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Rahman A, Anjum S, Bhatt JD, Dixit BC, Singh A, Khan S, Fatima S, Patel TS, Hoda N. Sulfonamide based pyrimidine derivatives combating Plasmodium parasite by inhibiting falcipains-2 and falcipains-3 as antimalarial agents. RSC Adv 2024; 14:24725-24740. [PMID: 39114436 PMCID: PMC11304049 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04370g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In this report, we present the design and synthesis of a novel series of pyrimidine-tethered spirochromane-based sulfonamide derivatives aimed at combating drug resistance in malaria. The antimalarial effectiveness of these compounds was assessed in vitro. Structural validation of the synthesized compounds was conducted using mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Strong antimalarial activity against CQ-sensitive (3D7) and CQ-resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum was demonstrated by the majority of the compounds. Notably, compounds SZ14 and SZ9 demonstrated particularly potent effects, with compound SZ14 showing IC50 values of 2.84 μM and SZ9 3.22 μM, indicating single-digit micromolar activity. The compounds exhibiting strong antimalarial activity were assessed through enzymatic tests against the cysteine protease enzymes of P. falciparum, falcipain-2 and falcipain-3. The results indicated that SZ14 and SZ9 inhibited PfFP-2 (IC50 values: 4.1 and 5.4 μM, respectively), and PfFP-3 (IC50 values: 4.9 and 6.3 μM, respectively). To confirm the compounds' specificity towards the parasite, we investigated their cytotoxicity against Vero cell lines, revealing strong selectivity indices and no significant cytotoxic effects. Additionally, in vitro hemolysis testing showed these compounds to be non-toxic to normal human blood cells. Moreover, predicted in silico ADME parameters and physiochemical characteristics demonstrated the drug-likeness of the synthetic compounds. These collective findings suggest that sulfonamide derivatives based on pyrimidine-tethered oxospirochromane could serve as templates for the future development of potential antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rahman
- Drug Design and Synthesis Lab., Department of Chemistry Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India +0091-11-26985507 +0091-9910200655
| | - Shazia Anjum
- Drug Design and Synthesis Lab., Department of Chemistry Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India +0091-11-26985507 +0091-9910200655
| | - Jaimin D Bhatt
- Chemistry Department, V. P. & R. P. T. P Science College, Affiliated to Sardar Patel University Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120 Gujarat India +91-2692-230011#31
| | - Bharat C Dixit
- Chemistry Department, V. P. & R. P. T. P Science College, Affiliated to Sardar Patel University Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120 Gujarat India +91-2692-230011#31
| | - Anju Singh
- Drug Design and Synthesis Lab., Department of Chemistry Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India +0091-11-26985507 +0091-9910200655
| | - Sabiha Khan
- Drug Design and Synthesis Lab., Department of Chemistry Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India +0091-11-26985507 +0091-9910200655
| | - Sadaf Fatima
- Drug Design and Synthesis Lab., Department of Chemistry Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India +0091-11-26985507 +0091-9910200655
| | - Tarosh S Patel
- Chemistry Department, V. P. & R. P. T. P Science College, Affiliated to Sardar Patel University Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120 Gujarat India +91-2692-230011#31
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Lab., Department of Chemistry Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India +0091-11-26985507 +0091-9910200655
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2
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Zhang Y, Vanderghinste J, Wang J, Das S. Challenges and recent advancements in the synthesis of α,α-disubstituted α-amino acids. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1474. [PMID: 38368416 PMCID: PMC10874380 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45790-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
α,α-Disubstituted α-amino acids (α-AAs) have improved properties compared to other types of amino acids. They serve as modifiers of peptide conformation and as precursors of bioactive compounds. Therefore, it has been a long-standing goal to construct this highly valuable scaffold efficiently in organic synthesis and drug discovery. However, access to α,α-disubstituted α-AAs is highly challenging and largely unexplored due to their steric constraints. To overcome these, remarkable advances have been made in the last decades. Emerging strategies such as synergistic enantioselective catalysis, visible-light-mediated photocatalysis, metal-free methodologies and CO2 fixation offer new avenues to access the challenging synthesis of α,α-disubstituted α-AAs and continuously bring additional contributions to this field. This review article aims to provide an overview of the recent advancements since 2015 and discuss existing challenges for the synthesis of α,α-disubstituted α-AAs and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, 201203, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Jaro Vanderghinste
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jinxin Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200, Cailun Road, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Shoubhik Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerpen, Belgium.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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3
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Environmentally Friendly Nafion-Catalyzed Synthesis of Substituted 2-Ethyl-3-Methylquinolines from Aniline and Propionaldehyde under Microwave Irradiation. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11080877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report a facile synthetic methodology for the preparation of 2,3-dialkylquinolines from anilines and propionaldehydes. This cyclization involved environmentally friendly Nafion® NR50 as an acidic catalyst with microwave irradiation as the heating source. A series of substituted 2-ethyl-3-methylquinolines were prepared from various anilines and propionaldehyde derivatives through this protocol with good to excellent yields. Some new chemical structures were confirmed by X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis and the related data were provided. The plausible reaction mechanism studies are also discussed.
