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Jia X, Ganter B, Meier C. Improving properties of the nucleobase analogs T-705/T-1105 as potential antiviral. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2021; 57:1-47. [PMID: 34728864 PMCID: PMC8553380 DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In this minireview we describe our work on the improvement of the nucleobase analogs Favipiravir (T-705) und its non-fluorinated derivative T-1105 as influenza and SARS-CoV-2 active compounds. Both nucleobases were converted into nucleotides and then included in our nucleotide prodrugs technologies cycloSal-monophosphates, DiPPro-nucleoside diphosphates and TriPPPro-nucleoside triphosphates. Particularly the DiPPro-derivatives of T-1105-RDP proved to be very active against influenza viruses. T-1105-derivatives in general were found to be more antivirally active as compared to their T-705 counterpart. This may be due to the low chemical stability of all ribosylated derivatives of T-705. The ribosyltriphosphate derivative of T-1105 was studied for the potential to act as a inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and was found to be an extremely potent compound causing lethal mutagenesis. The pronucleotide technologies, the chemical synthesis, the biophysical properties and the biological effects of the compounds will be addressed as well.
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2
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Fisher CL, Resnick RJ, De S, Acevedo LA, Lu KP, Schroeder FC, Nicholson LK. Cyclic cis-Locked Phospho-Dipeptides Reduce Entry of AβPP into Amyloidogenic Processing Pathway. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:391-410. [PMID: 27662285 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The cis/trans isomerization of X-Pro peptide bonds in proteins in some instances acts as a molecular switch in biological pathways. Our prior work suggests that the cis isomer of the phospho-Thr668-Pro669 motif, located in the cytoplasmic domain of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), is correlated with an increase in amyloidogenic processing of AβPP and production of amyloid-beta (Aβ), the neurotoxic peptide fragment in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We designed a 100% cis-locked cyclic dipeptide composed of cyclized phospho-Thr-Pro (pCDP) as a mimic for this putative pathological conformation, and three phosphate-blocked derivatives (pCDP-diBzl, pCDP-Bzl, and pCDP-diPOM). Two H4 neuroglioma cell lines were established as AD cell models for use in testing these compounds: H4-AβPP695 for stable overexpression of wild-type AβPP695, and H4-BACE1 for stable overexpression of β-site AβPP cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1). The level of the secreted AβPP fragment resulting from BACE1 activity, sAβPPβ, served as a key proxy for amyloidogenic processing, since cleavage of AβPP by BACE1 is a requisite first step in Aβ production. Of the compounds tested, pCDP-diBzl decreased sAβPPβ levels in both cell lines, while pCDP-diPOM decreased sAβPPβ levels in only H4-BACE1 cells, all with similar dose-dependences and patterns of proteolytic AβPP fragments. Enzymatic assays showed that none of the pCDP derivatives directly inhibit BACE1 catalytic activity. These results suggest a model in which pCDP-diBzl and pCDP-diPOM act at a common point to inhibit entry of AβPP into the amyloidogenic AβPP processing pathway but through different targets, and provide important insights for the development of novel AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn L Fisher
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ross J Resnick
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Soumya De
- School of Bio Science, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, WB, India
| | - Lucila A Acevedo
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kun Ping Lu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Therapeutics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Linda K Nicholson
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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3
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Szymanska-Michalak A, Wawrzyniak D, Framski G, Stawinski J, Barciszewski J, Kraszewski A. New antiglioma zwitterionic pronucleotides with an FdUMP framework. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 144:682-691. [PMID: 29289891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have designed and synthesized new 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate pronucleotides which can function as potential agents against the glioblastoma multiforme tumor. Their anti-malignant potency has been tested against T98G, U-118 MG, U-87 MG gliomas, HeLa, and Caco-2 cancer cell lines, using MRC-5 healthy cells as a reference. Five of the sixteen compounds (4c, 4f-i) exhibited significant anticancer potency and high selectivity indices (SI 12-66). It is likely that these zwitterionic pronucleotides may function in a similar manner to zwitterionic phospholipids, by inducing cell membrane charge disorder, making the cell permeable to bioactive agents. The most promising therapeutic pronucleotides 4c, 4f-h, have high intestinal-blood uptake potency (Caco-2 cell line), and may be considered as potential, orally administrated, anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dariusz Wawrzyniak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Framski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Stawinski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan Barciszewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Adam Kraszewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland.
