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Chen Y, Xian H, Zhu C, Li Y, Pei Z, Yang R, Zhang Q, Jiang G. The transport and distribution of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soils and moss along mountain valleys in the Himalayas. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133044. [PMID: 38000280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Although the Himalayas act as a natural barrier, studies have demonstrated that certain traditional persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can be transported into the Tibetan Plateau (TP) through the mountain valleys. Herein, we selected five mountain valleys in the Himalayas to investigate novel flame retardants (NFRs), as representative novel POPs, their concentration, distribution, transport behavior, potential sources and ecological risk. The results revealed that total concentrations of 7 novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) ranged from 4.89 to 2853 pg/g dry weight (dw) in soil and from not detected (ND) to 4232 pg/g dw in moss. Additionally, total concentrations of 10 organophosphate esters (OPEs) ranged from ND to 84798 pg/g dw in soil. Among the NFRs, decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) and tri-phenyl phosphate (TPhP) were the predominant compounds. NBFRs and OPEs concentrations were slightly higher than those in the polar regions. The correlation between different compounds and altitude varies in different areas, indicating that the NFRs distribution in the mountain valleys result from a combination of long-range transport and local sources. The ecological risk assessment using risk quotient (RQs) revealed that TPhP and tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) exhibited medium or high risks at some sites. This study sheds light on the transport pathways and environmental behaviors of the NFRs in the valleys and highlights the need for increased attention to the ecological risks posed by OPEs in the TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
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Pippal PS, Kumar R, Singh A, Kumar R. A bibliometric and visualization analysis of the aerosol research on the Himalayan glaciers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:104998-105011. [PMID: 37721676 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
This research focuses on a bibliometric analysis of research on aerosols' impact on the glaciers in the Himalayan glacier region published in journals from all subject categories based on the Science Citation Index Expanded, collected from the Web of Science and Scopus database between January 2002 and April 2022. The indexing phrases like "aerosol," "glacier," and "snow" are commonly used terms and have been utilized to collect the related publications for this investigation. The document selections were based on years of publication, authorship, the scientific output of authors, distribution of publication by country, categories of the subjects, and names of journals in which scholarly papers were published. The number of articles on aerosols accelerating the melting of glaciers shows a notable increase in recent years, along with more glacier melting results from countries involved in climate science research. People's Republic of China (382) was the country with the highest publication output on aerosols impacting the melting of glaciers. The USA (367) was the most cited country, with about 17,500 total citations and 80.40 average citations per year from January 2002 to April 2022. The results reveal that research trends in the glaciers on aerosols' impact on the glaciers have been attractive in recent years, and the number of articles in this field keeps increasing fast. This study offers opportunities to track research trends, identify collaboration prospects, and inform climate policy. Integrating data sources and engaging the public will further enhance the impact and relevance of this critical research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prity Singh Pippal
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Atar Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India.
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Li Y, Kang S, Zhang X, Li C, Chen J, Qin X, Shao L, Tian L. Dust dominates the summer melting of glacier ablation zones on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159214. [PMID: 36208735 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dust and black carbon (BC) can darken snow and ice surface and play pivotal roles in glacier mass loss. Thus, a quantitative assessment of their contributions to glacier summer melting is critical. During the summer of 2018, surface snow and ice were sampled, and the albedo and mass balance were continuously measured in the ablation zone of Laohugou Glacier No. 12 in the western Qilian Mountains. The physical properties of dust and BC were measured in the laboratory, and their impacts on glacier surface albedo reduction and melting were simulated. The results indicate that the ice surface in the ablation zone was enriched with substantial amounts of particles, and the average particle concentrations of these samples were hundreds of times higher than those of fresh snow. The BC mass absorption cross-sections (MACs) ranged from 3.1 m2 g-1 at 550 nm for dirty ice to 4.6 m2 g-1 for fresh snow, largely owing to meltwater percolation and particle collapse. The spectral variations in dust MACs were significantly different in the visible light bands and near-infrared bands from those in the other areas. Moreover, the two-layer surface energy and mass balance model with the new albedo parameterization formula was validated and agreed well with the experimental measurements of spectral albedo, broadband albedo, and mass balance. BC and dust combined resulted in 26.7 % and 54.4 % of the total mass loss on the cleaner and dirtier (particle enriched) surfaces in the ablation zone, respectively, compared to particle-free surfaces, and although both impurities played vital roles, dust was the more prominent factor in accelerating glacier melting on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. This study emphasizes the importance of dust in cryosphere changes where Tibetan glaciers are strongly affected by Asian dust deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Chaoliu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jizu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lili Shao
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China
| | - Lide Tian
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
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Meng L, Yu H, Bai Y, Shang N, Shi K, Ji M, Chen R, Huang T, Yang H, Huang C. Nonhomologous Black Carbon Decoupled Char and Soot Sequestration Based on Stable Carbon Isotopes in Tibetan Plateau Lake Sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:18069-18078. [PMID: 36454627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Combustion-derived black carbon (BC) is an important component of sedimentary carbon pool. Due to different physicochemical properties, determining the source of char and soot is crucial for BC cycling, especially for nonhomologous char and soot in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). This study analyzed the sequestration and source of BC, char, and soot in the Dagze Co (inner TP) sediment core via the content and δ13C, revealing the biomass and fossil fuel driving on nonsynchronous char and soot and their response to local anthropogenic activities and atmospheric transmission. The results showed that BC concentration increased from 1.19 ± 0.35 mg g-1 (pre-1956) to 2.03 ± 1.05 mg g-1 (after 1956). The variation of char was similar to BC, while nonhomologous growth was detected in char and soot (r = 0.29 and p > 0.05). The source apportionment showed that biomass burning for 71.52 ± 10.23% of char and promoted char sequestration. The contribution of fossil fuel combustion to soot (46.67 ± 14.07%) is much higher than char (28.48 ± 10.23%). Redundancy analysis confirmed that local anthropogenic activities significantly influenced BC burial and atmospheric transport from outside TP-regulated BC burial. The contribution of biomass and fossil fuels to nonsynchronous char and soot is conducive to understanding the anthropogenic effect on BC burial in the TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lize Meng
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Heyu Yu
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Yixin Bai
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Nana Shang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Kunlin Shi
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Ming Ji
- School of Chemistry, Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi653100, China
| | - Rong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing210008, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Changchun Huang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing210023, China
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5
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Luo N, Wen B, Bao K, Yu R, Sun J, Li X, Liu X. Centennial records of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon in Altay Mountains peatlands, Xinjiang, China. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1046076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is an important inert carbon component in the cycling process of surface carbon. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a kind of thick cyclic organic compounds with carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects. The incomplete burning process of biomass and carbolic fuel is the important source of their co-occurrence. This study collected a 60-cm peat core from the Jiadengyu (JDY), Altay Mountain. The core was dated using the 210Pb and 137Cs methods. The results showed BC, total organic carbon, and PAHs of the JDY peat core to be 1.14–72.6 mg g−1, 17.09–47.2%, and 260.58–1,610.77 ng·g−1, respectively. δ13CBC was between −31.5 and − 29.4‰ (mean of −30.56‰). The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated irregular or lumpy peat BC particles, retaining a plant fiber structure. δ13CBC, ratios of PAHs, and the SEM revealed that the BC to be the dominant source of biomass combustion in the peatland. BC showed an increasing trend between 1950 and 1980, after which it decreased. The discrepancy between the change in BC and δ13CBC from the national pattern of BC emission likely reflects the effect of local agricultural exploration, and thus an increase in crop burning.