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4
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Achutha AS, Pushpa VL, Suchitra S. Theoretical Insights into the Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of Chloroquine and Its Analogs and In Silico Screening of Main Protease Inhibitors. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4706-4717. [PMID: 32960061 PMCID: PMC7640984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is a dangerous disease rapidly spreading all over the world today. Currently there are no treatment options for it. Drug repurposing studies explored the potency of antimalarial drugs, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, against SARS-CoV-2 virus. These drugs can inhibit the viral protease, called chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease, also known as Main protease (3CLpro); hence, we studied the binding efficiencies of 4-aminoquinoline and 8-aminoquinoline analogs of chloroquine. Six compounds furnished better binding energies than chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. The interactions with the active site residues especially with Cys145 and His41, which are involved in catalytic diad for proteolysis, make these compounds potent main protease inhibitors. A regression model correlating binding energy and the molecular descriptors for chloroquine analogs was generated with R2 = 0.9039 and Q2 = 0.8848. This model was used to screen new analogs of primaquine and molecules from the Asinex compound library. The docking and regression analysis showed these analogs to be more potent inhibitors of 3CLpro than hydroxychloroquine and primaquine. The molecular dynamic simulations of the hits were carried out to determine the binding stabilities. Finally, we propose four compounds that show drug likeness toward SARS-CoV-2 that can be further validated through in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Achutha
- PG
and Research Department of Chemistry, Sree
Narayana College, Kollam, Kerala 691001, India
| | - V. L. Pushpa
- PG
and Research Department of Chemistry, Sree
Narayana College, Kollam, Kerala 691001, India
| | - Surendran Suchitra
- PG
and Research Department of Chemistry, Sree
Narayana College, Kollam, Kerala 691001, India
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5
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Hu S, Zhang J, Jin Q. A formal aza-Michael addition and [4+3] annulation reactions of dichloro-substituted haloamides with N-(2-chloromethyl)aryl) amides. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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6
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Ansari AJ, Yadav A, Mukherjee A, Sathish E, Nagesh K, Singh R. Metal free amination of congested and functionalized alkyl bromides at room temperature. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4804-4807. [PMID: 32227034 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00826e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a highly facile and unprecedented approach to synthesize congested N-(hetero)aryl amines en route to α-amino acid amides using α-bromoamides as alkylating agents under mild reaction conditions (room temperature). The involvement of aza-oxyallyl cations as alkylating agents is the hallmark of this reaction. The method was readily adapted for the rapid synthesis of coveted 1,4-benzodiazepine-3,5-diones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad J Ansari
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India.
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7
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Revil-Baudard VL, Vors JP, Zard SZ. Xanthate-Mediated Incorporation of Quaternary Centers into Heteroarenes. Org Lett 2018; 20:3531-3535. [PMID: 29856227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The xanthate-mediated addition of tertiary alkyl radicals to heteroarenes enabled the easy functionalization of heteroaromatic rings as well as more decorated structures, such as marketed drugs or agrochemicals. This work provides a synthetic tool for efficiently exploring the chemical space by allowing late-stage diversification with a high tolerance toward functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent L Revil-Baudard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique , CNRS UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique , Palaiseau 91128 Cedex , France
| | - Jean-Pierre Vors
- Bayer S.A.S, Small Molecule Research - Disease Control Chemistry , 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet , Lyon 69263 Cedex , France
| | - Samir Z Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique , CNRS UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique , Palaiseau 91128 Cedex , France
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8