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4
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Okon A, Matos de Souza MR, Shah R, Amorim R, da Costa LJ, Wagner CR. Anchimerically Activatable Antiviral ProTides. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:958-962. [PMID: 28947944 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This work describes the synthesis and biological evaluation of an anchimerically activated proTide of 2'-C-β-methylguanosine as an inhibitor of dengue virus 2 (DENV-2). The proTide incorporates a chemically cleavable 2-(methylthio)ethyl moiety and a HINT1 hydrolyzable tryptamine phosphoramidate. Inhibition of DENV-2 replication by proTide 6 was 5-fold greater than the parent nucleoside while displaying no apparent cytotoxicity. Furthermore, we demonstrate with a HINT1 inhibitor that the anti DENV-2 activity of the proTide correlates with the activity of HINT1. Taken together, these results demonstrate that a phosphoramidate based pronucleotide that undergoes an initial nonenzymatic activation step based on anchimeric assistance followed by P-N bond cleavage by HINT1 can be prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcos Romário Matos de Souza
- Departamento
de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Amorim
- Departamento
de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Luciana Jesus da Costa
- Departamento
de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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5
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Lewandowska M, Ruszkowski P, Chojnacka K, Kleczewska N, Hoffmann M, Kacprzak K, Celewicz L. Synthesis and anticancer activity of some 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine phosphoramidates. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2330-41. [PMID: 27073055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Two series of novel 4-chlorophenyl N-alkyl phosphoramidates of 3'-O-(t-butoxycarbonyl)-5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (3'-BOC-FdU) (9a-9j) and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdU) (10a-10j) were synthesized by means of phosphorylation of 3'-BOC-FdU (4) with 4-chlorophenyl phosphoroditriazolide (7), followed by a reaction with the appropriate amine. Phosphoramidates 9a-9j were converted to the corresponding 10a-10j by removal of the 3'-t-butoxycarbonyl protecting group (BOC) under acidic conditions. The synthesized phosphoramidates 9a-9j and 10a-10j were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity in five human cancer cell lines: cervical (HeLa), nasopharyngeal (KB), breast (MCF-7), liver (HepG2), osteosarcoma (143B) and normal human dermal fibroblast cell line (HDF) using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Two phosphoramidates 9b and 9j with the N-ethyl and N-(methoxy-(S)-alaninyl) substituents, respectively, displayed remarkable activity in all the investigated cancer cells, and the activity was considerably higher than that of the parent nucleoside 4 and FdU. Among phosphoramidates 10a-10j compound 10c with the N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) substituent showed the highest activity. Phosphoramidate 10c was more active than the FdU in all the cancer cell lines tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lewandowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska St 89 b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Ruszkowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka St 5 a, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Kinga Chojnacka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska St 89 b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Kleczewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska St 89 b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Hoffmann
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska St 89 b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Karol Kacprzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska St 89 b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Lech Celewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska St 89 b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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6
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Seo S, Onizuka K, Nishioka C, Takahashi E, Tsuneda S, Abe H, Ito Y. Phosphorylated 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine for advanced DNA labeling. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:4589-95. [PMID: 25777799 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00199d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The representative DNA-labeling agent 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) was chemically modified to improve its function. Chemical monophosphorylation was expected to enhance the efficiency of the substrate in DNA polymerization by circumventing the enzymatic monophosphorylation step that consumes energy. In addition, to enhance cell permeability, the phosphates were protected with bis-pivaloyloxymethyl that is stable in buffer and plasma, and degradable inside various cell types. The phosphorylated EdU (PEdU) was less toxic than EdU, and had the same or a slightly higher DNA-labeling ability in vitro. PEdU was also successfully applied to DNA labeling in vivo. In conclusion, PEdU can be used as a less toxic DNA-labeling agent for studies that require long-term cell survival or very sensitive cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyoong Seo
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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7
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Lewandowska M, Ruszkowski P, Baraniak D, Czarnecka A, Kleczewska N, Celewicz L. Synthesis of 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxy-5-fluorouridine phosphoramidates and evaluation of their anticancer activity. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 67:188-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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8
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Roux L, Priet S, Payrot N, Weck C, Fournier M, Zoulim F, Balzarini J, Canard B, Alvarez K. Ester prodrugs of acyclic nucleoside thiophosphonates compared to phosphonates: synthesis, antiviral activity and decomposition study. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:869-81. [PMID: 23603046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
