong D, Chen X, Peng Y, Wang L. Differential cytotoxicity to human cells in vitro of tire wear particles emitted from typical road friction patterns: The dominant role of environmental persistent free radicals. Chemosphere 2023; 343:140256. [PMID: 37742763 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Tire wear particles (TWPs) have been recognized as one of the major sources of microplastics (MPs), however, effects of initial properties and photochemical behavior of TWPs on cytotoxicity to human cells in vitro have not been reported. Therefore, here, three TWPs generated from typical wear of tires and pavements (i.e., rolling friction (R-TWPs) and sliding friction (S-TWPs)) and cryogenically milled tire tread (C-TWPs), respectively, and their photoaging counterparts were used to study the reasons for their differential cytotoxicity to 16HBE cells in vitro. Results showed in addition to changes of surface structure and morphology, different preparation methods could also induce formation of different concentration levels of environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs) (from 1.24 to 3.06 × 1017 spins/g with g-factors ranging 2.00307-2.00310) on surfaces of TWPs, which contained 7.3%-65.8% of reactive EPFRs (r-EPFRs). Meanwhile, photoaging for 90 d could strengthen formation of EPFRs (from 4.03 to 4.61 × 1017 spins/g) with containing 74.7%-78.1% r-EPFRs on surfaces of TWPs and improve their g-factor indexes (ranging 2.00309-2.00313). At 100 μg mL-1 level, compared to C-TWPs, both R-TWPs and S-TWPs (whether photoaging or not) carried higher intensity EPFRs could significantly inhibit 16HBE cells proliferation activity, cause more cells oxidative stress and induce more cell apoptosis/necrosis and secretion of inflammatory factor (P < 0.05). However, regardless of how TWPs were prepared, photoaged or not, exposure at a concentration of 1 μg mL-1 appeared to be non-acute cytotoxic. Correlation analysis suggested dominant toxicity of TWPs was attributed to the formation of r-EPFRs on their surfaces, which could promote accumulation of excess reactive oxygen species in cells and the massive deposition of intracellular particles. This study provides direct evidence of TWPs cytotoxicity, and underlining the need for a better understanding of the influences of initial properties and photochemical characteristics on risk assessment of TWPs released into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Jianghua Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Deyue Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xingyue Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yonghong Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- School of Applied Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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Ai J, Qin W, Chen J, Sun Y, Yu Q, Xin K, Huang H, Zhang L, Ahmad M, Liu X. Pollution characteristics and light-driven evolution of environmentally persistent free radicals in PM 2.5 in two typical northern cities of China. J Hazard Mater 2023; 454:131466. [PMID: 37099909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in PM2.5 can pose significant health risks by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, Beijing and Yuncheng were chosen as two representative northern cities of China that mainly relied on natural gas and coal respectively as the energy source for domestic heating in winter. The pollution characteristics and exposure risks of EPFRs in PM2.5 around the heating season of 2020 were investigated and compared between the two cities. Through laboratory simulation experiments, the decay kinetics and secondary formation of EPFRs in PM2.5 collected in both cities were also studied. EPFRs in PM2.5 collected in Yuncheng in the heating period showed longer lifetime and lower reactivity, suggesting that EPFRs originated from coal combustion were more stable in the atmosphere. However, the generation rate of hydroxyl radical (·OH) by the newly formed EPFRs in PM2.5 in Beijing under ambient conditions was 4.4 times of that in Yuncheng, suggesting higher oxidative potential of EPFRs from the atmospheric secondary processes. Accordingly, the control strategies of EPFRs and their health risks were raised for the two cities, which would also have direct implication for the control of EPFRs in other areas of similar atmospheric emission and reaction patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Weihua Qin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yuewei Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qing Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ke Xin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Huiying Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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6
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Zhang R, Zhang R, Zimmerman AR, Wang H, Gao B. Applications, impacts, and management of biochar persistent free radicals: A review. Environ Pollut 2023; 327:121543. [PMID: 37019262 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a promising environmental contaminant remediation agent because of its adsorptive and catalytic properties. However, the environmental effects of persistent free radicals (PFRs) produced by biomass pyrolysis (biochar production) are still poorly understood, though they have received increasing research attention in recent years. Although PFRs both directly and indirectly mediate biochar's removal of environmental pollutants, they also have the potential to cause ecological damage. In order to support and sustain biochar applications, effective strategies are needed to control the negative effects of biochar PFRs. Yet, there has been no systematic evaluation of the environmental behavior, risks, or management techniques of biochar PFRs. Thus, this review: 1) outlines the formation mechanisms and types of biochar PFRs, 2) evaluates their environmental applications and potential risks, 3) summarizes their environmental migration and transformation, and 4) explores effective management strategies for biochar PFRs during both production and application phases. Finally, future research directions are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China; School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China; School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Andrew R Zimmerman
