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Foulis SA, Hughes JM, Spiering BA, Walker LA, Guerriere KI, Taylor KM, Proctor SP, Friedl KE. US Army basic combat training alters the relationship between body mass index and per cent body fat. BMJ Mil Health 2023; 169:340-345. [PMID: 34413114 PMCID: PMC10423487 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2021-001936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND As a proxy for adiposity, body mass index (BMI) provides a practical public health metric to counter obesity-related disease trends. On an individual basis, BMI cannot distinguish fat and lean components of body composition. Further, the relationship between BMI and body composition may be altered in response to physical training. We investigated this dynamic relationship by examining the effect of US Army basic combat training (BCT) on the association between BMI and per cent body fat (%BF). METHODS BMI and %BF were measured at the beginning (week 1) and end (week 9) of BCT in female (n=504) and male (n=965) trainees. Height and weight were obtained for BMI, and body composition was obtained by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Sensitivity and specificity of BMI-based classification were determined at two BMI thresholds (25 kg/m2 and 27.5 kg/m2). RESULTS A progressive age-related increase in fat-free mass index (FFMI) was observed, with an inflection point at age 21 years. In soldiers aged 21+, BMI of 25.0 kg/m2 predicted 33% and 29% BF in women and 23% and 20% BF in men and BMI of 27.5 kg/m2 predicted 35% and 31% BF in women and 26% and 22% BF in men, at the start and end of BCT, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of BMI-based classification of %BF were poor. Soldiers below BMI of 20 kg/m2 had normal instead of markedly reduced %BF, reflecting especially low FFMI. CONCLUSIONS BCT alters the BMI-%BF relationship, with lower %BF at a given BMI by the end of BCT compared with the beginning, highlighting the unreliability of BMI to try to estimate body composition. The specific BMI threshold of 25.0 kg/m2, defined as 'overweight', is an out-of-date metric for health and performance outcomes. To the extent that %BF reflects physical readiness, these data provide evidence of a fit and capable military force at BMI greater than 25.0 kg/m2.
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Chae HS, Dale O, Mir TM, Ashfaq MK, Avula B, Walker LA, Khan IA, Khan SI. Juniper Berries Regulate Diabetes and Obesity Markers Through Modulating PPAR α, PPAR γ, and LXR: In Vitro and In Vivo Effects. J Med Food 2023; 26:307-318. [PMID: 37186895 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2022.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The berries of Juniperus communis have been traditionally used for therapeutic purposes. They have been reported to possess various pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. In this study, a methanolic extract of J. communis berries (JB) was evaluated for its effects on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma (PPARα and PPARγ), liver X receptor (LXR), glucose uptake and lipid accumulation using various cellular systems. At a concentration of 25 μg/mL, JB caused 3.77-fold activation of PPARα, 10.90-fold activation of PPARγ, and 4.43-fold activation of LXR in hepatic cells. JB inhibited (11%) the adipogenic effect induced by rosiglitazone in adipocytes and increased glucose uptake (90%) in muscle cells. In high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice, JB at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight exhibited a 21% decrease in body weight. Fasting glucose levels in mice treated with 12.5 mg/kg of JB were significantly decreased (39%) indicating its efficacy in regulating hyperglycemia and obesity induced by HFD thus ameliorating the symptoms of type 2 diabetes. A series of energy metabolic genes, including Sirt1 (2.00-fold) and RAF1 (2.04-fold), were upregulated by JB, while rosiglitazone regulated the hepatic PPARγ only. Phytochemical analysis of JB indicated presence of a number of flavonoids and biflavonoids which seem to be responsible for the observed activity. It was concluded that JB acted as a multiple agonist of PPARα, PPARγ and LXR without the undesired effect of adipogenesis and exhibited the property of enhancing glucose uptake. The regulation of PPARα, PPARγ and LXR seems to be through Sirt1 and RAF1. In vivo results confirmed the antidiabetic and antiobesity potential of JB and indicated its utility in metabolic disorder and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sung Chae
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Olivia Dale
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Tahir M Mir
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Mohammad K Ashfaq
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
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Khan W, Wang YH, Chaurasiya ND, Nanayakkara NPD, Bandara Herath HM, Harrison KA, Dale G, Stanford DA, Dahl EP, McChesney JD, Gul W, ElSohly MA, Jollow D, Tekwani BL, Walker LA. Comparative metabolism and tolerability of racemic primaquine and its enantiomers in human volunteers during 7-day administration. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1104735. [PMID: 36726785 PMCID: PMC9885159 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1104735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Primaquine (PQ) is an 8-aminoquinoline antimalarial, active against dormant Plasmodium vivax hypnozoites and P. falciparum mature gametocytes. PQ is currently used for P. vivax radical cure and prevention of malaria transmission. PQ is a racemic drug and since the metabolism and pharmacology of PQ's enantiomers have been shown to be divergent, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the comparative tolerability and metabolism of PQ with respect to its two enantiomers in human volunteers in a 7 days' treatment schedule. Fifteen subjects with normal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDn) completed four arms, receiving each of the treatments, once daily for 7 days, in a crossover fashion, with a 7-14 days washout period in between: R-(-) enantiomer (RPQ) 22.5 mg; S-(+) enantiomer (SPQ) 22.5 mg; racemic PQ (RSPQ) 45 mg, and placebo. Volunteers were monitored for any adverse events (AEs) during the study period. PQ and metabolites were quantified in plasma and red blood cells (RBCs) by UHPLC-UV-MS/MS. Plasma PQ was significantly higher in SPQ treatment group than for RPQ. Carboxy-primaquine, a major plasma metabolite, was much higher in the RPQ treated group than SPQ; primaquine carbamoyl glucuronide, another major plasma metabolite, was derived only from SPQ. The ortho-quinone metabolites were also detected and showed differences for the two enantiomers in a similar pattern to the parent drugs. Both enantiomers and racemic PQ were well tolerated in G6PDn subjects with the 7 days regimen; three subjects showed mild AEs which did not require any intervention or discontinuation of the drug. The most consistent changes in G6PDn subjects were a gradual increase in methemoglobin and bilirubin, but these were not clinically important. However, the bilirubin increase suggests mild progressive damage to a small fraction of red cells. PQ enantiomers were also individually administered to two G6PD deficient (G6PDd) subjects, one heterozygous female and one hemizygous male. These G6PDd subjects showed similar results with the two enantiomers, but the responses in the hemizygous male were more pronounced. These studies suggest that although the metabolism profiles of individual PQ enantiomers are markedly different, they did not show significant differences in the safety and tolerability in G6PDn subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Washim Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Narayan D. Chaurasiya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Drug Discovery, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - N. P. Dhammika Nanayakkara
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - H. M. Bandara Herath
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Kerri A. Harrison
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Gray Dale
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Donald A. Stanford
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Eric P. Dahl
