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Liu Y, Liu F, Li Y, Li Y, Feng Y, Zhao J, Zhou C, Li C, Shen J, Zhang Y. LncRNA Anxa10-203 enhances Mc1r mRNA stability to promote neuropathic pain by recruiting DHX30 in the trigeminal ganglion. J Headache Pain 2024; 25:28. [PMID: 38433184 PMCID: PMC10910797 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-024-01733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trigeminal nerve injury is one of the most serious complications in oral clinics, and the subsequent chronic orofacial pain is a consumptive disease. Increasing evidence demonstrates long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in the pathological process of neuropathic pain. This study aims to explore the function and mechanism of LncRNA Anxa10-203 in the development of orofacial neuropathic pain. METHODS A mouse model of orofacial neuropathic pain was established by chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION). The Von Frey test was applied to evaluate hypersensitivity of mice. RT-qPCR and/or Western Blot were performed to analyze the expression of Anxa10-203, DHX30, and MC1R. Cellular localization of target genes was verified by immunofluorescence and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization. RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation were used to detect the interaction between the target molecules. Electrophysiology was employed to assess the intrinsic excitability of TG neurons (TGNs) in vitro. RESULTS Anxa10-203 was upregulated in the TG of CCI-ION mice, and knockdown of Anxa10-203 relieved neuropathic pain. Structurally, Anxa10-203 was located in the cytoplasm of TGNs. Mechanistically, Mc1r expression was positively correlated with Anxa10-203 and was identified as the functional target of Anxa10-203. Besides, Anxa10-203 recruited RNA binding protein DHX30 and formed the Anxa10-203/DHX30 complex to enhance the stability of Mc1r mRNA, resulting in the upregulation of MC1R, which contributed to the enhancement of the intrinsic activity of TGNs in vitro and orofacial neuropathic pain in vivo. CONCLUSIONS LncRNA Anxa10-203 in the TG played an important role in orofacial neuropathic pain and mediated mechanical allodynia in CCI-ION mice by binding with DHX30 to upregulate MC1R expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- YaJing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - YiKe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - YueLing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - YuHeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - JiaShuo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - ChunJie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - JieFei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - YanYan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Mun Y, Kim W, Shin D. Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R): Pharmacological and Therapeutic Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12152. [PMID: 37569558 PMCID: PMC10418475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanocortins play crucial roles in regulating the stress response, inflammation, and skin pigmentation. In this review, we focus on the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), a G protein-coupled receptor primarily known for regulating skin pigmentation and exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects. First, we provide an overview of the structure, signaling pathways, and related diseases of MC1R. Next, we discuss the potential therapeutic use of synthetic peptides and small molecule modulators of MC1R, highlighting the development of various drugs that enhance stability through amino acid sequence modifications and small molecule drugs to overcome limitations associated with peptide characteristics. Notably, MC1R-targeted drugs have applications beyond skin pigmentation-related diseases, which predominantly affect MC1R in melanocytes. These drugs can also be useful in treating inflammatory diseases with MC1R expression present in various cells. Our review underscores the potential of MC1R-targeted drugs to treat a wide range of diseases and encourages further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonwoo Mun
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; (Y.M.); (W.K.)
| | - Woohyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; (Y.M.); (W.K.)
| | - Dongyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; (Y.M.); (W.K.)
- Gachon Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
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Khodeneva N, Sugimoto MA, Davan-Wetton CSA, Montero-Melendez T. Melanocortin therapies to resolve fibroblast-mediated diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1084394. [PMID: 36793548 PMCID: PMC9922712 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1084394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal cells have emerged as central drivers in multiple and diverse diseases, and consequently, as potential new cellular targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this review we revise the main roles of fibroblasts, not only as structural cells but also as players and regulators of immune responses. Important aspects like fibroblast heterogeneity, functional specialization and cellular plasticity are also discussed as well as the implications that these aspects may have in disease and in the design of novel therapeutics. An extensive revision of the actions of fibroblasts on different conditions uncovers the existence of numerous diseases in which this cell type plays a pathogenic role, either due to an exacerbation of their 'structural' side, or a dysregulation of their 'immune side'. In both cases, opportunities for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches exist. In this regard, here we revise the existing evidence pointing at the melanocortin pathway as a potential new strategy for the treatment and management of diseases mediated by aberrantly activated fibroblasts, including scleroderma or rheumatoid arthritis. This evidence derives from studies involving models of in vitro primary fibroblasts, in vivo models of disease as well as ongoing human clinical trials. Melanocortin drugs, which are pro-resolving mediators, have shown ability to reduce collagen deposition, activation of myofibroblasts, reduction of pro-inflammatory mediators and reduced scar formation. Here we also discuss existing challenges, both in approaching fibroblasts as therapeutic targets, and in the development of novel melanocortin drug candidates, that may help advance the field and deliver new medicines for the management of diseases with high medical needs.
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Translational advances of melanocortin drugs: Integrating biology, chemistry and genetics. Semin Immunol 2022; 59:101603. [PMID: 35341670 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Melanocortin receptors have emerged as important targets with a very unusual versatility, as their widespread distribution on multiple tissues (e.g. skin, adrenal glands, brain, immune cells, exocrine glands) together with the variety of physiological processes they control (pigmentation, cortisol release, satiety mechanism, inflammation, secretions), place this family of receptors as genuine therapeutic targets for many disorders. This review focuses in the journey of the development of melanocortin receptors as therapeutic targets from the discovery of their existence in the early 1990 s to the approval of the first few drugs of this class. Two major areas of development characterise the current state of melanocortin drug development: their role in obesity, recently culminated with the approval of setmelanotide, and their potential for the treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis or fibrosis. The pro-resolving nature of these drugs offers the advantage of acting by mimicking the way our body naturally resolves inflammation, expecting fewer side effects and a more balanced (i.e. non-immunosuppressive) response from them. Here we also review the approaches followed for the design and development of novel compounds, the importance of the GPCR nature of these receptors in the process of drug development, therapeutic value, current challenges and successes, and the potential for the implementation of precision medicine approaches through the incorporation of genetics advances.
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Ueda HH, Naitou K, Nakamori H, Horii K, Shiina T, Masatani T, Shiraishi M, Shimizu Y. α-MSH-induced activation of spinal MC1R but not MC4R enhances colorectal motility in anaesthetised rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:487. [PMID: 33436759 PMCID: PMC7803980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system is involved in regulation of defaecation. It is generally considered that supraspinal regions control the spinal defaecation centre. However, signal transmission from supraspinal regions to the spinal defaecation centre is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of an anorexigenic neuropeptide, α-MSH, in the spinal defaecation centre in rats. Intrathecal administration of α-MSH to the L6-S1 spinal cord enhanced colorectal motility. The prokinetic effect of α-MSH was abolished by severing the pelvic nerves. In contrast, severing the colonic nerves or thoracic cord transection at the T4 level had no impact on the effect of α-MSH. RT-PCR analysis revealed MC1R mRNA and MC4R mRNA expression in the L6-S1 spinal cord. Intrathecally administered MC1R agonists, BMS470539 and SHU9119, mimicked the α-MSH effect, but a MC4R agonist, THIQ, had no effect. These results demonstrate that α-MSH binds to MC1R in the spinal defaecation centre and activates pelvic nerves, leading to enhancement of colorectal motility. This is, to our knowledge, the first report showing the functional role of α-MSH in the spinal cord. In conclusion, our findings suggest that α-MSH is a candidate for a neurotransmitter from supraspinal regions to the spinal defaecation centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi H Ueda
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kiyotada Naitou
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamori
- Department of Cell Physiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Horii
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takahiko Shiina
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Masatani
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Mitsuya Shiraishi
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yasutake Shimizu
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan. .,Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University (G-CHAIN), Gifu, Japan.