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Zhao J, Shi L, Shi J, Li H, Lang D, Wei Z, Li S, Pan B. Distribution of environmentally persistent free radicals in size-segregated PMs emitted from residential biomass fuel combustion. J Hazard Mater 2023; 449:130956. [PMID: 36812726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are considered as an emerging pollutant due to their potential environmental risks, but the distribution characteristics of particulate matters (PMs)-EPFRs from residential combustion source are poorly understood. In this study, biomass (corn straw, rice straw, pine and jujube wood) combustion was studied in lab-controlled experiments. More than 80% of PM-EPFRs were distributed in PMs with aerodynamic diameter (dae) ≤ 2.1 µm, and their concentration in fine PMs was about 10 times that in coarse PM (2.1 µm ≤ dae ≤ 10 µm). The detected EPFRs were carbon-centered free radicals adjacent to oxygen atoms or a mixture of oxygen- and carbon-centered radicals. The concentrations of EPFRs in coarse and fine PMs were positively correlated with char-EC, but the EPFRs in fine PMs exhibited a negative correlation with soot-EC (p < 0.05). The increase of PM-EPFRs signals with the increased dilution ratio during pine wood combustion was more significant than that from rice straw, which may be resulted from the interactions between the condensable volatiles and the transition metals. Our study provides useful information for better understanding the formation of combustion-derived PM-EPFRs, and will be instructive for its purposeful emissions control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Zhao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China
| | - Jianwu Shi
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Hao Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Di Lang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhuo Wei
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Shunling Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
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Xu Q, Li G, Fang L, Sun Q, Han R, Zhu Z, Zhu YG. Enhanced Formation of 6PPD-Q during the Aging of Tire Wear Particles in Anaerobic Flooded Soils: The Role of Iron Reduction and Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:5978-5987. [PMID: 36992570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization drives increased emission of tire wear particles (TWPs) and the contamination of a transformation product derived from tire antioxidant, termed as N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q), with adverse implications for terrestrial ecosystems and human health. However, whether and how 6PPD-Q could be formed during the aging of TWPs in soils remains poorly understood. Here, we examine the accumulation and formation mechanisms of 6PPD-Q during the aging of TWPs in soils. Our results showed that biodegradation predominated the fate of 6PPD-Q in soils, whereas anaerobic flooded conditions were conducive to the 6PPD-Q formation and thus resulted in a ∼3.8-fold higher accumulation of 6PPD-Q in flooded soils than wet soils after aging of 60 days. The 6PPD-Q formation in flooded soils was enhanced by Fe reduction-coupled 6PPD oxidation in the first 30 days, while the transformation of TWP-harbored environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) to superoxide radicals (O2•-) under anaerobic flooded conditions further dominated the formation of 6PPD-Q in the next 30 days. This study provides significant insight into understanding the aging behavior of TWPs and highlights an urgent need to assess the ecological risk of 6PPD-Q in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, P. R. China
| | - Li Fang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Municipal District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan 316000, P. R. China
| | - Qian Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Ruixia Han
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, P. R. China
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9
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Ahmad M, Chen J, Yu Q, Tariq Khan M, Weqas Ali S, Nawab A, Phairuang W, Panyametheekul S. Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals ( EPFRs) of PM 2.5 in Lahore, Pakistan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:2384. [PMID: 36767750 PMCID: PMC9915328 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are an emerging pollutant and source of oxidative stress. Samples of PM2.5 were collected at the urban sites of Lahore in both winter and summertime of 2019. The chemical composition of PM2.5, EPRF concentration, OH radical generation, and risk assessment of EPFRs in PM2.5 were evaluated. The average concentration of PM2.5 in wintertime and summertime in Lahore is 15 and 4.6 times higher than the national environmental quality standards (NEQS) of Pakistan and WHO. The dominant components of PM2.5 are carbonaceous species. The concentration of EPFRs and reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as OH radicals, is higher in the winter than in the summertime. The secondary inorganic ions do not contribute to the generation of OH radicals, although the contribution of SO42+, NO3-, and NH4+ to the mass concentration of PM2.5 is greater in summertime. The atmospheric EPFRs are used to evaluate the exposure risk. The EPFRs in PM2.5 and cigarette smoke have shown similar toxicity to humans. In winter and summer, the residents of Lahore inhaled the amount of EPFRs equivalent to 4.0 and 0.6 cigarettes per person per day, respectively. Compared to Joaquin County, USA, the residents of Lahore are 1.8 to 14.5 times more exposed to EPFRs in summer and wintertime. The correlation analysis of atmospheric EPFRs (spin/m3) and carbonaceous species of PM2.5 indicates that coal combustion, biomass burning, and vehicle emissions are the possible sources of EPFRs in the winter and summertime. In both winter and summertime, metallic and carbonaceous species correlated well with OH radical generation, suggesting that vehicular emissions, coal combustion, and industrial emissions contributed to the OH radical generation. The study's findings provide valuable information and data for evaluating the potential health effects of EPFRs in South Asia and implementing effective air pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq Ahmad
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qing Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Muhammad Tariq Khan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Taipo, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Syed Weqas Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Asim Nawab
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Worradorn Phairuang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Sirima Panyametheekul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Thailand Network Centre on Air Quality Management: TAQM, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Research Unit: HAUS IAQ, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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10