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Meng L, Yue S, Yu H, Huang T, Huang C, Yang H. Coal combustion facilitating faster burial of char than soot in a plateau lake of southwest China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129209. [PMID: 35739731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is a retarder in carbon cycle, and the proportion of char and soot in BC restricts the significance of BC as a sink in carbon cycle. Tracing the sources of char and soot is helpful for in-depth understanding the anthropogenic-driven burial and pattern of BC, and is crucial for regulating emissions of BC and impact of BC on carbon cycle/climate change. This study investigated source-driven BC via the concentration and δ13C of BC (char and soot) in a Plateau lake sediment. The burial rate of BC (mean: 6.42 ± 5.09 g m-2 yr-1) showed an increasing trend (3.7 times after 1977 compared with before), and the growth rate of char (4.1 times) was faster than soot (2.5 times). The source trace results, showing faster growth of coal combustion ratio in char (increased 21% after 1980 compared with before) than soot (13%), proved that coal combustion promoted faster growth of char in BC. Redundancy analysis confirmed that more low-temperature utilization of coal urged a stronger driving force for char than soot, which caused BC to have lower aromatic content and higher reactivity in organic carbon pool from the past to present, further impact the effects of BC on carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lize Meng
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shulin Yue
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Heyu Yu
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Changchun Huang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hao Yang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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7
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Dong H, Wang L, Wang X, Xu L, Chen M, Gong P, Wang C. Microplastics in a Remote Lake Basin of the Tibetan Plateau: Impacts of Atmospheric Transport and Glacial Melting. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12951-12960. [PMID: 34524792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is fast becoming one of the most pressing global issues that we currently face. Remote areas, such as the polar regions and the Tibetan Plateau, are now also exposed to microplastic contamination. However, with the impact of global warming, the transport of microplastics within the glacier-lake basins in such regions remains unclear. In this work, the Nam Co Basin in the Tibetan Plateau was selected to study the characteristics of microplastics in the rain fallout, lake water, glacial runoff, and non-glacial runoff. Fiber and films were the most common microplastic morphologies in all water samples; a higher proportion (37%) of light-weighing polypropylene and small-size (50-300 μm, ∼30%) microplastics were found in the glacial runoff. Air mass trajectory analysis showed that microplastics could be transported through the atmosphere over a distance of up to 800 km. For microplastic loading in lakes, the atmospheric fallout was estimated to be 3.3 tons during the monsoon season, whereas the contributions of glacial runoff (∼41 kg) and non-glacial runoff (∼522 kg) were relatively low. For the microplastic loading in glaciers, the atmospheric deposition was ∼500 kg/yr, and the output caused by glacial melting only accounted 8% of the total atmospheric input. All these results suggested that the dominant pathway through which microplastics enter remote mountainous lake basins is atmospheric deposition, and once deposited on glaciers, microplastics will be stored for a long time. This work provides quantitative evidence elucidating the fate of microplastics in alpine lake environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huike Dong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lanxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Xu
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100095, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Mengke Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Li Y, Kang S, Zhang X, Chen J, Schmale J, Li X, Zhang Y, Niu H, Li Z, Qin X, He X, Yang W, Zhang G, Wang S, Shao L, Tian L. Black carbon and dust in the Third Pole glaciers: Revaluated concentrations, mass absorption cross-sections and contributions to glacier ablation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147746. [PMID: 34082201 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In snow and ice, light-absorbing particles (LAPs), such as black carbon (BC) and dust, accelerate the melting of Third Pole glaciers (TPGs). In this study, we revaluated LAP concentrations in the snow pits of TPGs (SP-TPGs), measured LAP mass absorption cross-sections (MACs), and simulated their effects on glacier darkening and melting based on the Spectral Albedo Model for Dirty Snow and a surface energy and mass balance model. The results indicated that because of their short distances to emission sources, the average BC concentrations measured in snow pits in the periphery of Third Pole were much higher than those measured in the inland Tibetan Plateau, and the average dust concentrations generally decreased from north to south. The average MACs of BC in the SP-TPGs varied from 3.1 to 7.7 m2 g-1 at 550 nm, most of the average spectral values were comparable in the visible and near-infrared bands to those calculated by Mie theory, except those in Urumqi Glacier No. 1 (UR), Syek Zapadniy Glacier (SZ), and Laohugou Glacier No.12 (LH), while the average spectral MACs of dust in the SP-TPGs were considerably smaller in magnitude than most of the variations measured in other regions. Compared with the pure snow surfaces, BC and dust played comparable roles in reducing albedo in UR, SZ, LH, and Renlongba Glacier, whereas BC was the most prominent absorber in the other glaciers. The combined effect of BC and dust accelerated melting by 30.4-345.9 mm w.e. (19.7-45.3% of the total mass balance) through surface albedo darkening (0.06-0.17) and increased radiation absorption (25.8-65.7 W m-2) within one month of the ablation season. This study provides a new data set of LAP concentrations and MACs and helps to clarify the roles of these factors in the cryospheric environment of the Third Pole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Jizu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Julia Schmale
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hewen Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhongqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaobo He
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guoshuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shijin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lili Shao
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China
| | - Lide Tian
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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9
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Huang C, Lu L, Li Y, He Y, Shang N, Bai Y, Yu H, Huang T, Zhu AX, Yang H, Zhao K, Yu Y. Anthropogenic-Driven Alterations in Black Carbon Sequestration and the Structure in a Deep Plateau Lake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6467-6475. [PMID: 33886307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The continuous flux of organic carbon (OC) from terrestrial ecosystems into inland water is an important component of the global carbon cycle. The buried OC pool in inland water sediments is considerable, and black carbon (BC) is a significant contributor to this OC pool because of the continuous growth in BC emissions. Therefore, determining the effect of BC on total OC burial and variations in the structure of BC during the burial process will contribute significantly to our understanding of lacustrine carbon cycling. This study investigated BC burial and its structural variations in response to anthropogenic drivers using four dated sedimentary cores from a deep plateau lake in China. The BC burial rate rose from 0.96 ± 0.64 g·m-2·y-1 (mean of sedimentary cores pre-1960s) to 4.83 ± 1.25 g·m-2·y-1 (after 2000), which is a 5.48 ± 2.12-fold rise. The increase of char was similar to those of BC. The growth rate of soot was 7.20 ± 4.30 times, which is higher than that of BC and char, increasing from 0.12 ± 0.08 to 0.64 ± 0.23 g·m-2·y-1. There was a decreasing trend in the ratio of char and soot at a mean rate of 62.8 ± 6.46% (excluding core 3) in relation to increased fossil fuel consumption. The contribution of BC to OC burial showed a significant increasing trend from the past to the present, particularly in cores 3 and 4, and the mean contribution of the four cores was 11.78 ± 2.84%. Source tracer results from positive matrix factorization confirmed that the substantial use of fossil fuels has promoted BC burial and altered the BC structure. This has resulted in BC with a higher aromatic content in the lake sediment, which exhibits reduced reactivity and increased stability. The strong correlation between BC and allochthonous total OC indicates that the input pathways of the buried BC in this plateau lake sediment were terrestrial surface processes and not atmospheric deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Huang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lingfeng Lu
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Li
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yao He
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Nana Shang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yixin Bai
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Heyu Yu
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - A-Xing Zhu
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Hao Yang
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kan Zhao
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yanhong Yu
- Yunnan Research Academy of Eco-environmental Science, Kunming 650034, China
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10
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Rupakheti D, Kang S, Rupakheti M, Chen P, Gautam S, Rai M, Yin X, Kang H. Black Carbon in Surface Soil and Its Sources in Three Central Asian Countries. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 80:558-566. [PMID: 33772632 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) aerosol impacts the air quality, public health, agricultural productivity, weather, monsoon, cryosphere, and climate system from the local to the global scale. However, its distribution over vast Central Asia is poorly known, because it is one of the poorly sampled regions of the world. BC in the soil can be resuspended into the atmosphere and transported to downwind regions with sensitive ecosystems and vulnerable populations, such as from Central Asian countries to the cryospheric regions in the Tianshan Mountain and the Tibetan Plateau, which could accelerate the melting of the snowfields and glaciers. We report the distribution of BC and total organic carbon (TOC) in surface soil with samples collected at multiple sites, for the first time, over three countries in Central Asia (Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan). The mean BC (TOC) concentrations over three countries were 0.06 ± 0.06 (11.86 ± 4.84) mg g-1, 0.15 ± 0.21 (20.35 ± 10.96) mg g-1, and 0.32 ± 0.29 (26.45 ± 20.38) mg g-1, respectively. They were found to be originated from the same or similar sources, at least over Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, as indicated by their high and significant correlation (R2 > 0.6, p < 0.001). The char/soot ratio indicated the diesel and gasoline combustion as dominant BC sources over this region. To gain further insights into the soil BC and its implications to air quality, climate, and cryosphere, future studies should include a wider area over Central Asia with different land-use types and other soil parameters combined with atmospheric simulations for this important yet relatively less studied region of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh Rupakheti
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | | | - Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Sangita Gautam
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Mukesh Rai
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiufeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Huhu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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11
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Han Y, Bandowe BAM, Schneider T, Pongpiachan S, Ho SSH, Wei C, Wang Q, Xing L, Wilcke W. A 150-year record of black carbon (soot and char) and polycyclic aromatic compounds deposition in Lake Phayao, north Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116148. [PMID: 33310199 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An improved understanding of the historical variation in the emissions and sources (biomass burning, BB vs. fossil fuel, FF combustion) of soot and char, the two components of black carbon (BC), and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) may help in assessing the environmental effects of the Atmospheric Brown Cloud (ABC) in SE Asia. We therefore determined historical variations of the fluxes of soot, char, and PACs (24 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), and 4 azaarenes) in a dated sediment core (covering the past ∼150 years) of Phayao Lake in Thailand. The soot fluxes have been increasing in recent times, but at a far lower rate than previously estimated based on BC emission inventories. This may be associated with a decreasing BB contribution as indicated by the decreasing char fluxes from old to young sediments. The fluxes of high- and low-molecular-weight (HMW and LMW) PAHs, OPAHs, and azaarenes all sharply increased after ∼1980, while the ΣLMW-/ΣHMW-PAHs ratios decreased, further supporting the reduction in BB contribution at the expense of increasing FF combustion emissions. We also suggest that the separate record of char and soot, which has up to now not been done in aerosol studies, is useful to assess the environmental effects of ABC because of the different light-absorbing properties of these two BC components. Our results suggest that besides the establishment of improved FF combustion technology, BB must be further reduced in the SE Asian region in order to weaken the ABC haze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Han
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tobias Schneider
- Department of Geosciences, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA; Institute of Geography and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Siwatt Pongpiachan
- SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; School of Social & Environmental Development, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), 118 Sereethai Road, Klongchan, Bangkapi, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Chong Wei
- SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Li Xing
- SKLLQG and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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12