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Jain M, Reddy CVRP, Halder M, Singh S, Kumar R, Wasudeo SG, Singh PP, Khan SI, Jacob MR, Tekwani BL, Jain R. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 8-Quinolinamines and Their Amino Acid Conjugates as Broad-Spectrum Anti-infectives. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:3060-3075. [PMID: 30023858 PMCID: PMC6045484 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b02047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the search of therapeutic agents for emerging drug-resistant parasites, the synthesis of newer classes of 8-quinolinamines has emerged as a successful chemotherapeutic approach. We report synthesis of 8-quinolinamines bearing 5-alkoxy, 4-methyl, and 2-tert-butyl groups in the quinoline framework and their amino acid conjugates as broad-spectrum anti-infectives. 8-Quinolinamines exhibited potent in vitro antimalarial activity [IC50 = 20-4760 ng/mL (drug-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum D6 strain) and IC50 = 22-4760 ng/mL (drug-resistant P. falciparum W2 strain)]. The most promising analogues have cured all animals at 25 mg/kg/day against drug-sensitive Plasmodium berghei and at 50 mg/kg/day against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis infections in Swiss mice. The in vitro antileishmanial activities (IC50 = 0.84-5.0 μg/mL and IC90 = 1.95-7.0 μg/mL) comparable to standard drug pentamidine were exhibited by several of the synthesized 8-quinolinamines. At the same time, very promising antifungal activities (Candida albicans-IC50 = 4.93-19.38 μg/mL; Candida glabrata-IC50 = 3.96-19.22 μg/mL; Candida krusei-IC50 = 2.89-18.95 μg/mL; Cryptococcus neoformans-IC50 = 0.67-18.64 μg/mL; and Aspergillus fumigatus-IC50 = 6.0-19.32 μg/mL) and antibacterial activities (Staphylococcus aureus-IC50 = 1.33-18.9 μg/mL; methicillin-resistant S. aureus-IC50 = 1.38-15.34 μg/mL; and Mycobacterium intracellulare-IC50 = 3.12-20 μg/mL) were also observed. None of the 8-quinolinamines exhibited cytotoxicity and therefore are a promising structural class of compounds as antiparasitic and antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Jain
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical
Education and Research, Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - C. V. Ravi P. Reddy
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical
Education and Research, Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - Moumita Halder
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical
Education and Research, Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - Savita Singh
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical
Education and Research, Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - Randheer Kumar
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical
Education and Research, Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - Sagar Gajbe Wasudeo
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical
Education and Research, Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - Prati Pal Singh
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical
Education and Research, Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - Shabana I. Khan
- National
Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Melissa R. Jacob
- National
Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- National
Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Rahul Jain
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical
Education and Research, Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
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9
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Levatić J, Pavić K, Perković I, Uzelac L, Ester K, Kralj M, Kaiser M, Rottmann M, Supek F, Zorc B. Machine learning prioritizes synthesis of primaquine ureidoamides with high antimalarial activity and attenuated cytotoxicity. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 146:651-667. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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10
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Hu YQ, Gao C, Zhang S, Xu L, Xu Z, Feng LS, Wu X, Zhao F. Quinoline hybrids and their antiplasmodial and antimalarial activities. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:22-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Mondal R, Khamarui S, Maiti DK. CuBr-ZnI 2 Combo-Catalysis for Mild Cu I-Cu III Switching and sp 2 C-H Activated Rapid Cyclization to Quinolines and Their Sugar-Based Chiral Analogues: A UV-Vis and XPS Study. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:251-263. [PMID: 31457128 PMCID: PMC6640751 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented CuBr-ZnI2 combo-catalyzed mild Cu1-CuIII switching activation of sp2 C-H of highly electron-rich arenes is reported. Anilines, aldehydes, and terminal alkynes were rapidly coupled together at ambient temperature to construct a ubiquitous quinoline framework through cyclization of the C≡C bond. This smart solvent-free strategy was exploited for the direct synthesis of valuable 4-substituted, 2,4-disubstituted, and thermally labile sugar-based chiral quinolines in good yields. In contrast to the frequently used imine-alkyne cyclization reaction, this uncommonly mild CuI-CuIII combo-catalysis for a rapid three-component cyclization is expected to proceed through the formation of a flexible propargyl amine intermediate, which provides a CuI-procatalyst for rapid sp2 C-H activation with cyclization involving transient CuIII species. The in situ generation of transient CuIII species was confirmed through online ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses.