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | | | - Waseem Gul
- ElSohly Laboratories Inc., Oxford, MS, United States
| | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States,ElSohly Laboratories Inc., Oxford, MS, United States,Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - David Jollow
- Professor Emeritus, Department Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Drug Discovery, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, United States,*Correspondence: Babu L. Tekwani, ; Larry A. Walker,
| | - Larry A. Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States,*Correspondence: Babu L. Tekwani, ; Larry A. Walker,
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Khan W, Wang YH, Dhammika Nanayakkara N, Bandara Herath H, Chaurasiya ND, Tekwani BL, ElSohly MA, McChesney JD, Khan IA, Walker LA. Quantitative analysis of primaquine and its metabolites in human urine using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1213:123517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Khan W, Wang YH, Chaurasiya ND, Nanayakkara NPD, Herath HMB, Harrison KA, Dale G, Stanford DA, Dahl EP, McChesney JD, Gul W, ElSohly MA, Khan SI, Fasinu PS, Khan IA, Tekwani BL, Walker LA. Comparative single dose pharmacokinetics and metabolism of racemic primaquine and its enantiomers in human volunteers. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 45:100463. [PMID: 35709685 PMCID: PMC9789533 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2022.100463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Primaquine (PQ) is a racemic drug used in treatment of malaria for six decades. Recent studies suggest that the two enantiomers of PQ are differentially metabolized in animals, and this results in different pharmacological and toxicological profiles. The current study characterizes the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, metabolism and tolerability of the individual enantiomers of PQ in healthy human volunteers with normal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity. Two cohorts (at two dose levels), each with 18 subjects, participated in three study arms in a crossover fashion: a single dose of the (-)-R enantiomer (RPQ), a single dose of the (+)-S enantiomer (SPQ), and a single dose of racemic PQ (RSPQ). PQ and its key metabolites carboxyprimaquine (cPQ) and PQ-N-carbamoyl glucuronide (PQ-N-CG) were analyzed. Clear differences were observed in PK and metabolism of the two enantiomers. Relative PQ exposure was higher with SPQ as compared to RPQ. PQ maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve were higher for SPQ, while the apparent volume of distribution and total body clearance were higher for RPQ. Metabolism of the two enantiomers showed dramatic differences: plasma PQ-N-CG was derived solely from SPQ, while RPQ was much more efficiently converted to cPQ than was SPQ. Cmax of cPQ and PQ-N-CG were 10 and 2 times higher, respectively, than the parent drugs. The study demonstrates that the PK properties of PQ enantiomers show clear differences, and metabolism is highly enantioselective. Such differences in metabolism suggest potentially distinct toxicity profiles in multi-dose regimens, especially in G6PD-deficient subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Washim Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Narayan D. Chaurasiya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Drug Discovery, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
| | - NP Dhammika Nanayakkara
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - HM Bandara Herath
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Kerri A. Harrison
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Gray Dale
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Donald A. Stanford
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Eric P. Dahl
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | | | - Waseem Gul
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., Oxford, MS, 38655, USA
| | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA,Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA,ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., Oxford, MS, 38655, USA
| | - Shabana I. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Pius S. Fasinu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA,Departments of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Drug Discovery, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA,Corresponding author. (B.L. Tekwani)
| | - Larry A. Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA,Corresponding author. (L.A. Walker)
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Flaherty S, Strauch P, Maktabi M, Pybus BS, Reichard G, Walker LA, Rochford R. Mechanisms of 8-aminoquinoline induced haemolytic toxicity in a G6PDd humanized mouse model. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:3675-3686. [PMID: 35665597 PMCID: PMC9258708 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Primaquine (PQ) and Tafenoquine (TQ) are clinically important 8‐aminoquinolines (8‐AQ) used for radical cure treatment of P. vivax infection, known to target hepatic hypnozoites. 8‐AQs can trigger haemolytic anaemia in individuals with glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd), yet the mechanisms of haemolytic toxicity remain unknown. To address this issue, we used a humanized mouse model known to predict haemolytic toxicity responses in G6PDd human red blood cells (huRBCs). To evaluate the markers of eryptosis, huRBCs were isolated from mice 24–48 h post‐treatment and analysed for effects on phosphatidylserine (PS), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autofluorescence. Urinalysis was performed to evaluate the occurrence of intravascular and extravascular haemolysis. Spleen and liver tissue harvested at 24 h and 5–7 days post‐treatment were stained for the presence of CD169+ macrophages, F4/80+ macrophages, Ter119+ mouse RBCs, glycophorin A+ huRBCs and murine reticulocytes (muRetics). G6PDd‐huRBCs from PQ/TQ treated mice showed increased markers for eryptosis as early as 24 h post‐treatment. This coincided with an early rise in levels of muRetics. Urinalysis revealed concurrent intravascular and extravascular haemolysis in response to PQ/TQ. Splenic CD169+ macrophages, present in all groups at day 1 post‐dosing were eliminated by days 5–7 in PQ/TQ treated mice only, while liver F4/80 macrophages and iron deposits increased. Collectively, our data suggest 8‐AQ treated G6PDd‐huRBCs have early physiological responses to treatment, including increased markers for eryptosis indicative of oxidative stress, resulting in extramedullary haematopoiesis and loss of splenic CD169+ macrophages, prompting the liver to act as the primary site of clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Flaherty
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Pamela Strauch
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mahdi Maktabi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Brandon S Pybus
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory Reichard
- Department of Drug Discovery, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research and Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Fasinu PS, Chaurasiya ND, Dhammika Nanayakkara NP, Wang Y, Bandara Herath HMT, Avula B, McChesney JD, Jollow D, Walker LA, Tekwani BL. Comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of primaquine enantiomers in mice. Malar J 2022; 21:33. [PMID: 35123453 PMCID: PMC8817607 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Primaquine (PQ) has been used for the radical cure of relapsing Plasmodium vivax malaria for more than 60 years. PQ is also recommended for prophylaxis and prevention of transmission of Plasmodium falciparum. However, clinical utility of PQ has been limited due to toxicity in individuals with genetic deficiencies in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). PQ is currently approved for clinical use as a racemic mixture. Recent studies in animals as well as humans have established differential pharmacological and toxicological properties of the two enantiomers of PQ. This has been attributed to differential metabolism and pharmacokinetics of individual PQ enantiomers. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the comparative pharmacokinetics (PK), tissue distribution and metabolic profiles of the individual enantiomers in mice.