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Fang Y, Chen Y, Huang G, Hu L, Tian C, Xie J, Lin J, Lin T. Particulate and Dissolved Black Carbon in Coastal China Seas: Spatiotemporal Variations, Dynamics, and Potential Implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:788-796. [PMID: 33275416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Elaborating the spatiotemporal variations and dynamic mechanisms of black carbon (BC) in coastal seas, the geographically pivotal intermediate zones that link the terrestrial and open oceanic ecosystems, will contribute significantly to refine the regional and global BC geochemistry. In this study, we implemented a large spatial-scale and multiseason and -layer seawater sampling campaign in high BC emission influenced coastal China seas (Bohai Sea and Northern Yellow Sea) and quantified the thermal/optical reflectance-based particulate BC (PBC) and benzene polycarboxylic acids-based dissolved BC (DBC). We found that the climate and its associated hydrological effects (including the intensive resuspension and coastal current transport) largely regulate both PBC and DBC spatiotemporal variations and dynamics. In combination with previous work on upstream rivers and downstream open ocean, a significant and continuous decrease in the DBC aromatic condensation was observed along the river-to-ocean continuum, probably due to the increment of the photochemical degradation during the waterborne transport. Based on our DBC methodological development, i.e., the determination and subsequent inclusion of the nitrated BC molecular markers, the magnitudes of the current global DBC fluxes and pools were updated. After the update, the DBC fluxes from atmospheric deposition and riverine delivery were estimated at rates of 4.3 and 66.3 Tg yr-1, respectively, and the global oceanic DBC pool was approximately 36 Gt. This update will greatly assist in constructing a more robust regional and global DBC and BC cycling and budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Fang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guopei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Guiyang Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Limin Hu
- College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jingqian Xie
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jun Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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13
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Yang R, Xie T, Wang P, Li Y, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Historical trends of PCBs and PBDEs as reconstructed in a lake sediment from southern Tibetan Plateau. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 98:31-38. [PMID: 33097155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-altitude lake sediment can be used as a natural archive to reconstruct the history of pollutants. In this work, the temporal distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined using a high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometer (HRGC/HRMS) in an alpine lake sediment core collected from the southern Tibetan Plateau (TP) to examine whether the expected decreasing trends due to the implementation of the international Conventions could be observed. The concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs in the sediment core were in the range of 11.8-142 pg/g dw and ND-457 pg/g dw, and their fluxes were in the range of 2.51-31.7 ng/(m2·yr) and ND-43.2 ng/(m2·yr), respectively. The prevalence of low-chlorinated (tri-CB) PCBs and low-brominated (tri- to tetra-) PBDEs in most sections of the sediment profiles was observed, suggesting that the light molecular weight PCBs and PBDEs have most likely reached lake sediments by long-range atmospheric transport from distant sources. Despite the restrictions on their applications, the sediment records for the concentrations and fluxes showed no corresponding decreasing trend with restrictions for PCBs, which suggested that these POPs (e.g., PCBs) were still emitted to the environment owing to the influence of primary or secondary emissions. To our knowledge, this is the first report on input history of atmospheric PCBs and PBDEs recorded in TP Lake sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Ting Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
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14
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Zhu T, Wang X, Lin H, Ren J, Wang C, Gong P. Accumulation of Pollutants in Proglacial Lake Sediments: Impacts of Glacial Meltwater and Anthropogenic Activities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7901-7910. [PMID: 32496767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With global warming, the melting of glaciers can result in the release of pollutants into the environment. For remote Alpine lakes, both atmosphere-deposited anthropogenic pollutants and glacier-released pollutants can eventually sink in the sediment. To date, there has, to the best of our knowledge, been no attempt at quantifying the contributions of these processes to the accumulation of pollutants in glacial lake sediment. To fill this gap, a semi-enclosed proglacial lake located in the southern Tibetan Plateau was chosen and a 28 cm sediment core, which can be dated back to 1836, was used to explore the temporal trends of trace elements, Hg, and black carbon (BC) during the past two centuries. Geochemical indicators (Rb/Sr, Ti-Zr-Hf, and sedimentary rate) in sediment showed an overall continuous warming of the lake, while the temporal trends of fluxes of toxic elements and BC were broadly associated with their emission patterns. By using a positive matrix factorization model, the contribution of the anthropogenic source rose from <10% in the 1850s to >40% after the 1980s. However, the signal of glacial meltwater release was also distinct, and the greatest contribution of ice-snow meltwater reached up to 61% in the 1950s. Regarding the most recent two decades, 90% of pollutant deposition in the Tibetan sediment can be attributed to the combined forces of primary emissions and glacial release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hai Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Research Institute of Transition of Resource-Based Economics, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Tiwari S, Kun L, Chen B. Spatial variability of sedimentary carbon in South Yellow Sea, China: impact of anthropogenic emission and long-range transportation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:23812-23823. [PMID: 32301087 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08686-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During the last few decades, sedimentary carbons gain great concerns of research interest among the scientific committee worldwide due to their adverse impact on aquatic chemistry, ecology, and hence human health along with global climate change. In the present study, we investigated the spatial distribution of mass concentration of sedimentary carbon (viz. black carbon: BC, and its components, char and soot) along with their burial fluxes in the surface sediments of the South Yellow Sea (SYS). The concentration of sedimentary carbon is measured by using an emerging method of thermal/optical reflectance. The observed BC concentration is found in the range of 0.02-1.02 mg g-1 with a mean value of 0.49 ± 0.26 mg g-1. The mean burial fluxes of BC, char, and soot also have a similar spatial variation to their concentration with the mean value along with relative standard deviation (in bracket) 22.43 ± 12.49 (~ 56%), 5.90 ± 3.99 (~ 68%), and 16.53 ± 10.67 (65%), respectively. Relatively lower value of char/soot ratio, i.e., 0.48 ± 0.22, indicates the dominance of soot in surface sediments that could be mainly derived from the fossil fuel combustion which is further confirmed from emission inventory data suggesting maximum contribution, i.e., ~ 66-80%, of the total BC emission emitted from residential and industrial emission sources. The back trajectories analysis revealed a significant impact of long-range transportation on BC concentration in the surface sediments of SYS. Further study of BC concentrations in sea sediments and their interaction with other organic/inorganic compounds in continental shelves is highly needed for a better understanding of the global carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Tiwari
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Liu Kun
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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16
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Neupane B, Wang J, Kang S, Zhang Y, Chen P, Rai M, Guo J, Yu S, Thapa P. Black carbon and mercury in the surface sediments of Selin Co, central Tibetan Plateau: Covariation with total carbon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137752. [PMID: 32182467 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tibetan Plateau (TP) is an important geographical region for investigating the long-range transport of pollutants as limited emission sources exist in this region. In this study, based on analysis of 61 surface samples, we report the spatial distribution and concentrations of BC, Hg, total organic carbon (TOC) and inorganic carbon (IC) in surface sediments of Selin Co, the largest lake in central Tibet. The mean BC and Hg concentrations were 0.62 ± 0.34 mg/g and 32.03 ± 9.88 ng/g (range: 0.03-1.47 mg/g and 13.83-51.81 ng/g respectively), which were lower than the values from other lakes in the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau (HTP). BC and Hg exhibited similar spatial distribution in the surface sediments. Similarly, the mean TOC and IC were 2.19 ± 1.46% and 3.13 ± 1.07% (range: 0.0007-7.78% and 0.30-5.30% respectively). BC/TOC ratio, as well as char/soot ratio, suggests biomass burning as a major source of BC in the sediments via the influence of long-range transport. The positive correlation between the concentrations of BC and Hg suggests similar emission sources or transport pathway. Concentrations of BC and Hg were higher in fine grain particles (size <~50 μm) which were capable of transport and deposit in the deeper part of the lake, as suggested by a significant relationship between water depth and particle size. This study elucidates the extent of pollution in very recent ages and also could serve as the basis for paleo-environmental studies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bigyan Neupane
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Junbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes/Nam Co Observation and Research Station (NAMORS), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mukesh Rai
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Junming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Siwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes/Nam Co Observation and Research Station (NAMORS), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Poonam Thapa
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
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17
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Huang J, Kang S, Yin R, Guo J, Lepak R, Mika S, Tripathee L, Sun S. Mercury isotopes in frozen soils reveal transboundary atmospheric mercury deposition over the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113432. [PMID: 31662270 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The concentration and isotopic composition of mercury (Hg) were studied in frozen soils along a southwest-northeast transect over the Himalaya-Tibet. Soil total Hg (HgT) concentrations were significantly higher in the southern slopes (72 ± 54 ng g-1, 2SD, n = 21) than those in the northern slopes (43 ± 26 ng g-1, 2SD, n = 10) of Himalaya-Tibet. No significant relationship was observed between HgT concentrations and soil organic carbon (SOC), indicating that the HgT variation was not governed by SOC. Soil from the southern slopes showed significantly negative mean δ202Hg (-0.53 ± 0.50‰, 2SD, n = 21) relative to those from the northern slopes (-0.12 ± 0.40‰, 2SD, n = 10). The δ202Hg values of the southern slopes are more similar to South Asian anthropogenic Hg emissions. A significant correlation between 1/HgT and δ202Hg was observed in all the soil samples, further suggesting a mixing of Hg from South Asian anthropogenic emissions and natural geochemical background. Large ranges of Δ199Hg (-0.45 and 0.24‰) were observed in frozen soils. Most of soil samples displayed negative Δ199Hg values, implying they mainly received Hg from gaseous Hg(0) deposition. A few samples had slightly positive odd-MIF, indicating precipitation-sourced Hg was more prevalent than gaseous Hg(0) in certain areas. The spatial distribution patterns of HgT concentrations and Hg isotopes indicated that Himalaya-Tibet, even its northern part, may have been influenced by transboundary atmospheric Hg pollution from South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Runsheng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Junming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ryan Lepak
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Sillanpää Mika
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Mikkeli, FI-50130, Finland
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shiwei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Zhan C, Wan D, Han Y, Zhang J. Historical variation of black carbon and PAHs over the last ~200 years in central North China: Evidence from lake sediment records. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:891-899. [PMID: 31302553 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As the largest coal-producing province in China, the coal production of Shanxi Province accounts for one third of the country's total. Thus it is of great importance to study the pollution history of typical pollutants in Shanxi Province and their links with energy usage in North China. Sediment cores from two relatively remote lakes in central North China were retrieved to investigate historical evolutions of black carbon (BC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the last ~200 years. The two records show several-fold increases in both concentrations and depositional fluxes of BC, char, soot, and PAHs in recent five decades, which were associated with the influence of anthropogenic activities resulting from socio-economic development in Shanxi Province. However, after ~2000 their fluxes decreased sharply due to China's effort on environmental protection. These changes indicate that atmospheric BC and PAHs loads in the region were affected significantly by recent anthropogenic activities and environmental policies. Ratios of individual PAHs and char/soot indicate pyrogenic sources of these increased pollutants in recent decades, with coking industry and coal combustion as the two major sources. Significant positive correlations between BC and PAHs were observed in both cores of Lake Gonghai and Lake Mayinghai, indicating that they were likely co-transported by BC particles from similar sources. This study provides new and important understanding of the atmospheric pollution history of BC and PAHs in North China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Zhan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Dejun Wan
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yongming Han
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jiaquan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
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19