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12
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Fisher DJ, Burnett GL, Velasco R, Read de Alaniz J. Synthesis of Hindered α-Amino Carbonyls: Copper-Catalyzed Radical Addition with Nitroso Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11614-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Fisher
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - G. Leslie Burnett
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rocío Velasco
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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13
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Ruiz-Castillo P, Blackmond DG, Buchwald SL. Rational ligand design for the arylation of hindered primary amines guided by reaction progress kinetic analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:3085-92. [PMID: 25651374 PMCID: PMC4379963 DOI: 10.1021/ja512903g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the Pd-catalyzed arylation of very hindered α,α,α-trisubstituted primary amines. Kinetics-based mechanistic analysis and rational design have led to the development of two biarylphosphine ligands that allow the transformation to proceed with excellent efficiency. The process was effective in coupling a wide range of functionalized aryl and heteroaryl halides under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ruiz-Castillo
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Donna G. Blackmond
- Department
of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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14
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Kumar S, Patel A, Ahmed N. Microwave-assisted expeditious and efficient synthesis of novel quinolin-4-ylmethoxychromen-2- and -4-ones catalyzed by YbCl3 under a solvent free one-pot three component domino reaction and their antimicrobial activity. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15748j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
MW assisted multicomponent A3 synthesis was developed for the synthesis of quinolin-4-ylmethoxychromen-2- and -4-ones in high yields with YbCl3 and reused efficiently for four times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee 247 667
- India
| | - Alok Patel
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee 247 667
- India
| | - Naseem Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee 247 667
- India
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15
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Teixeira C, Vale N, Pérez B, Gomes A, Gomes JRB, Gomes P. "Recycling" classical drugs for malaria. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11164-220. [PMID: 25329927 DOI: 10.1021/cr500123g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Teixeira
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal.,CICECO, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro , P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bianca Pérez
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Gomes
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José R B Gomes
- CICECO, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro , P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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16
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Meyet CE, Larsen CH. One-Step Catalytic Synthesis of Alkyl-Substituted Quinolines. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9835-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5015883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E. Meyet
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Catharine H. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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17
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Kumar A, Paliwal D, Saini D, Thakur A, Aggarwal S, Kaushik D. A comprehensive review on synthetic approach for antimalarial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:147-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Hussain H, Al-Harrasi A, Al-Rawahi A, Green IR, Gibbons S. Fruitful decade for antileishmanial compounds from 2002 to late 2011. Chem Rev 2014; 114:10369-428. [PMID: 25253511 DOI: 10.1021/cr400552x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidayat Hussain
- UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa , P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
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Abstract
The emergence of resistance to artemisinins and the renewed efforts to eradicate malaria demand the urgent development of new drugs. In this endeavour, the evaluation of efficacy in animal models is often a go/no go decision assay in drug discovery. This important role relies on the capability of animal models to assess the disposition, toxicology and efficacy of drugs in a single test. Although the relative merits of each efficacy model of malaria as human surrogate have been extensively discussed, there are no critical analyses on the use of such models in current drug discovery. In this article, we intend to analyse how efficacy models are used to discover new antimalarial drugs. Our analysis indicates that testing drug efficacy is often the last assay in each discovery stage and the experimental designs utilized are not optimized to expedite decision-making and inform clinical development. In light of this analysis, we propose new ways to accelerate drug discovery using efficacy models.
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20
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Kozubková Z, Rouchal M, Nečas M, Vícha R. Novel Route to 4-(Adamantan-1-yl)quinoline Derivatives Based on the Friedländer Condensation. Helv Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201100432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Kaur K, Jain M, Khan SI, Jacob MR, Tekwani BL, Singh S, Singh PP, Jain R. Amino acid, dipeptide and pseudodipeptide conjugates of ring-substituted 8-aminoquinolines: Synthesis and evaluation of anti-infective, β-haematin inhibition and cytotoxic activities. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 52:230-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Müller T, Johann L, Jannack B, Brückner M, Lanfranchi DA, Bauer H, Sanchez C, Yardley V, Deregnaucourt C, Schrével J, Lanzer M, Schirmer RH, Davioud-Charvet E. Glutathione Reductase-Catalyzed Cascade of Redox Reactions To Bioactivate Potent Antimalarial 1,4-Naphthoquinones – A New Strategy to Combat Malarial Parasites. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:11557-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ja201729z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Müller
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laure Johann
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), University of Strasbourg, UMR CNRS 7509, 25, rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Beate Jannack
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margit Brückner
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Don Antoine Lanfranchi
- European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), University of Strasbourg, UMR CNRS 7509, 25, rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Holger Bauer
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia Sanchez
- Department of Infectiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Yardley
- Department of Infections and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane Deregnaucourt
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, FRE 3206 CNRS, BP 52, 61 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Joseph Schrével
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, FRE 3206 CNRS, BP 52, 61 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Department of Infectiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R. Heiner Schirmer