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Fan K, Zeng L, Guo J, Xie S, Yu Y, Chen J, Cao J, Xiang Q, Zhang S, Luo Y, Deng Q, Zhou Q, Zhao Y, Hao L, Wang Z, Zhong L. Visualized podocyte-targeting and focused ultrasound responsive glucocorticoid nano-delivery system against immune-associated nephropathy without glucocorticoid side effect. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:2670-2690. [PMID: 33456566 PMCID: PMC7806481 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used in the treatment of nephritis, however, its dose-dependent side effects, such as the increased risk of infection and metabolic disturbances, hamper its clinical use. This study reports a visualized podocyte-targeting and focused ultrasound responsive glucocorticoid nano-delivery system (named as Dex/PFP@LIPs-BMS-α), which specific delivers dexamethasone (Dex) to podocyte targets and reduces systemic side effects. Methods: The glucocorticoid nano-delivery system was synthesized by a lipid thin film and a simple facile acoustic-emulsification method. This glucocorticoid nano-delivery system used BMS-470539 (BMS-α), a synthetic compound, as a “navigator” to specifically identify and target the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC-1R) on podocytes. The loaded perfluoropentane (PFP) realizes the directed "explosion effect" through ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) technology under the coordination of low intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) to completely release Dex. Results: Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated that Dex/PFP@LIPs-BMs-α accurately gathered to podocyte targets and improved podocyte morphology. Moreover, in vivo, proteinuria and serum creatinine levels were significantly reduced in the group treated with Dex/PFP@LIPs-BMS-α, and no severe side effects were detected. Furthermore, Dex/PFP@LIPs-BMS-α, with capabilities of ultrasound, photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging, provided individualized visual guidance and the monitoring of treatment. Conclusion: This study provides a promising strategy of Dex/PFP@LIPs-BMS-α as effective and safe against immune-associated nephropathy.
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Montero-Melendez T, Nagano A, Chelala C, Filer A, Buckley CD, Perretti M. Therapeutic senescence via GPCR activation in synovial fibroblasts facilitates resolution of arthritis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:745. [PMID: 32029712 PMCID: PMC7005314 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis affects individuals commonly during the most productive years of adulthood. Poor response rates and high costs associated with treatment mandate the search for new therapies. Here we show that targeting a specific G-protein coupled receptor promotes senescence in synovial fibroblasts, enabling amelioration of joint inflammation. Following activation of the melanocortin type 1 receptor (MC1), synovial fibroblasts acquire a senescence phenotype characterized by arrested proliferation, metabolic re-programming and marked gene alteration resembling the remodeling phase of wound healing, with increased matrix metalloproteinase expression and reduced collagen production. This biological response is attained by selective agonism of MC1, not shared by non-selective ligands, and dependent on downstream ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In vivo, activation of MC1 leads to anti-arthritic effects associated with induction of senescence in the synovial tissue and cartilage protection. Altogether, selective activation of MC1 is a viable strategy to induce cellular senescence, affording a distinct way to control joint inflammation and arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinidad Montero-Melendez
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK. .,Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Ai Nagano
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Claude Chelala
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.,Life Sciences Initiative, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Filer
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Birmingham, UK.,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK. .,Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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Lonati C, Gatti S, Catania A. Activation of Melanocortin Receptors as a Potential Strategy to Reduce Local and Systemic Reactions Induced by Respiratory Viruses. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:569241. [PMID: 33362713 PMCID: PMC7758465 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.569241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical hallmarks of infections caused by critical respiratory viruses consist of pneumonia, which can progress to acute lung injury (ALI), and systemic manifestations including hypercoagulopathy, vascular dysfunction, and endotheliitis. The disease outcome largely depends on the immune response produced by the host. The bio-molecular mechanisms underlying certain dire consequences of the infection partly arise from an aberrant production of inflammatory molecules, an event denoted as "cytokine storm". Therefore, in addition to antiviral therapies, molecules able to prevent the injury caused by cytokine excess are under investigation. In this perspective, taking advantage of melanocortin peptides and their receptors, components of an endogenous modulatory system that exerts marked anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory influences, could be an effective therapeutic strategy to control disease evolution. Exploiting the melanocortin system using natural or synthetic ligands can form a realistic basis to counteract certain deleterious effects of respiratory virus infections. The central and peripheral protective actions exerted following melanocortin receptor activation could allow dampening the harmful events that trigger the cytokine storm and endothelial dysfunction while sustaining the beneficial signals required to elicit repair mechanisms. The long standing evidence for melanocortin safety encourages this approach.
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Lee S, Ju W, Tin TD, Kim J, Lee JS, Park CH, Kwak SH. Effect of BMS-470539 on lipopolysaccharide-induced neutrophil activation. Korean J Anesthesiol 2019; 73:151-157. [PMID: 31378052 PMCID: PMC7113170 DOI: 10.4097/kja.19233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background BMS-470539, a recently introduced selective agonist of the melanocortin 1 receptor, is known to have anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of BMS-470539 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses and delayed apoptosis with its signaling pathways in human neutrophils. Methods Isolated human neutrophils were incubated with various concentrations of BMS-470539 (1, 10, and 100 µM) in the presence or absence of LPS (100 ng/ml), and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β, were assessed. The effects of BMS-470539 on the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), such as p38, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in LPS-stimulated human neutrophils, were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neutrophil apoptosis was also measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (annexin V/propidium iodide) in LPS-stimulated neutrophils under treatment with BMS-470539. Results BMS-470539 attenuated LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and phosphorylation of MAPKs and NF-κB. LPS stimulation reduced neutrophil apoptosis compared to the controls; however, BMS-470539 significantly inhibited the reduction of neutrophil apoptosis. Conclusions BMS-470539 can suppress the inflammatory responses of LPS-stimulated neutrophils by inhibition of MAPK pathways or NF-κB pathway, and it can also inhibit LPS-delayed neutrophil apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongheon Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Wan Ju
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Tran Duc Tin
- Brain Korea 21 Project, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Joungmin Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong Seok Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gwangju Christian Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Cheon Hee Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gwangju Christian Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Kwak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Project, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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10
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Abels C, Soeberdt M. Can we teach old drugs new tricks?—Repurposing of neuropharmacological drugs for inflammatory skin diseases. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:1002-1009. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Abels
- Dr. August Wolff GmbH & Co. KG Arzneimittel Bielefeld Germany
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11
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Melanocortin receptor subtypes are expressed on cells in the oligodendroglial lineage and signal ACTH protection. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:427-435. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chen X, Chen H, Cai W, Maguire M, Ya B, Zuo F, Logan R, Li H, Robinson K, Vanderburg CR, Yu Y, Wang Y, Fisher DE, Schwarzschild MA. The melanoma-linked "redhead" MC1R influences dopaminergic neuron survival. Ann Neurol 2017; 81:395-406. [PMID: 28019657 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with Parkinson disease are more likely to develop melanoma, and melanoma patients are reciprocally at higher risk of developing Parkinson disease. Melanoma is strongly tied to red hair/fair skin, a phenotype of loss-of-function polymorphisms in the MC1R (melanocortin 1 receptor) gene. Loss-of-function variants of MC1R have also been linked to increased risk of Parkinson disease. The present study is to investigate the role of MC1R in dopaminergic neurons in vivo. METHODS Genetic and pharmacological approaches were employed to manipulate MC1R, and nigrostriatal dopaminergic integrity was determined by comprehensive behavioral, neurochemical, and neuropathological measures. RESULTS MC1Re/e mice, which carry an inactivating mutation of MC1R and mimic the human redhead phenotype, have compromised nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal integrity, and they are more susceptible to dopaminergic neuron toxins 6-hydroxydopamine and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Furthermore, a selective MC1R agonist protects against MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. INTERPRETATION Our findings reveal a protective role of MC1R in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, and they provide a rationale for MC1R as a potential therapeutic target for Parkinson disease. Together with its established role in melanoma, MC1R may represent a common pathogenic pathway for melanoma and Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 2017;81:395-406.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqun Chen
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Shanghai 10th Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxiang Chen