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Li H, Chen Q, Wang C, Wang R, Sha T, Yang X, Ainur D. Pollution characteristics of environmental persistent free radicals ( EPFRs) and their contribution to oxidation potential in road dust in a large city in northwest China. J Hazard Mater 2023; 442:130087. [PMID: 36206715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are new environmental health risk substances in the atmosphere, and their oxidative toxicity (OT) has not been strongly confirmed. In this study, the fugitive characteristics of EPFRs in road dust in a metropolitan city located in northwest China, and their potential oxidative toxicity were investigated. The results showed that the road dust contains Carbon-centered EPFRs with the mean mass concentration of (6.6 ± 5.0) × 1017 spins/g. EPFRs in road dust are degradable and have a half-life of 4.5 years. The water insoluble (WIS) components contribute 71% to the oxidative toxicity of road dust and show a rapid toxicity generation process, while the oxidative toxicity generation rate of water-soluble dust is more stable. Based on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, the contribution of EPFRs-dominated factors to Total-OT and WIS-OT is 17.3% and 33.3%, respectively. The PMF model results indicated that different types of EPFRs contributed differently to the oxidative toxicity of road dust and Carbon-centered EPFRs are more likely to participate in reactive oxygen species generation. Our results highlight that the EPFRs are an important contributor to the oxidative toxicity of atmospheric particulate matter, and their oxidative toxicity is dependent on the types of free radicals. It also provides an important insight into the influence of other potentially toxic substances on the oxidative toxicity of atmospheric PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering., Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering., Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Chao Wang
- Beijing China Railway Construction Technology Co., LTD, Beijing 100040, China
| | - Ruihe Wang
- Beijing China Railway Construction Technology Co., LTD, Beijing 100040, China
| | - Tong Sha
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering., Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xiqi Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering., Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Dyussenova Ainur
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering., Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
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11
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Guo H, Wang Y, Yao K, Zheng H, Zhang X, Li R, Wang N, Fu H. The overlooked formation of environmentally persistent free radicals on particulate matter collected from biomass burning under light irradiation. Environ Int 2023; 171:107668. [PMID: 36459822 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The illumination process may be an important contributor to environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in atmospheric particles, but the ability of light to generate EPFRs in combustion products remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This paper studies the characteristics and formation mechanism of EPFRs in combustion particles after photoexcitation. METHOD The secondary photochemical processes and the generation and decay capability of EPFRs in size-resolved (<10 µm) biomass combustion particles were analysed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. RESULT Our results indicated that secondary EPFRs can be generated after illumination and the produced EPFRs have a lifetime of approximately 1 day. The content of secondary EPFRs after light exposure increased by 20 %-30 % compared to that of the original EPFRs. Through the analysis of components of different polarities, it was found that non-extractable substances were the main contributors to secondary EPFRs (75 %), followed by extractable organics. This study showed that metal species and quinones are important precursors for the formation of secondary EPFRs from non-extractable and extractable PM components, respectively. We found that O2 molecules are an important factor for the formation of secondary EPFRs from organic substances without oxygen functional groups. CONCLUSIONS This study presents information about the effects of light and O2 on the generation of EPFRs, and the unstable nature of secondary EPFRs has important implications for assessing the health risks of atmospheric particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Guo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China.
| | - Yidan Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Kaixing Yao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Han Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Xinji Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Rui Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Haiyan Fu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
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12
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Li H, Li H, Zuo N, Liu Y, Lang D, Steinberg C, Pan B, Xing B. Direct toxicity of environmentally persistent free radicals to nematode Caenorhabditis elegans after excluding the concomitant chemicals. Sci Total Environ 2022; 839:156226. [PMID: 35643143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) have attracted extensive attention due to their potential toxicity. However, EPFRs-containing particles always coexist with their parent organic contaminants and intermediate degradation products (IM), which may have hindered the toxicity assessment of EPFRs. In this study, the toxicity of EFFRs was specifically verified after comparing the systems without EPFRs, such as the immediate mixture of catechol (CT) and particles, solutions of CT only, IM extracted from the particles, as well as particles after EPFRs quenching. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) were used as model organisms. Our results showed that EPFRs-containing particles (Si-Al-CT) exhibited significant toxicity to C. elegans, but not for the parent chemical CT and IM on the particles. Higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the Si-Al-CT system were attributed to the mediated generation of ·O2- and ·OH via EPFRs. EPFRs could increase gene expressions related not only to oxidative stress and biotransformation in C. elegans, but also to indications of disturbances in energy homeostasis, survival, proliferation, cell and embryonic development. Overall, these results confirmed the direct toxicity of EPFRs and highlighted the key role of EPFRs which may be neglected in assessing the environmental risks of organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hao Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Ning Zuo
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Di Lang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Christian Steinberg