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Davioud-Charvet
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), University of Strasbourg, UMR CNRS 7509, 25, rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
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Liu H, Walker LA, Dhammika Nanayakara NP, Doerksen RJ. Methemoglobinemia caused by 8-aminoquinoline drugs: DFT calculations suggest an analogy to H4B's role in nitric oxide synthase. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:1172-5. [PMID: 21244096 PMCID: PMC3070186 DOI: 10.1021/ja107472c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We suggest a possible mechanism of how 8-aminoquinolines (8-AQ's) cause hemotoxicity by oxidizing hemoglobin to methemoglobin. In our DFT calculations, we found that 5-hydroxyprimaquine is able to donate an electron to O(2) to facilitate its conversion to H(2)O(2). Meanwhile, Fe(II) is oxidized to Fe(III) and methemoglobin is formed. In this mechanism, the 8-AQ drug plays a similar role as that of H(4)B in nitric oxide synthase. Furthermore, our study offers an approach to inform the design of less toxic antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Larry A. Walker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
- National Center for Natural Products Research School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - N. P. Dhammika Nanayakara
- National Center for Natural Products Research School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Robert J. Doerksen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
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24
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Kaur K, Jain M, Khan SI, Jacob MR, Tekwani BL, Singh S, Singh PP, Jain R. Extended side chain analogues of 8-aminoquinolines: Synthesis and evaluation of antiprotozoal, antimicrobial, β-hematin inhibition, and cytotoxic activities. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0md00267d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Garg A, Prasad B, Takwani H, Jain M, Jain R, Singh S. Evidence of the formation of direct covalent adducts of primaquine, 2-tert-butylprimaquine (NP-96) and monohydroxy metabolite of NP-96 with glutathione and N-acetylcysteine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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26
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Thanh Thuy NN, Tien HN, Jain R, Kamei K. 2-tert-butyl-primaquine exhibit potent blood schizontocidal antimalarial activity via inhibition of heme crystallization. Malar J 2010. [DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-s2-p69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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27
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Kaur K, Jain M, Khan SI, Jacob MR, Tekwani BL, Singh S, Singh PP, Jain R. Synthesis, antiprotozoal, antimicrobial, β-hematin inhibition, cytotoxicity and methemoglobin (MetHb) formation activities of bis(8-aminoquinolines). Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 19:197-210. [PMID: 21172735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In continuing our search of potent antimalarials based on 8-aminoquinoline structural framework, three series of novel bis(8-aminoquinolines) using convenient one to four steps synthetic procedures were synthesized. The bisquinolines were evaluated for in vitro antimalarial (Plasmodiumfalciparum), antileishmanial (Leishmaniadonovani), antimicrobial (a panel of pathogenic bacteria and fungi), cytotoxicity, β-hematin inhibitory and methemoglobin (MetHb) formation activities. Several compounds exhibited superior antimalarial activities compared to parent drug primaquine. Selected compounds (44, 61 and 79) when tested for in vivo blood-schizontocidal antimalarial activity (Plasmodiumberghei) displayed potent blood-schizontocial activities. The bisquinolines showed negligible MetHb formation (0.2-1.2%) underlining their potential in the treatment of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient patients. The bisquinoline analogues (36, 73 and 79) also exhibited promising in vitro antileishmanial activity, and antimicrobial activities (43, 44 and 76) against a panel of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The results of this study provide evidence that bis(8-aminoquinolines), like their bis(4-aminoquinolines) and artemisinin dimers counterparts, are a promising class of antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirandeep Kaur
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
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Mayatra SJ, Prasad B, Jain M, Jain R, Singh S. Development and validation of a sensitive and selective UHPLC–MS/MS method for quantitation of an investigational anti-malarial compound, 2-tert-butylprimaquine (NP-96) in rat plasma, and its application in a preclinical pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 52:410-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bawa S, Kumar S, Drabu S, Kumar R. Structural modifications of quinoline-based antimalarial agents: Recent developments. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2010; 2:64-71. [PMID: 21814435 PMCID: PMC3147106 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.67002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimalarial drugs constitute a major part of antiprotozoal drugs and have been in practice for a long time. Antimalarial agents generally belong to the class of quinoline which acts by interfering with heme metabolism. The recent increase in development of chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum and failure of vaccination program against malaria have fuelled the drug discovery program against this old and widespread disease. Quinoline and its related derivative comprise a class of heterocycles, which has been exploited immensely than any other nucleus for the development of potent antimalarial agents. Various chemical modifications of quinoline have been attempted to achieve analogs with potent antimalarial properties against sensitive as well as resistant strains of Plasmodium sp., together with minimal potential undesirable side effects. This review outlines essentially some of the recent chemical modifications undertaken for the development of potent antimalarial agents based on quinoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Bawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110 062, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110 062, India
| | - Sushma Drabu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110 062, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110 062, India
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Wells TNC, Burrows JN, Baird JK. Targeting the hypnozoite reservoir of Plasmodium vivax: the hidden obstacle to malaria elimination. Trends Parasitol 2010; 26:145-51. [PMID: 20133198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the major species of malaria parasite outside Africa. It is especially problematic in that the infection can relapse in the absence of mosquitoes by activation of dormant hypnozoites in the liver. Medicines that target the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum are also active against P. vivax, except where these have been compromised by resistance. However, the only clinical therapy against relapse of vivax malaria is the 8-aminoquinoline, primaquine. This molecule has the drawback of causing haemolysis in genetically sensitive patients and requires 14 days of treatment. New, safer and more-easily administered drugs are urgently needed, and this is a crucial gap in the broader malaria-elimination agenda. New developments in cell biology are starting to open ways to the next generation of drugs against hypnozoites. This search is urgent, given the time needed to develop a new medication.
