1
|
Malek-Khatabi A, Rad-Malekshahi M, Shafiei M, Sharifi F, Motasadizadeh H, Ebrahiminejad V, Rad-Malekshahi M, Akbarijavar H, Faraji Rad Z. Botulinum toxin A dissolving microneedles for hyperhidrosis treatment: design, formulation and in vivo evaluation. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:7784-7804. [PMID: 37905676 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01301d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple periodic injections of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) are the standard treatment of hyperhidrosis which causes excessive sweating. However, BTX-A injections can create problems, including incorrect and painful injections, the risk of drug entry into the bloodstream, the need for medical expertise, and waste disposal problems. New drug delivery systems can substantially reduce these problems. Transdermal delivery is an effective alternative to conventional BTX-A injections. However, BTX-A's large molecular size and susceptibility to degradation complicate transdermal delivery. Dissolving microneedle patches (DMNPs) encapsulated with BTX-A (BTX-A/DMNPs) are a promising solution that can penetrate the dermis painlessly and provide localized translocation of BTX-A. In this study, using high-precision 3D laser lithography and subsequent molding, DMNPs were prepared based on a combination of biocompatible polyvinylpyrrolidone and hyaluronic acid polymers to deliver BTX-A with ultra-sharp needle tips of 1.5 ± 0.5 µm. Mechanical, morphological and histological assessments of the prepared DMNPs were performed to optimize their physicochemical properties. Furthermore, the BTX-A release and diffusion kinetics across the skin layers were investigated. A COMSOL simulation was conducted to study the diffusion process. The primary stability analysis reported significant stability for three months. Finally, the functionality of the BTX-A/DMNPs for the suppression of sweat glands was confirmed on the hyperhidrosis mouse footpad, which drastically reduced sweat gland activity. The results demonstrate that these engineered DMNPs can be an effective, painless, inexpensive alternative to hypodermic injections when treating hyperhidrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Malek-Khatabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mazda Rad-Malekshahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morvarid Shafiei
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Motasadizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Ebrahiminejad
- School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, 4300, Australia.
| | | | - Hamid Akbarijavar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Faraji Rad
- School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, 4300, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Parvin S, Hashemi P, Afkhami A, Ghanei M, Bagheri H. Simultaneous determination of BoNT/A and /E using an electrochemical sandwich immunoassay based on the nanomagnetic immunosensing platform. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134358. [PMID: 35307386 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing new ultrasensitive assays for the detection of the presence, and determination of the serotype of the most poisonous material known i.e. botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is vital to human health and the wellbeing of the surrounding environment. Here, an electrochemical sandwich immunoassay with high sensitivity is adopted to achieve simultaneous determination of BoNT serotypes A and E based on polystyrene@polydopamine/Cd2+ and Ag nanoparticles acting as monoclonal antibody labels. Two well-separated peaks with strong electrochemical signals are generated by the labels, allowing for the simultaneous detection of two analytes existing on the electrode. To obtain well-oriented polyclonal antibodies immobilization, boronic acid is directly attached to the magnetic core/metal-organic framework (MOF) shell nanoagent surfaces without the requirement of a long and flexible spacer. Accordingly, it is possible to directly detect the metal ion labels through square wave voltammetry without the metal pre-concentration step. This results in distinct and well-defined voltammetric peaks, pertaining to each sandwich-type immunocomplexes. The limits of detection of BoNT/A and BoNT/E analyses were found to be 0.04 and 0.16 pg mL-1 with the linear dynamic ranges of 0.1-1000 and 0.5-1000 pg mL-1, respectively. Based on the obtained results, this immunosensor has the wide linear ranges, while also exhibiting low limits of detection along with good stability and reproducibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Parvin
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Hashemi
- Research and Development Department, Farin Behbood Tashkhis LTD, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Afkhami
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Bagheri
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rasetti-Escargueil C, Popoff MR. Recent Developments in Botulinum Neurotoxins Detection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10051001. [PMID: 35630444 PMCID: PMC9145529 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10051001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced as protein complexes by bacteria of the genus Clostridium that are Gram-positive, anaerobic and spore forming (Clostridium botulinum, C. butyricum, C. baratii and C. argentinense spp.). BoNTs show a high immunological and genetic diversity. Therefore, fast, precise, and more reliable detection methods are still required to monitor outbreaks and ensure surveillance of botulism. The botulinum toxin field also comprises therapeutic uses, basic research studies and biodefense issues. This review presents currently available detection methods, and new methods offering the potential of enhanced precision and reproducibility. While the immunological methods offer a range of benefits, such as rapid analysis time, reproducibility and high sensitivity, their implementation is subject to the availability of suitable tools and reagents, such as specific antibodies. Currently, the mass spectrometry approach is the most sensitive in vitro method for a rapid detection of active or inactive forms of BoNTs. However, these methods require inter-laboratory validation before they can be more widely implemented in reference laboratories. In addition, these surrogate in vitro models also require full validation before they can be used as replacement bioassays of potency. Cell-based assays using neuronal cells in culture recapitulate all functional steps of toxin activity, but are still at various stages of development; they are not yet sufficiently robust, due to high batch-to-batch cell variability. Cell-based assays have a strong potential to replace the mouse bioassay (MBA) in terms of BoNT potency determination in pharmaceutical formulations; they can also help to identify suitable inhibitors while reducing the number of animals used. However, the development of safe countermeasures still requires the use of in vivo studies to complement in vitro immunological or cell-based approaches.