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Waijiao Cai
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Michael Maguire
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Bailiu Ya
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Fuxing Zuo
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Robert Logan
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Hui Li
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Katey Robinson
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Charles R Vanderburg
- Harvard Neurodiscovery Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - David E Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Michael A Schwarzschild
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
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Böhm M, Apel M, Lowin T, Lorenz J, Jenei-Lanzl Z, Capellino S, Dosoki H, Luger TA, Straub RH, Grässel S. α-MSH modulates cell adhesion and inflammatory responses of synovial fibroblasts from osteoarthritis patients. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 116:89-99. [PMID: 27396757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The synovium is a target for neuropeptides. Melanocortins have attained particular attention as they elicit antiinflammatory effects. Although synovial fluid from patients with rheumatic diseases contains α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) it is unknown whether synovial fibroblasts generate α-MSH and respond to melanocortins. METHODS Synovial tissue was obtained from osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Cells were isolated and prepared either as primary mixed synoviocytes or propagated as synovial fibroblasts (OASFs). Melanocortin receptor (MC) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression were investigated by endpoint RT-PCR, immunofluorescence and Western immunoblotting. Functional coupling of MC1 was assessed by cAMP and Ca(2+) assays. Cell adhesion was monitored by the xCELLigence system. Secretion of α-MSH, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 was determined by ELISA. RESULTS OASFs in vitro expressed MC1. MC1 transcripts were present in synovial tissue and appropriate immunoreactivity was detected in synovial fibroblasts in situ. OASFs contained truncated POMC transcripts but neither full-length POMC mRNA, POMC protein nor α-MSH were detectable. In accordance with this only truncated POMC transcripts were present in synovial tissue. α-MSH increased cAMP dose-dependently but did not alter calcium in OASFs. α-MSH also enhanced adhesion of OASFs to fibronectin and reduced TNF, IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in primary mixed synoviocyte cultures. In OASFs, α-MSH modulated basal and TNF/IL-1β-mediated secretion of IL-6 and IL-8. CONCLUSION Synovial fibroblasts express MC1in vitro and in situ. α-MSH elicits biological effects in these cells suggesting an endogenous immunomodulatory role of melanocortins within the synovium. Our results encourage in vivo studies with melanocortins in OA models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Böhm
- Dept. of Dermatology, Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology and Interdisciplinary Endocrinology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Mara Apel
- Dept. of Dermatology, Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology and Interdisciplinary Endocrinology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Torsten Lowin
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Dept. of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Julia Lorenz
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Centre for Medical Biotechnology, BioPark I, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Zsuzsa Jenei-Lanzl
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Dept. of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Silvia Capellino
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Dept. of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Heba Dosoki
- Dept. of Dermatology, Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology and Interdisciplinary Endocrinology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Thomas A Luger
- Dept. of Dermatology, Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology and Interdisciplinary Endocrinology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Rainer H Straub
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Dept. of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Susanne Grässel
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Centre for Medical Biotechnology, BioPark I, Regensburg, Germany.
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Cai M, Hruby VJ. The Melanocortin Receptor System: A Target for Multiple Degenerative Diseases. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2016; 17:488-96. [PMID: 26916163 DOI: 10.2174/1389203717666160226145330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin receptor system consists of five closely related G-protein coupled receptors (MC1R, MC2R, MC3R, MC4R and MC5R). These receptors are involved in many of the key biological functions for multicellular animals, including human beings. The natural agonist ligands for these receptors are derived by processing of a primordial animal gene product, proopiomelanocortin (POMC). The ligand for the MC2R is ACTH (Adrenal Corticotropic Hormone), a larger processed peptide from POMC. The natural ligands for the other 4 melanocortin receptors are smaller peptides including α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and related peptides from POMC (β-MSH and γ-MSH). They all contain the sequence His-Phe-Arg-Trp that is conserved throughout evolution. Thus, there has been considerable difficulty in developing highly selective ligands for the MC1R, MC3R, MC4R and MC5R. In this brief review, we discuss the various approaches that have been taken to design agonist and antagonist analogues and derivatives of the POMC peptides that are selective for the MC1R, MC3R, MC4R and MC5R receptors, via peptide, nonpeptide and peptidomimetic derivatives and analogues and their differential interactions with receptors that may help account for these selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Elvin J, Buvall L, Lindskog Jonsson A, Granqvist A, Lassén E, Bergwall L, Nyström J, Haraldsson B. Melanocortin 1 receptor agonist protects podocytes through catalase and RhoA activation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F846-56. [PMID: 26887829 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00231.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs containing adrenocorticotropic hormone have been used as therapy for patients with nephrotic syndrome. We have previously shown that adrenocorticotropic hormone and a selective agonist for the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) exert beneficial actions in experimental membranous nephropathy with reduced proteinuria, reduced oxidative stress, and improved glomerular morphology and function. Our hypothesis is that MC1R activation in podocytes elicits beneficial effects by promoting stress fibers and maintaining podocyte viability. To test the hypothesis, we cultured podocytes and used highly specific agonists for MC1R. Podocytes were subjected to the nephrotic-inducing agent puromycin aminonucleoside, and downstream effects of MC1R activation on podocyte survival, antioxidant defense, and cytoskeleton dynamics were studied. To increase the response and enhance intracellular signals, podocytes were transduced to overexpress MC1R. We showed that puromycin promotes MC1R expression in podocytes and that activation of MC1R promotes an increase of catalase activity and reduces oxidative stress, which results in the dephosphorylation of p190RhoGAP and formation of stress fibers through RhoA. In addition, MC1R agonists protect against apoptosis. Together, these mechanisms protect the podocyte against puromycin. Our findings strongly support the hypothesis that selective MC1R-activating agonists protect podocytes and may therefore be useful to treat patients with nephrotic syndromes commonly considered as podocytopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Elvin
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Lisa Buvall
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and Department of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Annika Lindskog Jonsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Granqvist
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emelie Lassén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lovisa Bergwall
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Jenny Nyström
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Börje Haraldsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Perretti M, Leroy X, Bland EJ, Montero-Melendez T. Resolution Pharmacology: Opportunities for Therapeutic Innovation in Inflammation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:737-755. [PMID: 26478210 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current medicines for the clinical management of inflammatory diseases act by inhibiting specific enzymes or antagonising specific receptors or blocking their ligands. In the past decade, a new paradigm in our understanding of the inflammatory process has emerged with the appreciation of genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that are engaged to actively resolve inflammation. The 'resolution of acute inflammation' is enabled by counter-regulatory checkpoints to terminate the inflammatory reaction, promoting healing and repair. It may be possible to harness this knowledge for innovative approaches to the treatment of inflammatory pathologies. Here we discuss current translational attempts to develop agonists at proresolving targets as a strategy to rectify chronic inflammatory status. We reason this new approach will lead to the identification of better drugs that will establish a new branch of pharmacology, 'resolution pharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Xavier Leroy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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Rinne P, Silvola JMU, Hellberg S, Stahle M, Liljenback H, Salomaki H, Koskinen E, Nuutinen S, Saukko P, Knuuti J, Saraste A, Roivainen A, Savontaus E. Pharmacological Activation of the Melanocortin System Limits Plaque Inflammation and Ameliorates Vascular Dysfunction in Atherosclerotic Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1346-54. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Lindskog Jonsson A, Granqvist A, Elvin J, Johansson ME, Haraldsson B, Nyström J. Effects of melanocortin 1 receptor agonists in experimental nephropathies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87816. [PMID: 24498203 PMCID: PMC3907561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome, characterized by massive proteinuria, is caused by a large group of diseases including membranous nephropathy (MN) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Although the underlying mechanisms are beginning to unravel, therapy is unspecific and far from efficient. It has been suggested that adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) has beneficial effects in patients with MN and possibly in other nephrotic diseases. We have previously reported that ACTH may act directly on podocytes through the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R). In the present study, we evaluate the effect of highly specific MC1R agonists in two different nephrotic disease models. Experimental MN: Passive Heymann nephritis (PHN) was induced in rats that were treated for four weeks with MS05, a selective MC1R agonist, or saline. The degree of albuminuria was significantly reduced over time and the effect was sustained one week after treatment withdrawal (p<0.05). Experimental FSGS: Based on a dose-response study, two doses of adriamycin were used for induction of nephropathy in Balb/c mice. Mice were treated with either a synthetic MC1R agonist (BMS-470539), with α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) or with saline. There was no beneficial effect of treatment. In summary, MC1R agonists reduce albuminuria and improve morphology in experimentally induced MN whereas they have no effect in experimental FSGS. The results illustrate the differences in these podocytopathies in terms of signaling mechanisms underlying proteinuria, and progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Lindskog Jonsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine - Nephrology, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Granqvist