9-[2-(Thiophosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine [S-PMEA, 8] and (R)-9-[2-(Thiophosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine [S-PMPA, 9] are acyclic nucleoside thiophosphonates we described recently that display the same antiviral spectrum (DNA viruses) as approved and potent phosphonates PMEA and (R)-PMPA. Here, we describe the synthesis, antiviral activities in infected cell cultures and decomposition study of bis(pivaloyloxymethoxy)-S-PMEA [Bis-POM-S-PMEA, 13] and bis(isopropyloxymethylcarbonyl)-S-PMPA [Bis-POC-S-PMPA, 14] as orally bioavailable prodrugs of the S-PMEA 8 and S-PMPA 9, in comparison to the equivalent "non-thio" derivatives [Bis-POM-PMEA, 11] and [Bis-POC-PMPA, 12]. Compounds 11, 12, 13 and 14 were evaluated for their in vitro antiviral activity against HIV-1-, HIV-2-, HBV- and a broad panel of DNA viruses, and found to exhibit moderate to potent antiviral activity. In order to determine the decomposition pathway of the prodrugs 11, 12, 13 and 14 into parent compounds PMEA, PMPA, 8 and 9, kinetic data and decomposition pathways in several media are presented. As expected, bis-POM-S-PMEA 13 and bis-POC-S-PMPA 14 behaved as prodrugs of S-PMEA 8 and S-PMPA 9. However, thiophosphonates 8 and 9 were released very smoothly in cell extracts, in contrast to the release of PMEA and PMPA from "non-thio" prodrugs 11 and 12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Roux
- Laboratoire d'Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR CNRS 7257, Equipe Chimie Médicinale et Virologie Structurale, Université Aix-Marseille, Parc scientifique de Luminy, 163 av. de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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9
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Kiuru E, Ahmed Z, Lönnberg H, Beigelman L, Ora M. 2,2-Disubstituted 4-Acylthio-3-oxobutyl Groups as Esterase- and Thermolabile Protecting Groups of Phosphodiesters. J Org Chem 2013; 78:950-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo302421u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Kiuru
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Zafar Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Lönnberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Leonid Beigelman
- AliosBiopharma, 260 East Grand Avenue, Second Floor, South San Francisco, California
94080, United States
| | - Mikko Ora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
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10
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Miao ZW, Fu H, Tu GZ, Liu H, Bo H, Zhao YF. Synthesis and Novel Properties of Alkyl Thiophosphoramidate Derivatives of Nucleosides. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.20020200515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Miao ZW, Fu H, Feng YP, Han B, Tu GZ, Zhao YF. Studies on Synthesis and Intramolecular Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Thiophosphoramidate Derivatives of Nucleoside. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.20020201147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Ora M, Taherpour S, Linna R, Leisvuori A, Hietamäki E, Poijärvi-Virta P, Beigelman L, Lönnberg H. Biodegradable protections for nucleoside 5'-monophosphates: comparative study on the removal of O-acetyl and O-acetyloxymethyl protected 3-hydroxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl groups. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4992-5001. [PMID: 19462989 DOI: 10.1021/jo9005987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of 3-acetyloxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl and 3-acetyloxymethoxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl groups as biodegradable phosphate protecting groups for nucleoside 5'-monophosphates has been studied in a HEPES buffer at pH 7.5. Enzymatic deacetylation with porcine carboxyesterase triggers the removal of the resulting 3-hydroxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl and 3-hydroxymethoxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl groups by retro-aldol condensation and consecutive half acetal hydrolysis and retro-aldol condensation, respectively. The kinetics of these multistep deprotection reactions have been followed by HPLC, using appropriately protected thymidine 5'-monophosphates as model compounds. The enzymatic deacetylation of the 3-acetyloxymethoxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl 5'-triester (2) is 25-fold faster than the deacetylation of its 3-acetyloxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl-protected counterpart 1, and the difference in the deacetylation rates of the resulting diesters, 12b and 12a, is even greater. With 2, conversion to thymidine 5'-monophosphate (5'-TMP) is quantitative, while conversion of 1 to 5'-TMP is accompanied by formation of thymidine. Consistent with the preceding observations, quantitative release of 5'-TMP from 2 has been shown to take place in a whole cell extract of human prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Ora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
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13
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14
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Zhao S, Etzkorn FA. A phosphorylated prodrug for the inhibition of Pin1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6615-8. [PMID: 17935986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fmoc-pSer-Psi[(Z)CHC]-Pro-(2)-N-(3)-ethylaminoindole 1, showed moderate inhibition towards the mitotic regulator, Pin1 (IC(50)=28.3microM). To improve the cell permeability, the charged phosphate was masked as the bis-pivaloyloxymethyl (POM) phosphate in Fmoc-(bisPOM)-pSer-Psi[(Z)CHC]-Pro-(2)-N-(3)-ethylaminoindole 2. Antiproliferative activity towards A2780 ovarian cancer cells of 1 (IC(50)=46.2microM) was improved significantly in 2 (IC(50)=26.9microM), comparable to the IC(50) of 1 towards Pin1 enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212, USA
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15
