1
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Alden SE, Zhang L, Wang Y, Lavrik NV, Thorgaard SN, Baker LA. High-Throughput Single-Entity Electrochemistry with Microelectrode Arrays. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38780285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
We describe micro- and nanoelectrode array analysis with an automated version of the array microcell method (AMCM). Characterization of hundreds of electrodes, with diameters ranging from 100 nm to 2 μm, was carried out by using AMCM voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The influence of solvent evaporation on mass transport in the AMCM pipette and the resultant electrochemical response were investigated, with experimental results supported by finite element method simulations. We also describe the application of AMCM to high-throughput single-entity electrochemistry in measurements of stochastic nanoparticle impacts. Collision experiments recorded 3270 single-particle events from 671 electrodes. Data collection parameters were optimized to enable these experiments to be completed in a few hours, and the collision transient sizes were analyzed with a U-Net deep learning model. Elucidation of collision transient sizes by histograms from these experiments was enhanced due to the large sample size possible with AMCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha E Alden
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Lingjie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yunong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Nickolay V Lavrik
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oakridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Scott N Thorgaard
- Department of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan 49401, United States
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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2
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Zhang L, Wahab OJ, Jallow AA, O’Dell ZJ, Pungsrisai T, Sridhar S, Vernon KL, Willets KA, Baker LA. Recent Developments in Single-Entity Electrochemistry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8036-8055. [PMID: 38727715 PMCID: PMC11112546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - O. J. Wahab
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - A. A. Jallow
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - Z. J. O’Dell
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - T. Pungsrisai
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - S. Sridhar
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - K. L. Vernon
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - K. A. Willets
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - L. A. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
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3
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Tian H, Lin J, Wang Q, Xin Q, Zhang D. Enhancing low-concentration cell detection in single entity electrochemical systems through forced convection. Talanta 2024; 276:126266. [PMID: 38759360 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
This study advances the detection of bacteria at low concentrations in single-entity electrochemistry (SEE) systems by integrating forced convection. Our results show that forced convection significantly improves the mass transfer rate of electrolyte, with the mass transfer coefficient demonstrating a proportional relationship to the flow rate to the power of 1.37. Notably, while the collision frequency of E. coli initially increases with the flow rate, a subsequent decrease is observed at higher rates. This pattern is attributed to the mechanics of cell collision under forced convection. Specifically, while forced convection propels cells towards the ultra-microelectrode (UME), it does not aid in their penetration through the boundary layer, leading to cells being driven away from the UME at higher flow rates. This hypothesis is supported by the statistical analysis of collision data, including signal heights and rise times. By optimizing the flow rate to 2 mL/min, we achieved enhanced detection of E. coli in concentrations ranging from 0.9 × 107 to 5.0 × 107 cells/mL. This approach significantly increased collision frequency by elevating the mass transfer of cells, with the mass transfer coefficient rising from 0.1 × 10-5 m/s to 0.9 × 10-5 m/s. It provides a viable solution to the challenges of detecting bacteria at low concentrations in SEE systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huike Tian
- School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Jun Lin
- School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China.
| | - Qingwen Wang
- School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Qing Xin
- School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
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4
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Lutkenhaus JA, Ahmed JU, Hasan M, Prosser DC, Alvarez JC. Average collision velocity of single yeast cells during electrochemically induced impacts. Analyst 2024. [PMID: 38656271 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00134f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
We recorded current-time (i-t) profiles for oxidizing ferrocyanide (FCN) while spherical yeast cells of radius (rc ≈ 2 μm) collided with disk ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) of increasing radius (re ≈ 12-45 μm). Collision signals appear as minority steps and majority blips of decreased current overlayed on the i-t baseline when cells block ferrocyanide flux (JFCN). We assigned steps to adsorption events and blips to bouncing collisions or contactless passages. Yeast cells exhibit impact signals of long duration (Δt ≈ 15-40 s) likely due to sedimentation. We assume cells travel a threshold distance (T) to generate collision signals of duration Δt. Thus, T represents a distance from the UME surface, at which cell perturbations on JFCN blend in with the UME noise level. To determine T, we simulated the UME current, while placing the cell at increasing distal points from the UME surface until matching the bare UME current. T-Values at 90°, 45°, and 0° from the UME edge and normal to the center were determined to map out T-regions in different experimental conditions. We estimated average collision velocities using the formula T/Δt, and mimicked cells entering and leaving T-regions at the same angle. Despite such oversimplification, our analysis yields average velocities compatible with rigorous transport models and matches experimental current steps and blips. We propose that single-cells encode collision dynamics into i-t signals only when cells move inside the sensitive T-region, because outside, perturbations of JFCN fall within the noise level set by JFCN and rc/re (experimentally established). If true, this notion will enable selecting conditions to maximize sensitivity in stochastic blocking electrochemistry. We also exploited the long Δt recorded here for yeast cells, which was undetectable for the fast microbeads used in early pioneering work. Because Δt depends on transport, it provides another analytical parameter besides current for characterizing slow-moving cells like yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Lutkenhaus
- Chemistry Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23294, USA.
| | - Junaid U Ahmed
- Chemistry Department, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Mehedi Hasan
- Chemistry Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23294, USA.
| | - Derek C Prosser
- Biology Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23294, USA
| | - Julio C Alvarez
- Chemistry Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23294, USA.