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Faculty of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Freshwater & Stress Ecology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Arboretum, Späthstr. 80/81, 12437 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bo Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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13
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Zhao J, Shen G, Shi L, Li H, Lang D, Zhang L, Pan B, Tao S. Real-World Emission Characteristics of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in PM 2.5 from Residential Solid Fuel Combustion. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:3997-4004. [PMID: 35262334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) can induce reactive oxygen species, causing adverse health impacts, and residential fuel (biomass and coal) combustion is believed to be an important emission source for EPFRs; however, the residential emission characteristics of EPFRs are rarely studied in the real world. Here, we conducted a field campaign evaluating the presence and characteristics of EPFRs generated from residential biomass and coal burning in rural China. The emission factors (EFs) of EPFRs (with units of 1020 spins·kg-1) in PM2.5 from the combustion of crop residues (3.97 ± 0.47) were significantly higher than those from firewood (2.06 ± 0.19) and coal (2.13 ± 0.33) (p < 0.05). The EPFRs from residential solid fuel combustion were carbon-centered free radicals adjacent to oxygen atoms. The fuel type was a primary factor controlling EPFR discharge, explaining 68% of the variation in EPFR EFs. The emissions from biomass burning had higher EPFRs per particle than those from coal combustion. EPFRs had stronger relationships with carbonaceous components than with other incomplete combustion products. The EPFRs from biomass burning were mostly generated during the pyrolysis of fuels, while the EPFRs generated from coal combustion were mainly associated with refractory organic compounds. This study provides valuable information for evaluating the fates of EPFRs, promoting a better understanding of the health impacts of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Zhao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Hao Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Di Lang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- College of Environmental Science and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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14
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Li Z, Zhao H, Li X, Bekele TG. Characteristics and sources of environmentally persistent free radicals in PM 2.5 in Dalian, Northeast China: correlation with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:24612-24622. [PMID: 34822091 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are an emerging class of environmental hazardous contaminants that extensively, stably exist in airborne particulate matter and pose harmful effects on human health. However, there was little research about the sources of EPFRs in actual atmospheric conditions. This study reported the occurrence, characteristics, and sources of EPFRs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 collected in Dalian, China. The concentrations of PM2.5-bound EPFRs ranged from 1.13 × 1013 to 8.97 × 1015 spins/m3 (mean value: 1.14 × 1015 spins/m3). Carbon-centered radicals and carbon-centered radicals with adjacent oxygen atoms were detected. The concentration of ∑PAHs ranged from 1.09 to 76.24 ng/m3, and PAHs with high molecular weight (HMW) were predominant species in PM2.5. Correlation of EPFRs with SO2, NO2, O3, and 12 kinds of PAHs indicated that both fuel (coal and biomass) combustion and photoreaction in atmosphere influenced the concentrations of EPFR. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model results have shown that the primary sources contributed most of the EPFRs and those of secondary sources had a little proportion. Coal combustion (52.4%) was the primary contributor of EPFRs, followed by traffic emission (22.6%), industrial sources (9.6%), and secondary sources (9.2%) during the heating period, whereas industrial emission (39.2%) was the primary contributor, followed by coal combustion (38.1%), vehicular exhaust (23.5%), and secondary sources (9.6%) during the non-heating period. The finding of the present study provides an important evidence for further study on the formation mechanism of EPFRs in actual atmospheric to control the air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhansheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Xintong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Tadiyose Girma Bekele
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116023, China
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15
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Bi D, Huang F, Jiang M, He Z, Lin X. Effect of pyrolysis conditions on environmentally persistent free radicals ( EPFRs) in biochar from co-pyrolysis of urea and cellulose. Sci Total Environ 2022; 805:150339. [PMID: 34537697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biochar derived from nitrogen-rich pyrolysis of biomass can be used as a soil conditioner, but it contains a large amount of environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs). EPFRs are a newly identified environmentally harmful substance, and the detection and research on EPFRs in nitrogen-rich pyrolyzed char is lacking. Biochars prepared from cellulose-urea mixtures at different temperatures, residence times, and urea ratios were analyzed in this study. EPFRs in biochar prepared at 500 °C had the highest spin concentrations. Substituted aromatic compounds were the precursors to the EPFRs. The types of EPFRs in biochars shifted from oxygen-centered at 400 °C to carbon- and oxygen-centered in the 450-600 °C range due to a reduction in oxygen-containing functional groups. Residence time experiments showed that most EPFRs formed in the first 5 min of pyrolysis. C was the main element used for the formation of EPFRs, while N content was negatively correlated with the concentration of EPFRs. Pyrolysis temperature was the key factor determining the types of EPFRs produced, while proportion of urea only affected the concentrations of EPFRs and not type. The results of this study are of great significance for understanding the environmental behavior of common EPFRs in nitrogen-rich biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Bi
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Fupeng Huang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Mei Jiang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Zhisen He
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Xiaona Lin