Collapse
|
4
|
Pillai CA, Manickam G, Thirunavukkarasu N, Pillai SP, Morse SA, Avila JR, Hodge DR, Anderson K, Sharma S. Evaluation of an Electrochemiluminescence Assay for the Rapid Detection of Abrin Toxin. Health Secur 2021; 19:431-441. [PMID: 34227874 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2020.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we detail a comprehensive laboratory evaluation of an immunoassay for the rapid detection of abrin using the Meso Scale Diagnostics Sector PR2 Model 1800. For the assay evaluation, we used inclusivity and exclusivity panels comprised of extracts of 11 Abrus precatorius cultivars and 35 near-neighbor plants, 65 lectins, 26 white powders, 11 closely related toxins and proteins, and a pool of 30 BioWatch filter extracts. The results show that the Meso Scale Diagnostics abrin detection assay exhibits good sensitivity and specificity with a limit of detection of 4 ng/mL. However, the dynamic range of the assay for the quantitation of abrin was limited. We observed a hook effect at higher abrin concentrations, which can lead to potential false negative results. A modification of the assay protocol that incorporates extra wash steps can decrease the hook effect and the potential for false negative results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Pillai
- Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavukkarasu, PhD, is a Microbiologist; and Shashi Sharma, PhD, is Principal Investigator; all at the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, FAAM, SM(NRCM), SM(ASCP), is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, Office of the Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Stephen A. Morse, PhD, MSPH, is Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Julie R. Avila, MS, is Scientific Associate, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA. David R. Hodge, PhD, and Kevin Anderson, PhD, are Program Managers; both in the Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Gowri Manickam
- Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavukkarasu, PhD, is a Microbiologist; and Shashi Sharma, PhD, is Principal Investigator; all at the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, FAAM, SM(NRCM), SM(ASCP), is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, Office of the Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Stephen A. Morse, PhD, MSPH, is Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Julie R. Avila, MS, is Scientific Associate, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA. David R. Hodge, PhD, and Kevin Anderson, PhD, are Program Managers; both in the Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Nagarajan Thirunavukkarasu
- Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavukkarasu, PhD, is a Microbiologist; and Shashi Sharma, PhD, is Principal Investigator; all at the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, FAAM, SM(NRCM), SM(ASCP), is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, Office of the Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Stephen A. Morse, PhD, MSPH, is Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Julie R. Avila, MS, is Scientific Associate, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA. David R. Hodge, PhD, and Kevin Anderson, PhD, are Program Managers; both in the Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Segaran P Pillai
- Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavukkarasu, PhD, is a Microbiologist; and Shashi Sharma, PhD, is Principal Investigator; all at the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, FAAM, SM(NRCM), SM(ASCP), is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, Office of the Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Stephen A. Morse, PhD, MSPH, is Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Julie R. Avila, MS, is Scientific Associate, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA. David R. Hodge, PhD, and Kevin Anderson, PhD, are Program Managers; both in the Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Stephen A Morse
- Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavukkarasu, PhD, is a Microbiologist; and Shashi Sharma, PhD, is Principal Investigator; all at the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, FAAM, SM(NRCM), SM(ASCP), is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, Office of the Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Stephen A. Morse, PhD, MSPH, is Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Julie R. Avila, MS, is Scientific Associate, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA. David R. Hodge, PhD, and Kevin Anderson, PhD, are Program Managers; both in the Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Julie R Avila
- Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavukkarasu, PhD, is a Microbiologist; and Shashi Sharma, PhD, is Principal Investigator; all at the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, FAAM, SM(NRCM), SM(ASCP), is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, Office of the Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Stephen A. Morse, PhD, MSPH, is Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Julie R. Avila, MS, is Scientific Associate, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA. David R. Hodge, PhD, and Kevin Anderson, PhD, are Program Managers; both in the Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - David R Hodge
- Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavukkarasu, PhD, is a Microbiologist; and Shashi Sharma, PhD, is Principal Investigator; all at the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, FAAM, SM(NRCM), SM(ASCP), is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, Office of the Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Stephen A. Morse, PhD, MSPH, is Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Julie R. Avila, MS, is Scientific Associate, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA. David R. Hodge, PhD, and Kevin Anderson, PhD, are Program Managers; both in the Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Kevin Anderson
- Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavukkarasu, PhD, is a Microbiologist; and Shashi Sharma, PhD, is Principal Investigator; all at the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, FAAM, SM(NRCM), SM(ASCP), is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, Office of the Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Stephen A. Morse, PhD, MSPH, is Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Julie R. Avila, MS, is Scientific Associate, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA. David R. Hodge, PhD, and Kevin Anderson, PhD, are Program Managers; both in the Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| | - Shashi Sharma
- Christine A. Pillai and Gowri Manickam, PhD, are ORISE Fellow Research Scientists; Nagarajan Thirunavukkarasu, PhD, is a Microbiologist; and Shashi Sharma, PhD, is Principal Investigator; all at the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Molecular Methods Development Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD. Segaran P. Pillai, PhD, FAAM, SM(NRCM), SM(ASCP), is Director, Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, Office of the Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Stephen A. Morse, PhD, MSPH, is Senior Advisor, CDC Division of Select Agents and Toxins, IHRC, Inc., Atlanta, GA. Julie R. Avila, MS, is Scientific Associate, Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA. David R. Hodge, PhD, and Kevin Anderson, PhD, are Program Managers; both in the Science and Technology Directorate, US Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
New approach for the rational selection of markers to identify botulinum toxins. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1503-1516. [PMID: 33569691 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-02996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The application of mass spectrometry (MS) to detect unique peptide markers has been widely employed as a means of identifying bacterial proteins. Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are bacterial proteins that cause the life-threatening disease botulism. BoNTs are divided into several antigenically distinct serotypes and several dozen subtypes. The toxins' molecular heterogeneity makes their detection highly challenging. In this study, we describe a new LC-MS/MS-based platform for the direct identification of proteins derived from various species and subspecies in a single assay, as exemplified by BoNTs. The platform employs a rational down-selection process through several steps based on a combination of bioinformatics, tryptic digestion, and LC-MS, each leads to the final panel of markers. This approach has been demonstrated for all 8 subtypes of botulinum serotype A (BoNT/A). Ab-independent and Ab-dependent assays were developed based on the identification of 4 rationally selected markers or a combination of some of them, which enables full selectivity coverage. The Ab-independent assay, which is highly simple and rapid, has a sample-to-result turnaround time of approximately 40 min and enables the identification of 500 MsLD50/mL (5 ng/mL) BoNT/A in complex environmental matrices. The Ab-dependent assay, which is based on toxin's specific enrichment, has a turnaround time of 100 min, but enables improved sensitivity (50 MsLD50/mL, 0.5 ng/mL). Both assays were verified and validated using various environmental samples. This approach can easily be expanded to other botulinum serotypes and exhibits the potential for even further extension as a highly multiplexed assay for protein-based toxins, viruses, and organisms.
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Singh RP, Handa R, Manchanda G. Nanoparticles in sustainable agriculture: An emerging opportunity. J Control Release 2020; 329:1234-1248. [PMID: 33122001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Conventional agriculture often relies on bulky doses of fertilizers and pesticides that have adversely affected the living beings as well as the ecosystems. As a basic tenet of sustainable agriculture, minimum agrochemicals should be used so that the environment can be protected and various species can be conserved. Further, sustainable agriculture should be a low input system, where the production costs are lower and net returns are higher. The application of nanotechnology in agriculture can significantly enhance the efficiency of agricultural inputs and thus it offers a significant way to maintain sustainable development of agroecosystems via nanoparticles. In this regard, nano-plant growth promoters, nanopesticides, nanofertilizers, nano-herbicides, agrochemical encapsulated nanocarrier systems etc. have been developed for the potential applications in agriculture. These can have great benefits for agriculture, including higher production of crops, inhibition of plant pathogens, removal of unwanted weeds and insects with lesser cost, energy and waste production. However, there are several concerns related to the use of nanoparticles in agriculture. These include the approaches for synthesis, their mechanisms of penetration to applied surfaces and the risks involved. Though, advent of new technologies has significantly improved the synthesis and application of nanomaterials in agriculture, there are many uncertainties regarding nano-synthesis, their way of utilization, uptake and internalization inside the crop cells. Therefore, an elaborate investigation is required for deciphering the engineered nanomaterials, assessing their mechanistic application and agroecological toxicity. Hence, this review is aimed to critically highlight the NPs material application and points towards the vital gaps in the use of nanotechnology for sustainable agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghvendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Research & Development, Biotechnology, Uttaranchal University, Uttarakhand 248007, India.