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5
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Du M, Zhang L, Meng Y, Chen J, Liu F. Impact of Surface Chemistry on Emulsion-Electrode Interactions and Electron-Transfer Kinetics in the Single-Entity Electrochemistry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1038-1045. [PMID: 38181449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Single-entity electrochemistry (SEE) provides powerful means to track a single particle, single cell, and even single molecule from the nano to microscale. The electrode serves as not only the detector of collision but also the surface supplier in SEE, and the fundamental understanding of the electrode surface chemistry on the dynamic particle-electrode interactions and electrochemical responses of a single particle still remains unexplored, particularly for soft particles. Herein, dynamic interactions of microemulsions and the interaction-controlled electron-transfer (ET) kinetics are studied employing SEE and fluorescence spectroscopy. The o/w-type nitrobenzene emulsions were prepared with the surfactant-type room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). Biased the electrode potential for the reduction of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane within emulsions, it is surprising to see the distinct collision current signals on the carbon fiber ultramicroelectrode (C UME) and Au ultramicroelectrode (Au UME) in the late stage of chronoamperometric measurements. Theoretical understanding was made to determine the ET kinetics behind the disparate current signals. It is believed that the electrode surface chemistry, i.e., the surface energy, has a great influence on the dynamic emulsion-electrode interactions and ET kinetics. On the hydrophilic surface of Au UME, emulsions tend to decompose/detach from the electrode surface immediately after colliding. In contrast, on the lipophilic surface of C UME with lower surface energy, a layer of oil phase accumulated by the coalescence of emulsions and the migration of the precedent colliding emulsions, which would serve as a barrier to block ET via tunneling as manifested by the gradual slowdown of ET rate and the reduced collision frequency in the late stage of measurement. The impacts of the emulsion size and amphiphilicity of RTILs on the C UME-emulsion interactions and ET kinetics were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minshu Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Lizhu Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Yao Meng
- Shaanxi Huaqin New Energy Technology Co., Ltd, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
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6
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Abstract
Most relevant systems of interest to modern chemists rarely consist of a single phase. Real-world problems that require a rigorous understanding of chemical reactivity in multiple phases include the development of wearable and implantable biosensors, efficient fuel cells, single cell metabolic characterization techniques, and solar energy conversion devices. Within all of these systems, confinement effects at the nanoscale influence the chemical reaction coordinate. Thus, a fundamental understanding of the nanoconfinement effects of chemistry in multiphase environments is paramount. Electrochemistry is inherently a multiphase measurement tool reporting on a charged species traversing a phase boundary. Over the past 50 years, electrochemistry has witnessed astounding growth. Subpicoampere current measurements are routine, as is the study of single molecules and nanoparticles. This Perspective focuses on three nanoelectrochemical techniques to study multiphase chemistry under nanoconfinement: stochastic collision electrochemistry, single nanodroplet electrochemistry, and nanopore electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Kathryn J Vannoy
- Department of Chemistry, Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
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7
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Moazzenzade T, Huskens J, Lemay SG. Utilizing the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Particle Impact Electrochemistry: A Step toward Mediator-Free Digital Electrochemical Sensors. ACS Omega 2023; 8:31265-31270. [PMID: 37663480 PMCID: PMC10468766 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The current blockade particle impact method opens a route toward highly parallelized single-entity electrochemical assays. An important limitation is, however, that a redox mediator must be present in the sample, which can detrimentally interfere with molecular recognition processes. Dissolved O2 that is naturally present in aqueous solutions under ambient conditions can in principle serve as a suitable mediator via the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Here, we demonstrate the validity of this concept by performing current blockade experiments to capture and detect individual microparticles at Pt microelectrodes using solely the ORR. The readout modality is independent of the absolute O2 concentration, allowing operation under varying conditions. We further determine how the trajectories of individual microparticles are influenced by the combination of electrophoresis and electroosmotic flows and how these can be utilized to provide continuous detection of cationic particles in water for environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taghi Moazzenzade
- Faculty of Science and Technology and
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Faculty of Science and Technology and
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Serge G. Lemay
- Faculty of Science and Technology and
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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8
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Vannoy KJ, Renault C, Dick JE. The Microelectrode Insulator Influences Water Nanodroplet Collisions. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7286-7293. [PMID: 37092981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Studying chemical reactions in very small (attoliter to picoliter) volumes is important in understanding how chemistry proceeds at all relevant scales. Stochastic electrochemistry is a powerful tool to study the dynamics of single nanodroplets, one at a time. Perhaps the most conceptually simple experiment is that of the current blockade, where the collision of an insulating particle is observed electrochemically as a stepwise decrease in current. Here, we demonstrate that nanodroplet collisions on microelectrodes are not as simple as water droplets adsorbing to the electrode to block current and that the environment immediately around the microelectrode (glass insulator) plays a pivotal role in the electrochemical collision response. We use correlated opto-electrochemical measurements to understand a variety of electrochemical responses when water nanodroplets collide with a microelectrode during the heterogeneous oxidation of decamethylferrocene in oil. The amperometric current reports not only on current blockades but also on nanodroplet coalescence events and preferential wetting to the glass around the microelectrode. Treating the glass with dichlorodimethylsilane creates a hydrophobic environment around the working electrode, and the simple current blockade response expected from the absorption of insolating nanoparticles is observed. These results highlight the importance of the environment around the working electrode for nanodroplet collision studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Vannoy
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christophe Renault
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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9
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Lu SM, Chen JF, Wang HF, Hu P, Long YT. Mass Transport and Electron Transfer at the Electrochemical-Confined Interface. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1113-1123. [PMID: 36705310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Single entity measurements based on the stochastic collision electrochemistry provide a promising and versatile means to study single molecules, single particles, single droplets, etc. Conceptually, mass transport and electron transfer are the two main processes at the electrochemically confined interface that underpin the most transient electrochemical responses resulting from the stochastic and discrete behaviors of single entities at the microscopic scale. This perspective demonstrates how to achieve controllable stochastic collision electrochemistry by effectively altering the two processes. Future challenges and opportunities for stochastic collision electrochemistry are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Lu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023P. R. China
| | - Jian-Fu Chen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Feng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, P. R. China