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
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16
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Harding JN, Gross M, Patel V, Potter S, Cormier SA. Association between particulate matter containing EPFRs and neutrophilic asthma through AhR and Th17. Respir Res 2021; 22:275. [PMID: 34702270 PMCID: PMC8549224 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01867-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological data associate high levels of combustion-derived particulate matter (PM) with deleterious respiratory outcomes, but the mechanism underlying those outcomes remains elusive. It has been acknowledged by the World Health Organization that PM exposure contributes to more than 4.2 million all-cause mortalities worldwide each year. Current literature demonstrates that PM exacerbates respiratory diseases, impairs lung function, results in chronic respiratory illnesses, and is associated with increased mortality. The proposed mechanisms revolve around oxidative stress and inflammation promoting pulmonary physiological remodeling. However, our previous data found that PM is capable of inducing T helper cell 17 (Th17) immune responses via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) activation, which was associated with neutrophilic invasion characteristic of steroid insensitive asthma. METHODS In the present study, we utilized a combination of microarray and single cell RNA sequencing data to analyze the immunological landscape in mouse lungs following acute exposure to combustion derived particulate matter. RESULTS We present data that suggest epithelial cells produce specific cytokines in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) pathway that inform dendritic cells to initiate the production of pathogenic T helper (eTh17) cells. Using single-cell RNA sequencing analysis, we observed that upon exposure epithelial cells acquire a transcriptomic profile indicative of increased Il-17 signaling, Ahr activation, Egfr signaling, and T cell receptor and co-stimulatory signaling pathways. Epithelial cells further showed, Ahr activation is brought on by Ahr/ARNT nuclear translocation and activation of tyrosine kinase c-src, Egfr, and subsequently Erk1/2 pathways. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data corroborates that PM initiates an eTh17 specific inflammatory response causing neutrophilic asthma through pathways in epithelial, dendritic, and T cells that promote eTh17 differentiation during initial PM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Harding
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Maureen Gross
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Vivek Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Steven Potter
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
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17
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Zhao J, Shi L, Duan W, Li H, Yi P, Tao W, Shen G, Tao S, Pan B, Xing B. Emission factors of environmentally persistent free radicals in PM 2.5 from rural residential solid fuels combusted in a traditional stove. Sci Total Environ 2021; 773:145151. [PMID: 33940719 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Emission factors (EFs) are crucial for establishing emission inventory and subsequent health risk assessment of pollutants. However, the EFs of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in PM2.5 have not been well investigated. We measured EPFRs in PM2.5 from burning of different solid fuels in a traditional stove widely used in rural China and calculated the EFs of EPFRs (EFEPFRs). The characteristics of EPFRs varied greatly with PM2.5 depending on the feedstock, and the EFEPFRs of crop residue, firewood and bitumite was 2.13 ± 1.04, 1.40 ± 0.76 and 1.08 ± 0.39 (1020 spins·kg-1), respectively. The estimated results of EPFRs emission associated with PM2.5 showed that the crop residue was the main contributor to the top four provinces with high EPFRs emissions in China in 2010. A wide range (0.03-4.89 cig·person-1·day-1) of equivalent cigarette number converted by inhaling EPFRs in PM2.5 was observed. Provinces with higher equivalent cigarette number were mainly agricultural provinces, because the rural residents tend to use readily available fuels. Additionally, EPFRs in collected PM2.5 during 2 - month photoaging were more stable in particles with higher organic carbon contents. Our findings provided a new insight into the risk assessment of PM2.5 from different sources by taking EPFRs into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Zhao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenyan Duan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Hao Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Peng Yi
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenmei Tao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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Min L, Zhang P, Fan M, Xu X, Wang C, Tang J, Sun H. Efficient degradation of p-nitrophenol by Fe@pomelo peel-derived biochar composites and its mechanism of simultaneous reduction and oxidation process. Chemosphere 2021; 267:129213. [PMID: 33338715 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, waste pomelo peels (PP) mixed with iron salts was treated successively with hydrothermal and pyrolyzing carbonization processes to obtain Fe(0) containing biochar composites (Fe@PP-Hy-Py) and the catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) using these Fe@PP-Hy-Py composites was studied. The results showed that the hydrothermal pre-treatment of the mixture of iron salts and pomelo peels was favorable for the incorporation of iron precursor within biomass network, which enabled copolymerization during the following pyrolysis. Through the pyrolysis process, the iron precursor was reduced in situ to amorphous Fe(0) dopped into the carbonaceous matrix, which conversely decreased the defect and disorder degree of pseudo-graphitic carbons and catalyzed the formation of environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs). Degradation tests showed that the composites obtained at 600 °C with the theoretical Fe mass loading of 10% exhibited the greatest PNP degradation efficiency. Over 90% of 10 mg/L PNP was removed in 2 min under both N2 and air conditions with 1.0 g/L of catalyst level. The degradation kinetics of PNP were all well fitted by the pseudo-first-order kinetics model with kobs of Fe@PP-Hy-Py600 being 0.953 min-1. HPLC-QTOF/MS analysis demonstrated that both oxidation and reduction of PNP occurred as indicated by the detection of 4-aminophenol and ring opening compounds. The Fe(0) on the Fe@PP-Hy-Py was responsible for the reduction of PNP, while oxidation was induced by EPFRs. This study highlights the feasibility of synthesizing active heterogeneous Fe(0)-biochar composites by hydrothermal-pyrolysis route and the associated mechanisms of pollutant degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujuan Min