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Routledge A, Walker I, Freeman S, Hay A, Mahmood N. Synthesis, Bioactivation and Anti-HIV Activity of 4-Acyloxybenzylbis(Nucleosid-5′-yl) Phosphates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/15257779508009491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Sun YW, Chen KM, Kwon CH. Sulfonyl-containing nucleoside phosphotriesters and phosphoramidates as novel anticancer prodrugs of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate (FdUMP). Mol Pharm 2006; 3:161-73. [PMID: 16579645 DOI: 10.1021/mp0500622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of sulfonyl-containing 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdU) phosphotriester and phosphoramidate analogues were designed and synthesized as anticancer prodrugs of FdUMP. Stability studies have demonstrated that these compounds underwent pH dependent beta-elimination to liberate the corresponding nucleotide species with half-lives in the range of 0.33-12.23 h under model physiological conditions in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. Acceleration of the elimination was observed in the presence of human plasma. Compounds with an FdUMP moiety (4-9) were considerably more potent than those without (1-3) as well as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) against Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V-79 cells) in vitro. Addition of thymidine (10 microM) reversed the growth inhibition activities of only 5-FU and the compounds with an FdUMP moiety, but had no effect on those without. These results are consistent with thymidylate synthase as the target of the prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Wan Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, Jamaica, New York 11439, USA
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17
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Baker MD, Holloway DE, Swaminathan GJ, Acharya KR. Crystal structures of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) in complex with the inhibitors 5'-ATP, Ap3A, Ap4A, and Ap5A. Biochemistry 2006; 45:416-26. [PMID: 16401072 DOI: 10.1021/bi0518592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) is a catalytically proficient member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily secreted along with other eosinophil granule proteins during innate host defense responses and various eosinophil-related inflammatory and allergic diseases. The ribonucleolytic activity of EDN is central to its antiviral and neurotoxic activities and possibly to other facets of its biological activity. To probe the importance of this enzymatic activity further, specific inhibitors will be of great aid. Derivatives of 5'-ADP are among the most potent inhibitors currently known. Here, we use X-ray crystallography to investigate the binding of four natural nucleotides containing this moiety. 5'-ATP binds in two alternative orientations, one occupying the B2 subsite in a conventional manner and one being a retro orientation with no ordered adenosine moiety. Diadenosine triphosphate (Ap3A) and diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) bind with one adenine positioned at the B2 subsite, the polyphosphate chain extending across the P1 subsite in an ill-defined conformation, and a disordered second adenosine moiety. Diadenosine pentaphosphate (Ap5A), the most avid inhibitor of this series, binds in a completely ordered fashion with one adenine positioned conventionally at the B2 subsite, the polyphosphate chain occupying the P1 and putative P(-1) subsites, and the other adenine bound in a retro-like manner at the edge of the B1 subsite. The binding mode of each of these inhibitors has features seen in previously determined structures of adenosine diphosphates. We examine the structure-affinity relationships of these inhibitors and discuss the implications for the design of improved inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Baker
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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18
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Kim M, Kleckley TS, Wiemer AJ, Holstein SA, Hohl RJ, Wiemer DF. Synthesis and activity of fluorescent isoprenoid pyrophosphate analogues. J Org Chem 2005; 69:8186-93. [PMID: 15549786 DOI: 10.1021/jo049101w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New fluorescent analogues of farnesol and geranylgeraniol have been prepared and then converted to the corresponding pyrophosphates. These analogues incorporate anthranylate or dansyl-like groups anchored to the terpenoid skeleton through amine bonds that would be expected to be relatively stable to metabolism. After addition of the alcohols or the pyrophosphates to the culture medium, their fluorescence is readily observed inside a human-derived leukemia cell line. Enzyme assays have revealed that the farnesyl pyrophosphate analogue is an inhibitor of FTase, while the corresponding alcohol is not. These results, together with Western blot analyses of cell lysates, indicate that the farnesyl pyrophosphate analogue penetrates the cells as an intact pyrophosphate and that it does so at a biologically relevant concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- MeeKyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, USA
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19
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Erion MD, Reddy KR, Boyer SH, Matelich MC, Gomez-Galeno J, Lemus RH, Ugarkar BG, Colby TJ, Schanzer J, Van Poelje PD. Design, synthesis, and characterization of a series of cytochrome P(450) 3A-activated prodrugs (HepDirect prodrugs) useful for targeting phosph(on)ate-based drugs to the liver. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:5154-63. [PMID: 15099098 DOI: 10.1021/ja031818y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new class of phosphate and phosphonate prodrugs, called HepDirect prodrugs, is described that combines properties of rapid liver cleavage with high plasma and tissue stability to achieve increased drug levels in the liver. The prodrugs are substituted cyclic 1,3-propanyl esters designed to undergo an oxidative cleavage reaction catalyzed by a cytochrome P(450) (CYP) expressed predominantly in the liver. Reported herein is the discovery of a prodrug series containing an aryl substituent at C4 and its use for the delivery of nucleoside-based drugs to the liver. Prodrugs of 5'-monophosphates of vidarabine, lamivudine (3TC), and cytarabine as well as the phosphonic acid adefovir were shown to cleave following exposure to liver homogenates and exhibit good stability in blood and other tissues. Prodrug cleavage required the presence of the aryl group in the cis-configuration, but was relatively independent of the nucleoside and absolute stereochemistry at C4. Mechanistic studies suggested that prodrug cleavage proceeded via an initial CYP3A-catalyzed oxidation to an intermediate ring-opened monoacid, which subsequently was converted to the phosph(on)ate and an aryl vinyl ketone by a beta-elimination reaction. Studies in primary rat hepatocytes and normal rats comparing 3TC and the corresponding HepDirect prodrug demonstrated the ability of these prodrugs to effectively bypass the rate-limiting nucleoside kinase step and produce higher levels of the biologically active nucleoside triphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Erion