| | - Peijun Hu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Queen's University of Belfast, BelfastBT9 5AG, U.K
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023P. R. China
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10
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Xu X, Valavanis D, Ciocci P, Confederat S, Marcuccio F, Lemineur JF, Actis P, Kanoufi F, Unwin PR. The New Era of High-Throughput Nanoelectrochemistry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:319-356. [PMID: 36625121 PMCID: PMC9835065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - Paolo Ciocci
- Université
Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Samuel Confederat
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Fabio Marcuccio
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Faculty
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paolo Actis
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.,
| | | | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,
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11
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Ahmed JU, Lutkenhaus JA, Tubbs A, Nag A, Christopher J, Alvarez JC. Estimating Average Velocities of Particle Arrival Using the Time Duration of the Current Signal in Stochastic Blocking Electrochemistry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16560-16569. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junaid U. Ahmed
- Chemistry Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23284, United States
| | - John A. Lutkenhaus
- Chemistry Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23284, United States
| | - Ashley Tubbs
- Chemistry Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23284, United States
| | - Ashish Nag
- Chemistry Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23284, United States
| | - Jayani Christopher
- Chemistry Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23284, United States
| | - Julio C. Alvarez
- Chemistry Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23284, United States
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12
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Nguyen MC, Berto P, Valentino F, Lemineur JF, Noel JM, Kanoufi F, Tessier G. 3D Spectroscopic Tracking of Individual Brownian Nanoparticles during Galvanic Exchange. ACS Nano 2022; 16:14422-14431. [PMID: 36099198 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring chemical reactions in solutions at the scale of individual entities is challenging: single-particle detection requires small confocal volumes, which are hardly compatible with Brownian motion, particularly when long integration times are necessary. Here, we propose a real-time (10 Hz) holography-based nm-precision 3D tracking of single moving nanoparticles. Using this localization, the confocal collection volume is dynamically adjusted to follow the moving nanoparticle and allow continuous spectroscopic monitoring. This concept is applied to study galvanic exchange in freely moving colloidal silver nanoparticles with gold ions generated in situ. While the Brownian trajectory reveals particle size, spectral shifts dynamically reveal composition changes and transformation kinetics at the single-object level, pointing at different transformation kinetics for free and tethered particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Chau Nguyen
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Berto
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Valentino
- Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Marc Noel
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Gilles Tessier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
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13
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Abstract
Single-entity electrochemistry is a powerful technique to study the interactions of nanoparticles at the liquid-solid interface. In this work, we exploit Faradaic (background) processes in electrolytes of moderate ionic strength to evoke electrokinetic transport and study its influence on nanoparticle impacts. We implemented an electrode array comprising a macroscopic electrode that surrounds a set of 62 spatially distributed microelectrodes. This configuration allowed us to alter the global electrokinetic transport characteristics by adjusting the potential at the macroscopic electrode, while we concomitantly recorded silver nanoparticle impacts at the microscopic detection electrodes. By focusing on temporal changes of the impact rates, we were able to reveal alterations in the macroscopic particle transport. Our findings indicate a potential-dependent micropumping effect. The highest impact rates were obtained for strongly negative macroelectrode potentials and alkaline solutions, albeit also positive potentials lead to an increase in particle impacts. We explain this finding by reversal of the pumping direction. Variations in the electrolyte composition were shown to play a critical role as the macroelectrode processes can lead to depletion of ions, which influences both the particle oxidation and the reactions that drive the transport. Our study highlights that controlled on-chip micropumping is possible, yet its optimization is not straightforward. Nevertheless, the utilization of electro- and diffusiokinetic transport phenomena might be an appealing strategy to enhance the performance in future impact-based sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart J K Weiß
- Neuroelectronics - Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 11, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Emir Music
- Neuroelectronics - Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 11, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Philipp Rinklin
- Neuroelectronics - Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 11, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Marko Banzet
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Neuroelectronics - Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 11, Garching 85748, Germany
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14
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Abstract
In current-blockade impact electrochemistry, insulating particles are detected amperometrically as they impinge upon a micro- or nanoelectrode via a decrease in the faradaic current caused by a redox mediator. A limit of the method is that analytes of a given size yield a broad distribution of response amplitudes due to the inhomogeneities of the mediator flux at the electrode surface. Here, we overcome this limitation by introducing microfabricated ring-shaped electrodes with a width that is significantly smaller than the size of the target particles. We show that the relative step size is somewhat larger and exhibits a narrower distribution than at a conventional ultramicroelectrode of equal diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taghi Moazzenzade
- MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Tieme Walstra
- MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Serge G Lemay
- MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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15
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Alpuche‐Aviles MA. Particle Impact Electrochemistry. Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry 2021:1-30. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527610426.bard030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Experiments involving collisions between a single entity and the electrode surface have become an active area of research. The electrochemical contribution of individual nanoparticles (NPs), enzymes, and other entities, such as aggregates or agglomerates, can be determined using particle impact experiments. Destructive nanoimpact experiments of materials, such as Ag, and the electrocatalytic amplification (ECA) are used to detect the NP/electrode interactions. This review covers the seminal work, critical theoretical studies, and some recent applications. The applications to electrocatalysis include measurements of electron transfer rate constants on individual nanoparticles. Applications in analytical chemistry have allowed the detection of nonelectroactive species by detecting the collisions of soft materials, e.g. micellar suspensions and proteins have increased the technique's analytical possibilities. With ECA, NPs can be used as tags for the electrochemical detection of bioanalytes such as DNA, proteins, and liposomes. The theory of ECA collisions, including frequency of collision and the size of the electrochemical current transients, are also covered. For nanoimpacts, the charge measured during a NP electrolysis, such as Ag NP, is used to detect the NP. Measurements of NP diameter are possible, but limitations to this analysis are covered. The electron transfer studies to the electrolysis of Ag and of metal oxides are discussed. Finally, key experimental instrumentations are discussed, including instrumentation techniques for the small currents inherent to single NP measurement. The effect of filtering, instrumentations rise time, and sampling frequency are also covered.