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Li Y, Kang S, Chen J, Hu Z, Wang K, Paudyal R, Liu J, Wang X, Qin X, Sillanpää M. Black carbon in a glacier and snow cover on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Concentrations, radiative forcing and potential source from local topsoil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:1030-1038. [PMID: 31200301 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC), which consists of the strongest light-absorbing particles (LAP) in snow/ice, has been regarded as a potential factor accelerating the melting of glaciers and snow cover over the Third Pole. During the winter and summer of 2016, snow, ice and topsoil were sampled from the Laohugou basin located on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Concentrations of BC in Laohugou Glacier No. 12 (LG12) and snow cover in this basin (LSC) varied broadly (21.7-2700.1 and 89.6 to 6326.2 ng g-1, respectively), indicating large spatiotemporal variability in wet, dry and post depositional conditions. Further, internally mixed BC in snow grains enhanced the albedo reduction (15.0-26.3%) more than externally mixed BC in LG12 and LSC. Dust played a more important role than BC in accelerating the melting of LG12, whereas these components played comparable roles in accelerating the melting of LSC. In total, externally mixed BC and dust reduced the albedo by 0.075-0.423, with an associated mean radiative forcing (RF) of 97.5 ± 41.5 Wm-2 in LSC. This level was lower than those in the ablation zone (354.1 ± 81.2 Wm-2) and accumulation zone (145.6 ± 76.7 Wm-2) of LG12 because of discrepancies in LAP concentrations, solar zenith angles and incoming shortwave radiation. Furthermore, we observed that topsoil containing abundant BC was transported along the slope from the debris to the LG12 surface ice, and topsoil in this region could be lifted by strong mountain-valley winds and then deposited on snow/ice surfaces, which affected the LAP concentrations. Therefore, this study is important for understanding the role of BC and dust in the melting of snow/ice in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Mikkeli 50130, Finland; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jizu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhaofu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Rukumesh Paudyal
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jingshi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Mikkeli 50130, Finland
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Yin X, de Foy B, Wu K, Feng C, Kang S, Zhang Q. Gaseous and particulate pollutants in Lhasa, Tibet during 2013-2017: Spatial variability, temporal variations and implications. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:68-77. [PMID: 31302404 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, most big cities in China have experienced severe air pollution accompanied by rapid economic and social development. Analysis of measurements of air pollutants form a fundamental basis for understanding the characteristics of air pollution and are important references for policy-making. In this study, five-year measurements of air pollutants at 6 sites in Lhasa, a typical high altitude big city in southwestern China, were analyzed from January 2013 to December 2017. Air pollutants at all the 6 sites in Lhasa generally displayed similar patterns of both diurnal and monthly variations, indicating the mixed atmospheric environment and the overall effect of the meteorological conditions in the city. Spatially, the air pollutant concentrations at the 6 sites were generally characterized by high concentrations of SO2, NO2, CO, PM10 and PM2.5 at urban sites and high O3 concentrations at suburban sites. In comparison with other provincial capital cities in China, Lhasa has low concentrations of air pollutants, except for O3, and thus, better air quality. Although Lhasa has experienced rapid urbanization and economic development, air pollution conditions have remained rather stable and even decreased slightly in term of particular air pollutants. We suggested that the relatively isolated location, low air pollutant emissions associated with its industrial structure and renewable energy consumption, and effective air pollution control measures, collectively contributed to the synchronous improvement of the economy and air quality in Lhasa. Such "Lhasa pattern" may serve as a positive example for other regional hub cities in China and beyond that experience socioeconomic development and simultaneously seek to improve air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Benjamin de Foy
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Kunpeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Chuan Feng
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Qianggong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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21
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Liu K, Wang F, Li J, Tiwari S, Chen B. Assessment of trends and emission sources of heavy metals from the soil sediments near the Bohai Bay. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:29095-29109. [PMID: 31392613 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06130-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic emission sources (mainly vehicular and industrial emission) are one of the major emission sources of the heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems which have significant potential to perturb the marine geochemistry and ecosystem as well as human life also. In the present study, we tried to investigate the accumulation of heavy metals (Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Co, As, Cd, and Hg) at two sediment cores near the Bohai Bay in Southern Tianjin and reconstruct their historical trends over the last hundred years to understand the impacts of anthropogenic activities. The concentration of Zn and Cr is found maximum than the other studied heavy metals. Results suggest that in the mid-twentieth century, the maximum concentrations of Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb are mainly because of the opening of Dagang Oilfield which emits a huge amount of heavy metals into the environment. Source apportionment analysis has been carried out using positive matrix factorization (PMF) model which suggests three major emission sectors of heavy metals, i.e., coal combustion, manufacturing, and smelting dust, having different contribution 32%, 40%, and 28% respectively to the total heavy metal burden. Industrial emissions are found to be the major sources of Cr, Ni, and Co while Pb is mainly originated from the coal combustion. The risk assessment analysis shows the value of mean effects range median (ERM) quotients ~ 0.17 for the two sediment cores which suggest nearly 21% toxicity of the studied metals indicating towards the policymakers for the mitigation of air pollution surrounding Tianjin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Fu Wang
- Tianjin Center, China Geological Survey (CGS), Tianjin, 300170, China.
- Key Laboratory of Muddy Coast Geo-environment, China Geological Survey, CGS, Tianjin, 300170, China.
| | - Jiwei Li
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shani Tiwari
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Bing Chen
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China
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22
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Wu Y, Ya M, Chen H, Li Y, Guo W, Wang X. Distribution and isotopic composition of sedimentary black carbon in a subtropical estuarine-coastal region of the western Taiwan Strait: Implications for tracing anthropogenic inputs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 684:509-518. [PMID: 31154223 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Estuarine and coastal margins are strongly influenced by anthropogenic inputs. To trace anthropogenic inputs to the subtropical Jiulong River Estuary (JRE) and the adjacent western Taiwan Strait (WTS), black carbon (BC) and its stable carbon isotope composition (δ13СBC) in surface sediments were investigated as an indicator of human activities. The concentrations of sedimentary BC were measured by an emerging method of thermal/optical reflectance with wet-chemical treatment (BCTOR, including char and soot), and the conventional method of chemothermal oxidation (BCCTO, related to the soot fraction) was also used to determine BCCTO concentrations and δ13СBC compositions. In the JRE and adjacent WTS, the concentrations of BCTOR (0.77 to 3.79 mg g-1) were higher than those of BCCTO (0.55 to 2.46 mg g-1), and both were similar to the moderate ranges obtained in other coastal sediments around the world. The small offsets between δ13СTOC and δ13СBC and the relatively low char/soot ratios revealed that fossil fuel combustion-derived contributions were likely more significant compared with inputs from biomass burning. The decreasing BC concentrations and increasing δ13СBC values with increasing distance from the JRE towards the adjacent WTS, indicates the decline of land-based anthropogenic inputs through fluvial transport. Furthermore, the differences in BC/TOC and char/soot values between the southern and northern WTS, indicated an effective preferential dispersal of the fluvial BC to the southern coast. The estimation for mass inventories of sedimentary BC in the coastal WTS showed that direct riverine discharge from the JRE was nearly equivalent to atmospheric deposition, and both of them contributed half of the sedimentary BC sink. To balance the sedimentary BC budget in the coastal WTS, long-range alongshore sediment transport driven by the Fujian-Zhejiang coastal current containing Yangtze River derived materials (indirect riverine discharge) could be another significant input pathway to contribute sedimentary BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Miaolei Ya
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hanzhe Chen
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Weidong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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23
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Wei N, Xu Z, Liu J, Wang G, Liu W, Zhuoga D, Xiao D, Yao J. Characteristics of size distributions and sources of water-soluble ions in Lhasa during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 82:155-168. [PMID: 31133261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To understand the physical and chemical characteristics, particle size distribution and sources of size-separated aerosols in Lhasa, which is located on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), six sizes of aerosol samples were collected in Lhasa in 2014. Ca2+, NH4+, NO3-, SO42- and Cl- were the dominant ions. The ratio of cation equivalents (CE) to anion equivalents (AE) for each particle size segment indicated that the atmospheric aerosols in Lhasa were alkaline. SO42- and NO3- could be neutralized by Ca2+, but could not be neutralized by NH4+, according to the [NH4+]/[NO3- + SO42-] and [Ca2+]/[NO3- + SO42-] ratios. Mobile sources were dominant in PM0.95-1.5, PM1.5-3 and PM3-7.2, while stationary sources were dominant in the other three size fractions according to the [NO3-]/[SO42-] ratios. The particle size distribution of all water-soluble ions during monsoon and non-monsoon periods was characterized by a bimodal distribution due to the different sources and formation mechanisms, and it was revealed that different ions had different sources in different seasons and different particle size segments by combining particle size distribution with correlation analysis. Source analysis of aerosols in Lhasa was performed using the Principal component analysis (PCA) for the first time, which revealed that combustion sources, motor vehicle exhaust, photochemical reaction sources and various types of dust were the main sources of Lhasa aerosols. Furthermore, Lhasa's air quality was also affected by long-distance transmission, expressed as pollutants from South Asia and West Asia, which were transmitted to Lhasa according to backward trajectory analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Wei
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Department of Nuclear Reactor Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Zhiyou Xu
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Junwen Liu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guanghua Wang
- Department of Nuclear Reactor Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Nuclear Reactor Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Deqing Zhuoga
- Meteorological Service Center of Tibet Autonomous Region Meteorological Bureau, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Detao Xiao
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Nuclear Reactor Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
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24
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Kang S, Zhang Q, Qian Y, Ji Z, Li C, Cong Z, Zhang Y, Guo J, Du W, Huang J, You Q, Panday AK, Rupakheti M, Chen D, Gustafsson Ö, Thiemens MH, Qin D. Linking atmospheric pollution to cryospheric change in the Third Pole region: current progress and future prospects. Natl Sci Rev 2019; 6:796-809. [PMID: 34691935 PMCID: PMC8291388 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings are known as the Third Pole (TP). This region is noted for its high rates of glacier melt and the associated hydrological shifts that affect water supplies in Asia. Atmospheric pollutants contribute to climatic and cryospheric changes through their effects on solar radiation and the albedos of snow and ice surfaces; moreover, the behavior and fates within the cryosphere and environmental impacts of environmental pollutants are topics of increasing concern. In this review, we introduce a coordinated monitoring and research framework and network to link atmospheric pollution and cryospheric changes (APCC) within the TP region. We then provide an up-to-date summary of progress and achievements related to the APCC research framework, including aspects of atmospheric pollution's composition and concentration, spatial and temporal variations, trans-boundary transport pathways and mechanisms, and effects on the warming of atmosphere and changing in Indian monsoon, as well as melting of glacier and snow cover. We highlight that exogenous air pollutants can enter into the TP's environments and cause great impacts on regional climatic and environmental changes. At last, we propose future research priorities and map out an extended program at the global scale. The ongoing monitoring activities and research facilitate comprehensive studies of atmosphere-cryosphere interactions, represent one of China's key research expeditions to the TP and the polar regions and contribute to the global perspective of earth system science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianggong Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yun Qian
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland WA 99352, USA
| | - Zhenming Ji
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chaoliu Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Junming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wentao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jie Huang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qinglong You
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Arnico K Panday
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu G. P. O. 3226, Nepal
| | - Maheswar Rupakheti
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), Potsdam 14467, Germany
| | - Deliang Chen
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Örjan Gustafsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, The Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Mark H Thiemens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093, USA
| | - Dahe Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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25