| | - Rahul Handa
- Department of Botany and Environment Studies, DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab 144001, India
| | - Geetanjali Manchanda
- Department of Botany and Environment Studies, DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab 144001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lonati D, Schicchi A, Crevani M, Buscaglia E, Scaravaggi G, Maida F, Cirronis M, Petrolini VM, Locatelli CA. Foodborne Botulism: Clinical Diagnosis and Medical Treatment. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080509. [PMID: 32784744 PMCID: PMC7472133 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) produced by Clostridia species are the most potent identified natural toxins. Classically, the toxic neurological syndrome is characterized by an (afebrile) acute symmetric descending flaccid paralysis. The most know typical clinical syndrome of botulism refers to the foodborne form. All different forms are characterized by the same symptoms, caused by toxin-induced neuromuscular paralysis. The diagnosis of botulism is essentially clinical, as well as the decision to apply the specific antidotal treatment. The role of the laboratory is mandatory to confirm the clinical suspicion in relation to regulatory agencies, to identify the BoNTs involved and the source of intoxication. The laboratory diagnosis of foodborne botulism is based on the detection of BoNTs in clinical specimens/food samples and the isolation of BoNT from stools. Foodborne botulism intoxication is often underdiagnosed; the initial symptoms can be confused with more common clinical conditions (i.e., stroke, myasthenia gravis, Guillain–Barré syndrome—Miller–Fisher variant, Eaton–Lambert syndrome, tick paralysis and shellfish or tetrodotoxin poisoning). The treatment includes procedures for decontamination, antidote administration and, when required, support of respiratory function; few differences are related to the different way of exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Lonati
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-26261; Fax: +39-0382-24605
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nepal MR, Jeong TC. Alternative Methods for Testing Botulinum Toxin: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:302-310. [PMID: 32126735 PMCID: PMC7327137 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum toxins are neurotoxic modular proteins composed of a heavy chain and a light chain connected by a disulfide bond and are produced by Clostridium botulinum. Although lethally toxic, botulinum toxin in low doses is clinically effective in numerous medical conditions, including muscle spasticity, strabismus, hyperactive urinary bladder, excessive sweating, and migraine. Globally, several companies are now producing products containing botulinum toxin for medical and cosmetic purposes, including the reduction of facial wrinkles. To test the efficacy and toxicity of botulinum toxin, animal tests have been solely and widely used, resulting in the inevitable sacrifice of hundreds of animals. Hence, alternative methods are urgently required to replace animals in botulinum toxin testing. Here, the various alternative methods developed to test the toxicity and efficacy of botulinum toxins have been briefly reviewed and future perspectives have been detailed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Raj Nepal
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Cheon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shenbagavalli K, Yadav SK, Ananthappan P, Sundaram E, Ponmariappan S, Vasantha VS. A simple and fast protocol for the synthesis of 2-amino-4-(4-formylphenyl)-4 H-chromene-3-carbonitrile to develop an optical immunoassay for the quantification of botulinum neurotoxin type F. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04103c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel optical immunoassay platform using (S)-2-amino-4-(4-formylphenyl)-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile, which was synthesized by an ultra-sonication method, as an optical probe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiv Kumar Yadav
- Defence Research and Development Establishment
- Gwalior-474 002
- India
| | | | - Ellairaja Sundaram
- Department of Chemistry
- Vivekanada College Tiruvedakam West
- Madurai 625 234
- India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shen J, Zhou T, Huang R. Recent Advances in Electrochemiluminescence Sensors for Pathogenic Bacteria Detection. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10080532. [PMID: 31412540 PMCID: PMC6723614 DOI: 10.3390/mi10080532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacterial contamination greatly threats human health and safety. Rapidly biosensing pathogens in the early stage of infection would be helpful to choose the correct drug treatment, prevent transmission of pathogens, as well as decrease mortality and economic losses. Traditional techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, are accurate and effective, but are greatly limited because they are complex and time-consuming. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensors combine the advantages of both electrochemical and photoluminescence analysis and are suitable for high sensitivity and simple pathogenic bacteria detection. In this review, we summarize recent advances in ECL sensors for pathogenic bacteria detection and highlight the development of paper-based ECL platforms in point of care diagnosis of pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Ru Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hobbs RJ, Thomas CA, Halliwell J, Gwenin CD. Rapid Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxins-A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E418. [PMID: 31319550 PMCID: PMC6669533 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A toxin is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms. One of the most potent groups of toxins currently known are the Botulinum Neurotoxins (BoNTs). These are so deadly that as little as 62 ng could kill an average human; to put this into context that is approximately 200,000 × less than the weight of a grain of sand. The extreme toxicity of BoNTs leads to the need for methods of determining their concentration at very low levels of sensitivity. Currently the mouse bioassay is the most widely used detection method monitoring the activity of the toxin; however, this assay is not only lengthy, it also has both cost and ethical issues due to the use of live animals. This review focuses on detection methods both existing and emerging that remove the need for the use of animals and will look at three areas; speed of detection, sensitivity of detection and finally cost. The assays will have wide reaching interest, ranging from the pharmaceutical/clinical industry for production quality management or as a point of care sensor in suspected cases of botulism, the food industry as a quality control measure, to the military, detecting BoNT that has been potentially used as a bio warfare agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hobbs
- Applied Research in Chemistry and Health (ARCH) Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Carol A Thomas