Methods
Two groups of 21 male Albino ND4 Swiss mice were dosed orally with 45 mg/kg of S-(+)-PQ and R-(−)PQ respectively. Each of the enantiomers was comprised of a 50:50 mixture of 12C- and 13C- stable isotope labelled species (at 6 carbons on the benzene ring of the quinoline core). Three mice were euthanized from each group at different time points (at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 h) and blood was collected by terminal cardiac bleed. Liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys and brain were removed, extracted and analysed using UPLC/MS. The metabolites were profiled by tandem mass (MS/MS) fragmentation profile and fragments with 12C–13C twin peaks. Non-compartmental analysis was performed using the Phoenix WinNonLin PK software module.
Results
The plasma AUC0-last (µg h/mL) (1.6 vs. 0.6), T1/2 (h) (1.9 vs. 0.45), and Tmax (h) (1 vs. 0.5) were greater for SPQ as compared to RPQ. Generally, the concentration of SPQ was higher in all tissues. At Tmax, (0.5–1 h in all tissues), the level of SPQ was 3 times that of RPQ in the liver. Measured Cmax of SPQ and RPQ in the liver were about 100 and 40 times the Cmax values in plasma, respectively. Similar observations were recorded in other tissues where the concentration of SPQ was higher compared to RPQ (2× in the spleen, 6× in the kidneys, and 49× in the lungs) than in the plasma. CPQ, the major metabolite, was preferentially generated from RPQ, with higher levels in all tissues (> 10× in the liver, and 3.5× in the plasma) than from SPQ. The PQ-o-quinone was preferentially formed from the SPQ (> 4× compared to RPQ), with higher concentrations in the liver.
Conclusion
These studies show that in mice, PQ enantiomers are differentially biodistributed and metabolized, which may contribute to differential pharmacologic and toxicity profiles of PQ enantiomers. The findings on higher levels of PQ-o-quinone in liver and RBCs compared to plasma and preferential generation of this metabolite from SPQ are consistent with the higher anti-malarial efficacy of SPQ observed in the mouse causal prophylaxis test, and higher haemolytic toxicity in the humanized mouse model of G6PD deficiency. Potential relevance of these findings to clinical use of racemic PQ and other 8-aminoquinolines vis-à-vis need for further clinical evaluation of individual enantiomers are discussed.
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Chaurasiya ND, Liu H, Doerksen RJ, Nanayakkara NPD, Walker LA, Tekwani BL. Enantioselective Interactions of Anti-Infective 8-Aminoquinoline Therapeutics with Human Monoamine Oxidases A and B. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050398. [PMID: 33922294 PMCID: PMC8146505 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
8-Aminoquinolines (8-AQs) are an important class of anti-infective therapeutics. The monoamine oxidases (MAOs) play a key role in metabolism of 8-AQs. A major role for MAO-A in metabolism of primaquine (PQ), the prototypical 8-AQ antimalarial, has been demonstrated. These investigations were further extended to characterize the enantioselective interactions of PQ and NPC1161 (8-[(4-amino-1-methylbutyl) amino]-5-[3, 4-dichlorophenoxy]-6-methoxy-4-methylquinoline) with human MAO-A and -B. NPC1161B, the (R)-(−) enantiomer with outstanding potential for malaria radical cure, treatment of visceral leishmaniasis and pneumocystis pneumonia infections is poised for clinical development. PQ showed moderate inhibition of human MAO-A and -B. Racemic PQ and (R)-(−)-PQ both showed marginally greater (1.2- and 1.6-fold, respectively) inhibition of MAO-A as compared to MAO-B. However, (S)-(+)-PQ showed a reverse selectivity with greater inhibition of MAO-B than MAO-A. Racemic NPC1161 was a strong inhibitor of MAOs with 3.7-fold selectivity against MAO-B compared to MAO-A. The (S)-(+) enantiomer (NPC1161A) was a better inhibitor of MAO-A and -B compared to the (R)-(−) enantiomer (NPC1161B), with more than 10-fold selectivity for inhibition of MAO-B over MAO-A. The enantioselective interaction of NPC1161 and strong binding of NPC1161A with MAO-B was further confirmed by enzyme-inhibitor binding and computational docking analyses. Differential interactions of PQ and NPC1161 enantiomers with human MAOs may contribute to the enantioselective pharmacodynamics and toxicity of anti-infective 8-AQs therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan D. Chaurasiya
- Division of Drug Discovery, Department of Infectious Diseases, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
- Correspondence: (N.D.C.); (B.L.T.); Tel.: +11-205-581-2026 (N.D.C.); +1-1-205-581-2205 (B.L.T.)
| | - Haining Liu
- Department of Bio-Molecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (H.L.); (R.J.D.)
| | - Robert J. Doerksen
- Department of Bio-Molecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (H.L.); (R.J.D.)
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (N.P.D.N.); (L.A.W.)
| | - N. P. Dhammika Nanayakkara
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (N.P.D.N.); (L.A.W.)
| | - Larry A. Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (N.P.D.N.); (L.A.W.)
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- Division of Drug Discovery, Department of Infectious Diseases, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
- Correspondence: (N.D.C.); (B.L.T.); Tel.: +11-205-581-2026 (N.D.C.); +1-1-205-581-2205 (B.L.T.)
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9
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Gomez CR, Espinoza I, Faruque FS, Hasan MM, Rahman KM, Walker LA, Muhammad I. Therapeutic Intervention of COVID-19 by Natural Products: A Population-Specific Survey Directed Approach. Molecules 2021; 26:1191. [PMID: 33672163 PMCID: PMC7927139 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To date very few promising leads from natural products (NP) secondary metabolites with antiviral and immunomodulatory properties have been identified for promising/potential intervention for COVID-19. Using in-silico docking studies and genome based various molecular targets, and their in vitro anti-SARS CoV-2 activities against whole cell and/or selected protein targets, we select a few compounds of interest, which can be used as potential leads to counteract effects of uncontrolled innate immune responses, in particular those related to the cytokine storm. A critical factor for prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection relates to factors independent of viral infection or host response. They include population-related variables such as concurrent comorbidities and genetic factors critically relevant to COVID-19 health disparities. We discuss population risk factors related to SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we focus on virulence related to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd), the most common human enzymopathy. Review of data on the response of individuals and communities with high prevalence of G6PDd to NP, prompts us to propose the rationale for a population-specific management approach to rationalize design of therapeutic interventions of SARS-CoV-2 infection, based on use of NP. This strategy may lead to personalized approaches and improve disease-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R. Gomez
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, MS 39216, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, MS 39216, USA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science (CCTS), University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy (UMSOP) & University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, MS 39216, USA;
| | - Ingrid Espinoza
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science (CCTS), University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy (UMSOP) & University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, MS 39216, USA;
- Department of Preventive Medicine, John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, MS 39216, USA;
| | - Fazlay S. Faruque
- Department of Preventive Medicine, John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, MS 39216, USA;
| | - Md. Mahbub Hasan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK; (M.M.H.); (K.M.R.)