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine - Nephrology, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johannes Elvin
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine - Nephrology, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin E Johansson
- Center for Molecular Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SUS Malmö, Sweden
| | - Börje Haraldsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine - Nephrology, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny Nyström
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Doyle JR, Fortin JP, Beinborn M, Kopin AS. Selected melanocortin 1 receptor single-nucleotide polymorphisms differentially alter multiple signaling pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:318-26. [PMID: 22547573 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.194548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a highly polymorphic G protein-coupled receptor, which is known to modulate pigmentation and inflammation. In the current study, we investigated the pharmacological effects of select single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (V60L, R163Q, and F196L). After transient expression of MC1Rs in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, basal and ligand-induced cAMP signaling and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation were assessed by using luciferase reporter gene assays and Western blot analysis, respectively. All receptor variants showed decreased basal cAMP activity. With the V60L and F196L variants, the decrease in constitutive activity was attributable, at least in part, to a reduction in surface expression. The F196L variant also displayed a significant reduction in potency for both the peptide agonist α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and the small-molecule agonist 1-[1-(3-methyl-L-histidyl-O-methyl-D-tyrosyl)-4-phenyl-4-piperidinyl]-1-butanone (BMS-470539). In MAPK signaling assays, the F196L variant showed decreased phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase levels after stimulation with either α-MSH or BMS-470539. In contrast, the R163Q variant displayed a selective loss of α-MSH-induced MAPK activation; whereas responsiveness to the small-molecule agonist BMS-470539 was preserved. Further assessment of MC1R variants in A549 cells, an in vitro model of inflammation, revealed an enhanced inflammatory response resulting from expression of the F196L variant (versus the wild-type MC1R). This alteration in function was restored by treatment with BMS-470539. Overall, these studies illustrate novel signaling profiles linked to distinct MC1R SNPs. Furthermore, our investigations highlight the potential for small-molecule drugs to rescue the function of MC1R variants that show reduced basal and/or α-MSH stimulated activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Doyle
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Leoni G, Voisin MB, Carlson K, Getting S, Nourshargh S, Perretti M. The melanocortin MC(1) receptor agonist BMS-470539 inhibits leucocyte trafficking in the inflamed vasculature. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:171-80. [PMID: 20331604 PMCID: PMC2860217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Over three decades of research evaluating the biology of melanocortin (MC) hormones and synthetic peptides, activation of the MC type 1 (MC(1)) receptor has been identified as a viable target for the development of novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents. Here, we have tested a recently described selective agonist of MC(1) receptors, BMS-470539, on leucocyte/post-capillary venule interactions in murine microvascular beds. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Intravital microscopy of two murine microcirculations were utilized, applying two distinct modes of promoting inflammation. The specificity of the effects of BMS-470539 was assessed using mice bearing mutant inactive MC(1) receptors (the recessive yellow e/e colony). KEY RESULTS BMS-470539, given before an ischaemia-reperfusion protocol, inhibited cell adhesion and emigration with no effect on cell rolling, as assessed 90 min into the reperfusion phase. These properties were paralleled by inhibition of tissue expression of both CXCL1 and CCL2. Confocal investigations of inflamed post-capillary venules revealed immunostaining for MC(1) receptors on adherent and emigrated leucocytes. Congruently, the anti-inflammatory properties of BMS-470539 were lost in mesenteries of mice bearing the inactive mutant MC(1) receptors. Therapeutic administration of BMS-470539 stopped cell emigration, but did not affect cell adhesion in the cremasteric microcirculation inflamed by superfusion with platelet-activating factor. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Activation of MC(1) receptors inhibited leucocyte adhesion and emigration. Development of new chemical entities directed at MC(1) receptors could be a viable approach in the development of novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents with potential application to post-ischaemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Leoni
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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21
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Patel HB, Leoni G, Melendez TM, Sampaio ALF, Perretti M. Melanocortin Control of Cell Trafficking in Vascular Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 681:88-106. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6354-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Lee YS, Agnes RS, Cain JP, Kulkarni V, Cai M, Salibay C, Ciano K, Petrov R, Mayorov A, Vagner J, Trivedi D, Davis P, Ma SW, Lai J, Porreca F, Vardanyan R, Hruby VJ. Opioid and melanocortin receptors: do they have overlapping pharmacophores? Biopolymers 2008; 90:433-8. [PMID: 17657709 PMCID: PMC2693099 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have identified compound 1 as a novel ligand for opioid and melanocortin (MC) receptors, which is derived from the overlapping of a well known structure for the delta opioid receptor, 2,6-dimethyltyrosine (Dmt)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (Tic), and a small molecule for the MC receptor, Tic-DPhe(p-Cl)-piperidin-4-yl-N-phenyl-propionamide. Ligand 1 showed that there is an overlapping pharmacophore between opioid and MC receptors through the Tic residue. The ligand displayed high biological activities at the delta opioid receptor (Ki = 0.38 nM in binding assay, EC(50) = 0.48 nM in GTP-gamma-S binding assay, IC(50) = 74 nM in MVD) as an agonist instead of an antagonist and showed selective binding affinity (IC(50) = 2.3 muM) at the MC-3 receptor rather than at the MC-5 receptor. A study of the structure-activity relationships demonstrated that the residues in positions 2, 3, and the C-terminus act as a pharmacophore for the MC receptors, and the residues in positions 1 and 2 act as a pharmacophore for the opioid receptors. Thus, this structural construct can be used to prepare chimeric structures with adjacent or overlapping pharmacophores for opioid and MC receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Richard S. Agnes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - James P. Cain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Vinod Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Minying Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | | | - Kathy Ciano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Ravil Petrov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | | | - Josef Vagner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Dev Trivedi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Peg Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Shou-wu Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Josephine Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Ruben Vardanyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
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Blakeney JS, Reid RC, Le GT, Fairlie DP. Nonpeptidic Ligands for Peptide-Activated G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Chem Rev 2007; 107:2960-3041. [PMID: 17622179 DOI: 10.1021/cr050984g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade S Blakeney
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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24
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Schiöth HB, Muceniece R, Mutule I, Wikberg JES. New melanocortin 1 receptor binding motif based on the C-terminal sequence of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 99:287-93. [PMID: 17040213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The C-terminal tripeptide of the alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH11-13) possesses strong antiinflammatory activity without known cellular target. In order to better understand the structural requirements for function of such motif, we designed, synthesized and tested out Trp- and Tyr-containing analogues of the alpha-MSH11-13. Seven alpha-MSH11-13 analogues were synthesized and characterized for their binding to the melanocortin receptors recombinantly expressed in insect (Sf9) cells, infected with baculovirus carrying corresponding MC receptor DNA. We also tested these analogues on B16-F1 mouse melanoma cells endogenously expressing the MC1 receptor for binding and for ability to increase cAMP levels as well as on COS-7 cells transfected with the human MC receptors. The data indicate that HS401 (Ac-Tyr-Lys-Pro-Val-NH2) and HS402 (Ac-Lys-Pro-Val-Tyr-NH2) selectively bound to the MC1 receptor and stimulated cAMP generation in a concentration dependent way while the other Tyr- and Trp-containing alpha-MSH11-13 analogues neither bound to MC receptors nor stimulated cAMP. We have thus identified new MC receptor binding motif derived from the C-terminal sequence of alpha-MSH. The tetrapeptides have novel properties as the both act via MC-ergic pathways and also carry the anti-inflammatory alpha-MSH11-13 message sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden.