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Biochemistry, Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California 92121 USA
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20
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Abstract
Recently, we reported a novel approach for the intracellular delivery of the anti-cancer nucleotide 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate (FdUMP) using phosphoramidate-based prodrugs. These phosphoramidate prodrugs contain an ester group that undergoes intracellular activation, liberating phosphoramidate anion, which in turn undergoes spontaneous cyclization and P-N bond cleavage to yield the nucleoside monophosphate quantitatively. This approach has now been extended to cytarabine [1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C)], an anti-cancer nucleoside that is limited in its utility because of poor intracellular transport characteristics and weak activity as a substrate for tumor cell kinases. The cytarabine phosphoramidate prodrug 1 has been synthesized and evaluated in comparison with cytarabine for growth inhibitory activity against wild-type, nucleoside transport-deficient, and nucleoside kinase-deficient CEM leukemia cell lines. The prodrug was comparable in growth inhibitory activity (IC50 = 32 nM) to cytarabine (IC50 = 16 nM) in wild-type CCRF-CEM cells following drug treatment for 72 h. The nucleoside transport-deficient CEM/AraC8C exhibited a high level of resistance (6400-fold) to cytarabine but was more sensitive (210-fold resistant vs CCRF-CEM cells) to prodrug 1. Similarly, the deoxycytidine kinase-deficient cell line (CEM/dCK-) was highly resistant to cytarabine (13900-fold) but more sensitive (106-fold resistant vs CCRF-CEM cells) to prodrug 1. These results indicate that prodrug 1 is significantly more potent than cytarabine against transport- and kinase-deficient cell lines and are consistent with a mechanism involving intracellular delivery of cytarabine 5'-monophosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Tobias
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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21
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Abstract
Bioactivatable protecting groups represent an enormously powerful tool to increase bioavailability or to generally help deliver drugs to cells. This approach is particularly valuable in the case of biologically active phosphates because of the high intrinsic hydrophilicity and the multitude of biological functions phosphate esters exhibit inside cells. Here, the most prominent masking groups used so far are introduced. The stability and toxicology of the resulting prodrugs is discussed. Finally, this review tries to cover briefly some of the work that describes the usefulness and efficiency of the approach in various application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
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22
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Le Clézio I, Escudier JM, Vigroux A. Diastereoselective synthesis of a conformationally restricted dinucleotide with predefined alpha and beta torsional angles for the construction of alpha,beta-constrained nucleic acids (alpha,beta-CNA). Org Lett 2003; 5:161-4. [PMID: 12529130 DOI: 10.1021/ol027222h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The synthesis of a diastereopure 1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane linkage in which two, alpha and beta, out of six torsion angles of the natural phosphodiester backbone are constrained with predefined values of ca. +60 degrees (g(+)) and 180 degrees (t), respectively, is described. The stable and unstrained six-membered cyclic phosphotriester structure represents the smallest possible ring allowing the conformational locking of the alpha torsion angle at a significant positive value that is typical of many bulged regions of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Le Clézio
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (UMR 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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23
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Meier C. cycloSal-Pronucleotides—Design of the Concept, Chemistry, and Antiviral Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1075-8593(03)04006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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24
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Li P, Shaw BR. Synthesis of nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic boranophosphorothioate, a new type of cyclic nucleotide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2002:2890-1. [PMID: 12478798 DOI: 10.1039/b207350a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of a borane-containing doubly P-modified chiral cyclic nucleoside monophosphate (cNMP), e.g., thymidine and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 3',5'-cyclic boranophosphorothioates, have been synthesized; these cNMP analogues with increased lipophilicity could be potential anticancer prodrugs and useful probes for mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Paul M. Gross Chemical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, USA
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25