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A new process of multicomponent Povarov reaction–aerobic dehydrogenation: synthesis of polysubstituted quinolines. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.09.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Trivedi AR, Siddiqui AB, Dodiya DK, Soalnki MJ, Shah VH. A new synthetic approach and biological evaluation of novel phenothiazines bearingtert-butyl group. J Sulphur Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17415990903173511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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33
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Simunović M, Perković I, Zorc B, Ester K, Kralj M, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Pontiki E. Urea and carbamate derivatives of primaquine: synthesis, cytostatic and antioxidant activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5605-13. [PMID: 19581098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The novel urea primaquine derivatives 3 were prepared by aminolysis of primaquine benzotriazolide 2 with several hydroxyamines and ethylendiamine, while carbamates 4 were synthesized from the same precursor 2 and alcohols. All compounds are fully chemically characterized and evaluated for their cytostatic and antioxidant activities. The most prominent antiproliferative activity was obtained by compounds 3c, 3d, 3g, and 5b (IC(50)=9-40 microM). 1-(5-Hydroxypentyl)-3-[4-(6-methoxy-quinolin-8-ylamino)-pentyl]urea (3c) showed extreme selectivity toward SW 620 colon cancer cells (IC(50)=0.2 microM) and a bit less toward lung cancer cells H 460. Hydroxyurea 3h showed the highest interaction with DPPH. Primaquine twin drug 3g showed very significant inhibition on LOX soybean (IC(50)=62 microM). Almost all the tested derivatives highly inhibited lipid peroxidation, significantly stronger than primaquine phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Simunović
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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34
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Vale N, Matos J, Moreira R, Gomes P. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry as a valuable tool in the characterization of novel primaquine peptidomimetic derivatives. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2009; 15:627-640. [PMID: 19679943 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Novel primaquine-derived antimalarials have been extensively characterized by electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Experiments by in-source collision-induced dissociation (CID) in the nozzle- skimmer region (NSR) or by tandem-MS are shown to be most valuable tools for the physicochemical characterization of these 8-aminoquinolinic drugs that also bear the biologically relevant imidazolidin-4-one scaffold. It was possible to find parallelism between compound stability in the NSR and its reactivity towards hydrolysis at physiological pH and T. Moreover, tandem-MS fragmentation patterns were characteristic for each family, providing a means for structural distinction of isomers and allowing to find interesting correlations between the relative abundance of particular fragments and relevant structure-activity determinants, such as Charton steric parameter, v. In conclusion, this work provides solid grounds to establish ESI-MS as a key tool for the physicochemical characterization of biopharmaceuticals bearing the 8-aminoquinoline and/or the imidazolidin-4-one moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Vale
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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35
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Zhu S, Zhang Q, Gudise C, Meng L, Wei L, Smith E, Kong Y. Synthesis and evaluation of naphthyridine compounds as antimalarial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6101-6. [PMID: 17900897 PMCID: PMC2072807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 09/09/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Primaquine is the drug of choice for the radical cure of Plasmodium vivax malaria, but possesses serious side effects. In this study novel primaquine analogues were designed and synthesized. Lower toxicity was achieved by reducing or eliminating the tendency of forming chemically reactive and toxic intermediates and metabolites. In vitro and in vivo studies found that synthesized compounds were less toxic than the parent compound primaquine, while preserving the desired antimalarial activity. Some of these compounds possess a therapeutic index over 10 times superior to that of the commonly used antimalarial drug chloroquine. These compounds, as well as the underlying design rationale, may find usefulness in the discovery and development of new antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuren Zhu
- Radix Pharmaceuticals Inc., 880 College Parkway, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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36
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Schlitzer M. Malaria Chemotherapeutics Part I: History of Antimalarial Drug Development, Currently Used Therapeutics, and Drugs in Clinical Development. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:944-86. [PMID: 17530725 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Since ancient times, humankind has had to struggle against the persistent onslaught of pathogenic microorganisms. Nowadays, malaria is still the most important infectious disease worldwide. Considerable success in gaining control over malaria was achieved in the 1950s and 60s through landscaping measures, vector control with the insecticide DDT, and the widespread administration of chloroquine, the most important antimalarial agent ever. In the late 1960s, the final victory over malaria was believed to be within reach. However, the parasites could not be eradicated because they developed resistance against the most widely used and affordable drugs of that time. Today, cases of malaria infections are on the rise and have reached record numbers. This review gives a short description of the malaria disease, briefly addresses the history of antimalarial drug development, and focuses on drugs currently available for malaria therapy. The present knowledge regarding their mode of action and the mechanisms of resistance are explained, as are the attempts made by numerous research groups to overcome the resistance problem within classes of existing drugs and in some novel classes. Finally, this review covers all classes of antimalarials for which at least one drug candidate is in clinical development. Antimalarial agents that are solely in early development stages will be addressed in a separate review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schlitzer
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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37