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Neupane B, Kang S, Chen P, Zhang Y, Ram K, Rupakheti D, Tripathee L, Sharma CM, Cong Z, Li C, Hou J, Xu M, Thapa P. Historical Black Carbon Reconstruction from the Lake Sediments of the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:5641-5651. [PMID: 30994333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is one of the major drivers of climate change, and its measurement in different environment is crucial for the better understanding of long-term trends in the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau (HTP) as climate warming has intensified in the region. We present the measurement of BC concentration from six lake sediments in the HTP to reconstruct historical BC deposition since the pre-industrial era. Our results show an increasing trend of BC concurrent with increased anthropogenic emission patterns after the commencement of the industrialization era during the 1950s. Also, sedimentation rates and glacier melt strengthening influenced the total input of BC into the lake. Source identification, based on the char and soot composition of BC, suggests biomass-burning emissions as a major contributor to BC, which is further corroborated by open-fire occurrence events in the region. The increasing BC trend continues to recent years, indicating increasing BC emissions, mainly from South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bigyan Neupane
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Kirpa Ram
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi 221005 , India
| | - Dipesh Rupakheti
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Chhatra Mani Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , China
- Central Department of Environmental Science , Tribhuvan University , Kirtipur 44618 , Nepal
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Chaoliu Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Juzhi Hou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Min Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Poonam Thapa
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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Fang Y, Chen Y, Hu L, Tian C, Luo Y, Li J, Zhang G, Zheng M, Lin T. Large-river dominated black carbon flux and budget: A case study of the estuarine-inner shelf of East China Sea, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:2489-2496. [PMID: 30336438 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mobilization of terrestrial-derived and recalcitrant black carbon (BC), including char and soot, from land to ocean exerts a significant influence on the global carbon cycle. This study elaborated the occurrence and spatial distributions of BC, char, and soot concentrations, as well as their burial fluxes, in the estuarine-inner shelf surface sediments of the East China Sea (ECS), an epicontinental sea adjacent to Chinese high-intensity BC emission source regions. Using a combination of BC measurements in the Yangtze River water and coastal ECS aerosol samples, a preliminary BC budget was concurrently constrained. The spatial distribution of char concentrations resembled largely that of BC, but differed significantly from that of soot, indicating that char and soot exhibited different geochemical behaviors. In contrast to concentrations, BC, char, and soot burial fluxes exhibited highly consistent spatial patterns, and all declined as the distance from the coastline increased. For the coastal ECS, riverine discharge dominated (~92%) the total BC input, with the Yangtze River alone accounting for as high as ~72%. The area-integrated sedimentary BC sink flux (630 ± 728 Gg/yr) in the coastal ECS was equivalent to the total BC influx (670 ± 153 Gg/yr), which coincided well with the regional sediment budget. This suggested that the terrestrial-derived and recalcitrant BC could be regarded as an alternative geochemical proxy for tracing the sediment source-to-sink processes in this region. Comparisons between BC and co-generated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) budgets in the coastal ECS revealed similarities in their input pathways, but dramatic differences in their ultimate fates. Despite these, the ECS estuarine-inner shelf could serve as a major sink of these terrestrial-based materials in the global ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Fang
- Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Shanghai, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Shanghai, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Limin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-EAST, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Guiyang Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China.
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27
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Yang J, Yang Y, Liu M, Meng XZ, Huang YP, Zhang X, Ma FQ. Comparing and modeling sedimentary profiles of elemental carbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons between early- and newly-urbanized areas in Shanghai. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:971-979. [PMID: 30469292 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization created unique urban environment with a characteristic of dramatic modification of land cover, consequently causing profound perturbations in the transport and fate of pollutants in urban ecosystem. Taking a hyper-urbanization city (Shanghai) as an example to reveal the influence of urbanization development on pollutant footprint, this study reconstructed and compared historical evolutions of elemental carbon (EC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) based on two lake sediment cores (DSL: Dianshan Lake; LXL: Luxun Lake) from early- and newly-urbanized areas, respectively. Historical fluxes of EC and total PAH (Σ16PAHs) showed similar and sharply fluctuant increases occurring after the 1950s in the DSL core later than the LXL core after the 1900s. In modern times (after 2000), the mean fluxes of EC and Σ16PAHs in the LXL core were 2.68- and 1.38-fold greater than those in the DSL core, respectively, indicating the stronger influence from more intensive human activities and longer industrial history in early urbanized area. Based on the significant correlations among socioeconomic factors with EC and Σ16PAH fluxes, the extended STIRPAT (stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence and technology) models were successfully constructed, revealing that significance of these driving factors were in the order of population > the proportion of heavy industry > coal consumption > gross domestic product (GDP) per capita > vehicle amount. In general, the obvious discrepancy in historical stage and intensity of sedimentary EC and PAH accumulations implied that some newly fast-developing cities still have a chance to adjust urban development strategy to avoid more serious pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiang-Zhou Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yan-Ping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Fen-Qiong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
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28
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Yang R, Zhou R, Xie T, Jing C. Historical record of anthropogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a lake sediment from the southern Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:1899-1906. [PMID: 28417281 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9956-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High-altitude lake sediments can be used as natural archives to reconstruct the history of pollutants. In this work, the temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was determined in a sediment core collected from the southern Tibetan Plateau (TP), which was dated by using the 210Pb dating method and validated with the 137Cs fallout peak. The concentrations of the anthropogenic PAHs (Σ8PAH) in the sediment core ranged from 0.83 to 12 ng/g dw, and the fluxes of the Σ8PAH were in the range of 2.1-27 g/cm2/year. The temporal variations in the concentration and input flux of anthropogenic PAHs were low with little variability before the 1950s, and then gradually increased from the 1950s to the 1980s, and an accelerated increase was observed after the early 1980s. The content of total organic carbon played an insignificant role in affecting the time trends of PAHs in the sediment core. Diagnostic concentration fractions of PAH components indicate PAHs in the lake sediment of the southern TP which are mainly from biomass burning and/or from long-range atmospheric transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ruichen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Chuanyong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China.
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29
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Xue Y, Wang X, Gong P, Yao T. Distribution and vertical migration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in forest soil pits of southeastern Tibet. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:1941-1953. [PMID: 28477164 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9969-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PAHs could be transported to Tibetan Plateau in accompany with atmospheric circulation. The forest regions were found be an important sink for PAHs, while their distributions and migrations in forest are still uncertain. In this study, soil profile samples were collected in southeastern Tibet and the concentrations, distributions, and migration of PAHs in forest region were investigated. The PAHs levels in the forest soils were at the low end of remote sites, ranged from 27.4 to 120.3 ng g-1 on a dry weight based. Due to low ambient temperature and high organic carbon content, enrichment of PAHs was found in higher altitude on north side. According to the soil profiles, the vertical distributions of PAHs in organic layers were mainly influenced by pedogenesis, while the vertical distributions in mineral layers were dominated by downward leaching effect. Enrich factor (EF) of PAHs was estimated, and the values in organic layers were positively correlated with the octanol-air partition coefficients (K OA), but EFs in mineral layers decreased with the K OA values. PAHs in the surface soils on the north side of forest were relatively stable, while the migration of PAHs on the south sides and other clearing sites was more active. The leaching rates of PAHs in clearing site ranged between 1.42 and 29.3%. The results from this study are valuable on the characterization of PAHs in Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tandong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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30
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Fang Y, Chen Y, Lin T, Hu L, Tian C, Luo Y, Yang X, Li J, Zhang G. Spatiotemporal Trends of Elemental Carbon and Char/Soot Ratios in Five Sediment Cores from Eastern China Marginal Seas: Indicators of Anthropogenic Activities and Transport Patterns. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9704-9712. [PMID: 30078318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Elemental carbon (EC), the highly recalcitrant carbonaceous material released exclusively from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning, is a preferred geochemical agent for evaluating anthropogenic activities. We investigated the spatiotemporal trends of EC and char/soot ratios (char and soot, the two subtypes of EC, differ in formation mechanisms and physicochemical characteristics) in five sediment cores from eastern China marginal seas, spatially spanning from inshore coastal mud areas to offshore remote mud areas. The temporal profiles of EC depositional fluxes closely tracked socioeconomic development in China over the past ∼150 years, with the most pronounced increasing trend beginning in the early 1980s, commensurate with the implementation of national policy of Reform and Open in 1978. The temporal EC profiles in China differed significantly from those in European/American countries, reflecting their different socioeconomic development stages. The spatiotemporal trends of char/soot ratios were also highly informative. Temporally, they decreased from bottom to subsurface layers, indicating the switch of China from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy during the 20th century. Spatially, they decreased from inshore to offshore areas, suggesting the differential transport patterns of EC among these sampling regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Fang
- Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Shanghai, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation , Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Shanghai, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Tian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry , Guiyang Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guiyang 550081 , China
| | - Limin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography , State Oceanic Administration , Qingdao 266061 , China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266061 , China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation , Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003 , China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation , Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003 , China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
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31
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Interacting Controls of Pyrolysis Temperature and Plant Taxa on the Degradability of PyOM in Fire-Prone Northern Temperate Forest Soil. SOIL SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems2030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tree taxa and pyrolysis temperature are the major controllers of the physicochemical properties of the resultant pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) produced in fire-prone forests. However, we know little about how these controls determine the residence time of PyOM once introduced to soil. In this study, we tracked the fate of 13C-enriched red maple (RM) or jack pine (JP) wood and PyOM, produced over a range of temperatures (200, 300, 450, or 600 °C) added to soil from a northern temperate forest in Michigan, USA. Pyrolysis temperature was the main controller of PyOM-C mineralization rates, with mean residence times (MRT) ranging from ~4 to 450 years for both taxa. The PyOM-C mineralization rates for both taxa and the pyrolysis temperature correlated positively with PyOMw (leachable C content); however, the potential PyOMw contribution to net PyOM-C mineralization was lower for JP (14–65%) than RM (24–84%). The correlation between PyOMw and mineralization rate was strongest where carbonization and the thermochemical conversion of carbohydrates and non-lignin phenols was most pronounced during pyrolysis for each taxa (300 °C for JP and 450 °C for RM). Contrary to expectations, the addition of a labile C source, sucrose, to the soil did not enhance the decomposition of PyOM, indicating that soil microbes were not energy limited in the soil-PyOM system studied (regardless of pyrolysis temperature). Our results showed that while the first-order control on PyOM decomposition in this soil is pyrolysis temperature, wood taxa did affect PyOM-C MRT, likely in part due to differences in the amount of reactive water-soluble C present in PyOM.