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin, 300350, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin, 300350, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Mingyi Fan
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin, 300350, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xuejing Xu
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin, 300350, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Cuiping Wang
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin, 300350, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin, 300350, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin, 300350, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Guan X, Truong L, M. Lomnicki S, L. Tanguay R, A. Cormier S. Developmental Hazard of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals and Protective Effect of TEMPOL in Zebrafish Model. Toxics 2021; 9:toxics9010012. [PMID: 33467068 PMCID: PMC7829864 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) can be detected in ambient PM2.5, cigarette smoke, and soils and are formed through combustion and thermal processing of organic materials. The hazards of EPFRs are largely unknown. In this study, we assess the developmental toxicity of EPFRs and the ability of TEMPOL (4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl) to protect against such hazards using zebrafish embryos. Particles containing EPFRs were acquired by dosing dichlorobenzene (DCB) vapor on the Cab-o-sil/5% CuO particles at 230 °C in vacuo (referred to as DCB-230). The particles were suspended in ultrapure water to make 1 mg/mL of stock solution from which series dilution was undertaken to obtain 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100 µg/mL final test solutions, which were then placed in individual wells with a 4 h postfertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryo. Plates were run in duplicate to obtain a sample size of 24 animals per concentration; 12 embryos were exposed per concentration per plate. Statistical analysis of the morphology endpoints was performed. We investigated overt toxicity responses to DCB-230 in a 22-endpoint battery that included developing zebrafish from 24–120 hpf. Exposure to concentrations greater than 60 µg/mL of DCB-230 induced high mortality in the developmental zebrafish model. Exposure to EPFRs induced developmental hazards that were closely related to the concentrations of free radicals and EPFRs. The potential protective effects of TEMPOL against EPFRs’ toxicity in zebrafish were investigated. Exposure to EPFRs plus TEMPOL shifted the concentration to an induced 50% adverse effect (EC50), from 23.6 to 30.8 µg/mL, which verifies TEMPOL’s protective effect against EPFRs in the early phase of zebrafish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Guan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (X.G.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Lisa Truong
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA; (L.T.); (R.L.T.)
| | - Slawomir M. Lomnicki
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (X.G.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Robyn L. Tanguay
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA; (L.T.); (R.L.T.)
| | - Stephania A. Cormier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Correspondence:
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20
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Chen T, Sun C, Wang T, Lomnicki S, Zhan M, Li X, Lu S, Yan J. Formation of DF, PCDD/Fs and EPFRs from 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene over metal oxide/silica surface. Waste Manag 2020; 118:27-35. [PMID: 32882539 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The formation of dibenzofuran (DF), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) from 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene (1,2,3-TrCBz) over metal oxide / silica surface were investigated using a tubular furnace. PCDD/Fs increased exponentially from 250 to 550 °C over copper oxide / silica surface and PCDD/Fs had the maximum growth from 400 to 450 °C. The ratio of PCDD / PCDF was much less than 1, especially when the temperature raised from 450 to 550 °C. Pentachlorianated dibenzo-p-furan (PeCDF) dominated among the homologues, which contributed 45-61% to the total PCDD/Fs. Two peaks of the yield of DF occurred at 400 °C and 500 °C respectively. Furthermore, the oxygen contents have different effects for PCDD and PCDF formation, and low oxygen could promote PCDD production, especially for tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). More PCDF were formed on the oxygen rich condition, indicating that the oxygen promoted the chlorination of DF. Iron oxides are better than copper oxides to catalyze the formation of PCDD/Fs from 1,2,3-TrCBzs at 350 °C, especially for PCDF. The major EPFRs on the catalysts were formed with g values in the range of 2.0040 to 2.0049, which were phenoxy radicals and semiquinone occurred with higher g value of 2.0075 when the temperature increased to 550 °C, and more EPFRs were produced with the temperature increasing. The addition of iron oxides reduced the spins concentrations of oxygen-centered radicals but increase the spins concentrations of signals with lower g values. The different possible formation pathways of PCDD and PCDF from 1,2,3-TrCBz over metal oxide surface were also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Chen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tianjiao Wang
- Everbright Envirotech (China) Ltd. Institute of Incineration Technology, Nanjing 211106, China
| | - Slawo Lomnicki
- Louisiana State University, Chemistry Department, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Mingxiu Zhan
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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21