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Huy NT, Mizunuma K, Kaur K, Nhien NTT, Jain M, Uyen DT, Harada S, Jain R, Kamei K. 2-tert-butyl-8-quinolinamines exhibit potent blood schizontocidal antimalarial activity via inhibition of heme crystallization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:2842-7. [PMID: 17562796 PMCID: PMC1932521 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00288-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that the attachment of a bulky metabolically stable tert-butyl group at the C-2 position of a quinoline ring in primaquine results in a tremendous improvement in the blood schizontocidal antimalarial activity of 8-quinolinamine. Because free heme released from hemoglobin catabolism in a malarial parasite is highly toxic, the parasite protects itself mainly by crystallization of heme into insoluble nontoxic hemozoin. We now demonstrate the ability of 2-tert-butylprimaquine to inhibit in vitro beta-hematin formation, to form a complex with heme with a stoichiometry of 1:1, and to enhance heme-induced hemolysis. The results described herein indicate that a major improvement in the blood-schizontocidal antimalarial activity of 2-tert-butylprimaquine might be due to a disturbance of heme catabolism pathway in the malarial parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Tien Huy
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, Japan
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38
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Vangapandu S, Jain M, Kaur K, Patil P, Patel SR, Jain R. Recent advances in antimalarial drug development. Med Res Rev 2007; 27:65-107. [PMID: 16700012 DOI: 10.1002/med.20062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Malaria caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium, because of its prevalence, virulence, and drug resistance, is the most serious and widespread parasitic disease encountered by mankind. The inadequate armory of drugs in widespread use for the treatment of malaria, development of strains resistant to commonly used drugs such as chloroquine, and the lack of affordable new drugs are the limiting factors in the fight against malaria. These factors underscore the continuing need of research for new classes of antimalarial agents, and a re-examination of the existing antimalarial drugs that may be effective against resistant strains. This review provides an in-depth look at the most significant progress made during the past 10 years in antimalarial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryanaryana Vangapandu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
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Kaur K, Patel SR, Patil P, Jain M, Khan SI, Jacob MR, Tekwani BL, Jain R. Synthesis, antimalarial, antileishmanial, antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, and methemoglobin (MetHB) formation activities of new 8-quinolinamines. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:915-930. [PMID: 17084633 PMCID: PMC4045844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, in vitro antiprotozoal (against Plasmodium and Leishmania), antimicrobial, cytotoxicity (Vero and MetHb-producing properties), and in vivo antimalarial activities of two series of 8-quinolinamines. N1-{4-[2-(tert-Butyl)-6-methoxy-8-quinolylamino]pentyl}-(2S/2R)-2-aminosubstitutedamides (21-33) and N1-[4-(4-ethyl-6-methoxy-5-pentyloxy-8-quinolylamino)pentyl]-(2S/2R)-2-aminosubstitutedamides (51-63) were synthesized in six steps from 6-methoxy-8-nitroquinoline and 4-methoxy-2-nitro-5-pentyloxyaniline, respectively. Several analogs displayed promising antimalarial activity in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum D6 (chloroquine-sensitive) and W2 (chloroquine-resistant) clones with high selectivity indices versus mammalian cells. The most promising analogs (21-24) also displayed potent antimalarial activity in vivo in a Plasmodium berghei-infected mouse model. Most interestingly, many analogs exhibited promising in vitro antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani promastigotes, and antimicrobial activities against a panel of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Several analogs, notably 21-24, 26-32, and 60, showed less MetHb formation compared to primaquine indicating the potential of these compounds in 8-quinolinamine-based antimalarial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirandeep Kaur
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India 160 062, India
| | - Sanjay R. Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India 160 062, India
| | - Premanand Patil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India 160 062, India
| | - Meenakshi Jain
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India 160 062, India
| | - Shabana I. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Melissa R. Jacob
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Rahul Jain
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India 160 062, India
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40
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on recent developments on evaluation of 8-aminoquinoline analogs with broader efficacy and reduced toxicity, which would provide better drugs for treatment of protozoal infections. RECENT FINDINGS The earlier efforts towards development of 8-aminoquinoline analogs have been directed to extensive derivatization programs. This has led to discovery of tafenoquine for prophylaxis against malaria infections and sitamaquine with utility for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Bulaquine, a primaquine pro-drug, has shown reduced methemoglobin toxicity and better malaria-transmission-blocking activity than primaquine. Stereoselective pharmacologic and toxicologic characteristics of chiral 8-aminoquinolines provided the lead for enantiomeric separation of an 8-aminoquinoline analog NPC1161B, with greatly reduced toxicity and potent antimalarial action against blood as well as tissue stages of the parasite. NPC1161B has also shown promising use as an antileishmanial agent. Better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity and efficacy may help in development of 8-aminoquinoline analogs with superior therapeutic actions, reduced toxicity and broader utility. SUMMARY Extensive derivatization approaches followed by better understanding of structure-activity relationships and biotransformation mechanisms of toxicity have provided 8-aminoquinoline analogs with better pharmacologic and reduced toxicologic profiles. The novel 8-aminoquinoline analogs may have broader utility in public health as future antiprotozoals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu L Tekwani
- National Center for Natural Products Research and Department of Pharmacology, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA.