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Chung J, Hertler P, Plaxco KW, Sepunaru L. Catalytic Interruption Mitigates Edge Effects in the Characterization of Heterogeneous, Insulating Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18888-18898. [PMID: 34735140 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Blocking electrochemistry, a subfield of nanochemistry, enables nondestructive, in situ measurement of the concentration, size, and size heterogeneity of highly dilute, nanometer-scale materials. This approach, in which the adsorptive impact of individual particles on a microelectrode prevents charge exchange with a freely diffusing electroactive redox mediator, has expanded the scope of electrochemistry to the study of redox-inert materials. A limitation, however, remains: inhomogeneous current fluxes associated with enhanced mass transfer occurring at the edges of planar microelectrodes confound the relationship between the size of the impacting particle and the signal it generates. These "edge effects" lead to the overestimation of size heterogeneity and, thus, poor sample characterization. In response, we demonstrate here the ability of catalytic current amplification (EC') to reduce this problem, an effect we term "electrocatalytic interruption". Specifically, we show that the increase in mass transport produced by a coupled chemical reaction significantly mitigates edge effects, returning estimated particle size distributions much closer to those observed using ex situ electron microscopy. In parallel, electrocatalytic interruption enhances the signal observed from individual particles, enabling the detection of particles significantly smaller than is possible via conventional blocking electrochemistry. Finite element simulations indicate that the rapid chemical kinetics created by this approach contributes to the amplification of the electronic signal to restore analytical precision and reliably detect and characterize the heterogeneity of nanoscale electro-inactive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Chung
- Interdepartmental Program in Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Phoebe Hertler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kevin W Plaxco
- Interdepartmental Program in Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Lior Sepunaru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Roehrich B, Liu EZ, Silverstein R, Sepunaru L. Detection and Characterization of Single Particles by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9748-9753. [PMID: 34591489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique that can detect and characterize single particles as they collide with an electrode in solution. This extension of single-particle electrochemistry offers more information than typical amperometric single-entity measurements, as EIS can isolate concurrent capacitive, resistive, and diffusional processes on the basis of their time scales. Using a simple model system, we show that time-resolved EIS can detect individual polystyrene particles that stochastically collide with an electrode. Discrete changes are observed in various equivalent circuit elements, corresponding to the physical properties of the single particles. The advantages of EIS are leveraged to separate kinetic and diffusional processes, enabling enhanced precision in measurements of the size of the particles. In a broader context, the frequency analysis and single-object resolution afforded by this technique can provide valuable insights into single pseudocapacitive microparticles, electrocatalysts, and other energy-relevant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Roehrich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Eric Z Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Ravit Silverstein
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93117, United States
| | - Lior Sepunaru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
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Deng Z, Renault C. Unravelling the last milliseconds of an individual graphene nanoplatelet before impact with a Pt surface by bipolar electrochemistry. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12494-12500. [PMID: 34603681 PMCID: PMC8480341 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03646g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Contactless interactions of micro/nano-particles near electrochemically or chemically active interfaces are ubiquitous in chemistry and biochemistry. Forces arising from a convective field, an electric field or chemical gradients act on different scales ranging from few microns down to few nanometers making their study difficult. Here, we correlated optical microscopy and electrochemical measurements to track at the millisecond timescale the dynamics of individual two-dimensional particles, graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), when approaching an electrified Pt micro-interface. Our original approach takes advantage of the bipolar feedback current recorded when a conducting particle approaches an electrified surface without electrical contact and numerical simulations to access the velocity of individual GNPs. We evidenced a strong deceleration of GNPs from few tens of μm s-1 down to few μm s-1 within the last μm above the surface. This observation reveals the existence of strongly non-uniform forces between tens of and a thousand nanometers from the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Deng
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, IP Paris Route de Saclay 91128 Palaiseau France
| | - Christophe Renault
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, IP Paris Route de Saclay 91128 Palaiseau France
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipei Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Institute of Translational Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127 China
| | - Jinliang Ma
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127 China
| | - Xiaolei Zuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Institute of Translational Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127 China
| | - Fan Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127 China
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Ahmed JU, Lutkenhaus JA, Alam MS, Marshall I, Paul DK, Alvarez JC. Dynamics of Collisions and Adsorption in the Stochastic Electrochemistry of Emulsion Microdroplets. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7993-8001. [PMID: 34043322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Current-time recordings of emulsified toluene microdroplets containing 20 mM Ferrocene (Fc), show electrochemical oxidation peaks from individual adsorption events on disk microelectrodes (5 μm diameter). The average droplet diameter (∼0.7 μm) determined from peak area integration was close to Dynamic Light Scattering measurements (∼1 μm). Random walk simulations were performed deriving equations for droplet electrolysis using the diffusion and thermal velocity expressions from Einstein. The simulations show that multiple droplet-electrode collisions, lasting ∼0.11 μs each, occur before a droplet wanders away. Updating the Fc-concentration at every collision shows that a droplet only oxidizes ∼0.58% of its content in one collisional journey. In fact, it would take ∼5.45 × 106 collisions and ∼1.26 h to electrolyze the Fc in one droplet with the collision frequency derived from the thermal velocity (∼0.52 cm/s) of a 1 μm-droplet. To simulate adsorption, the droplet was immobilized at first contact with the electrode while the electrolysis current was computed. This approach along with modeling of instrumental filtering, produced the best match of experimental peaks, which were attributed to electrolysis from single adsorption events instead of multiple consecutive collisions. These results point to a heightened sensitivity and speed when relying on adsorption instead of collisions. The electrochemical current for the former is limited by the probability of adsorption per collision, whereas for the latter, the current depends on the collision frequency and the probability of electron transfer per collision (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 16923-16931).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid U Ahmed
- Chemistry Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - John A Lutkenhaus
- Chemistry Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Muhammad S Alam
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Ivan Marshall
- Maggie L. Walker Governor's School, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
| | - Dilip K Paul
- Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Julio C Alvarez
- Chemistry Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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21