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25
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Chen C. Recent progress toward nonpeptide ligands for the melanocortin-4 receptor. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2007; 45:111-67. [PMID: 17280903 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(06)45503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12700 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
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Hruby VJ, Cai M, Cain JP, Mayorov AV, Dedek MM, Trivedi D. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of ligands selective for the melanocortin-3 receptor. Curr Top Med Chem 2007; 7:1107-19. [PMID: 17584128 PMCID: PMC2274922 DOI: 10.2174/156802607780906645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The processed products of the proopiomelanocortin gene (ACTH, alpha-MSH, beta-MSH, gamma-MSH, etc.) interact with five melanocortin receptors, the MC1R, MC2R, MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R to modulate and control many important biological functions crucial for good health both peripherally (as hormones) and centrally (as neurotransmitters). Pivotal biological functions include pigmentation, adrenal function, response to stress, fear/flight, energy homeostasis, feeding behavior, sexual function and motivation, pain, immune response, and many others, and are believed to be involved in many disease states including pigmentary disorders, adrenal disorders, obesity, anorexia, prolonged and neuropathic pain, inflammatory response, etc. The melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) is found primarily in the brain and spinal cord and also in the periphery, and its biological functions are still not well understood. Here we review some of the biological functions attributed to the MC3R, and then examine in more detail efforts to design and synthesize ligands that are potent and selective for the MC3R, which might help resolve the many questions still remaining about its function. Though some progress has been made, there is still much to be done in this critical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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27
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Cain JP, Mayorov AV, Cai M, Wang H, Tan B, Chandler K, Lee Y, Petrov RR, Trivedi D, Hruby VJ. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new class of small molecule peptide mimetics targeting the melanocortin receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5462-7. [PMID: 16931008 PMCID: PMC1810397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new bicyclic template has been developed for the synthesis of peptide mimetics. Straightforward synthetic steps, starting from amino acids, allow the facile construction of a wide range of analogs. This system was designed to target the melanocortin receptors (MCRs), with functional group selection based on a known pharmacophore and guidance from molecular modeling to rationally identify positional and stereochemical isomers likely to be active. The functions of hMCRs are critical to myriad biological activities, including pigmentation, steroidogenesis, energy homeostasis, erectile activity, and inflammation. These G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are targets for drug discovery in a number of areas, including cancer, pain, and obesity therapeutics. All compounds from this series tested to date are antagonists which bind with high affinity. Importantly, many are highly selective for a particular MCR subtype, including some of the first completely hMC5R-selective antagonists reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Cain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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28
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Roosterman D, Goerge T, Schneider SW, Bunnett NW, Steinhoff M. Neuronal Control of Skin Function: The Skin as a Neuroimmunoendocrine Organ. Physiol Rev 2006; 86:1309-79. [PMID: 17015491 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of the peripheral nervous system in cutaneous biology and disease. During the last few years, a modern concept of an interactive network between cutaneous nerves, the neuroendocrine axis, and the immune system has been established. We learned that neurocutaneous interactions influence a variety of physiological and pathophysiological functions, including cell growth, immunity, inflammation, pruritus, and wound healing. This interaction is mediated by primary afferent as well as autonomic nerves, which release neuromediators and activate specific receptors on many target cells in the skin. A dense network of sensory nerves releases neuropeptides, thereby modulating inflammation, cell growth, and the immune responses in the skin. Neurotrophic factors, in addition to regulating nerve growth, participate in many properties of skin function. The skin expresses a variety of neurohormone receptors coupled to heterotrimeric G proteins that are tightly involved in skin homeostasis and inflammation. This neurohormone-receptor interaction is modulated by endopeptidases, which are able to terminate neuropeptide-induced inflammatory or immune responses. Neuronal proteinase-activated receptors or transient receptor potential ion channels are recently described receptors that may have been important in regulating neurogenic inflammation, pain, and pruritus. Together, a close multidirectional interaction between neuromediators, high-affinity receptors, and regulatory proteases is critically involved to maintain tissue integrity and regulate inflammatory responses in the skin. A deeper understanding of cutaneous neuroimmunoendocrinology may help to develop new strategies for the treatment of several skin diseases.
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Böhm M, Luger TA, Tobin DJ, García-Borrón JC. Melanocortin Receptor Ligands: New Horizons for Skin Biology and Clinical Dermatology. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:1966-75. [PMID: 16912693 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin (MC) system is probably the best characterized neuropeptide network of the skin. Most cutaneous cell types express MC receptors (MC-Rs) and synthesize MCs, such as alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), that act in autocrine and paracrine fashion. In human skin cells, activation of adenylate cyclase by MCs occurs at 10(-6)-10(-9) M doses of the ligand, but effects are induced in some cell types at subnanomolar concentrations. In addition to the pigmentary action of MCs on epidermal melanocytes, the hair follicle is a source and target for MCs. MCs regulate lipogenesis in sebocytes expressing both MC-1R and MC-5R. In adipocytes, lipid metabolism is modulated by agouti signalling protein, a natural MC-1R/MC-4R antagonist. The anti-inflammatory activity of alpha-MSH includes immunomodulatory effects on several resident skin cells and antifibrogenic effects mediated via MC-1R expressed by dermal fibroblasts. In human mast cells, alpha-MSH appears to be proinflammatory due to histamine release. alpha-MSH exhibits cytoprotective activity against UVB-induced apoptosis and DNA damage, a finding that helps explain the increased risk of cutaneous melanoma in individuals with loss of function MC-1R mutations. These findings should improve our understanding of skin physiology and pathophysiology and may offer novel strategies with MCs as future therapeutics for skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Böhm
- Department of Dermatology and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cell Biology and Immunobiology of the Skin, University of Münster, Germany.