- Applied Research in Chemistry and Health (ARCH) Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Jennifer Halliwell
- Applied Research in Chemistry and Health (ARCH) Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Christopher D Gwenin
- Applied Research in Chemistry and Health (ARCH) Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lim CY, Granger JH, Porter MD. SERS detection of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A and B in buffer and serum: Towards the development of a biodefense test platform. Anal Chim Acta X 2018; 1:100002. [PMID: 33186413 PMCID: PMC7587037 DOI: 10.1016/j.acax.2018.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are classified at a highest degree of threat in biodefense, due largely to their high lethality. With the growing risk of biowarfare, the shortcomings of the gold standard test for these neurotoxins, the mouse bioassay, have underscored the need to develop alternative diagnostic testing strategies. This paper reports on the detection of inactivated Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT-A) and serotype B (BoNT-B), the two most important markers of botulism infection, by using a sandwich immunoassay, gold nanoparticle labels, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) within the context of two threat scenarios. The first scenario mimics part of the analysis needed in response to a “white powder” threat by measuring both neurotoxins in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), a biocompatible solvent often used to recover markers dispersed in a powdered matrix. The second scenario detects the two neurotoxins in spiked human serum to assess the clinical potential of the platform. The overall goal is to develop a test applicable to both scenarios in terms of projections of required levels of detection. We demonstrate the ability to measure BoNT-A and BoNT-B in PBS at a limit of detection (LoD) of 700 pg/mL (5 pM) and 84 pg/mL (0.6 pM), respectively, and in human serum at 1200 pg/mL (8 pM) and 91 pg/mL (0.6 pM), respectively, with a time to result under 24 h. The steps required to transform this platform into an onsite biodefense screening tool that can simultaneously and rapidly detect (<1 h) these and other agents are briefly discussed. Raman-based immunoassays can successfully detect botulism neurotoxins. Limits of detection for botulism neurotoxins A/B rival those of the mouse bioassay. Serum and liquid extracts are suitable sample matrices for the Raman assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- China Y Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5001, USA
| | - Jennifer H Granger
- Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5001, USA
| | - Marc D Porter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5001, USA.,Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5001, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5001, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tam CC, Flannery AR, Cheng LW. A Rapid, Sensitive, and Portable Biosensor Assay for the Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A in Complex Food Matrices. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110476. [PMID: 30445734 PMCID: PMC6266793 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) intoxication can lead to the disease botulism, characterized by flaccid muscle paralysis that can cause respiratory failure and death. Due to the significant morbidity and mortality costs associated with BoNTs high toxicity, developing highly sensitive, rapid, and field-deployable assays are critically important to protect the nation’s food supply against either accidental or intentional contamination. We report here that the B-cell based biosensor assay CANARY® (Cellular Analysis and Notification of Antigen Risks and Yields) Zephyr detects BoNT/A holotoxin at limits of detection (LOD) of 10.0 ± 2.5 ng/mL in assay buffer. Milk matrices (whole milk, 2% milk and non-fat milk) with BoNT/A holotoxin were detected at similar levels (7.4–7.9 ng/mL). BoNT/A complex was positive in carrot, orange, and apple juices at LODs of 32.5–75.0 ng/mL. The detection of BoNT/A complex in solid complex foods (ground beef, smoked salmon, green bean baby puree) ranged from 14.8 ng/mL to 62.5 ng/mL. Detection of BoNT/A complex in the viscous liquid egg matrix required dilution in assay buffer and gave a LOD of 171.9 ± 64.7 ng/mL. These results show that the CANARY® Zephyr assay can be a highly useful qualitative tool in environmental and food safety surveillance programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | | | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Thirunavukkarasu N, Johnson E, Pillai S, Hodge D, Stanker L, Wentz T, Singh B, Venkateswaran K, McNutt P, Adler M, Brown E, Hammack T, Burr D, Sharma S. Botulinum Neurotoxin Detection Methods for Public Health Response and Surveillance. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:80. [PMID: 29988463 PMCID: PMC6024544 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulism outbreak due to consumption of food contaminated with botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) is a public health emergency. The threat of bioterrorism through deliberate distribution in food sources and/or aerosolization of BoNTs raises global public health and security concerns due to the potential for high mortality and morbidity. Rapid and reliable detection methods are necessary to support clinical diagnosis and surveillance for identifying the source of contamination, performing epidemiological analysis of the outbreak, preventing and responding to botulism outbreaks. This review considers the applicability of various BoNT detection methods and examines their fitness-for-purpose in safeguarding the public health and security goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagarajan Thirunavukkarasu
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Eric Johnson
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Segaran Pillai
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration Office of Laboratory Science and Safety, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - David Hodge
- Chemical and Biological Defense Division, Science and Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Larry Stanker
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service Albany, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Travis Wentz
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - BalRam Singh
- Institute of Advanced Sciences, Botulinum Research Center, Dartmouth, MA, United States
| | | | - Patrick McNutt
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States
| | - Michael Adler
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States
| | - Eric Brown
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Thomas Hammack
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Donald Burr
- Office of Regulatory Affairs, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Shashi Sharma