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Pendergast AD, Deng Z, Maroun F, Renault C, Dick JE. Revealing Dynamic Rotation of Single Graphene Nanoplatelets on Electrified Microinterfaces. ACS Nano 2021; 15:1250-1258. [PMID: 33325229 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles interact with a variety of interfaces, from cell walls for medicinal applications to conductive interfaces for energy storage and conversion applications. Unfortunately, quantifying dynamic changes of nanoparticles near interfaces is difficult. While optical techniques exist to study nanoparticle dynamics, motions smaller than the diffraction limit are difficult to quantify. Single-entity electrochemistry has high sensitivity, but the technique suffers from ambiguity in the entity's size, morphology, and collision location. Here, we combine optical microscopy, single-entity electrochemistry, and numerical simulations to elucidate the dynamic motion of graphene nanoplatelets at a gold ultramicroelectrode (radius ∼5 μm). The approach of conductive graphene nanoplatelets, suspended in 10 μM NaOH, to an ultramicroelectrode surface was tracked optically during the continuous oxidation of ferrocenemethanol. Optical microscopy confirmed the nanoplatelet size, morphology, and collision location on the ultramicroelectrode. Nanoplatelets collided on the ultramicroelectrode at an angle, θ, enhancing the electroactive area, resulting in a sharp increase in current. After the collision, the nanoplatelets reoriented to lay flat on the electrode surface, which manifested as a return to the baseline current in the amperometric current-time response. Through correlated finite element simulations, we extracted single nanoplatelet angular velocities on the order of 0.5-2°/ms. These results are a necessary step forward in understanding nanoparticle dynamics at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Pendergast
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zejun Deng
- Physique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Fouad Maroun
- Physique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Christophe Renault
- Physique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Pendergast AD, Renault C, Dick JE. Correlated Optical-Electrochemical Measurements Reveal Bidirectional Current Steps for Graphene Nanoplatelet Collisions at Ultramicroelectrodes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2898-2906. [PMID: 33491447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Single-entity electrochemistry has emerged as a powerful tool to study the adsorption behavior of single nanoscale entities one-at-a-time on an ultramicroelectrode surface. Classical single-entity collision studies have focused on the behavior of spherical nanoparticles or entities where the orientation of the colliding entity does not impact the electrochemical response. Here, we report a detailed study of the collision of asymmetric single graphene nanoplatelets onto ultramicroelectrodes. The collision of conductive graphene nanoplatelets on biased ultramicroelectrode surfaces can be observed in an amperometric i-t trace, revealing a variety of current transients (both positive and negative steps). To elucidate the dynamics of nanoplatelet adsorption processes and probe response heterogeneity, we correlated the collision events with optical microscopy. We show that positive steps are due to nanoplatelets coming into contact with the ultramicroelectrode, making an electrical connection, and adsorbing partly on the glass surrounding the ultramicroelectrode. Negative steps occur when nanoplatelets adsorb onto the glass without an electrical connection, effectively blocking flux of ferrocenemethanol to the ultramicroelectrode surface. These measurements allow rigorous quantification of current transients and detailed insights into the adsorption dynamics of asymmetric objects at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Pendergast
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Christophe Renault
- Physique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Park H, Park JH. In Situ Monitoring of Collision and Recollision Events of Single Attoliter Droplets via Single-Entity Electrochemistry. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:10250-10255. [PMID: 33210920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple method for real-time observation of collision and recollision behavior of a single aqueous attoliter droplet in an organic solvent through single-entity electrochemistry. The dynamics and morphology of the droplet after the collision event at the Au ultramicroelectrode (Au-UME) were monitored by consecutive cyclic voltammetry and amperometric current-time measurements. By sequentially applying oxidative potential and reductive potential at the Au-UME in the presence of attoliter droplets containing reversible redox species (e.g., ferrocyanide), we successfully detected the oxidative collision spike and its reductive recollision spike successively owing to the reversible redox reactions inside the droplet. Because the redox species was dissolved in a reduced form, the reductive collision spikes observed are the direct evidence that the water droplets colliding at the electrode surface are detached after the oxidation reaction. The collided droplet properties, such as size change and contact area, are also investigated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heekyung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Jun Hui Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
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Du M, Meng Y, Zhu G, Gao M, Hsu HY, Liu F. Intrinsic electrocatalytic activity of a single IrO x nanoparticle towards oxygen evolution reaction. Nanoscale 2020; 12:22014-22021. [PMID: 33140807 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05780k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the intrinsic electrocatalytic activity of an individual nanoparticle is challenging as traditional ensemble measurements only provide average activity over a large number of nanoparticles and may be greatly affected by the ensemble properties, irrelevant to the nanoparticle itself. Here, single-particle collision electrochemistry is used to investigate the electrocatalytic activity of a single IrOx nanoparticle towards the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The collision frequency is linearly proportional to the nanoparticle concentration. The mean peak current and transferred charge, extracted from current spikes of the collision, present a similar potential dependence relevant to IrOx intrinsic activity. The turnover frequency (TOF) is determined as 1.55 × 102 O2 s-1, which is orders of magnitude larger than TOFs of the reported ensemble systems. In addition, the deactivation of a single IrOx nanoparticle is also explored based on a half-width analysis of current spikes. This versatilely applicable method provides new insights into the intrinsic performance of a single nanoparticle, which is essential to reveal the structure-activity relations of nanoscale materials for the rational design of advanced catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minshu Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Roehrich B, Sepunaru L. Nanoimpacts at Active and Partially Active Electrodes: Insights and Limitations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19184-19192. [PMID: 32745310 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While the electrochemical nanoimpact technique has recently emerged as a method of studying single entities, it is limited by requirement of a catalytically active particle impacting an inert electrode. We show that an active particle-active electrode can provide mechanistic insight into electrochemical reactions. When an individual Pt electrocatalyst adsorbs to the surface of a partially active electrode, further reduction of electrode-produced species can proceed on the nanocatalyst. Current transients obtained during hydrogen evolution allow simultaneous measurement of the Pt catalyst over different length scales, size dependency suggests H atom intercalation as a catalytic deactivation mechanism. Although results show that outer-sphere redox probes are unproductive for particle characterization, the breadth of inner-sphere electrochemical reactions makes this a promising method for understanding the properties of catalytic nanomaterials, one at a time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Roehrich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Building 232, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Lior Sepunaru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Building 232, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Roehrich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara, Building 232 Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Lior Sepunaru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara, Building 232 Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
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Chung HJ, Lee J, Hwang J, Seol KH, Kim KM, Song J, Chang J. Stochastic Particle Approach Electrochemistry (SPAE): Estimating Size, Drift Velocity, and Electric Force of Insulating Particles. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12226-12234. [PMID: 32786447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stochastic particle impact electrochemistry (SPIE) is considered one of the most important electro-analytical methods to understand the physicochemical properties of single entities. SPIE of individual insulating particles (IPs) has been particularly crucial for analyses of bioparticles. In this article, we introduce stochastic particle approach electrochemistry (SPAE) for electrochemical analyses of IPs, which is the advanced version of SPIE; SPAE is analogous to SPIE but focuses on deciphering a sudden current drop (SCD) by an IP-approach toward the edge of an ultramicroelectrode (UME). Polystyrene particles (PSPs) with and without different surface functionalities (-COOH and - NH3) as well as fixed human platelets (F-HPs) were used as model IPs. From theory based on finite element analysis, a sudden current drop (SCD) induced by an IP during electro-oxidation (or reduction) of a redox mediator on a UME can represent the rapid approach of an IP toward an edge of a UME, where a strong electric field is generated. It is also found that the amount of current drop, idrop, of an SCD depends strongly on both the size of an IP and the concentration of redox electrolyte. From simulations based on the SPAE model that fit the experimentally obtained SCDs of three types of PSPs or F-HP dispersed in solutions with two redox electrolytes, their size distribution histograms are estimated, from which their average radii determined by SPAE are compared to those from scanning electron microscopic images. In addition, the drift velocity and corresponding electric force of the PSPs and F-HPs during their approach toward an edge of a Pt UME are estimated, which cannot be addressed currently with SPIE. We further learned that the estimated drift velocity and the corresponding electric force could provide a relative order of the number of excess surface charges on the IPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Chung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Hee Seol