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Atmospheric sulfur isotopic anomalies recorded at Mt. Everest across the Anthropocene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:6964-6969. [PMID: 29915076 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1801935115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased anthropogenic-induced aerosol concentrations over the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau have affected regional climate, accelerated snow/glacier melting, and influenced water supply and quality in Asia. Although sulfate is a predominant chemical component in aerosols and the hydrosphere, the contributions from different sources remain contentious. Here, we report multiple sulfur isotope composition of sedimentary sulfates from a remote freshwater alpine lake near Mount Everest to reconstruct a two-century record of the atmospheric sulfur cycle. The sulfur isotopic anomaly is utilized as a probe for sulfur source apportionment and chemical transformation history. The nineteenth-century record displays a distinct sulfur isotopic signature compared with the twentieth-century record when sulfate concentrations increased. Along with other elemental measurements, the isotopic proxy suggests that the increased trend of sulfate is mainly attributed to enhancements of dust-associated sulfate aerosols and climate-induced weathering/erosion, which overprinted sulfur isotopic anomalies originating from other sources (e.g., sulfates produced in the stratosphere by photolytic oxidation processes and/or emitted from combustion) as observed in most modern tropospheric aerosols. The changes in sulfur cycling reported in this study have implications for better quantification of radiative forcing and snow/glacier melting at this climatically sensitive region and potentially other temperate glacial hydrological systems. Additionally, the unique Δ33S-δ34S pattern in the nineteenth century, a period with extensive global biomass burning, is similar to the Paleoarchean (3.6-3.2 Ga) barite record, potentially providing a deeper insight into sulfur photochemical/thermal reactions and possible volcanic influences on the Earth's earliest sulfur cycle.
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33
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Zhu CS, Cao JJ, Huang RJ, Shen ZX, Wang QY, Zhang NN. Light absorption properties of brown carbon over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:246-251. [PMID: 29289772 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a study of the light-absorbing properties of water-soluble brown carbon (WS-BrC) and methanol-soluble brown carbon (MeS-BrC) at a remote site (Lulang, 3326m above sea level) in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau during the period 2015-2016. The light absorption coefficients at 365nm (babs365) of WS-BrC and MeS-BrC were the highest during winter and the lowest during monsoon season. MeS-BrC absorbs about 1.5 times higher at 365nm compared to WS-BrC. The absorption at 550nm appears lower compared to that of 365nm for WS-BrC and MeS-BrC, respectively. Higher average value of the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE, 365-550nm) was obtained for MeS-BrC (8.2) than that for WS-BrC (6.9). The values of the mass absorption cross section at 365nm (MAC365) indicated that BrC in winter absorbs UV-visible light more efficiently than in monsoon. The results confirm the importance of BrC in contributing to light-absorbing aerosols in this region. The understanding of the light absorption properties of BrC is of great importance, especially in modeling studies for the climate effects and transport of BrC in the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Shu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jun-Ji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qi-Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ning-Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
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34
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Ali U, Sweetman AJ, Riaz R, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC, Malik RN. Sedimentary black carbon and organochlorines in Lesser Himalayan Region of Pakistan: Relationship along the altitude. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:1568-1580. [PMID: 29126639 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) and total organic carbon (TOC) along with their relationship with organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were assessed in Lesser Himalayan Region (LHR) in different altitudinal zones based on anthropogenic influence/source proximity under the scope of this study. Results revealed the concentrations of BC, TOC, OCPs and PCBs varied between 0.3 and 43.5mgg-1, 1.7-65.4mgg-1, 0.59-3.64ngg-1 and 0.01-1.31ngg-1, respectively. Spatial distribution trends have shown higher levels of OCPs and PCBs contamination near populated and urban areas along the altitude. It is implicated that upslope, short and long-range transport and local emission sources contribute to the contamination of different altitudinal zones of LHR. The relationship of BC and TOC with OCPs and PCBs was evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlation analysis that indicated higher sorptive influence of BC over TOC in distribution status of organochlorines in LHR. Further research is required to find relationship of BC and TOC in surface riverine sediments, particularly in aquatic systems along the altitude in mountain regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Andrew James Sweetman
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Rahat Riaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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35
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Zhu CS, Cao JJ, Hu TF, Shen ZX, Tie XX, Huang H, Wang QY, Huang RJ, Zhao ZZ, Močnik G, Hansen ADA. Spectral dependence of aerosol light absorption at an urban and a remote site over the Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 590-591:14-21. [PMID: 28284114 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We present a study of aerosol light absorption by using a 7-wavelength Aethalometer model AE33 at an urban site (Lhasa) and a remote site (Lulang) in the Tibetan Plateau. Approximately 5 times greater aerosol absorption values were observed at Lhasa (53±46Mm-1 at 370nm and 20±18Mm-1 at 950nm, respectively) in comparison to Lulang (15±19Mm-1 at 370nm and 4±5Mm-1 at 950nm, respectively). Black carbon (BC) was the dominant light absorbing aerosol component at all wavelengths. The brown carbon (BrC) absorption at 370nm is 32±15% of the total aerosol absorption at Lulang, whereas it is 8±6% at Lhasa. Higher value of absorption Ångström exponent (AAE, 370-950nm) was obtained for Lulang (1.18) than that for Lhasa (1.04) due to the presence of BrC. The AAEs (370-950nm) of BrC were directly extracted at Lulang (3.8) and Lhasa (3.3). The loading compensation parameters (k) increased with wavelengths for both sites, and lower values were obtained at Lulang than those observed at Lhasa for all wavelengths. This study underlines the relatively high percentage of BrC absorption contribution in remote area compared to urban site over the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Shu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jun-Ji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Ta-Feng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xue-Xi Tie
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hong Huang
- School of Resource, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, NanChang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qi-Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhu-Zi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Griša Močnik
- Research and Development Department, Aerosol d.o.o., 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Condensed Matter Physics Department, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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36
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Xu W, Wang F, Li J, Tian L, Jiang X, Yang J, Chen B. Historical variation in black carbon deposition and sources to Northern China sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 172:242-248. [PMID: 28081508 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is an important air pollutant in a large area of China. We have reconstructed a 100-year-long history of BC deposition based on analyses of sediment samples in the coastal area of the Northern China Plain (NCP). During 1900-2010, the sedimentary BC concentrations at three cores increased from 0.2 to 1.3, from 0.2 to 2.3, and from 0.2 to 1.9 mg g-1, and the ranges for the BC deposition fluxes were 0.1-4.7, 0.1-8.2, 0.2-7.4 g m-2 a-1, suggesting the increase of ten times from the pre-industrial era. The BC deposition fluxes showed abrupt variation with two peaks in the 1970s and 2010s. Residential energy consumption and biomass burning (i.e., low-temperature combustion sources; thus, large-scale wildfires with high temperature may not be included) were responsible for the BC increase in the 1970s. Fossil fuel combustion generated by the industrial sectors, including industry, power plants, and transportation, was negligible before 1990 but significantly increased during 1990-2010. The historical increase in the BC deposition was accurately predicted by climate models, specifically the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). However, the BC fluxes in the NCP sediments were an order of magnitude greater than those of the simulated depositions, suggesting an underestimation of the BC deposition in the severely polluted area in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxue Xu
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Fu Wang
- Tianjin Center, China Geological Survey (CGS), Tianjin 300170, China; Key Laboratory of Muddy Coast Geo-environment, China Geological Survey (CGS), Tianjin 300170, China.
| | - Jiwei Li
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lizhu Tian
- Tianjin Center, China Geological Survey (CGS), Tianjin 300170, China; Key Laboratory of Muddy Coast Geo-environment, China Geological Survey (CGS), Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Tianjin Center, China Geological Survey (CGS), Tianjin 300170, China; Key Laboratory of Muddy Coast Geo-environment, China Geological Survey (CGS), Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Jilong Yang
- Tianjin Center, China Geological Survey (CGS), Tianjin 300170, China; Key Laboratory of Muddy Coast Geo-environment, China Geological Survey (CGS), Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Jiangsu Province, China.