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Wang Y, Li S, Wang M, Sun H, Mu Z, Zhang L, Li Y, Chen Q. Source apportionment of environmentally persistent free radicals ( EPFRs) in PM 2.5 over Xi'an, China. Sci Total Environ 2019; 689:193-202. [PMID: 31271986 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) have recently attracted considerable attention as a new type of environmental risk substance due to their potential health effects. However, the sources and contributions of EPFRs in PM2.5 are not yet clear. Therefore, this study reports the sources of EPFRs in PM2.5 based on chemical analysis and positive matrix factorization (PMF). Daily PM2.5 samples (116) were collected in Xi'an city from April 4 to December 29, 2017, and were quantitatively analyzed for EPFRs and other chemical constituents. The PMF model revealed contributions from five main sources of EPFRs in PM2.5 (dust sources, coal combustion, secondary nitrates, industrial emissions and motor vehicle emissions). Coal combustion, motor vehicle emissions and dust sources are the top three contributors to EPFRs (76.12% in total). Coal combustion is highly important for PM2.5 (35.10%) and EPFRs (16.75%). A high dust source contribution to EPFRs in spring may be due to dust storm events. Motor vehicle emissions are the top contributor to EPFRs, with a mean percentage of 32.13%. Secondary nitrates barely contributes to EPFRs (3.42%), indicating an EPFR origin from primary emissions rather than secondary inorganic reactions. Industrial emissions contribute less to PM2.5 (4.31%) than to EPFRs (11.71%), which implies that fossil fuels contains many high-molecular-weight organics that could emit EPFRs. Integrating the PMF results with meteorological data revealed that atmospheric pollutants emitted in Xi'an city center could be transported to the sampling site by southern winds. These results suggest the need for further studies on the public health effects of EPFRs and can be used to help formulate source control measures to reduce the potential health risks posed by EPFRs in PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Shengping Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Mamin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Haoyao Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Zhen Mu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yanguang Li
- Key Laboratory for the Study of Focused Magmatism and Giant Ore Deposits, MLR, Xi'an 710054, China; Xi'an Center of Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
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22
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Sun C, Ding D, Chen T, Huang Q, Lu S, Yan J. Ecological risk analysis of the solid residues collected from the thermal disposal process of hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata including heavy metals and environmentally persistent free radicals. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:29234-29245. [PMID: 31396866 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To conduct a comprehensive ecological analysis on the solid residues derived from the thermal disposal of hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata, this study focused on the behaviors of As and Pb and the characteristics of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in the solid residues under different thermal treatment conditions. The analysis results revealed that the concentrations of As in the biochars and bio-slag were approximately 350 and 1100 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, the concentrations of Pb in the solid residues varied from 34 to 1050 mg/kg. According to the results of the modified BCR sequential extractions, As is more stable in the biochar while Pb is more stable in the combustion slags. In addition, As showed a higher volatilization temperature compared with Pb. The ecological risk assessment indicated that the correlation index between the contamination factor (Cf) of As and the risk index (R2 = 0.995) is considerably larger than the correlation index between the contamination factor of Pb and the risk index (R2 = 0.117), which implies that the pyrolysis method should be selected at priority. Moreover, the EPFR concentrations of the biochar declined by approximately 75 times when the pyrolysis temperature increased from 500 to 600 °C. This behavior indicated that high-temperature pyrolysis (> 600 °C) could simultaneously control both the heavy metal behavior and EPFR concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Dongdong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Qunxing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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23
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Guan X, Ghimire A, Potter PM, Lomnicki SM. Role of Fe 2O 3 in fly ash surrogate on PCDD/Fs formation from 2-monochlorophenol. Chemosphere 2019; 226:809-816. [PMID: 30965252 PMCID: PMC6504581 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between the content and morphology of Fe2O3 and the yields of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) was studied in this work. Three fly ash surrogates containing 1%, 2.5%, and 4% of Fe2O3 were prepared and their effects on PCDD/Fs formation were investigated and compared to our previously studied 5% iron oxide sample using 2-monochlorophenol precursor model. As the intermediate of PCDD/Fs, environmentally persistent free radical formation propensity was correlated with the PCDD/Fs formation yields for different iron oxide samples. PCDD/Fs yield increases exponentially with the increasing iron content under pyrolytic conditions. On the contrary, low iron oxide content promotes oxidation and lowers yields of PCDD/Fs. Changing iron oxide clusters' morphology (crystallinity and cluster size) affects the mechanism of PCDD/Fs formation - on larger crystallites, a bidentate chemisorption of precursor is preferred leading to lower chlorinated congeners, while smaller clusters promote formation of PCDFs through mixed monodentate-bidentate surface species, resulting in formation of congeners with 1 chlorine more. This study further confirms the propensity of iron oxide to predominantly form PCDFs. The iron content also defines PCDDs:PCDFs ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Guan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, 1251 Energy Coast & Environment Bldg., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Ajit Ghimire
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, 1251 Energy Coast & Environment Bldg., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Phillip M Potter
- Oak Ridge Institution for Science and Education, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 5995 Center Hill Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA
| | - Slawomir M Lomnicki
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, 1251 Energy Coast & Environment Bldg., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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24