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gao H, Wen L, Wu Y, Yan X, Li J, Li X, Fu Z, Wu G. Sensitive and Facile Electrochemiluminescent Immunoassay for Detecting Genetically Modified Rapeseed Based on Novel Carbon Nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5247-5253. [PMID: 29719152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive electrochemiluminescent (ECL) immunoassay targeting PAT/ bar protein was facilely developed for genetically modified (GM) rapeseed detection using carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) originally prepared from printer toner. In this work, CNPs linked with antibody for PAT/ bar protein were used to modify a working electrode. After an immunoreaction between the PAT/ bar protein and its antibody, the immunocomplex formed on the electrode receptor region resulted in an inhibition of electron transfer between the electrode surface and the ECL substance, thus led to a decrease of ECL response. Under the optimal conditions, the ECL responses linearly decreased as the increase of the PAT/ bar protein concentration and the GM rapeseed RF3 content in the ranges of 0.10-10 ng/mL and 0.050-1.0%, with the limits of detection of 0.050 ng/mL and 0.020% (S/N = 3). These results open a facile, sensitive, and rapid approach for the safety control of agricultural GM rape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture , Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan) , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Luke Wen
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture , Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Yuhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture , Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Xiaohong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture , Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture , Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture , Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Zhifeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Southwest University , Chongqing 400716 , China
| | - Gang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture , Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu S, Yuan H, Bai H, Zhang P, Lv F, Liu L, Dai Z, Bao J, Wang S. Electrochemiluminescence for Electric-Driven Antibacterial Therapeutics. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2284-2291. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liu
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100910, PR China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Huanxiang Yuan
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100910, PR China
| | - Haotian Bai
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100910, PR China
| | - Pengbo Zhang
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100910, PR China
| | - Fengting Lv
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100910, PR China
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100910, PR China
| | - Zhihui Dai
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jianchun Bao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100910, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cai M, Loague QR, Zhu J, Lin S, Usov PM, Morris AJ. Ruthenium(ii)-polypyridyl doped zirconium(iv) metal–organic frameworks for solid-state electrochemiluminescence. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:16807-16812. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03906b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(ii)-polypyridyl doped zirconium(iv) metal–organic framework film, UiO-67-Ru@FTO, exhibited electrochemiluminescence with tripropylamine as coreactant in a wide concentration range of 0.04–20 mM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cai
- Department of Chemistry
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Quentin R. Loague
- Department of Chemistry
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Shaoyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Pavel M. Usov
- Department of Chemistry
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Amanda J. Morris
- Department of Chemistry
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Blacksburg
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang YZ, Zhao W, Dai PP, Lu HJ, Xu JJ, Pan J, Chen HY. Spatial-resolved electrochemiluminescence ratiometry based on bipolar electrode for bioanalysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:683-689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
20
|
Recent development of electrochemiluminescence sensors for food analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:7035-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
21
|
Rapid Microfluidic Assay for the Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin in Animal Sera. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8010013. [PMID: 26742073 PMCID: PMC4728535 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Potent Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) represent a threat to public health and safety. Botulism is a disease caused by BoNT intoxication that results in muscle paralysis that can be fatal. Sensitive assays capable of detecting BoNTs from different substrates and settings are essential to limit foodborne contamination and morbidity. In this report, we describe a rapid 96-well microfluidic double sandwich immunoassay for the sensitive detection of BoNT-A from animal sera. This BoNT microfluidic assay requires only 5 μL of serum, provides results in 75 min using a standard fluorescence microplate reader and generates minimal hazardous waste. The assay has a <30 pg·mL−1 limit of detection (LOD) of BoNT-A from spiked human serum. This sensitive microfluidic BoNT-A assay offers a fast and simplified workflow suitable for the detection of BoNT-A from serum samples of limited volume in most laboratory settings.
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Cheng LW, Henderson TD, Lam TI, Stanker LH. Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in the Sensitive Detection and Neutralization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype B. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5068-78. [PMID: 26633496 PMCID: PMC4690113 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are some of nature’s most potent toxins. Due to potential food contamination, and bioterrorism concerns, the development of detection reagents, therapeutics and countermeasures are of urgent interest. Recently, we have developed a sensitive electrochemiluminescent (ECL) immunoassay for BoNT/B, using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) MCS6-27 and anti-BoNT/B rabbit polyclonal antibodies as the capture and detector. The ECL assay detected as little as 1 pg/mL BoNT/B in the buffer matrix, surpassing the detection sensitivities of the gold standard mouse bioassays. The ECL assay also allowed detection of BoNT/B in sera matrices of up to 100% sera with negligible matrix effects. This highly-sensitive assay allowed the determination of the biological half-lives of BoNT/B holotoxin in vivo. We further tested the toxin neutralization potential of our monoclonal antibodies using the mouse systemic and oral intoxication models. A combination of mAbs protected mice in both pre- and post-exposure models to lethal doses of BoNT/B. MAbs were capable of increasing survival of animals when administered even 10 h post-intoxication in an oral model, suggesting a likely time for BoNT/B complexes to reach the blood stream. More sensitive detection assays and treatments against BoNT intoxication will greatly enhance efforts to combat botulism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Thomas D Henderson