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37
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Guo J, Kang S, Huang J, Zhang Q, Rupakheti M, Sun S, Tripathee L, Rupakheti D, Panday AK, Sillanpää M, Paudyal R. Characterizations of atmospheric particulate-bound mercury in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal, South Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1240-1248. [PMID: 27913014 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Kathmandu Valley, located in the Himalayan foothills in Nepal, is heavily polluted. In order to investigate ambient particulate-bound mercury (Hg) in the Kathmandu Valley, a total 64 total suspended particulates (TSP) samples were collected from a sub-urban site in the Kathmandu Valley, the capital region of Nepal during a sampling period of an entire year (April 2013-April 2014). They were analyzed for ambient particulate-bound Hg (PBM) using thermal desorption combined with cold vapor atomic spectroscopy. In our knowledge, it is the first study of ambient PMB in the Kathmandu Valley and the surrounding broader Himalayan foothill region. The average concentration of PBM over the entire sampling period of a year was found to be 850.5 (±962.8) pg m-3 in the Kathmandu Valley. This is comparable to those values reported in the polluted cities of China and significantly higher than those observed in most of urban areas in Asia and other regions of world. The daily average Hg contents in TSP (PBM/TSP) ranges from 269.7 to 7613.0ngg-1 with an average of 2586.0 (±2072.1) ng g-1, indicating the high enrichment of Hg in TSP. The average concentrations of PBM were higher in the winter and pre-monsoon season than in the monsoon and post-monsoon season. The temporal variations in the strength of anthropogenic emission sources combined with other influencing factors, such as ambient temperature and the removal of atmospheric aerosols by wet scavenging are attributable to the seasonal variations of PBM. The considerably high dry deposition flux of PBM estimated by using a theoretical model was 135μgm-2yr-1 at the Kathmandu Valley. This calls for an immediate attention to addressing ambient particulate Hg in the Kathmandu Valley, including considering it as a key component of future air quality monitoring activities and mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changs and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130 Mikkeli, Finland; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changs and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qianggong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changs and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | | | - Shiwei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changs and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Dipesh Rupakheti
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changs and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Arnico K Panday
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Rukumesh Paudyal
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
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38
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Shromova OA, Kinnunen N, Pakkanen TA, Suvanto M. Promotion effect of water in catalytic fireplace soot oxidation over silver and platinum. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09291a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of the catalysts in the fireplace soot oxidation depends on water content in the gas feed. Water is partially dissociated with formation of hydroxyls over silver and platinum, which promote soot oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. A. Shromova
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Eastern Finland
- Joensuu
- Finland
| | - N. M. Kinnunen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Eastern Finland
- Joensuu
- Finland
| | - T. A. Pakkanen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Eastern Finland
- Joensuu
- Finland
| | - M. Suvanto
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Eastern Finland
- Joensuu
- Finland
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39
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Wang X, Gong P, Wang C, Ren J, Yao T. A review of current knowledge and future prospects regarding persistent organic pollutants over the Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:139-154. [PMID: 27565527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the turn of the century, our understanding of the quantities, transport pathways, and fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), the largest and highest plateau on Earth, has greatly enhanced. We begin in this article by reviewing the available literature on the levels of POPs over the TP. In general, the levels of most POPs are similar or lower than values reported for other background regions. However, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) levels in air and soil far exceed those measured in other mountainous areas. The East Asian monsoon, Indian Monsoon and westerly winds are responsible for the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) and arrival of POPs over the TP. Surface soil and vegetation act as "final sinks" for DDTs and other high molecular weight POPs. Linked to the continuous use of POPs in surrounding counties, LRAT and "cold trapping" by the TP can happen following emission-transport-deposition events, leading to the enrichment of POPs in the TP environment. Bioaccumulation of DDTs and high chlorinated PCBs have been found in Tibetan terrestrial and aquatic food chains, and newly emerging compounds such as polyfluoroalkyl substances and hexabromocyclododecanes have been widely detected in wild fish species. The corresponding ecological risks should be of great concern. Climate change, such as increased temperatures and changing coverage of snow and glaciers, has the potential to affect the behavior and distribution of POPs. Therefore, long-term monitoring data are required. Ineffective regulation regarding POPs has been reported for countries in South Asia, emissions patterns, the outflow of POPs, and their seasonal and inter-annual variability should therefore be clarified. Estimating the loading of POPs, as well as how they move, within the TP, especially under the impact of glacial melt and global warming, should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tandong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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40
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Yang R, Xie T, Li A, Yang H, Turner S, Wu G, Jing C. Sedimentary records of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in remote lakes across the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:1-7. [PMID: 27061469 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sediment cores from five lakes across the Tibetan Plateau were used as natural archives to study the time trends of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The depositional flux of PAHs generally showed an increasing trend from the deeper layers towards the upper layer sediments. The fluxes of PAHs were low with little variability before the 1950s, and then gradually increased to the late 1980s, with a faster increasing rate after the 1990s. This temporal pattern is clearly different compared with those remote lakes across the European mountains when PAHs started to decrease during the period 1960s-1980s. The difference of the temporal trend was attributed to differences in the economic development stages and energy structure between these regions. PAHs are dominated by the lighter 2&3-ring homologues with the averaged percentage over 87%, while it is notable that the percentage of heavier 4-6 ring PAHs generally increased in recent years, which suggests the contribution of local high-temperature combustion sources becoming more predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ting Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Handong Yang
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Pearson Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Simon Turner
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Pearson Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Guangjian Wu
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chuanyong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
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41
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Kang S, Huang J, Wang F, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Li C, Wang L, Chen P, Sharma CM, Li Q, Sillanpää M, Hou J, Xu B, Guo J. Atmospheric Mercury Depositional Chronology Reconstructed from Lake Sediments and Ice Core in the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2859-2869. [PMID: 26878654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Alpine lake sediments and glacier ice cores retrieved from high mountain regions can provide long-term records of atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic contaminants such as mercury (Hg). In this study, eight lake sediment cores and one glacier ice core were collected from high elevations across the Himalaya-Tibet region to investigate the chronology of atmospheric Hg deposition. Consistent with modeling results, the sediment core records showed higher Hg accumulation rates in the southern slopes of the Himalayas than those in the northern slopes in the recent decades (post-World War II). Despite much lower Hg accumulation rates obtained from the glacier ice core, the temporal trend in the Hg accumulation rates matched very well with that observed from the sediment cores. The combination of the lake sediments and glacier ice core allowed us to reconstruct the longest, high-resolution atmospheric Hg deposition chronology in High Asia. The chronology showed that the Hg deposition rate was low between the 1500s and early 1800, rising at the onset of the Industrial Revolution, followed by a dramatic increase after World War II. The increasing trend continues to the present-day in most of the records, reflecting the continuous increase in anthropogenic Hg emissions from South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology , Sammonkatu 12, Mikkeli FI-50130, Finland
| | - Feiyue Wang
- Center for Earth Observation Science, and Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Qianggong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology , Sammonkatu 12, Mikkeli FI-50130, Finland
| | - Chaoliu Li
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology , Sammonkatu 12, Mikkeli FI-50130, Finland
| | - Long Wang
- School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chhatra Mani Sharma
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, School of Science, Kathmandu University , Kathmandu 6250, Nepal
| | - Qing Li
- School of Geography Science, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology , Sammonkatu 12, Mikkeli FI-50130, Finland
| | - Juzhi Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baiqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology , Sammonkatu 12, Mikkeli FI-50130, Finland
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
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42
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Cong J, Gao C, Zhang Y, Zhang S, He J, Wang G. Dating the period when intensive anthropogenic activity began to influence the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22153. [PMID: 26907560 PMCID: PMC4764887 DOI: 10.1038/srep22153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dating the start of intensive anthropogenic influence on ecosystems is important for identifying the conditions necessary for ecosystem recovery. However, few studies have focused on determining when anthropogenic influences on wetland began through sedimentary archives. To fill this critical gap in our knowledge, combustion sources and emission intensities, reconstructed via black carbon (BC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in two wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain in Northeast China. 14C provided age control for the sedimentary records. By combining previous sedimentary and archaeological studies, we attempt to date the beginning of intensive anthropogenic influences on the Sanjiang Plain. Our results showed that BC deposition fluxes increased from 0.02 to 0.7 g C/m2.yr during the last 10,000 years. An upward trend was apparent during the last 500 years. Before 1200 cal yr BP, human activities were minor, such that the wetland ecosystem in the Sanjiang Plain before this period may represent the reference conditions that for the recovery of these wetlands. As the human population increased after 1200 cal yr BP, combustion sources changed and residential areas became a major source of BC and PAHs. In this way, the wetland ecosystem gradually became more heavily influenced by human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Cong
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130102, Changchun, China
| | - Chuanyu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130102, Changchun, China.,ILÖK, Hydrology Group, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130102, Changchun, China
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130102, Changchun, China
| | - Jiabao He
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130102, Changchun, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130102, Changchun, China
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43
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Han YM, Wei C, Huang RJ, Bandowe BAM, Ho SSH, Cao JJ, Jin ZD, Xu BQ, Gao SP, Tie XX, An ZS, Wilcke W. Reconstruction of atmospheric soot history in inland regions from lake sediments over the past 150 years. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19151. [PMID: 26750586 PMCID: PMC4707497 DOI: 10.1038/srep19151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical reconstruction of atmospheric black carbon (BC, in the form of char and soot) is still constrained for inland areas. Here we determined and compared the past 150-yr records of BC and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in sediments from two representative lakes, Huguangyan (HGY) and Chaohu (CH), in eastern China. HGY only receives atmospheric deposition while CH is influenced by riverine input. BC, char, and soot have similar vertical concentration profiles as PACs in both lakes. Abrupt increases in concentrations and mass accumulation rates (MARs) of soot have mainly occurred since ~1950, the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, when energy usage changed to more fossil fuel contributions reflected by the variations in the concentration ratios of char/soot and individual PACs. In HGY, soot MARs increased by ~7.7 times in the period 1980–2012 relative to the period 1850–1950. Similar increases (~6.7 times) were observed in CH. The increase in soot MARs is also in line with the emission inventory records in the literature and the fact that the submicrometer-sized soot particles can be dispersed regionally. The study provides an alternative method to reconstruct the atmospheric soot history in populated inland areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Han
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - C Wei
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,SCDRC, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - R-J Huang
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - B A M Bandowe
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - S S H Ho
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - J J Cao
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Z D Jin