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK; (M.M.H.); (K.M.R.)
| | - Larry A. Walker
- National Center for Natural Product Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA;
| | - Ilias Muhammad
- National Center for Natural Product Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA;
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10
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Khan W, Wang YH, Nanayakkara NPD, Herath HMTB, Catchings Z, Khan S, Fasinu PS, ElSohly MA, McChesney JD, Khan IA, Chaurasiya ND, Tekwani BL, Walker LA. Quantitative determination of primaquine-5,6-ortho-quinone and carboxyprimaquine-5,6-ortho-quinone in human erythrocytes by UHPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1163:122510. [PMID: 33387859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The antimalarial drug primaquine (PQ) causes methemoglobinemia and hemolysis in individuals with a genetic deficiency of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by redox cycling of the metabolite primaquine-5,6-orthoquinone (POQ) in erythrocytes has been attributed to be responsible for the toxicity of PQ. Carboxyprimaquine (CPQ), the major human plasma metabolite of PQ, can also form the analogous carboxyprimaquine-5,6-orthoquinone (CPOQ) metabolite, which can also generate ROS in erythrocytes by redox cycling, thus contributing to the hematotoxicity of this drug. In order to study these pathways and characterize such effects in vivo, methods are needed for characterization and quantification of POQ and CPOQ in human erythrocytes. The purpose of this work was to develop a validated method for the quantitative determination of CPOQ and POQ metabolites in human erythrocytes, suitable for clinical studies of PQ metabolism. Several liquid-liquid extraction methods using different organic solvents had been investigated. The solvent mixture of water-methanol-acetonitrile (9:9:5, v/v) was shown to yield the best results for the two analytes. Chromatographic analysis of POQ and CPOQ in human erythrocytes was achieved on a high strength silica (HSS) column and gradient elution (water and acetonitrile, both containing 0.1% formic acid) by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Quantitative estimation of POQ and CPOQ was executed by monitoring ion pairs of m/z 260.23 > 175.03 and m/z 275.19 > 175.04, respectively. The method, which was validated for precision, accuracy, selectivity, and linearity, was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of POQ and CPOQ, the key metabolites of PQ in human erythrocytes in PQ clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Washim Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - N P Dhammika Nanayakkara
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - H M T Bandara Herath
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Zachara Catchings
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Shabana Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Pius S Fasinu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., Oxford, MS 38655, USA
| | | | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Narayan D Chaurasiya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Drug Discovery, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Babu L Tekwani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Drug Discovery, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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11
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Walker LA, Koturbash I, Kingston R, ElSohly MA, Yates CR, Gurley BJ, Khan I. Cannabidiol (CBD) in Dietary Supplements: Perspectives on Science, Safety, and Potential Regulatory Approaches. J Diet Suppl 2020; 17:493-502. [PMID: 32543246 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1777244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation in the last few years of cannabidiol (CBD)-containing products in the U.S. markets has been greatly accelerated by changes in the regulatory environment, and by perceptions of their health benefits and presumed safety. The result has been aggressive marketing of many types of products, some of dubious quality, making or implying drug-type claims. The recent approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of CBD in the form of Epidiolex®, further complicates the regulatory picture. In addition, a number of studies suggest that, at least at high doses, there may be serious adverse effects or drug interactions associated with CBD. At present, CBD-containing products do not meet the strict definition of dietary supplements, but the FDA is continuing to consider some framework under which they might be allowed. Meanwhile, FDA has adopted a "risk-based" enforcement policy. Possible approaches to a new framework for regulation of CBD products as dietary supplements are discussed here, including expanded research emphasis, a robust corporate stewardship program, and a rigorous adverse event reporting program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Rick Kingston
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,SafetyCall International, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Division of Professional Education, University of Minnesota School of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Charles Ryan Yates
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Bill J Gurley
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Ikhlas Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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12
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Gurley BJ, Murphy TP, Gul W, Walker LA, ElSohly M. Content versus Label Claims in Cannabidiol (CBD)-Containing Products Obtained from Commercial Outlets in the State of Mississippi. J Diet Suppl 2020; 17:599-607. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1766634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bill J. Gurley
- School of Pharmacy, National Center for Natural Products Research University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | | | - Waseem Gul
- ElSohly Laboratories Inc., Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Larry A. Walker
- School of Pharmacy, National Center for Natural Products Research University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- ElSohly Laboratories Inc., Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Mahmoud ElSohly
- School of Pharmacy, National Center for Natural Products Research University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- ElSohly Laboratories Inc., Oxford, MS, USA
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13
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Skinner CM, Nookaew I, Ewing LE, Wongsurawat T, Jenjaroenpun P, Quick CM, Yee EU, Piccolo BD, ElSohly M, Walker LA, Gurley B, Koturbash I. Potential Probiotic or Trigger of Gut Inflammation - The Janus-Faced Nature of Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis Extract. J Diet Suppl 2020; 17:543-560. [PMID: 32400224 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1761506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is the major non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid present in Cannabis sativa. In 2018, Congress designated certain C. sativa plant material as "hemp," thus removing it from the DEA's list of controlled substances. As a result, CBD-containing hemp extracts and other CBD products are now widely available and heavily marketed, yet their FDA regulatory status is still hotly debated. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of a cannabidiol-rich cannabis extract (CRCE) on the gut microbiome and associated histomorphological and molecular changes in the mouse gut mucosa. Male C57BL6/J mice were gavaged with either 0, 61.5, 184.5, or 615 mg/kg/bw of CRCE in sesame oil for 2 weeks (Mon-Fri). Substantial CRCE-induced increases in the relative abundance of A. muciniphila, a bacterial species currently accepted as probiotic, was observed in fecal samples at all doses. This was paralleled by decreases in the relative abundance of other gut bacterial species. Coincident with the observed changes in gut ecology were multiple pro-inflammatory responses, including increased expression of cytokines and chemokines-Il1ß, Cxcl1, and Cxcl2 in the colon tissue. Furthermore, dramatic increases in the relative abundance of A. muciniphila significantly decreased expression of Muc2-a gene intimately associated with gut integrity. Taken together, these findings raise concerns about the safety of long-term CBD usage and underline the need for additional well-designed studies into its tolerability and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Skinner
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Laura E Ewing
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Thidathip Wongsurawat
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Piroon Jenjaroenpun
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Charles M Quick
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Eric U Yee
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Brian D Piccolo