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mi Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungshin W. University, 55 Dobong-ro, 76ga-gil, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul 01133, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Deng Z, Maroun F, Dick JE, Renault C. Detection of individual conducting graphene nanoplatelet by electro-catalytic depression. Electrochim Acta 2020; 355:136805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Lee MW, Kwon DJ, Park J, Pyun JC, Kim YJ, Ahn HS. Electropolymerization in a confined nanospace: synthesis of PEDOT nanoparticles in emulsion droplet reactors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9624-9627. [PMID: 32815947 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03834b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is an important material widely used in electronics for its hole conducting property. A novel strategy for the synthesis of nanoparticulate PEDOT was developed by emulsion droplet electrochemistry. Taking advantage of the space confinement in emulsions, PEDOT nanoparticles were size controllable without use of a separate template. Potential applications were investigated by implementing the PEDOT nanoparticle decorated electrodes as a supercapacitor and a hole transport layer in an organic light emitting diode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Wei W, Yuan T, Jiang W, Gao J, Chen HY, Wang W. Accessing the Electrochemical Activity of Single Nanoparticles by Eliminating the Heterogeneous Electrical Contacts. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14307-14313. [PMID: 32787250 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While single nanoparticle electrochemistry holds great promise for establishing the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of electroactive nanomaterials, as it removes the heterogeneity among individuals, successful SAR studies remain rare. When one nanoparticle is seen to exhibit better performance than the others, it is often simply attributed to better activity of the particular individual. By taking the ion insertion reaction of Prussian blue nanoparticles as an example, here we show that the electrical contact between nanoparticles and electrode, a previously overlooked factor, was greatly distinct from one nanoparticle to another and significantly contributed to the apparent heterogeneity in the reactivity and cyclability. An individual nanoparticle with intrinsically perfect structure (size, facet, crystallinity, and so on) could be completely inactive, simply due to poor electrical contacts, which blurred the SAR and likely caused failures. We further proposed a sputter-coating method to enhance the electrical contacts by depositing an ultrathin platinum layer onto the sample. Such an approach was routinely adopted in scanning electron microscopy to improve the electron mobility between nanoparticles and substrate. Elimination of heterogeneous contacts ensured that the electrochemical activity of single nanoparticles can be accessed and further correlated with their structural features, thus paving the way for single nanoparticle electrochemistry to deliver on its promises in SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tinglian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenxuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Karunathilake N, Gutierrez‐Portocarrero S, Subedi P, Alpuche‐Aviles MA. Reduction Kinetics and Mass Transport of ZnO Single Entities on a Hg Ultramicroelectrode. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pradeep Subedi
- Department of Chemistry University of Nevada Reno Nevada 89557 USA
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Lemineur JF, Noël JM, Courty A, Ausserré D, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. In Situ Optical Monitoring of the Electrochemical Conversion of Dielectric Nanoparticles: From Multistep Charge Injection to Nanoparticle Motion. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7937-7946. [PMID: 32223242 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
By shortening solid-state diffusion times, the nanoscale size reduction of dielectric materials-such as ionic crystals-has fueled synthetic efforts toward their use as nanoparticles, NPs, in electrochemical storage and conversion cells. Meanwhile, there is a lack of strategies able to image the dynamics of such conversion, operando and at the single NP level. It is achieved here by optical microscopy for a model dielectric ionic nanocrystal, a silver halide NP. Rather than the classical core-shrinking mechanism often used to rationalize the complete electrochemical conversion and charge storage in NPs, an alternative mechanism is proposed here. Owing to its poor conductivity, the NP conversion proceeds to completion through the formation of multiple inclusions. The superlocalization of NP during such heterogeneous multiple-step conversion suggests the local release of ions, which propels the NP toward reacting sites enabling its full conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Lemineur
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, MONARIS, CNRS-UMR 8233, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alexa Courty
- Sorbonne Université, MONARIS, CNRS-UMR 8233, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Ausserré
- Université du Maine, Institut des Matériaux et Molécules du Mans, CNRS-UMR 6283, Avenue O. Messiaen, 72000 Le Mans, France
| | - Catherine Combellas
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
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Abstract
Understanding oxygen reduction, key to much of electrochemical energy transformation technology, crucially requires exploration of the role of hydrogen peroxide as a possible intermediate especially on catalysts such as Pt which can bring about the 4e reduction of O2 to water. We reveal that at the single nanoparticle scale the direct platinum catalysed reduction of hydrogen peroxide is found - even at high overpotentials - not to be controlled by the rate mass-transport of the reagents to the interface but by a surface limited process. Further under alkaline (pH 12.3) and near mass-transport free conditions, the single nanoparticle hydrogen peroxide reduction rate goes through a maximum at potentials comparable to the surface deposition of hydrogen (H upd) with the highest reaction rate occurring when the surface is partially covered in hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chang
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Christopher Batchelor-McAuley
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Richard G Compton
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK
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Noël JM, Miranda Vieira M, Brasiliense V, Lemineur JF, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Effect of the driving force on nanoparticles growth and shape: an opto-electrochemical study. Nanoscale 2020; 12:3227-3235. [PMID: 31967631 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09419a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Most protocols developed to synthesize nanoparticles (NPs) and to control their shape are inspired from nucleation and growth theories. However, to rationalize the mechanisms of the shape-selective synthesis of NPs, experimental strategies allowing to probe in situ the growth of NPs are needed. Herein, metal Au or Ag nanoparticles (NPs) are produced by reaction of a metallic ion precursor with a reversible redox reducer. The process is explored by an oxidative electrosynthesis strategy using a sacrificial Au or Ag ultramicroelectrode to both trigger the metallic ion generation and control the local concentrations of the different reactants. The effect of the driving force for the metallic ion reduction over metal NP growth dynamics is inspected in situ and in real time at the single NP level by high-resolution optical microscopy from the tracking of the Brownian trajectories of the growing NPs in solution. The NP reductive growth/oxidative etching thermodynamics, and consequently the NP shape, are shown to be controlled electrochemically by the reversible redox couple, while the intervention of an Au(i) intermediate ion is suggested to account for the formation of gold nanocubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Noël
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue J.A. de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | | | - Vitor Brasiliense
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue J.A. de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | | | - Catherine Combellas
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue J.A. de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue J.A. de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France.