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Tobias SC, Borch RF. Synthesis and biological studies of novel nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs. J Med Chem 2001; 44:4475-80. [PMID: 11728193 DOI: 10.1021/jm010337r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach to the intracellular delivery of nucleotides using phosphoramidate-based prodrugs is described. Specifically, we have developed phosphoramidate prodrugs of the anticancer nucleotide 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'monophosphate (FdUMP). These phosphoramidate prodrugs contain an ester group that undergoes intracellular activation liberating phosphoramidate anion, which undergoes spontaneous cyclization and P-N bond cleavage to yield the nucleoside monophosphate quantitatively. In vitro evaluation of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine phosphoramidate prodrugs 2a and 3b against L1210 mouse leukemia cells show potent inhibition of cell growth (IC(50) 0.5-3 nM). Cell-based thymidylate synthase inhibition studies show that, in contrast to FUdR, the nitrofuran compound 2a is of comparable potency in wild type vs thymidine kinase deficient LM cells. This result indicates that the activation of this novel prodrug occurs via the proposed mechanism of intracellular delivery. However, naphthoquinone 3b has an IC(50) value for thymidylate synthase inhibition that is comparable to FUdR in thymidine kinase deficient cells. Further studies revealed that 3b rapidly decomposes to the nucleotide in cell culture medium, suggesting that the naphthoquinone analogue is not sufficiently stable to function as a nucleotide prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Tobias
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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26
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Freel Meyers CL, Hong L, Joswig C, Borch RF. Synthesis and biological activity of novel 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine phosphoramidate prodrugs. J Med Chem 2000; 43:4313-8. [PMID: 11063625 DOI: 10.1021/jm000301j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel haloethyl and piperidyl phosphoramidate FdUMP prodrug analogues has been synthesized, and the growth inhibitory activity of these compounds has been evaluated against L1210 mouse leukemia cells. All compounds exhibited potent inhibition of L1210 cell proliferation with IC(50) values in the nanomolar range. Growth inhibition was reversed by the addition of 5 microM thymidine, suggesting a mechanism of action involving the intracellular release of FdUMP. (31)P NMR studies carried out on model haloethyl phosphoramidates confirm the release of nucleotide via cyclization of the phosphoramidate anion to the aziridinium ion intermediate followed by hydrolysis of the P-N bond. The data suggests that <50% of the prodrug is converted to FdUMP intracellularly by this pathway. Piperidyl phosphoramidate analogues are also converted to nucleotide intracellularly, presumably by the action of an endogenous phosphoramidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Freel Meyers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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27
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Abstract
A series of thymidine and tetrahydrofurfuryl phosphoramidates bearing haloethyl or piperidyl substituents was synthesized and used to investigate the activation mechanisms of nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs. Structure assignments for the tetrahydrofurfuryl reaction products were confirmed by comparison to authentic samples. Structural assignments for thymidine phosphoramidate reaction products were made by analogy to the tetrahydrofurfuryl products. Generation of the phosphoramidate anion leads to cyclization and subsequent nucleophilic attack at carbon and phosphorus of the resulting aziridinium ion intermediate to give the observed products. Nucleophilic attack by water at carbon and phosphorus occurs without selectivity, supporting a mechanism of action of haloethylamine nucleoside prodrugs involving intracellular release of the nucleotide. Activation of the benzotriazolyl piperidyl phosphoramidates is followed by P-N bond hydrolysis; this reaction is subject to specific acid catalysis and to nucleophilic catalysis by 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. These results suggest that the mechanism of action of the piperidyl nucleoside phosphoramidates involves the intracellular release of the active nucleotide following P-N bond cleavage, presumably by the action of an endogenous phosphoramidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Freel Meyers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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28
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Balzarini J, Aquaro S, Knispel T, Rampazzo C, Bianchi V, Perno CF, De Clercq E, Meier C. Cyclosaligenyl-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine monophosphate: efficient intracellular delivery of d4TMP. Mol Pharmacol 2000; 58:928-35. [PMID: 11040039 DOI: 10.1124/mol.58.5.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclosaligenyl-2',3'-didehydro-2', 3'-dideoxythymidine-5'-monophosphate (cycloSal-d4TMP) is a potent and selective inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus replication in cell culture and differs from other nucleotide prodrug approaches in that it is designed to selectively deliver the nucleotide 5'-monophosphate by a controlled, chemically induced hydrolysis. Its antiviral efficacy in cell culture is at least as good as, if not superior to, that of d4T. CycloSal-d4TMP was found to lead to the efficient intracellular release of d4TMP in a variety of cell lines, including both wild-type CEM and thymidine kinase-deficient CEM/TK(-) cells. Under similar experimental conditions, exposure of CEM/TK(-) cells to d4T failed to result in significant d4TTP levels. The intracellular conversion of cycloSal-d4TMP proved to be both time and dose dependent. The half-life of d4TTP generated intracellularly from d4T- or cycloSal-d4TMP-treated CEM cells was approximately 3.5 h, and the intracellular ratios of d4TTP/d4TMP in cells exposed to cycloSal-d4TMP gradually increased from 1 to 3.4 upon prolonged incubation. Radiolabeled cycloSal-d4TMP could be separated as its two R(p) and S(p) diastereomers on high-performance liquid chromatography. The R(p) diastereomer of cycloSal-d4TMP was 3- to 7-fold more efficient in releasing d4TMP and generating d4TTP than the S(p) cycloSal-d4TMP diastereomer. This correlated well with the 5-fold more pronounced antiviral activity of the R(p) diastereomer versus the S(p) diastereomer. d4TMP is a poor substrate for the cytosolic 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase (V(max)/K(m) for d4TMP: 0.08 of V(max)/K(m) for dTMP) and is only slowly hydrolyzed to d4T. This contributes to the efficient conversion of the prodrug of d4TTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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29
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Abstract