- United States Department of Agriculture(USDA), Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Mahmoud ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, MS, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, USA.,ElSohly Laboratories, Inc. (ELI), Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, MS, USA.,ElSohly Laboratories, Inc. (ELI), Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Bill Gurley
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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14
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Dao HM, Whang CH, Shankar VK, Wang YH, Khan IA, Walker LA, Husain I, Khan SI, Murthy SN, Jo S. Methylene blue as a far-red light-mediated photocleavable multifunctional ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1673-1676. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08916k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) was discovered as a multifunctional far-red photocleavable ligand capable of rendering a series of MB conjugated compounds with off-to-on fluorescence switch, photodynamic therapy and triggered release of conjugated molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Minh Dao
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery
- University of Mississippi
- Oxford
- USA
| | - Chang-Hee Whang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery
- University of Mississippi
- Oxford
- USA
| | - Vijay Kumar Shankar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery
- University of Mississippi
- Oxford
- USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research
- University of Mississippi
- Oxford
- USA
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research
- University of Mississippi
- Oxford
- USA
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences
| | - Larry A. Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research
- University of Mississippi
- Oxford
- USA
| | - Islam Husain
- National Center for Natural Products Research
- University of Mississippi
- Oxford
- USA
| | - Shabana I. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research
- University of Mississippi
- Oxford
- USA
| | - S. Narasimha Murthy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery
- University of Mississippi
- Oxford
- USA
| | - Seongbong Jo
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery
- University of Mississippi
- Oxford
- USA
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15
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Yalamanchili C, Chittiboyina AG, Haider S, Vasquez Y, Khan S, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Pinkerton M, Hall JE, Walker LA, Khan IA. In search for potential antidiabetic compounds from natural sources: docking, synthesis and biological screening of small molecules from Lycium spp. (Goji). Heliyon 2019; 6:e02782. [PMID: 31909232 PMCID: PMC6938889 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current clinical antidiabetic drugs, like rosiglitazone 1, have been implicated in some serious side effects like edema, weight gain, and heart failure, making it necessary to find alternative agents. Partial agonists of peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) were determined to possess improved insulin sensitivity without undeseirable side-effects when compared to full agonists of PPARγ, like rosiglitazone 1. The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plants, Goji (Lycium barbarum and Lycium chinense) are widely used for treating symptoms related to various diseases including diabetes and hypertension. Twenty-seven reported compounds from Goji were docked into both partial- and full-agonist binding sites of PPARγ. Amongst the docked compounds, phenylethylamide-based phytochemicals (5–9) (termed as tyramine-derivatives, TDs) were found to possess good docking scores and binding poses with favorable interactions. Synthesis of 24 TDs, including three naturally occuring amides (6, 8, 9) were synthesized and tested for PPARγ gene induction with cell-based assay. Three compounds showed similar or higher fold induction than the positive control, rosiglitazone. Among these three active TDs, trans-N-feruloyloctopamine (9) and tyramine derivatives-enriched extract (TEE) (21%) of the root bark of L. chinense were further studied in vivo using db/db mice. However, both TEE as well as 9 did not show significant antidiabetic properties in db/db mice. In vivo results suggest that the proposed antidiabetic property of Lycium species may not be due to tyramine derivatives alone. Further studies of tyramine derivatives or enriched extract(s) for other bioactivities like hypocholesterolemic activities, and studies of novel isolated compounds from Goji will enable a more complete understanding of their bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinni Yalamanchili
- Divison of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Amar G. Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Saqlain Haider
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Yelkaira Vasquez
- Divison of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Shabana Khan
- Divison of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jussara M. do Carmo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St. Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St. Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Alexandre A. da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St. Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St. Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Mark Pinkerton
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St. Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St. Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - John E. Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St. Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St. Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Larry A. Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- Divison of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
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16
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Abstract
Abstract
Medicinal plants may carry residuals of environmentally persistent pesticides or assimilate heavy metals in varying degrees. Several factors may influence contaminant accumulation, including species, level and duration of contaminant exposure, and topography. As part of a program for assessment of the quality of herbal medicines, we have analyzed 21 over-the-counter ginseng (Panax ginseng) products in various dosage forms. Chromium, mercury, and arsenic were undetectable above their limits of detection in both liquid and solid samples; while cadmium, lead, and nickel were present in the majority of samples. The chlorinated pesticide levels varied widely. In most samples, the total concentration of pesticides was below 100 ppb; while in 5 samples the total concentration exceeded 100 ppb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikhlas A Khan
- University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Center for Natural Products Research, University, MS 38677
| | - James Allgood
- University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Environmental and Community Health Research Program, University, MS 38677
| | - Larry A Walker
- University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Center for Natural Products Research, University, MS 38677
| | - Ehab A Abourashed
- University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Center for Natural Products Research, University, MS 38677
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Environmental and Community Health Research Program, University, MS 38677
| | - William H Benson
- University of Mississippi, School of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Environmental and Community Health Research Program, University, MS 38677
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17
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Hamerly T, Tweedell RE, Hritzo B, Nyasembe VO, Tekwani BL, Nanayakkara NPD, Walker LA, Dinglasan RR. NPC1161B, an 8-Aminoquinoline Analog, Is Metabolized in the Mosquito and Inhibits Plasmodium falciparum Oocyst Maturation. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1265. [PMID: 31708786 PMCID: PMC6823860 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major global health threat, with nearly half the world’s population at risk of infection. Given the recently described delayed clearance of parasites by artemisinin-combined therapies, new antimalarials are needed to facilitate the global effort toward elimination and eradication. NPC1161 is an 8-aminoquinoline that is derived from primaquine with an improved therapeutic profile compared to the parent compound. The (R)-(−) enantiomer (NPC1161B) has a lower effective dose that results in decreased toxic side effects such as hemolysis compared to the (S)-(+)-enantiomer, making it a promising compound for consideration for clinical development. We explored the effect of NPC1161B on Plasmodium falciparum oocyst and sporozoite development to evaluate its potential transmission-blocking activity viz. its ability to cure mosquitoes of an ongoing infection. When mosquitoes were fed NPC1161B 4 days after P. falciparum infection, we observed that total oocyst numbers were not affected by NPC1161B treatment. However, the sporozoite production capacity of the oocysts was impaired, and salivary gland sporozoite infections were completely blocked, rendering the mosquitoes non-infectious. Importantly, NPC1161B did not require prior liver metabolism for its efficacy as is required in mammalian systems, suggesting that an alternative metabolite is produced in the mosquito that is active against the parasite. We performed liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS analysis of methanol extracts from the midguts of mosquitoes fed on an NPC1161B (434.15 m/z)-treated blood meal and identified a compound with a mass of 520.2 m/z, likely a conjugate of NPC1161B or an oxidized metabolite. These findings establish NPC1161B, and potentially its metabolites, as transmission-blocking candidates for the treatment of P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Hamerly