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Chen Q, Sun H, Mu Z, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang L, Wang M, Zhang Z. Characteristics of environmentally persistent free radicals in PM 2.5: Concentrations, species and sources in Xi'an, Northwestern China. Environ Pollut 2019; 247:18-26. [PMID: 30650344 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are a new class of environmental risk substances that can stably exist in atmospheric particles and pose a potential threat to human health. In this study, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to study the concentration levels, species characteristics, and sources of EPFRs in PM2.5 in Xi'an in 2017. The results showed that the concentrations of EPFRs in PM2.5 in Xi'an in 2017 ranged from 9.8 × 1011 to 6.9 × 1014 spins/m3. The highest concentration of EPFRs occurred in winter when the average concentration was 2.1 × 1014 spins/m3. The lowest concentration of EPFRs occurred in autumn when the average concentration was 7.0 × 1013 spins/m3. According to the annual average atmospheric concentration of EPFRs, the amount of EPFRs inhaled by people in Xi'an is equivalent to approximately 5 cigarettes per person per day and approximately 23 cigarettes per person per day in winter when haze occurs. The results of the study on the EPFR characteristics show that the EPFRs in PM2.5 in Xi'an are mainly C-center organic radicals that are primarily non-decaying types, accounting for approximately 75% and 85% of total concentration of EPFRs in autumn and winter, respectively. Finally, a correlation analysis was used to explore the origins of EPFRs in PM2.5. Significant positive correlations were found between EPFRs and SO2, NO2 and the thermally derived OC3 and OC4 carbonaceous components. The results suggested that coal-fired and traffic may be important sources of EPFRs in PM2.5 in Xi'an. In addition, EPFRs are significantly positively correlated with O3 in summer, suggesting that some EPFRs may also originate from secondary processes. This study provides important basic data and evidence for further assessments of the potential health risks of EPFRs in PM2.5 and the development of effective air pollution control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Haoyao Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Zhen Mu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Yanguang Li
- Key Laboratory for the Study of Focused Magmatism and Giant Ore Deposits, MLR, Xi'an, 710054, China; Xi'an Center of Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Mamin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Zimeng Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
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Chen Q, Wang M, Sun H, Wang X, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang L, Mu Z. Enhanced health risks from exposure to environmentally persistent free radicals and the oxidative stress of PM 2.5 from Asian dust storms in Erenhot, Zhangbei and Jinan, China. Environ Int 2018; 121:260-268. [PMID: 30223202 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Asian dust storms can increase the level of atmospheric pollution over regions downwind of dust storms and may have adverse health effects on residents along the sandstorm transmission route. This study was the first to report the concentration levels, properties and possible sources of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) and oxidative potential in atmospheric PM2.5 at the three sites of Erenhot, Zhangbei, and Jinan along the transport route of Asian dust storms during the occurrence of Asian dust storms in the spring of 2016. Under non-sandstorm weather conditions, the average EPFR concentrations at the three sites were Zhangbei>Jinan>Erenhot, while the PM-induced oxidative potential levels were Erenhot>Jinan>Zhangbei. The PM2.5 concentration increased significantly during dust storm events, and the total atmospheric concentration of EPFRs (spins/m3) and total oxidation potential (a.u./m3) of PM2.5 simultaneously increased. However, the EPFR concentration in PM2.5 (spins/g) and the unit mass of the PM oxidation potential (a.u./g) were significantly reduced. Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis combined with backward trajectory analysis and MODIS products showed that Asian dust storms can carry EPFRs over long distances. Correlation analysis showed that the atmospheric concentrations of EPFRs were positively correlated with elemental carbon (EC) for the Zhangbei and Jinan samples but were not significantly correlated with EC for the Erenhot samples, indicating that combustion may be an important source of EPFRs for the Zhangbei and Jinan samples. In contrast, the EPFRs in the Erenhot samples were more affected by dust/sand. The EPFR concentration levels showed a significant positive correlation with the oxidation potentials for the Erenhot and Zhangbei samples and showed negative correlations for the Jinan samples, suggesting that the EPFRs in the Erenhot and Zhangbei samples may provide an important contribution to the oxidative stress in PM2.5. In contrast, the oxidation potential for the Jinan samples was mainly caused by substances other than EPFRs. This study presents a basic understanding of the potential health effects of Asian dust storms, and this information can be used to assess the health risks of Asian dust storms in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Mamin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Haoyao Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Yanguang Li
- Key Laboratory for the Study of Focused Magmatism and Giant Ore Deposits, MLR, Xi'an 710054, China; Xi'an Center of Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Zhen Mu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
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Herring MP, Khachatryan L, Dellinger B. Speciation of Iron (III) Oxide Nanoparticles and Other Paramagnetic Intermediates during High-Temperature Oxidative Pyrolysis of 1-Methylnaphthalene. World Acad Sci Eng Technol 2015; 9:804-812. [PMID: 26413257 PMCID: PMC4581597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Low Temperature Matrix Isolation - Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (LTMI-EPR) Spectroscopy was utilized to identify the species of iron oxide nanoparticles generated during the oxidative pyrolysis of 1-methylnaphthalene (1-MN). The otherwise gas-phase reactions of 1--MN were impacted by a polypropylenimine tetra-hexacontaamine dendrimer complexed with iron (III) nitrate nonahydrate diluted in air under atmospheric conditions. The EPR fine structure of Fe (III)2O3 nanoparticles clusters, characterized by g-factors of 2.00, 2.28, 3.76 and 4.37 were detected on a cold finger maintained at 77 K after accumulation over a multitude of experiments. Additionally, a high valence Fe (IV) paramagnetic intermediate and superoxide anion-radicals, O2•- adsorbed on nanoparticle surfaces in the form of Fe (IV) --- O2•- were detected from the quenching area of Zone 1 in the gas-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lavrent Khachatryan
- LSU, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803 USA (phone: 225 578 4417; )
| | - Barry Dellinger
- LSU, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803 USA ( )
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