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30
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Kang L, McIntyre KW, Gillooly KM, Yang Y, Haycock J, Roberts S, Khanna A, Herpin TF, Yu G, Wu X, Morton GC, Tuerdi H, Koplowitz B, Walker SG, Wardwell-Swanson J, Macor JE, Lawrence RM, Carlson KE. A selective small molecule agonist of the melanocortin-1 receptor inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine accumulation and leukocyte infiltration in mice. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 80:897-904. [PMID: 16888084 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1204748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that melanocortins are peptides that have potent anti-inflammatory activity. Recent research has focused on understanding which of the known melanocortin receptors mediates the anti-inflammatory actions of the melanocortins. The aim of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of a synthetic MC-1R agonist. BMS-470539 is a potent, selective, full agonist of human and murine MC-1R with EC(50) values in a cAMP accumulation assay of 16.8 and 11.6 nM, respectively. BMS-470539 dose-dependently inhibited TNF-alpha-induced activation of a NF-kappaB transcriptional reporter in human melanoma cells, which endogenously express MC-1R. In vivo studies with BMS-470539 demonstrated that subcutaneous administration of BMS-470539 resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha production in BALB/c mice. In this model, the compound had an ED(50) of approximately 10 micromol/kg and a pharmacodynamic half-life of approximately 8 h. Pharmacokinetic analysis of the compound indicated that the compound had a t(1/2) of 1.7 h. In a model of lung inflammation, administration of 15 micromol/kg BMS-470539 resulted in a 45% reduction in LPS-induced leukocyte infiltration (an infiltrate comprised primarily of neutrophils). The compound was also effective in a model of delayed-type hypersensitivity, reducing paw swelling by 59%, comparable with that seen with 5 mg/kg dexamethasone. These studies demonstrate that a selective small molecule agonist of the melanocortin-1 receptor is a potent anti-inflammatory agent in vivo and provides compelling evidence for the involvement of this receptor in the modulation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Kang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
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31
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Odagami T, Tsuda Y, Kogami Y, Kouji H, Okada Y. Design of cyclic peptides with agonist activity at melanocortin receptor-4. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3723-6. [PMID: 16678415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of cyclic pentapeptides, c(His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Z) (Z=omega-amino acid), were prepared and biologically evaluated. The effects of increasing alkyl chain length of omega-amino acid on the functional activities and the receptor binding affinities for human melanocortin receptors (hMC-Rs) were studied. Compound 2 was an agonist for hMC-4R with an EC50 value of 15.4 nM, which was 4.7 times more potent than that of alpha-MSH. Compound 2 also showed a 4.3-fold higher hMC-4R selectivity over hMC-1R, thus providing us with information concerning size and chemical structure of the lactam ring for the development of the agonist with hMC-4R selectivity.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Circular Dichroism
- Drug Design
- Humans
- Lactams/chemistry
- Lactams/pharmacology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemical synthesis
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/agonists
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/agonists
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- alpha-MSH/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenao Odagami
- Research Center, Pharmaceutical R&D Division, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Izunokuni 410-2321, Japan
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32
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Joseph CG, Sorensen NB, Wood MS, Xiang Z, Moore MC, Haskell-Luevano C. Modified melanocortin tetrapeptide Ac-His-dPhe-Arg-Trp-NH at the arginine side chain with ureas and thioureas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 66:297-307. [PMID: 16218996 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2005.00303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Ac-His-dPhe-Arg-Trp-NH2 tetrapeptide is a nonselective melanocortin agonist and replacement of Arg in the tetrapeptide with acidic, basic or neutral amino acids results in reduced potency at the melanocortin receptor (MCR) isoforms (MC1R and MC3-5R). To determine the importance of the positive charge and the guanidine moiety for melanocortin activity, a series of urea- and thiourea-substituted tetrapeptides were designed. Replacement of Arg with Lys or ornithine reduced agonist activity at the mouse mMC1 and mMC3-5 receptors, thus supporting the hypothesis that the guanidine moiety is important for receptor potency, particularly at the MC3-5 receptors. The Arg side chain-modified tetrapeptides examined in this study include substituted phenyl, naphthyl, and aliphatic urea and thiourea residues using a Lys side-chain template. These ligands elicit full-agonist pharmacology at the mouse MCRs examined in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Joseph
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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33
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Getting SJ. Targeting melanocortin receptors as potential novel therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 111:1-15. [PMID: 16488018 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH(1-39)) and the melanocortins (alpha, beta and gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone [MSH]) are derived from a larger precursor molecule known as the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) protein. They exert their numerous biological effects by activating 7 transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), leading to adenylyl cyclase activation and subsequent cAMP accumulation within the target cell. To date, 5 melanocortin receptors (MCR) have been identified and termed MC1R to MC5R, they have been shown to have a wide and varied distribution throughout the body, being found in the central nervous system (CNS), periphery and immune cells. Melanocortins have a multitude of actions including: (i) modulating disease pathologies including arthritis, asthma, obesity; (ii) affecting functions, for example erectile dysfunction, skin tanning; and (iii) organ systems, for example cardiovascular system. Recently a mechanistic approach has been identified with alpha-MSH preventing NF-kappaB activation via the preservation and expression of IkappaBalphaprotein. This leads to a reduction of pro-inflammatory mediators including cytokines and inhibition of adhesion molecule expression, with subsequent reduction in leukocyte emigration. Development of selective ligands with an appropriate pharmacokinetic profile will enable a pharmacological evaluation of the potential beneficial effects of the melanocortins. In this review I have discussed the potential mechanistic action for the melanocortins and some of the disease pathologies shown to be modulated. This review proposes targeting the MCR with the ultimate aim of controlling many of the diseases that we face today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Getting
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom.
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Fleck BA, Chen C, Yang W, Huntley R, Markison S, Nickolls SA, Foster AC, Hoare SRJ. Molecular interactions of nonpeptide agonists and antagonists with the melanocortin-4 receptor. Biochemistry 2006; 44:14494-508. [PMID: 16262250 DOI: 10.1021/bi051316s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin-4 (MC4) receptor is a potential therapeutic target for obesity and cachexia, for which nonpeptide agonists and antagonists are being developed, respectively. The aim of this study was to identify molecular interactions between the MC4 receptor and nonpeptide ligands, and to compare the mechanism of binding between agonist and antagonist ligands. Nonpeptide ligand interaction was affected by mutations that reduce peptide ligand binding (D122A, D126A, S190A, M200A, F261A, and F284A), confirming overlapping binding determinants for peptide and nonpeptide ligands. The common halogenated phenyl group of nonpeptide ligands was a determinant of F261A and F284A mutations' affinity-reducing effect, implying this group interacts with the aromatic side chains of these residues. All affected compounds contain this group, the mutations reduced binding of 2,4-dichloro-substituted compounds more than 4-chloro-substituted-compounds, and F284A mutation eliminated the affinity-enhancing effect of 2-chloro-substitution. F261A and F284A mutations reduced the affinity of antagonists more than agonists, suggesting that the stronger ligand interaction with these residues, the lower the ligand efficacy. Supporting this hypothesis, F261A mutation increased the efficacy of nonpeptide antagonist and partial agonist ligands. D122A and D126A mutations reduced nonpeptide ligand interaction. Removing the ligands' derivatized amide group eliminated the effect of the mutations. Interaction of agonists, which bear a common amine within this group, was strongly reduced by D126A mutation (550-3300-fold), suggesting an electrostatic interaction between the amine and the acidic group of D126. These postulated interactions with aromatic and acidic regions of the MC4 receptor are consistent with a molecular model of the receptor. Furthermore, the strength of interaction with the aromatic pocket, and potentially the acidic pocket, controls the signaling efficacy of the ligand.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Cell Line