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Rebecca E Tweedell
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Bernadette Hritzo
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Vincent O Nyasembe
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Babu L Tekwani
- Division of Drug Discovery, Department of Infectious Diseases, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - N P Dhammika Nanayakkara
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, Oxford, MS, United States
| | - Larry A Walker
- Division of Drug Discovery, Department of Infectious Diseases, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Rhoel R Dinglasan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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18
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Ewing LE, McGill MR, Yee EU, Quick CM, Skinner CM, Kennon-McGill S, Clemens M, Vazquez JH, McCullough SS, Williams DK, Kutanzi KR, Walker LA, ElSohly MA, James LP, Gurley BJ, Koturbash I. Paradoxical Patterns of Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome-Like Liver Injury in Aged Female CD-1 Mice Triggered by Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis Extract and Acetaminophen Co-Administration. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122256. [PMID: 31212965 PMCID: PMC6630875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the potential for a cannabidiol-rich cannabis extract (CRCE) to interact with the most common over-the-counter drug and the major known cause of drug-induced liver injury–acetaminophen (APAP)–in aged female CD-1 mice. Gavaging mice with 116 mg/kg of cannabidiol (CBD) [mouse equivalent dose (MED) of 10 mg/kg of CBD] in CRCE delivered with sesame oil for three consecutive days followed by intraperitoneally (i.p.) acetaminophen (APAP) administration (400 mg/kg) on day 4 resulted in overt toxicity with 37.5% mortality. No mortality was observed in mice treated with 290 mg/kg of CBD+APAP (MED of 25 mg/kg of CBD) or APAP alone. Following CRCE/APAP co-administration, microscopic examination revealed a sinusoidal obstruction syndrome-like liver injury–the severity of which correlated with the degree of alterations in physiological and clinical biochemistry end points. Mechanistically, glutathione depletion and oxidative stress were observed between the APAP-only and co-administration groups, but co-administration resulted in much greater activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Strikingly, these effects were not observed in mice gavaged with 290 mg/kg CBD in CRCE followed by APAP administration. These findings highlight the potential for CBD/drug interactions, and reveal an interesting paradoxical effect of CBD/APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Ewing
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Eric U Yee
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Charles M Quick
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Charles M Skinner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Stefanie Kennon-McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Melissa Clemens
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Joel H Vazquez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Sandra S McCullough
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - D Keith Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Kristy R Kutanzi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc. (ELI), Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc. (ELI), Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Laura P James
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Bill J Gurley
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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19
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Ewing LE, Skinner CM, Quick CM, Kennon-McGill S, McGill MR, Walker LA, ElSohly MA, Gurley BJ, Koturbash I. Hepatotoxicity of a Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis Extract in the Mouse Model. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091694. [PMID: 31052254 PMCID: PMC6539990 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate Cannabidiol (CBD) hepatotoxicity in 8-week-old male B6C3F1 mice. Animals were gavaged with either 0, 246, 738, or 2460 mg/kg of CBD (acute toxicity, 24 h) or with daily doses of 0, 61.5, 184.5, or 615 mg/kg for 10 days (sub-acute toxicity). These doses were the allometrically scaled mouse equivalent doses (MED) of the maximum recommended human maintenance dose of CBD in EPIDIOLEX® (20 mg/kg). In the acute study, significant increases in liver-to-body weight (LBW) ratios, plasma ALT, AST, and total bilirubin were observed for the 2460 mg/kg dose. In the sub-acute study, 75% of mice gavaged with 615 mg/kg developed a moribund condition between days three and four. As in the acute phase, 615 mg/kg CBD increased LBW ratios, ALT, AST, and total bilirubin. Hepatotoxicity gene expression arrays revealed that CBD differentially regulated more than 50 genes, many of which were linked to oxidative stress responses, lipid metabolism pathways and drug metabolizing enzymes. In conclusion, CBD exhibited clear signs of hepatotoxicity, possibly of a cholestatic nature. The involvement of numerous pathways associated with lipid and xenobiotic metabolism raises serious concerns about potential drug interactions as well as the safety of CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Ewing
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Charles M Skinner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Charles M Quick
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Stefanie Kennon-McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc. (ELI), Oxford, MS 38655, USA.
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc. (ELI), Oxford, MS 38655, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Bill J Gurley
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72223, USA.
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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20
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Fasinu PS, Nanayakkara NPD, Wang YH, Chaurasiya ND, Herath HMB, McChesney JD, Avula B, Khan I, Tekwani BL, Walker LA. Formation primaquine-5,6-orthoquinone, the putative active and toxic metabolite of primaquine via direct oxidation in human erythrocytes. Malar J 2019; 18:30. [PMID: 30700282 PMCID: PMC6352325 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activity and haemolytic toxicity associated with primaquine has been linked to its reactive metabolites. The reactive metabolites are thought to be primarily formed through the action of cytochrome P450-mediated pathways. Human erythrocytes generally are not considered a significant contributor to drug biotransformation. As erythrocytes are the target of primaquine toxicity, the ability of erythrocytes to mediate the formation of reactive oxidative primaquine metabolites in the absence of hepatic enzymes, was evaluated. METHODS Primaquine and its enantiomers were incubated separately with human red blood cells and haemoglobin. Post-incubation analysis was performed with UPLC-MS/MS to identify products of biotransformation. RESULTS The major metabolite detected was identified as primaquine-5,6-orthoquinone, reflecting the pathway yielding putative active and haematotoxic metabolites of primaquine, which was formed by oxidative demethylation of 5-hydroxyprimaquine. Incubation of primaquine with haemoglobin in a cell-free system yielded similar results. It appears that the observed biotransformation is due to non-enzymatic processes, perhaps due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) present in erythrocytes or in the haemoglobin incubates. CONCLUSION This study presents new evidence that primaquine-5,6-orthoquinone, the metabolite of primaquine reflecting the oxidative biotransformation pathway, is generated in erythrocytes, probably by non-enzymatic means, and may not require transport from the liver or other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pius S Fasinu
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC, 27501, USA.