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Renault C, Lemay SG. Electrochemical Collisions of Individual Graphene Oxide Sheets: An Analytical and Fundamental Study. ChemElectroChem 2020; 7:69-73. [PMID: 31998598 PMCID: PMC6973065 DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We propose an analytical method based on electrochemical collisions to detect individual graphene oxide (GO) sheets in an aqueous suspension. The collision rate is found to exhibit a complex dependence on redox mediator and supporting electrolyte concentrations. The analysis of multiple collision events in conjunction with numerical simulations allows quantitative information to be extracted, such as the molar concentration of GO sheets in suspension and an estimate of the size of individual sheets. We also evidence by numerical simulation the existence of edge effects on a 2D blocking object.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Renault
- MESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of Twente P.O. Box 1277500 AEEnschedeThe Netherlands
- Physique de la Matière CondenséeEcole Polytechnique, CNRS, IP Paris91128PalaiseauFrance
| | - Serge G. Lemay
- MESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of Twente P.O. Box 1277500 AEEnschedeThe Netherlands
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37
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Wang Y, Yang Q, Su B. Spatially resolved electrochemistry enabled by thin-film optical interference. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12359-12362. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05265e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical reactions occurring on the local surface can be spatially resolved by successive interferometric imaging of the nanochannel membrane coated electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Wang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Qian Yang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
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38
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Abstract
The quantitative analysis of human platelets is important for the diagnosis of various hematologic and cardiovascular diseases. In this article, we present a stochastic particle impact electrochemical (SPIE) approach for human platelets with fixation (F-HPs). Carboxylate-functionalized polystyrene particles (PSPs) are studied as well as a standard platform of SPIE-F-HPs. For SPIE-PSPs (or F-HPs), [Fe(CN)6]4- was used as the redox mediator, and electro-oxidation of [Fe(CN)6]4- to [Fe(CN)6]3- was conducted on a Pt ultramicroelectrode (UME) by applying a constant potential, where the corresponding oxidation current is mass-transfer-controlled. When PSPs (or F-HPs) are introduced into aqueous solution with [Fe(CN)6]4-, sudden current drops (SCDs) were observed, which resulted from the partial blockage of a Pt UME by collision of an individual PSP (or F-HP). For SPIE-PSPs (or F-HPs), we found that it is essential to enhance the migration of PSPs (F-HPs) toward a Pt UME by maximizing the steady state current associated with electro-oxidation of [Fe(CN)6]4-. This was accomplished by increasing its concentration to the solubility limit. We successfully measured the concentration of F-HPs dispersed in aqueous solution containing [Fe(CN)6]4- with a minimum detectable concentration of 0.1 fM, and the size distribution of F-HPs was also estimated from the obtained idrop distribution based on the SPIE analysis, where idrop stands for the magnitude of the current drop of each SCD. Lastly, we revealed that HPs without the fixation process (WF-HPs) are difficult to quantitatively analyze by SPIE because of their transient activation process, which results in changes from their spherical shape. The observed difficulty was also confirmed by finite element analysis, which shows that idrop can be significantly increased, as an elongated WF-HP is adsorbed on the edge of an UME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Zayakhuu Gerelkhuu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Hee Seol
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Hwang J, Chang J. Understanding the mass-transfer of Br species in an aqueous and quaternary ammonium polybromide biphasic system via particle-impact electrochemical analysis. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Lee S, Muya JT, Chung H, Chang J. Viologen-Bromide Dual-Redox Ionic Solid Complexes: Understanding Their Electrochemical Formation and Proton-Accompanied Redox Chemistry. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:43659-43670. [PMID: 31618569 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of self-discharge in a redox-enhanced electrochemical capacitor (Redox-EC) is crucial for excellent energy retention. Heptyl viologen dibromide (HVBr2) was chosen as a strong candidate of a dual-redox species in Redox-EC due to its solid complexations during the charging process, at which HV2+ is electrochemically reduced to HV+• and form a solid complex, [HV+•·Br-], on an anode while Br- is electro-oxidized to Br3- and renders [HV2+·2Br3-] on a cathode. The solid complexes could not transfer across the separator, resulting in significant diminution of the self-discharge. In this Article, we present detailed electrochemical studies of formation of [HV2+·2Br3-] and [HV+•·Br-], their redox features, and galvanic exchange reactions between the two types of dual-redox ionic solids on a Pt ultra-microelectrode (UME) in neutral (0.33 M Na2SO4) and acidic (1 M H2SO4) solutions. Most importantly, through voltammetric and particle-impact electrochemical analyses, we found that the redox and galvanic exchange reactions of the two dual-redox ionic solid complexes involve H+ transfer, which is the key process to limit the overall kinetics of the electrochemical reactions. We also rationalize the proton-accompanied galvanic exchange reaction based on computational simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semi Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science , Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro , Seongdong-gu , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jules Tshishimbi Muya
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science , Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro , Seongdong-gu , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hoeil Chung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science , Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro , Seongdong-gu , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science , Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro , Seongdong-gu , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
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41
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Wang Y, Cao Z, Yang Q, Guo W, Su B. Optical methods for studying local electrochemical reactions with spatial resolution: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1074:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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43
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Abstract
A novel electrochemistry method using stochastic collision of particles at microelectrode to study their performance in single-particle scale has obtained remarkable development in recent years. This convenient and swift analytical method, which can be called "nanoimpact," is focused on the electrochemical process of the single particle rather than in complex ensemble systems. Many researchers have applied this nanoimpact method to investigate various kinds of materials in many research fields, including sensing, electrochemical catalysis, and energy storage. However, the ways how they utilize the method are quite different and the key points can be classified into four sorts: sensing particles at ultralow concentration, theory optimization, kinetics of mediated catalytic reaction, and redox electrochemistry of the particles. This review gives a brief overview of the development of the nanoimpact method from the four aspects in a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Guoqiang Zou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Hongshuai Hou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xiaobo Ji
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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44
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Abstract