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Tina I Lam
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
| | - Larry H Stanker
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Worbs S, Fiebig U, Zeleny R, Schimmel H, Rummel A, Luginbühl W, Dorner BG. Qualitative and Quantitative Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxins from Complex Matrices: Results of the First International Proficiency Test. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4935-66. [PMID: 26703724 PMCID: PMC4690107 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the framework of the EU project EQuATox, a first international proficiency test (PT) on the detection and quantification of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) was conducted. Sample materials included BoNT serotypes A, B and E spiked into buffer, milk, meat extract and serum. Different methods were applied by the participants combining different principles of detection, identification and quantification. Based on qualitative assays, 95% of all results reported were correct. Successful strategies for BoNT detection were based on a combination of complementary immunological, MS-based and functional methods or on suitable functional in vivo/in vitro approaches (mouse bioassay, hemidiaphragm assay and Endopep-MS assay). Quantification of BoNT/A, BoNT/B and BoNT/E was performed by 48% of participating laboratories. It turned out that precise quantification of BoNT was difficult, resulting in a substantial scatter of quantitative data. This was especially true for results obtained by the mouse bioassay which is currently considered as "gold standard" for BoNT detection. The results clearly demonstrate the urgent need for certified BoNT reference materials and the development of methods replacing animal testing. In this context, the BoNT PT provided the valuable information that both the Endopep-MS assay and the hemidiaphragm assay delivered quantitative results superior to the mouse bioassay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Uwe Fiebig
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Zeleny
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Heinz Schimmel
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
| | - Andreas Rummel
- toxogen GmbH, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 35, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Brigitte G Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Simon S, Fiebig U, Liu Y, Tierney R, Dano J, Worbs S, Endermann T, Nevers MC, Volland H, Sesardic D, Dorner MB. Recommended Immunological Strategies to Screen for Botulinum Neurotoxin-Containing Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5011-34. [PMID: 26703727 PMCID: PMC4690110 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause the life-threatening neurological illness botulism in humans and animals and are divided into seven serotypes (BoNT/A–G), of which serotypes A, B, E, and F cause the disease in humans. BoNTs are classified as “category A” bioterrorism threat agents and are relevant in the context of the Biological Weapons Convention. An international proficiency test (PT) was conducted to evaluate detection, quantification and discrimination capabilities of 23 expert laboratories from the health, food and security areas. Here we describe three immunological strategies that proved to be successful for the detection and quantification of BoNT/A, B, and E considering the restricted sample volume (1 mL) distributed. To analyze the samples qualitatively and quantitatively, the first strategy was based on sensitive immunoenzymatic and immunochromatographic assays for fast qualitative and quantitative analyses. In the second approach, a bead-based suspension array was used for screening followed by conventional ELISA for quantification. In the third approach, an ELISA plate format assay was used for serotype specific immunodetection of BoNT-cleaved substrates, detecting the activity of the light chain, rather than the toxin protein. The results provide guidance for further steps in quality assurance and highlight problems to address in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Simon
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Uwe Fiebig
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Liu
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Rob Tierney
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Julie Dano
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tanja Endermann
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marie-Claire Nevers
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Hervé Volland
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Dorothea Sesardic
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Martin B Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Park S, Shin YM, Song JJ, Yang H. Facile electrochemical detection of botulinum neurotoxin type E using a two-step proteolytic cleavage. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 72:211-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
27
|
|
28
|
Costa-Pinto J, Pérez-Rodríguez A, del C Goméz-del-Castillo M, Lourés E, Rodríguez-Trillo A, Batlle J, López-Fernández MF. Diagnosis of inherited von Willebrand disease: comparison of two methodologies and analysis of the discrepancies. Haemophilia 2015; 20:559-67. [PMID: 25077350 DOI: 10.1111/hae.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostics of von Willebrand disease (VWD) includes assessment of factor VIII (FVIII) coagulant activity, von Willebrand factor (VWF) antigen (VWF:Ag) and VWF ristocetin cofactor activity (VWF:RCo), and more specific tests as multimeric and genetic analyses are necessary for the correct VWD classification. The ACL AcuStar analyzer introduces chemiluminescence (CL) technology in detection of VWD with automated VWF:Ag and VWF:RCo assays. Compare VWF:Ag-ELISA and VWF:RCo by aggregometry conventional assays with new CL VWF:Ag-IL and VWF:RCo-IL assays, investigate the ability to make accurate VWD diagnosis and concordance with multimeric and genetic analyses. 146 patients with congenital VWD (51 Type 1; 34 Type 2A; 16 Type 2B; 31 Type 2M; 5 Type 2N; 9 Type 3) and 30 healthy normal subjects were included. A comparison was made between CL and conventional methods. Diagnostic evaluation included: VWF:RCo/VWF:Ag ratio, multimeric distribution (sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS]-agarose gel) of VWF and genetic analysis in 110 of 146 patients. CL and conventional methods revealed good correlation. Kappa test agreement diagnosis was >0.8. CL diagnostic sensitivity was 100% and specificity 97%. Multimeric and genetic analysis were of help in clarifying 13 discrepancies of diagnosis between methods, of which six discrepancies were explained by lack of conventional methods′ sensibility. CL methodology can detect VWD and discriminate between type 1, 3 and variant forms and offers an automated, faster, sensitive and less cumbersome method when compared to conventional assays, in particular VWF:RCo by aggregometry. In some cases, even with all phenotype and genetic analyses, discrepancies exist in the classification of VWD.