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41
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Bray PG, Deed S, Fox E, Kalkanidis M, Mungthin M, Deady LW, Tilley L. Primaquine synergises the activity of chloroquine against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:1158-66. [PMID: 16139253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2005] [Revised: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, resistance to the antimalarial drug, chloroquine, has become widespread. It is, therefore, imperative to find compounds that could replace chloroquine or work synergistically with this drug to overcome chloroquine resistance. We have examined the interaction between chloroquine, a 4-aminoquinoline, and a number of 8-aminoquinolines, including primaquine, a drug that is widely used to treat Plasmodium vivax infections. We find that primaquine is a potent synergiser of the activity of chloroquine against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Analysis of matched transfectants expressing mutant and wild-type alleles of the P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) indicate that primaquine exerts its activity by blocking PfCRT, and thus enhancing chloroquine accumulation. Our data suggest that a novel formulation of two antimalarial drugs already licensed for use in humans could be used to treat chloroquine-resistant parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Bray
- Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, UK
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42
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Jain M, Khan SI, Tekwani BL, Jacob MR, Singh S, Singh PP, Jain R. Synthesis, antimalarial, antileishmanial, and antimicrobial activities of some 8-quinolinamine analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:4458-66. [PMID: 15878667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Revised: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present communication, newly synthesized 8-quinolinamines (25-27) related to previously reported 2-tert-butylprimaquine (2) were evaluated for their in vitro antimalarial activity against chloroquine sensitive and resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains, in vivo antimalarial activity against P. berghei infected mice, in vitro antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani, in vitro antimicrobial activity against various fungi and bacteria, and cytotoxicity in a panel of mammalian cell lines. No promising cytotoxicities were observed for compounds reported herein. Analogue 25 was found to exhibit curative antimalarial activity at a dose of 25 mg/kg/dayx4 in a P. berghei infected mice model, and produced suppressive activity at a lower dose of 10 mg/kg/dayx4. In vitro antileishmanial activities (IC50 and IC90) comparable to standard drug pentamidine were exhibited by all synthesized 8-quinolinamines 25-27. At the same time, promising antibacterial and antifungal activities were also observed for synthesized compounds against a panel consisting of several bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Jain
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
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43
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Vangapandu S, Jain M, Jain R, Kaur S, Singh PP. Ring-substituted quinolines as potential anti-tuberculosis agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:2501-8. [PMID: 15110831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2004] [Revised: 03/19/2004] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report in vitro antimycobacterial properties of ring-substituted quinolines (series 1-4) constituting 56 analogues against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant M. tuberculosis H37Rv strains. The most effective compounds 2h (R1 = R2 = c-C6H11, R3 = NO2, series 1) and 13g (R1 = OC7H15, R2 = NO2, series 4) have exhibited an MIC value of 1 microg/mL against drug-sensitive M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain that is comparable to first line anti-tuberculosis drug, isoniazid. Selected analogues (2d, 2g, 2h, 4e, 6b, 13b, 13g, and 14e, MIC: < or = 6.25 microg/mL) upon further evaluation against single-drug-resistant (SDR) strains of M. tuberculosis H37Rv have produced potent efficacy in the range between 6.25 and 50 microg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryanarayana Vangapandu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
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44
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Jain M, Vangapandu S, Sachdeva S, Jain R. Synthesis and blood-schizontocidal antimalarial activities of 2-substituted/2,5-disubstituted-8-quinolinamines and some of their amino acid conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:1003-10. [PMID: 14980613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2003] [Accepted: 12/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen new analogues (32-40, 45-48) of recently discovered potent blood-schizontocidal antimalarial agent, 2-tert-butylprimaquine (2) are synthesized and evaluated for in vivo antimalarial activities against drug-sensitive P. berghei strain and multi-drug resistant P. yoelii nigeriensis strain. Two of the amino acid conjugates (47-48) have exhibited potent antimalarial activities similar to that of 2 against both drug-sensitive and multi-drug resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Jain
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
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