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Humans
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Structure
- Mutation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/agonists
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- alpha-MSH/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Fleck
- Department of Pharmacology, Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, USA
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35
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Yan LZ, Flora D, Edwards P, Smiley DL, Emmerson PJ, Hsiung HM, Gadski R, Hertel J, Heiman ML, Husain S, O'Brien TP, Kahl SD, Zhang L, Dimarchi RD, Mayer JP. Potent and selective MC-4 receptor agonists based on a novel disulfide scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4611-4. [PMID: 16105738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Revised: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Extensive structure-activity relationship studies utilizing a beta-MSH-derived cyclic nonapeptide, Ac-Tyr-Arg-[Cys-Glu-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Cys]-NH(2) (3), led to identification of a series of novel MC-4R selective disulfide-constrained hexapeptide analogs including Ac-[hCys-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Cys]-NH(2) (12). The structural modifications associated with profound influence on MC-4R potency and selectivity were ring size, ring conformation, and the aromatic substitution of the D-Phe7. These cyclic peptide analogs provide novel and enhanced reagents for use in the elucidation of melanocortin-4 receptor-related physiology, and may additionally find application in the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Z Yan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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36
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Shi Q, Ornstein PL, Briner K, Richardson TI, Arnold MB, Backer RT, Buckmaster JL, Canada EJ, Doecke CW, Hertel LW, Honigschmidt N, Hsiung HM, Husain S, Kuklish SL, Martinelli MJ, Mullaney JT, O'Brien TP, Reinhard MR, Rothhaar R, Shah J, Wu Z, Xie C, Zgombick JM, Fisher MJ. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel dipeptides and reduced dipeptides as ligands for melanocortin subtype-4 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 16:2341-6. [PMID: 16297618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of benzylic piperazines (e.g., 4 and 5) attached to an 'address element', the dipeptide H-D-Tic-D-p-Cl-Phe-OH, 3 has been identified as ligands for the melanocortin subtype-4 receptor (MC4R). We describe herein the structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on the N-terminal residue of the 'address element'. Several novel dipeptides and reduced dipeptides with high MC4R binding affinities and selectivity emerged from this SAR study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shi
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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37
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Bonetto S, Carlavan I, Baty D. Isolation and characterization of antagonist and agonist peptides to the human melanocortin 1 receptor. Peptides 2005; 26:2302-13. [PMID: 15893405 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We identified a large number of peptide mimotopes of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and the alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) to analyze better the structure-function relationships of these hormones with the human MC1 receptor (hMC1R). We have investigated the use of phage-display technology to isolate specific peptides of this receptor by using three monoclonal anti-ACTH antibodies (mAbs). A library of 10(8) phage-peptides displaying randomized decapeptides was constructed and used to select phage-peptides that bind to mAbs. Forty-five phage-peptides have been isolated and from their amino acid sequences, we have identified two consensus sequences, EXFRWGKPA and WGXPVGKP, corresponding to the regions 5-13 and 9-16 of ACTH, respectively. A biological assay on cells expressing the hMC1-R was developed to determine the capacity of phage-peptides to stimulate the receptor. Only two phage-peptides showed detectable activity. Thirty-one peptides were synthesized to analyze their biological effect. We identified two weak agonists, EC50=16 and 11 microM, two strong agonists, EC50=25 and 14 nM and a partial antagonist, IC50=36 microM. This work confirmed the modulator agonist role of the regions 11-12 of alpha-MSH and ACTH, and the importance of the methionine residue at position 4 for the stimulation of the hMC1-R. We also identified analogues of the regions 8-17 of ACTH that exhibited a weak activator effect, and of one analogue of the N-terminal regions 1-9 of ACTH and alpha-MSH having a partial antagonist effect. These results may be useful in the development of potential agonists or antagonists of the hMC1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bonetto
- Institut de Biologie Structurale et Microbiologie, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, UPR9027, CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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38
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Pogozheva ID, Chai BX, Lomize AL, Fong TM, Weinberg DH, Nargund RP, Mulholland MW, Gantz I, Mosberg HI. Interactions of human melanocortin 4 receptor with nonpeptide and peptide agonists. Biochemistry 2005; 44:11329-41. [PMID: 16114870 PMCID: PMC2532597 DOI: 10.1021/bi0501840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Specific interactions of human melanocortin-4 receptor (hMC4R) with its nonpeptide and peptide agonists were studied using alanine-scanning mutagenesis. The binding affinities and potencies of two synthetic, small-molecule agonists (THIQ, MB243) were strongly affected by substitutions in transmembrane alpha-helices (TM) 2, 3, 6, and 7 (residues Glu(100), Asp(122), Asp(126), Phe(261), His(264), Leu(265), and Leu(288)). In addition, a I129A mutation primarily affected the binding and potency of THIQ, while F262A, W258A, Y268A mutations impaired interactions with MB243. By contrast, binding affinity and potency of the linear peptide agonist NDP-MSH were substantially reduced only in D126A and H264A mutants. Three-dimensional models of receptor-ligand complexes with their agonists were generated by distance-geometry using the experimental, homology-based, and other structural constraints, including interhelical H-bonds and two disulfide bridges (Cys(40)-Cys(279), Cys(271)-Cys(277)) of hMC4R. In the models, all pharmacophore elements of small-molecule agonists are spatially overlapped with the corresponding key residues (His(6), d-Phe(7), Arg(8), and Trp(9)) of the linear peptide: their charged amine groups interact with acidic residues from TM2 and TM3, similar to His(6) and Arg(6) of NDP-MSH; their substituted piperidines mimic Trp(9) of the peptide and interact with TM5 and TM6, while the d-Phe aromatic rings of all three agonists contact with Leu(133), Trp(258), and Phe(261) residues.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Cyclic AMP/pharmacology
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/agonists
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/chemistry
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/drug effects
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/drug effects
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Rhodopsin/chemistry
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina D Pogozheva
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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39
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Tian X, Field T, Mazur AW, Ebetino FH, Wos JA, Crossdoersen D, Pinney BB, Sheldon RJ. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of proline based melanocortin receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2819-23. [PMID: 15911261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of proline based melanocortin ligands has been developed on the basis of initial piperazine leads by using a more conformationally rigid scaffold. A number of these novel ligands showed significant binding affinity for MC3 and MC4 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Tian
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA.
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40
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Verma RP, Mekapati SB, Kurup A, Hansch C. A QSAR review on melanoma toxicity. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5508-26. [PMID: 16081291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2005] [Revised: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of skin cancer and is currently attracting our attention particularly in the area of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). In the present review, an attempt has been made to collect the data for different sets of compounds and to discuss their toxicities toward melanoma cells by the formulation of a total number of 36 QSAR.