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - B Q Xu
- KLTECLSP, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - S P Gao
- KLTECLSP, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - X X Tie
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Z S An
- KLACP and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.,Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
| | - W Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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44
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Ruppel MM, Gustafsson Ö, Rose NL, Pesonen A, Yang H, Weckström J, Palonen V, Oinonen MJ, Korhola A. Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Black Carbon Deposition to Dated Fennoscandian Arctic Lake Sediments from 1830 to 2010. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13954-13963. [PMID: 26575216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is fine particulate matter produced by the incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuels. It has a strong climate warming effect that is amplified in the Arctic. Long-term trends of BC play an important role in assessing the climatic effects of BC and in model validation. However, few historical BC records exist from high latitudes. We present five lake-sediment soot-BC (SBC) records from the Fennoscandian Arctic and compare them with records of spheroidal carbonaceous fly-ash particles (SCPs), another BC component, for ca. the last 120 years. The records show spatial and temporal variation in SBC fluxes. Two northernmost lakes indicate declining values from 1960 to the present, which is consistent with modeled BC deposition and atmospheric measurements in the area. However, two lakes located closer to the Kola Peninsula (Russia) have recorded increasing SBC fluxes from 1970 to the present, which is likely caused by regional industrial emissions. The increasing trend is in agreement with a Svalbard ice-core-BC record. The results suggest that BC deposition in parts of the European Arctic may have increased over the last few decades, and further studies are needed to clarify the spatial extent of the increasing BC values and to ascertain the climatic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meri M Ruppel
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki , 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Neil L Rose
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London , London, WC1E 6BT United Kingdom
| | | | - Handong Yang
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London , London, WC1E 6BT United Kingdom
| | - Jan Weckström
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki , 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Atte Korhola
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki , 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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45
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He J, Gao C, Lin Q, Zhang S, Zhao W, Lu X, Wang G. Temporal and Spatial Changes in Black Carbon Sedimentary Processes in Wetlands of Songnen Plain, Northeast of China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140834. [PMID: 26469981 PMCID: PMC4607433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Black carbon (BC), an important component of organic carbon (OC) produced from incomplete combustion of carbon compounds, is widespread and affects the global carbon storage. The objectives of this study were to analyze the BC contents and fluxes in the last 150 years to determine the causes of differences in the three profiles of the Songnen Plain of Northeast China and to estimate the BC storage in the wetlands of the Songnen Plain. In the three sampling sites, BC fluxes in the period between 1950 and the present time increased by the ratios of 1.3, 31.1 and 1.4, respectively, compared to their own baseline between 1850 and 1900. Furthermore, the BC fluxes varying from 0.76 to 5.63 g m-2 y-1 in the three profiles had an opposite trend with the sand percentages with mean values changing from 78.9% to 19.6%, suggesting that sand desertification might additionally affect the BC processes in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao He
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qianxin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, School of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Winston Zhao
- Smeal College, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xianguo Lu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is one of the major drivers of climate change and a useful indicator of environmental pollution from industrialization, and thus it is essential to reconstruct the historical trend in BC flux to better understand its impact. The Yancheng coastal wetland reserve in Jiangsu province is an area sensitive to global sea level change and is also located in the most developed as well as most polluted region of China. We investigated the concentration and historical flux of BC over the past 150 years through geochemical analysis of two 210Pb-dated sediment cores from Yancheng coastal wetland. Measured BC contents ranged from 0.24 mg g-1 to 1.41 mg g-1 with average values of 0.51mg g-1-0.69 mg g-1, and BC fluxes ranged from 0.69 g m-2 yr-1 to 11.80 g m-2 yr-1 with averages of 2.94g m-2 yr-1-3.79 g m-2 yr-1. These values are consistent with other records worldwide. Both BC content and flux show a gradual and continuous increase over time and clearly reflect increased emissions from anthropogenic activities. The BC records have a significant peak in recent years (from 2000 to 2007), which is accompanied by the sharp increase of energy consumption and total carbon emission in the region. It is reasonable to conclude that changes in BC from increasing human activities have controlled BC fluxes during the last 150 years. Industrial contamination, especially BC emission, in the coastal region of eastern China should be taken into account when developing management strategies for protecting the natural environment.
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47
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Han YM, Wei C, Bandowe BAM, Wilcke W, Cao JJ, Xu BQ, Gao SP, Tie XX, Li GH, Jin ZD, An ZS. Elemental carbon and polycyclic aromatic compounds in a 150-year sediment core from Lake Qinghai, Tibetan Plateau, China: influence of regional and local sources and transport pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:4176-4183. [PMID: 25732352 DOI: 10.1021/es504568m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Elemental carbon (EC) and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are potential proxies for the reconstruction of change in human activities and the origin of air masses in historic times. In this study, the historic deposition of char and soot (the two subtypes of EC) and PACs in a 150-year sediment core from different topographic subbasins of Lake Qinghai on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau (QTP) were reconstructed. The objective was to explore how the variations in the concentrations of EC and PACs, in the ratios of char to soot and of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) to parent PAHs, and in the composition of the PAC mixtures reflect historical changes in climate and human activity and the origin of air masses arriving at the QTP. The deposition fluxes of soot in the different subbasins were similar, averaging 0.18 (range of 0.15-0.25) and 0.16 (0.13-0.23) g m(-2) year(-1), respectively, but they varied for char (averaging 0.11 and 0.22 g m(-2) year(-1), respectively), suggesting ubiquitous atmospheric deposition of soot and local river inputs of char. The different vertical distributions of the char/soot ratios in the different subbasins can be interpreted in terms of the different transport mechanisms of char and soot. An abrupt increase in soot concentrations since 1980 coincides with results from the QTP ice cores that were interpreted to be indicative of soot transport from South Asia. Similar concentration patterns of PAHs with soot and 9,10-anthraquinone/anthracene (9,10-AQ/ANT) ratios all >2.0 suggest regional PAC sources. Increasing PAH/soot ratios and decreasing 9,10-AQ/ANT ratios since the beginning of the 1970s indicate increasing local emissions. The historical trends of these diagnostic ratios indicate an increase in the fossil-fuel contribution since the beginning of the 1970s. The increase of perylene concentrations with increasing core depth and the ratio of perylene to its penta-aromatic isomers indicate that perylene originates mainly from in situ biogenic diagenesis. We demonstrate that the concentrations of EC, char, soot, and PACs in sediments can be used to reconstruct local, regional, and remote sources and transport pathways of pollutants to the QTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Han
- ¶Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
- §Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, United States
| | | | - B A M Bandowe
- ∥Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - W Wilcke
- ∥Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
- ⊥Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - B Q Xu
- #Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - S P Gao
- #Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Z S An
- ¶Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China
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48
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Duo B, Zhang Y, Kong L, Fu H, Hu Y, Chen J, Li L, Qiong A. Individual particle analysis of aerosols collected at Lhasa City in the Tibetan Plateau. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 29:165-177. [PMID: 25766026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To understand the composition and major sources of aerosol particles in Lhasa City on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), individual particles were collected from 2 February to 8 March, 2013 in Tibet University. The mean concentrations of both PM2.5 and PM10 during the sampling were 25.7±21.7 and 57.2±46.7 μg/m3, respectively, much lower than those of other cities in East and South Asia, but higher than those in the remote region in TP like Nam Co, indicating minor urban pollution. Combining the observations with the meteorological parameters and back trajectory analysis, it was concluded that local sources controlled the pollution during the sampling. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS) was used to study 408 particles sampled on four days. Based on the EDS analysis, a total of 8 different particle categories were classified for all 408 particles, including Si-rich, Ca-rich, soot, K-rich, Fe-rich, Pb-rich, Al-rich and other particles. The dominant elements were Si, Al and Ca, which were mainly attributed to mineral dust in the earth's crust such as feldspar and clay. Fe-, Pb-, K-, Al-rich particles and soot mainly originated from anthropogenic sources like firework combustion and biomass burning during the sampling. During the sampling, the pollution mainly came from mineral dust, while the celebration ceremony and religious ritual produced a large quantity of anthropogenic metal-bearing particles on 9 and 25 February 2013. Cement particles also had a minor influence. The data obtained in this study can be useful for developing pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu Duo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Yunchen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lingdong Kong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Yunjie Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Environmental Monitoring Center Station of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - A Qiong
- Environmental Monitoring Center Station of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China
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Gao C, Lin Q, Zhang S, He J, Lu X, Wang G. Historical trends of atmospheric black carbon on Sanjiang Plain as reconstructed from a 150-year peat record. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5723. [PMID: 25029963 PMCID: PMC4101525 DOI: 10.1038/srep05723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Black carbon (BC), one of the major components of atmosphere aerosol, could be the second dominant driver of climate change. We reconstructed historical trend of BC fluxes in Sanjiang Plain (Northeast China) through peat record to better understand its long-term trend and relationship of this atmosphere aerosol with intensity of human activities. The BC fluxes in peatland were higher than other sedimentary archives. Although global biomass burning decreased in last 150 years, regional large scale reclaiming caused BC fluxes of the Sanjiang Plain increased dramatically between 1950s' and 1980s', most likely resulting from using fire to clearing dense pastures and forests for reclaiming. The BC fluxes have increased since 1900s with increasing of the population and the area of farmland; the increase trend has been more clearly since 1980s. Based on Generalized additive models (GAM), the proportional influence of regional anthropogenic impacts have increased and became dominant factors on BC deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qianxin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, School of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Jiabao He
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xianguo Lu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
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Wang X, Halsall C, Codling G, Xie Z, Xu B, Zhao Z, Xue Y, Ebinghaus R, Jones KC. Accumulation of perfluoroalkyl compounds in tibetan mountain snow: temporal patterns from 1980 to 2010. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:173-81. [PMID: 24320138 DOI: 10.1021/es4044775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of snow and ice cores as recorders of environmental contamination is particularly relevant for per- and polyfluoroalky substances (PFASs) given their production history, differing source regions and varied mechanisms driving their global distribution. In a unique study perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) were analyzed in dated snow-cores obtained from high mountain glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). One snow core was obtained from the Mt Muztagata glacier (accumulation period of 1980-1999), located in western Tibet and a second core from Mt. Zuoqiupo (accumulation period: 1996-2007) located in southeastern Tibet, with fresh surface snow collected near Lake Namco in 2010 (southern Tibet). The higher concentrations of ∑PFAAs were observed in the older Mt Muztagata core and dominated by perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (61.4-346 pg/L) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (40.8-243 pg/L), whereas in the Mt Zuoqiupu core the concentrations were lower (e.g., PFOA: 37.8-183 pg/L) with PFOS below detection limits. These differences in PFAA concentrations and composition profile likely reflect the upwind sources affecting the respective sites (e.g., European/central Asian sources for Mt Muztagata and India sources for Mt Zuoqiupu). Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) dominated the recent surface snowpack of Lake Namco which is mainly associated with India sources where the shorter chain volatile PFASs precursors predominate. The use of snow cores in different parts of Tibet provides useful recorders to examine the influence of different PFASs source regions and reflect changing PFAS production/use in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
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