| | - N P Dhammika Nanayakkara
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Narayan D Chaurasiya
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - H M Bandara Herath
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | | | - Bharathi Avula
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas Khan
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.,Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Babu L Tekwani
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA. .,Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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21
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Avula B, Tekwani BL, Chaurasiya ND, Fasinu P, Dhammika Nanayakkara NP, Bhandara Herath HMT, Wang YH, Bae JY, Khan SI, Elsohly MA, McChesney JD, Zimmerman PA, Khan IA, Walker LA. Metabolism of primaquine in normal human volunteers: investigation of phase I and phase II metabolites from plasma and urine using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Malar J 2018; 17:294. [PMID: 30103751 PMCID: PMC6090659 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2433-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primaquine (PQ), an 8-aminoquinoline, is the only drug approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for radical cure and prevention of relapse in Plasmodium vivax infections. Knowledge of the metabolism of PQ is critical for understanding the therapeutic efficacy and hemolytic toxicity of this drug. Recent in vitro studies with primary human hepatocytes have been useful for developing the ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometric (UHPLC-QToF-MS) methods for simultaneous determination of PQ and its metabolites generated through phase I and phase II pathways for drug metabolism. METHODS These methods were further optimized and applied for phenotyping PQ metabolites from plasma and urine from healthy human volunteers treated with single 45 mg dose of PQ. Identity of the metabolites was predicted by MetaboLynx using LC-MS/MS fragmentation patterns. Selected metabolites were confirmed with appropriate standards. RESULTS Besides PQ and carboxy PQ (cPQ), the major plasma metabolite, thirty-four additional metabolites were identified in human plasma and urine. Based on these metabolites, PQ is viewed as metabolized in humans via three pathways. Pathway 1 involves direct glucuronide/glucose/carbamate/acetate conjugation of PQ. Pathway 2 involves hydroxylation (likely cytochrome P450-mediated) at different positions on the quinoline ring, with mono-, di-, or even tri-hydroxylations possible, and subsequent glucuronide conjugation of the hydroxylated metabolites. Pathway 3 involves the monoamine oxidase catalyzed oxidative deamination of PQ resulting in formation of PQ-aldehyde, PQ alcohol and cPQ, which are further metabolized through additional phase I hydroxylations and/or phase II glucuronide conjugations. CONCLUSION This approach and these findings augment our understanding and provide comprehensive view of pathways for PQ metabolism in humans. These will advance the clinical studies of PQ metabolism in different populations for different therapeutic regimens and an understanding of the role these play in PQ efficacy and safety outcomes, and their possible relation to metabolizing enzyme polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Babu L Tekwani
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Narayan D Chaurasiya
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Pius Fasinu
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - N P Dhammika Nanayakkara
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - H M T Bhandara Herath
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Ji-Yeong Bae
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Mahmoud A Elsohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | | | - Peter A Zimmerman
- Center for Global Health & Diseases, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
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22
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ElSohly MA, Gul W, Walker LA. Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of Δ9-THC-Hemisuccinate in a Suppository Formulation as an Alternative to Capsules for the Systemic Delivery of Δ9-THC. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids 2018; 1:44-53. [PMID: 34676321 DOI: 10.1159/000489037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were: (1) to assess the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of ascending doses of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-hemisuccinate (THC-HS) after rectal administration as suppositories in male volunteers; and (2) to compare the pharmacokinetics of oral administration of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) with an equivalent amount of Δ9-THC delivered as THC-HS via the suppository formulation. In support of the pharmacokinetic evaluations, an analytical method was developed and validated for the determination of Δ9-THC and for its major circulating metabolites 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) in human plasma. Δ9-THC, 11-OH-THC, and THC-COOH were extracted from plasma using solid phase extraction and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The limits of detection and quantitation for all 3 analytes were 0.25 and 0.5 ng/mL, respectively. The method was validated over the range of 0.5-25 ng/mL. This method was used to quantify Δ9-THC and any THC-HS as Δ9-THC due to the inclusion of a hydrolysis step as part of the extraction procedure. Therefore, Δ9-THC measured was the total THC (free Δ9-THC plus Δ9-THC derived from THC-HS). The assay was reproducible for the measurement of all 3 analytes, with a variability of 7.2, 13.7, and 8.3%, respectively, at the 1 ng/mL level. The method was then used to assess the pharmacokinetics of Δ9-THC and metabolites from the suppository dosage form in doses equivalent to 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg Δ9-THC per suppository as THC-HS. Systemic exposure to Δ9-THC, administered as THC-HS suppository, increased broadly dose proportionally. Systemic exposure and Cmax (obs) estimates for 11-OH-THC and THC-COOH generally increased subproportionally. The pharmacokinetic profiles of Δ9-THC and metabolites were also compared after oral administration of 10 mg Δ9-THC (as dronabinol capsules) and after administration of 10 mg equivalents of Δ9-THC as THC-HS in suppository form. Total systemic exposure to Δ9-THC was considerably higher following rectal administration of THC-HS than after oral administration. The Δ9-THC area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC(0-∞)) for THC-HS was 2.44-fold higher (90% confidence interval: 1.78, 3.35) than for the capsule administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A ElSohly
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., Oxford, Mississippi, USA.,National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Waseem Gul
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., Oxford, Mississippi, USA.,National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., Oxford, Mississippi, USA.,National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
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23