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41
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Todorovic A, Haskell-Luevano C. A review of melanocortin receptor small molecule ligands. Peptides 2005; 26:2026-36. [PMID: 16051395 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Accepted: 11/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system (MC) is implicated in the regulation of a variety of physiological pathways including pigmentation, steroid function, energy homeostasis, food intake, obesity, cardiovascular, sexual function, and normal gland regulation. The melanocortin system consists of five receptors identified to date (MC1-5R), melanocortin agonists derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin prohormone (POMC) and two naturally existing antagonists. Melanocortin receptor ligand structure-activity studies have been performed since the 1960s, primarily focused on the pigmentation aspect of physiology. During the 1990s, the melanocortin-4 receptor was identified to play a significant physiological role in the regulation of both food intake and obesity. Subsequently, a concerted drug design effort has focused on the design and discovery of melanocortin receptor small molecules. Herein, we present an overview of melanocortin receptor heterocyclic small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Todorovic
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100485, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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42
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Pontillo J, Tran JA, Fleck BA, Marinkovic D, Arellano M, Tucci FC, Lanier M, Nelson J, Parker J, Saunders J, Murphy B, Foster AC, Chen C. Piperazinebenzylamines as potent and selective antagonists of the human melanocortin-4 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:5605-9. [PMID: 15482933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Revised: 08/20/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
SAR studies of a series of piperazinebenzylamines resulted in the discovery of potent antagonists of the human melanocortin-4 receptor. Compounds 11c, 11d, and 11l, which had K(i) values of 21, 14, and 15 nM, respectively, possessed low efficacy in cAMP stimulation ( approximately 15% of alpha-MSH maximal level) mediated by MC4R, and functioned as antagonists in inhibition of alpha-MSH-stimulated cAMP release in a dose-dependent manner (11l, IC(50)=36 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Pontillo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
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43
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44
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Chen C, Pontillo J, Fleck BA, Gao Y, Wen J, Tran JA, Tucci FC, Marinkovic D, Foster AC, Saunders J. 4-{(2R)-[3-Aminopropionylamido]-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)propionyl}-1-{2-[(2-thienyl)ethylaminomethyl]phenyl}piperazine as a potent and selective melanocortin-4 receptor antagonist--design, synthesis, and characterization. J Med Chem 2005; 47:6821-30. [PMID: 15615531 DOI: 10.1021/jm049278i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) antagonists can prevent weight loss in tumor-bearing mice, which indicates clinical usage for the treatment of cachexia. In our efforts to develop potent and selective antagonists of the human MC4R, we designed piperazinebenzylamines bearing a 2,4-dichlorophenylalanine, by utilizing information derived from structure--activity relationships of MC4R agonists and mutagenesis results of the MC4R and peptide ligands. On the basis of known MC4R agonists such 6, we successfully synthesized potent MC4R antagonists exemplified by 10, which possesses a K(i) value of 1.8 nM in binding affinity. 10 does not stimulate cAMP release in HEK 293 cells expressing the human MC4 receptor at 10 microM concentration. It was demonstrated by Schild analysis that 10 was a competitive functional antagonist with a pA(2) value of 7.9 in the inhibition of alpha-MSH-stimulated cAMP accumulation. 10 also penetrated into the brain when dosed intravenously in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
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45
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Pontillo J, Tran JA, Arellano M, Fleck BA, Huntley R, Marinkovic D, Lanier M, Nelson J, Parker J, Saunders J, Tucci FC, Jiang W, Chen CW, White NS, Foster AC, Chen C. Structure–activity relationships of piperazinebenzylamines as potent and selective agonists of the human melanocortin-4 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:4417-23. [PMID: 15357964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2004] [Revised: 06/18/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SAR studies on a series of piperazinebenzenes directed toward the human melanocortin-4 receptor resulted in potent MC4R agonists. Replacement of the triazole moiety of an initial lead 4 by a basic nitrogen baring a lipophilic side-chain increased the binding affinities of these compounds. Analogs bearing an additional hetero-atom in the side-chain possessed good agonist potency. Thus, 11h had a Ki of 11 nM, and 13g exhibited an EC50 of 3.8 nM and a Ki of 6.4 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Pontillo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 10555 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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46
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Holder JR, Haskell-Luevano C. Melanocortin ligands: 30 years of structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Med Res Rev 2004; 24:325-56. [PMID: 14994367 DOI: 10.1002/med.10064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The challenge of peptide and peptidomimetic research is the development of methods and techniques to improve the biological properties of native peptides and to convert peptide ligands into non-peptide compounds. Improved biological properties of peptides includes enhancement of stability, potency, and receptor selectivity, for both in vivo and in vitro applications. The design of a ligand with specific activity and desired biological properties is a complex task, and, to accomplish this objective, knowledge about putative interactions between a ligand and the corresponding receptor will be valuable. This includes interactions for both the binding and signal transduction processes. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies involve systematic modification of a lead peptide and are designed to provide insight into potential interactions involved in the formation of the ligand-receptor complex. It is desirable to have knowledge about both favorable and unfavorable processes that may occur in putative ligand-receptor interactions that result in either receptor stimulation or inhibition. Herein, we discuss various SAR studies that have involved melanocortin peptides over three decades and the information these studies have provided to the melanocortin field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Ryan Holder
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, USA.
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48
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Chen C, Yu J, Fleck BA, Hoare SRJ, Saunders J, Foster AC. Phenylguanidines as selective nonpeptide melanocortin-5 receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2004; 47:4083-8. [PMID: 15267247 DOI: 10.1021/jm0400496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of phenylguanidine analogues represented by 10, 12, and 21 were synthesized and found to have high binding affinities for the human melanocortin-5 receptor. Their binding affinities for three other melanocortin receptor subtypes, MC1, MC3, and MC4, were low. Selected compounds were also tested for their functional activity and exhibited inhibition of alpha-MSH-stimulated cAMP production in cells expressing the human MC5 receptor. Compound 10 had a K(i) value of 2.1 nM in the binding assay and an IC(50) of 72 nM in the functional assay. Some analogues such as 13 from this series possessed weak agonist activity at the human MC4 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 10555 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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49
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Richardson TI, Ornstein PL, Briner K, Fisher MJ, Backer RT, Biggers CK, Clay MP, Emmerson PJ, Hertel LW, Hsiung HM, Husain S, Kahl SD, Lee JA, Lindstrom TD, Martinelli MJ, Mayer JP, Mullaney JT, O'Brien TP, Pawlak JM, Revell KD, Shah J, Zgombick JM, Herr RJ, Melekhov A, Sampson PB, King CHR. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel arylpiperazines as potent and selective agonists of the melanocortin subtype-4 receptor. J Med Chem 2004; 47:744-55. [PMID: 14736255 DOI: 10.1021/jm0304109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin receptors have been implicated as potential targets for a number of important therapeutic indications, including inflammation, sexual dysfunction, and obesity. We identified compound 1, an arylpiperazine attached to the dipeptide H-d-Tic-d-p-Cl-Phe-OH, as a novel melanocortin subtype-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist through iterative directed screening of nonpeptidyl G-protein-coupled receptor biased libraries. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies demonstrated that substitutions at the ortho position of the aryl ring improved binding and functional potency. For example, the o-isopropyl-substituted compound 29 (K(i) = 720 nM) possessed 9-fold better binding affinity compared to the unsubstituted aryl ring (K(i) = 6600 nM). Sulfonamide 39 (K(i) = 220 nM) fills this space with a polar substituent, resulting in a further 2-fold improvement in binding affinity. The most potent compounds such as the diethylamine 44 (K(i) = 60 nM) contain a basic group at this position. Basic heterocycles such as the imidazole 50 (K(i) = 110 nM) were similarly effective. We also demonstrated good oral bioavailability for sulfonamide 39.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy I Richardson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA.
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50
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Catania A, Gatti S, Colombo G, Lipton JM. Targeting Melanocortin Receptors as a Novel Strategy to Control Inflammation. Pharmacol Rev 2004; 56:1-29. [PMID: 15001661 DOI: 10.1124/pr.56.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocorticotropic hormone and alpha-, beta-, and gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormones, collectively called melanocortin peptides, exert multiple effects upon the host. These effects range from modulation of fever and inflammation to control of food intake, autonomic functions, and exocrine secretions. Recognition and cloning of five melanocortin receptors (MCRs) has greatly improved understanding of peptide-target cell interactions. Preclinical investigations indicate that activation of certain MCR subtypes, primarily MC1R and MC3R, could be a novel strategy to control inflammatory disorders. As a consequence of reduced translocation of the nuclear factor kappaB to the nucleus, MCR activation causes a collective reduction of the major molecules involved in the inflammatory process. Therefore, anti-inflammatory influences are broad and are not restricted to a specific mediator. Short half-life and lack of selectivity could be an obstacle to the use of the natural melanocortins. However, design and synthesis of new MCR ligands with selective chemical properties are already in progress. This review examines how marshaling MCR could control inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Catania
- Division of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Maggiore di Milano, Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caraterre Scientifico, Milano, Italy.
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