To overcome the many hurdles preventing the use of antiviral and anticancer nucleosides as therapeutics, the development of a prodrug methodology (i.e., pronucleotide) for the in vivo delivery of nucleotides has been proposed as a solution. The ideal pronucleotide should be non-toxic, stable in plasma and blood, capable of being i. v. and/or orally dosed, and intracellularly convertible to the corresponding nucleotide. Although this goal has yet to be achieved, many clever and imaginative pronucleotide approaches have been developed, which are likely to be important pharmacological tools. This review will discuss the major advances and future directions of the emerging field of antiviral and anticancer pronucleotide design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Marchal JA, Melguizo C, Prados J, Aránega AE, Gómez JA, Campos J, Gallo MA, Espinosa A, Arena N, Aránega A. Modulation of myogenic differentiation in a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line by a new derivative of 5-fluorouracil (QF-3602). Jpn J Cancer Res 2000; 91:934-40. [PMID: 11011122 PMCID: PMC5926449 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2000.tb01037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro study of mechanisms involved in drug-induced maturation has made it possible to use differentiation-based therapy in clinical practice. The goal of this new therapy is the development of specific agents to induce cancer cells to stop proliferating and express characteristics of normal cells. Recently, by structural modifications of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), we synthesized a new pyrimidine acyclonucleoside-like compound, 1-¿[3-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropoxy)-1-methoxy]propyl¿-5-fluorouracil (QF-3602), which showed in rhabdomyosarcoma cells a low toxicity and time-dependent growth inhibition. In this work, we compared the degree of myogenic differentiation of RD rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cells after treatment with QF-3602 and 5-FU. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) and immunocytochemical analyses showed that QF-3602 induced the appearance of myofilaments along the myotube-like giant RD cells, an increase in fibronectin and a decrease in vimentin expression. In contrast, only minor changes were observed with 5-FU. Moreover, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses showed that QF-3602 did not induce overexpression of the mdr 1 gene, a resistance mechanism that frequently appears in classical cytotoxic therapy in these tumors. Compounds obtained by structural modifications of 5-FU may be useful in differentiation therapy as a new approach to the treatment of RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Marchal
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaé, 23071 Jaé, Spain
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31
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Hu L, Liu B, Hacking DR. 5'-[2-(2-Nitrophenyl)-2-methylpropionyl]-2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine as a potential bioreductively activated prodrug of FUDR: synthesis, stability and reductive activation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:797-800. [PMID: 10782689 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
5'-[2-(2-Nitrophenyl)-2-methylpropionyl]-2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine was synthesized as a potential bioreductively activated prodrug of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUDR). The target compound was stable in both phosphate buffer and human serum and was found to release quickly the parent drug FUDR in quantitative yield upon mild chemical reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08854, USA.
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32
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Martin LT, Cretton-Scott E, Placidi L, Faraj A, Loi AG, Schinazi RF, McClure HM, Gosselin G, Imbach JL, Sommadossi JP. In vitro and in vivo metabolism and pharmacokinetics of bis [(t-butyl)-S-acyl-2-thioethyl]-beta-L-2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluorocytidine monophosphate. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2000; 19:481-99. [PMID: 10772729 DOI: 10.1080/15257770008033023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to 10 &M L-FddCMP-bisSATE led to formation of intracellular L-FddCTP levels of 410.1(+/-) +/- 46.2 and 242.1 +/- 13.2 pmol/10(6) cells in unstimulated and PHAstimulated PBM cells, respectively; whereas, exposure of cells to the parent nucleoside, L-FddC, generated 5-10-fold less L-FddCTP. In Hep-G2 cells and EGF/HGF stimulated and unstimulated primary cultured hepatocytes, the active metabolite reached 113 +/- 29, 23.9 +/- 15.6, and 20.6 +/- 10.5 pmol/10(6) cells. Three other metabolites, L-FddCMP-monoSATE, L-FddCMP-SH, and M I, were detected intracellularly and extracellularly in all cell types examined. Intravenous administered dose of 3 mg/kg L-FddCMP-bisSATE to rhesus monkeys resulted in plasma concentration levels of 2.06 +/- 1.00 and 0.39 +/- 0.15 &M of L-FddCMP-monoSATE and L-FddC, respectively, while the prodrug was completely cleared metabolically within 15 min. Following oral administration of an equivalent dose, the absolute oral bioavailability of L-FddC derived from L-FddCMP-bisSATE administration was 65%.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Martin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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33