Experimental techniques to monitor and visualize the behaviors of single nanoparticles have not only revealed the significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity of those individuals, which are hidden in ensemble methods, but more importantly, they have also enabled researchers to elucidate the origin of such heterogeneity. In pursuing the intrinsic structure-function relations of single nanoparticles, the recently developed stochastic collision approach demonstrated some early promise. However, it was later realized that the appropriate sizing of a single nanoparticle by an electrochemical method could be far more challenging than initially expected owing to the dynamic motion of nanoparticles in electrolytes and complex charge-transfer characteristics at electrode surfaces. This clearly indicates a strong necessity to integrate single nanoparticle electrochemistry with high-resolution optical microscopy. Hence, this review aims to give a timely update of the latest progress for both electrochemically sensing and seeing single nanoparticles. A major focus is on collision-based measurements, where nanoparticles or single entities in solution impact on a collector electrode and the electrochemical response is recorded. These measurements are further enhanced with optical measurements in parallel. For completeness, advances in other related methods for single nanoparticle electrochemistry are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fato Tano Patrice
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; ;
| | - Kaipei Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; ;
| | - Yi-Lun Ying
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; ;
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; ;
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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45
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Lemineur J, Stockmann TJ, Médard J, Smadja C, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Optical Nanoimpacts of Dielectric and Metallic Nanoparticles on Gold Surface by Reflectance Microscopy: Adsorption or Bouncing? J Anal Test 2019; 3:175-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-019-00099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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46
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Choi Y, Hwang J, Kim KM, Jana S, Lee SU, Chae J, Chang J. Time Transient Electrochemical Monitoring of Tetraalkylammonium Polybromide Solid Particle Formation: Observation of Ionic Liquid-to-Solid Transitions. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5850-5857. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Hangyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Hangyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mi Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungshin Women’s University, 55, Dobong-ro 76 ga-gil, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea
| | - Saibal Jana
- Department of Bionano Technology, Department of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Uck Lee
- Department of Bionano Technology, Department of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Chae
- Department of Chemistry, Sungshin Women’s University, 55, Dobong-ro 76 ga-gil, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul 142-732, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Hangyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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47
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Deng Z, Elattar R, Maroun F, Renault C. In Situ Measurement of the Size Distribution and Concentration of Insulating Particles by Electrochemical Collision on Hemispherical Ultramicroelectrodes. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12923-12929. [PMID: 30284818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the greatest limitations in electrochemical collision/nanoimpact methods is the inability to quantify the size of colliding species due to the uneven current distribution on a disk ultramicroelectrode UME (so-called edge effect). This phenomenon arises since radial diffusion is greater at the edge than the center of the active electrode surface. One method of solving this problem is fabrication of a hemispherical UME. We describe the fabrication of a hemispherical Hg UME on a disk UME by a solution-based electrochemical method, chronocoulometry. The use of hemispherical Hg UME to detect collisions of individual amine-functionalized polystyrene beads removes the "edge effect" and enables simultaneous measurements of the concentration and the size distribution of colloids in suspension. Using finite element simulations, we deduce a quantitative relation between the distribution of current step size and the size distribution of the bead. The frequency of collision measured for a given size of bead is then converted into a concentration (in mol/L) by a quantification of the relative contributions of migration and diffusion for each size of bead. Under our experimental conditions (low concentration of supporting electrolyte), migration dominates the flux of bead. The average size of polystyrene beads of 0.5 and 1 μm radius obtained by electrochemistry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) differs by only -8% and -9%, respectively. The total concentration of polystyrene beads of 0.5 and 1 μm radius obtained by electrochemistry is found in close agreement (<10% of error) with their nominal concentrations (25 and 100 fM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Deng
- Physique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS , Ecole Polytechnique , 91128 Palaiseau , France
| | - Ridha Elattar
- Physique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS , Ecole Polytechnique , 91128 Palaiseau , France
| | - Fouad Maroun
- Physique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS , Ecole Polytechnique , 91128 Palaiseau , France
| | - Christophe Renault
- Physique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS , Ecole Polytechnique , 91128 Palaiseau , France
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48
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Neves MMPDS, Martín-Yerga D. Advanced Nanoscale Approaches to Single-(Bio)entity Sensing and Imaging. Biosensors (Basel) 2018; 8:E100. [PMID: 30373209 PMCID: PMC6316691 DOI: 10.3390/bios8040100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Individual (bio)chemical entities could show a very heterogeneous behaviour under the same conditions that could be relevant in many biological processes of significance in the life sciences. Conventional detection approaches are only able to detect the average response of an ensemble of entities and assume that all entities are identical. From this perspective, important information about the heterogeneities or rare (stochastic) events happening in individual entities would remain unseen. Some nanoscale tools present interesting physicochemical properties that enable the possibility to detect systems at the single-entity level, acquiring richer information than conventional methods. In this review, we introduce the foundations and the latest advances of several nanoscale approaches to sensing and imaging individual (bio)entities using nanoprobes, nanopores, nanoimpacts, nanoplasmonics and nanomachines. Several (bio)entities such as cells, proteins, nucleic acids, vesicles and viruses are specifically considered. These nanoscale approaches provide a wide and complete toolbox for the study of many biological systems at the single-entity level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Martín-Yerga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100-44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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49
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Park JY, Kim KJ, Son H, Kwon SJ. Chronoamperometric Observation and Analysis of Electrocatalytic Ability of Single Pd Nanoparticle for Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction Reaction. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2018; 8:E879. [PMID: 30373100 DOI: 10.3390/nano8110879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current generated by the collision of a single nanoparticle (NP) of palladium (Pd) on a gold (Au) ultramicroelectrode (UME) surface was observed using an electrocatalytic amplification method. The hydrogen peroxide reduction reaction was used for the electrocatalytic reaction because the hydrogen peroxide reduction reaction has no gas-phase product, which would induce rapid signal decay. The electrocatalytic current resulting from a single Pd nanoparticle on the Au UME shows a staircase response with accompanying slow current decay. The applying potential and concentration of hydrogen peroxide were optimized for clear distinction of signal. The height of the current step and signal frequency were analyzed and compared with the theoretical expectation. The analysis of the electrocatalytic activity of single Pd NPs provides insight toward their future application.
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50
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Gao G, Wang D, Brocenschi R, Zhi J, Mirkin MV. Toward the Detection and Identification of Single Bacteria by Electrochemical Collision Technique. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12123-12130. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanyue Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Dengchao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Ricardo Brocenschi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jinfang Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
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