Collapse
|
29
|
Kalb SR, Krilich JC, Dykes JK, Lúquez C, Maslanka SE, Barr JR. Detection of Botulinum Toxins A, B, E, and F in Foods by Endopep-MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1133-1141. [PMID: 25578960 PMCID: PMC4523457 DOI: 10.1021/jf505482b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Botulism is caused by exposure to botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). BoNTs are proteins secreted by some species of clostridia; these neurotoxins are known to interfere with nerve impulse transmission, thus causing paralysis. Botulism may be contracted through consumption of food either naturally or intentionally contaminated with BoNT. The human lethal dose of BoNT is not known but is estimated to be between 0.1 and 70 μg; thus, it is important to be able to detect small amounts of this toxin in foods to ensure food safety and to identify the source of an outbreak. Our laboratory previously reported on the development of Endopep-MS, a mass-spectrometric-based endopeptidase method for the detection and differentiation of BoNT. This method can detect BoNT at levels below the historic standard mouse bioassay in clinical samples such as serum, stool, and culture supernatants. We have now expanded this assay to detect BoNT in over 50 foods including representative products that were involved in actual botulism investigations. The foods tested by the Endopep-MS included those with various acidities, viscosities, and fat levels. Dairy and culturally diverse products were also included. This work demonstrates that the Endopep-MS method can be used to detect BoNT/A, /B, /E, and /F in foods at levels spiked below that of the limit of detection of the mouse bioassay. Furthermore, we successfully applied this method to investigate several foods associated with botulism outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne R. Kalb
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center of Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Hwy, NE, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Joan C. Krilich
- Battelle Memorial Institute under contract at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Janet K. Dykes
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Carolina Lúquez
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Susan E. Maslanka
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - John R. Barr
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center of Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Hwy, NE, Atlanta, GA 30341
- Corresponding Author: Tel: 770-488-7848; Fax: 770-488-4609;
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Saravanan P, Rajaseger G, Eric YPH, Moochhala S. Botulinum Toxin: Present Knowledge and Threats. BIOLOGICAL TOXINS AND BIOTERRORISM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5869-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
31
|
Stanker LH, Hnasko RM. A Double-Sandwich ELISA for Identification of Monoclonal Antibodies Suitable for Sandwich Immunoassays. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1318:69-78. [PMID: 26160565 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2742-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The sandwich immunoassay (sELISA) is an invaluable technique for concentrating, detecting, and quantifying target antigens. The two critical components required are a capture antibody and a detection antibody, each binding a different epitope on the target antigen. The specific antibodies incorporated into the test define most of the performance parameters of any subsequent immunoassay regardless of the assay format: traditional ELISA, lateral-flow immunoassay, various bead-based assays, antibody-based biosensors, or the reporting label. Here we describe an approach for identifying monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) suitable for use as capture antibodies and detector antibodies in a sELISA targeting bacterial protein toxins. The approach was designed for early identification of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), in the initial hybridoma screen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larry H Stanker
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit (FTDP), Western Regional Research Center (WRRC), Pacific West Area (PWA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sachdeva A, Singh AK, Sharma SK. An electrochemiluminescence assay for the detection of bio threat agents in selected food matrices and in the screening of Clostridium botulinum outbreak strains associated with type A botulism. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:707-712. [PMID: 23873138 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specific screening methods for complex food matrices are needed that enable unambiguous and sensitive detection of bio threat agents (BTAs) such as Bacillus anthracis spores and microbial toxins (e.g. staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and clostridial botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs)). The present study describes an image-based 96-well Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay for simultaneous detection of BTAs in dairy milk products. RESULTS The limit of detection of this ECL assay is 40 pg mL⁻¹ for BoNT/A complex, 10 pg mL⁻¹ for SEB and 40000 CFU mL⁻¹ for Bacillus anthracis spores in dairy milk products. The ECL assay was successfully applied to screen type A Clostridium botulinum outbreak strains. CONCLUSION The results of the study indicate that this ECL assay is very sensitive, rapid (<6 h) and multiplex in nature. The ECL assay has potential for use as an in vitro screening method for BTAs over other comparable immunoassays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amita Sachdeva
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
A monoclonal antibody based capture ELISA for botulinum neurotoxin serotype B: toxin detection in food. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:2212-26. [PMID: 24253240 PMCID: PMC3847722 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5112212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulism is a serious foodborne neuroparalytic disease, caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Seven toxin serotypes (A – H) have been described. The majority of human cases of botulism are caused by serotypes A and B followed by E and F. We report here a group of serotype B specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) capable of binding toxin under physiological conditions. Thus, they serve as capture antibodies for a sandwich (capture) ELISA. The antibodies were generated using recombinant peptide fragments corresponding to the receptor-binding domain of the toxin heavy chain as immunogen. Their binding properties suggest that they bind a complex epitope with dissociation constants (KD’s) for individual antibodies ranging from 10 to 48 × 10−11 M. Assay performance for all possible combinations of capture-detector antibody pairs was evaluated and the antibody pair resulting in the lowest level of detection (L.O.D.), ~20 pg/mL was determined. Toxin was detected in spiked dairy samples with good recoveries at concentrations as low as 0.5 pg/mL and in ground beef samples at levels as low as 2 ng/g. Thus, the sandwich ELISA described here uses mAb for both the capture and detector antibodies (binding different epitopes on the toxin molecule) and readily detects toxin in those food samples tested.
Collapse
|