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Marchal JA, Prados J, Melguizo C, Gómez JA, Campos J, Gallo MA, Espinosa A, Arena N, Aránega A. GR-891: a novel 5-fluorouracil acyclonucleoside prodrug for differentiation therapy in rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:807-13. [PMID: 10070873 PMCID: PMC2362655 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation therapy provides an alternative treatment of cancer that overcomes the undesirable effects of classical chemotherapy, i.e. cytotoxicity and resistance to drugs. This new approach to cancer therapy focuses on the development of specific agents designed to selectively engage the process of terminal differentiation, leading to the elimination of tumorigenic cells and recovery of normal cell homeostasis. A series of new anti-cancer pyrimidine acyclonucleoside-like compounds were designed and synthesized by structural modifications of 5-fluorouracil, a drug which causes considerable cell toxicity and morbidity, and we evaluated their applicability for differentiation therapy in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. We tested the pyrimidine derivative GR-891, (RS)-1-[[3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-1-isopropoxy]propyl]-5-fluorouracil, an active drug which shows low toxicity in vivo and releases acrolein which is an aldehyde with anti-tumour activity. Both GR-891 and 5-fluorouracil caused time- and dose-dependent growth inhibition in vitro; however, GR-891 showed no cytotoxicity at low doses (22.5 micromol l(-1) and 45 micromol l(-1)) and induced terminal myogenic differentiation in RD cells (a rhabdomyosarcoma cell line) treated for 6 days. Changes in morphological features and in protein organization indicated re-entry in the pathway of muscular maturation. Moreover, GR-891 increased adhesion capability mediated by the expression of fibronectin, and did not induce overexpression of P-glycoprotein, the mdr1 gene product, implicated in multidrug resistance. New acyclonucleoside-like compounds such as GR-891 have important potential advantages over 5-fluorouracil because of their lower toxicity and their ability to induce myogenic differentiation in rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Our results suggest that this drug may be useful for differentiation therapy in this type of tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Marchal
- Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Spain
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34
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Metronidazole twin ester prodrugs: synthesis, physicochemical properties, hydrolysis kinetics and antigiardial activity. Eur J Med Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(98)80026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Lorey M, Meier C, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Cyclo-saligenyl-5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridinemonophosphate (cycloSal-FdUMP) — A New Prodrug Approach for FdUMP. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319708006177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Gómez JA, Campos J, Marchal JA, Trujillo MA, Melguizo C, Prados J, Gallo MA, Aránega A, Espinosa A. Chemical modifications on the acyclic moiety of 3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-1-alkoxypropyl nucleobases. 2. Differentiation and growth inhibition in rhabdomyosarcoma cells after exposure to a novel 5-fluorouracil acyclonucleoside. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)00415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Freeman S, Ross KC. 3 Prodrug Design for Phosphates and Phosphonates. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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38
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Winter H, Maeda Y, Mitsuya H, Zemlicka J. Phosphodiester amidates of allenic nucleoside analogues: anti-HIV activity and possible mechanism of action. J Med Chem 1996; 39:3300-6. [PMID: 8765513 DOI: 10.1021/jm960330n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic phosphodiester amidates 2a, 2b, 4a, 4b, and 6 derived from anti-HIV agent adenallene 1a, 3a, inactive hypoxallene 1b, 3b, and 9-(4-hydroxy-2-butyn-1-yl)adenine (5) were synthesized and studied as inhibitors of HIV-1 in ATH8 cell system. All phosphodiester amidates were more biologically active than their parent nonphosphorylated compounds. Analogues 2a and 4a derived from (+/-)-adenallene 1a and (R)-enantiomer 3a are effective anti-HIV agents with EC50 approximately 0.88 and 0.21 microM, respectively. Both analogues are 16 and 28 times more effective than parent compounds 1a and 3a, respectively. Some anti-HIV activity of hypoxallene derivatives 2b and 4b was noted in the range of 0.1-10 microM but the dose-response relationship was poor. Phosphodiester amidate analogue 6 also exhibited anti-HIV activity in the range of 0.1-100 microM, but this effect was accompanied by cytotoxicity. Hydrolytic studies performed at pH 9.8 and with pig liver esterase at pH 7.4 have shown that analogue 2a gives adenallene 4'-phosphoralaninate (10a) as the major product. These results can be interpreted in terms of initial hydrolysis of phosphodiester amidates 2a, 2b, 4a, 4b, and 6 catalyzed by intracellular esterase(s) to give stable phosphomonoester amidate intermediates with a free carboxyl group. The results obtained with hypoxallene phosphoramidates 2b and 4b indicate that the aminosuccinate-fumarate enzyme system responsible for activation of AIDS drug ddIno (didanosine, Videx) can also, albeit less efficiently, activate hypoxallene 4'-phosphate (9b) and the respective (R)-enantiomer released inside the HIV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201-1379, USA
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39
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Lindahl A, Malmberg M, Rehnberg N. Synthesis of an Acyloxymethyl Prodrug of the Inositol Phosphate α-Trinositol. J Carbohydr Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309608005673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Gigg J, Gigg R. The one-pot esterification of phosphoric acids with silver carbonate and alkyl halides in refluxing toluene. Carbohydr Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(96)00084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Campos J, Pineda M, Gómez J, Entrena A, Trujillo M, Gallo M, Espinosa A. 5-fluorouracil derivatives. 1. Acyclonucleosides through a tin (IV) chloride-mediated regiospecific ring opening of alkoxy-1,4-diheteroepanes. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(96)00439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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42
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Meier C. 2-Nucleos-5′-O-yl-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphinin-2-oxide—ein neues Konzept für lipophile, potentielle Prodrugs biologisch' aktiver Nucleosidmonophosphate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19961080112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Austin RE, Cleary DG. Synthesis of a Difluorophosphonate Analog of the Oxathiolanyl Nucleoside (−)-β-L-(2R,5S)-1,3-Oxathianyl-5-fluorocytosine (FTC). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/15257779508009758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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