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Qazi AK, Siddiqui JA, Jahan R, Chaudhary S, Walker LA, Sayed Z, Jones DT, Batra SK, Macha MA. Emerging therapeutic potential of graviola and its constituents in cancers. Carcinogenesis 2018; 39:522-533. [PMID: 29462271 PMCID: PMC5888937 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading cause of death in the USA and around the world. Although the current synthetic inhibitors used in targeted therapies have improved patient prognosis, toxicity and development of resistance to these agents remain a challenge. Plant-derived natural products and their derivatives have historically been used to treat various diseases, including cancer. Several leading chemotherapeutic agents are directly or indirectly based on botanical natural products. Beyond these important drugs, however, a number of crude herbal or botanical preparations have also shown promising utility for cancer and other disorders. One such natural resource is derived from certain plants of the family Annonaceae, which are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Among the best known of these is Annona muricata, also known as soursop, graviola or guanabana. Extracts from the fruit, bark, seeds, roots and leaves of graviola, along with several other Annonaceous species, have been extensively investigated for anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Phytochemical studies have identified the acetogenins, a class of bioactive polyketide-derived constituents, from the extracts of Annonaceous species, and dozens of these compounds are present in different parts of graviola. This review summarizes current literature on the therapeutic potential and molecular mechanism of these constituents from A.muricata against cancer and many non-malignant diseases. Based on available data, there is good evidence that these long-used plants could have both chemopreventive and therapeutic potential. Appropriate attention to safety studies will be important to assess their effectiveness on various diseases caused or promoted by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Khurshid Qazi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jawed A Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rahat Jahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sanjib Chaudhary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, USA
| | - Zafar Sayed
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Dwight T Jones
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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24
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Fasinu PS, Manda VK, Dale OR, Egiebor NO, Walker LA, Khan SI. Modulation of Cytochrome P450, P-glycoprotein and Pregnane X Receptor by Selected Antimalarial Herbs-Implication for Herb-Drug Interaction. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122049. [PMID: 29168799 PMCID: PMC6150001 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven medicinal plants popularly used for treating malaria in West Africa were selected to assess herb-drug interaction potential through a series of in vitro methods. Fluorescent cytochrome P450 (CYP) assays were conducted using the recombinant CYP enzymes for CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 to assess the effect of the methanolic extracts on the metabolic activity of CYPs. Secondly, the inhibitory effect of the extracts was evaluated on P-glycoproteins (P-gp) using calcein-AM, a fluorescent substrate, in MDCK-II and hMDR1-MDCK-II cells. The inhibition of P-gp activity was determined as a reflection of increase in calcein-AM uptake. Additionally, the enzyme induction potential of the extracts was assessed through the modulation of PXR activity in HepG2 cells transiently transfected with pSG5-PXR and PCR5 plasmid DNA. Significant inhibition of CYP activity (IC50 < 10 µg/mL) was observed with the following herbs: A. muricata [CYP2C9, 3A4 and CYP2D6]; M. indica [CYP2C9]; M. charantia [CYP2C9 and CYP2C19]; P. amarus [CYP2C19, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4]; T. diversifolia [CYP2C19 and CYP3A4]. Extracts of four herbs (P. amarus, M. charantia, T. diversifolia and A. muricata) exhibited significant inhibition of P-gp with IC50 values (µg/mL) of 17 ± 1, 16 ± 0.4, 26 ± 1, and 24 ± 1, respectively. In addition, four herbs (A. mexicana, M. charantia, P. amarus and T. diversifolia) showed a >two-fold increase in induction in PXR activity. These findings suggest that these herbs may be capable of eliciting herb-drug interactions if consumed in high quantities with concomitant use of conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pius S Fasinu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA.
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Vamshi K Manda
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Olivia R Dale
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Nosa O Egiebor
- Department of Environmental Resources Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
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25
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Milanowski DJ, Oku N, Cartner LK, Bokesch HR, Williamson RT, Saurí J, Liu Y, Blinov KA, Ding Y, Li XC, Ferreira D, Walker LA, Khan S, Davies-Coleman MT, Kelley JA, McMahon JB, Martin GE, Gustafson KR. Unequivocal determination of caulamidines A and B: application and validation of new tools in the structure elucidation tool box. Chem Sci 2017; 9:307-314. [PMID: 29619201 PMCID: PMC5868047 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01996c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly described NMR experimental approaches can provide valuable structural details and a complementary means of structure verification.
Ambiguities and errors in the structural assignment of organic molecules hinder both drug discovery and total synthesis efforts. Newly described NMR experimental approaches can provide valuable structural details and a complementary means of structure verification. The caulamidines are trihalogenated alkaloids from a marine bryozoan with an unprecedented structural scaffold. Their unique carbon and nitrogen framework was deduced by conventional NMR methods supplemented by new experiments that define 2-bond heteronuclear connectivities, reveal very long-range connectivity data, or visualize the 35,37Cl isotopic effect on chlorinated carbons. Computer-assisted structural elucidation (CASE) analysis of the spectroscopic data for caulamidine A provided only one viable structural alternative. Anisotropic NMR parameters, specifically residual dipolar coupling and residual chemical shift anisotropy data, were measured for caulamidine A and compared to DFT-calculated values for the proposed structure, the CASE-derived alternative structure, and two energetically feasible stereoisomers. Anisotropy-based NMR experiments provide a global, orthogonal means to verify complex structures free from investigator bias. The anisotropic NMR data were fully consistent with the assigned structure and configuration of caulamidine A. Caulamidine B has the same heterocyclic scaffold as A but a different composition and pattern of halogen substitution. Caulamidines A and B inhibited both wild-type and drug-resistant strains of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum at low micromolar concentrations, yet were nontoxic to human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Milanowski
- Molecular Targets Laboratory , Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute , Frederick , Maryland 21702-1201 , USA .
| | - Naoya Oku
- Molecular Targets Laboratory , Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute , Frederick , Maryland 21702-1201 , USA .
| | - Laura K Cartner
- Molecular Targets Laboratory , Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute , Frederick , Maryland 21702-1201 , USA . .,Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. , Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick , Maryland 21702-1201 , USA
| | - Heidi R Bokesch
- Molecular Targets Laboratory , Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute , Frederick , Maryland 21702-1201 , USA . .,Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. , Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick , Maryland 21702-1201 , USA
| | - R Thomas Williamson
- Structure Elucidation Group, Process and Analytical Research and Development , Merck & Co. Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , USA .
| | - Josep Saurí
- Structure Elucidation Group, Process and Analytical Research and Development , Merck & Co. Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , USA .
| | - Yizhou Liu
- Structure Elucidation Group, Process and Analytical Research and Development , Merck & Co. Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , USA .
| | | | - Yuanqing Ding
- National Center for Natural Products Research , Department of BioMolecular Sciences , Division of Pharmacognosy , School of Pharmacy , University of Mississippi , Oxford , Mississippi 38655 , USA
| | - Xing-Cong Li
- National Center for Natural Products Research , Department of BioMolecular Sciences , Division of Pharmacognosy , School of Pharmacy , University of Mississippi , Oxford , Mississippi 38655 , USA
| | - Daneel Ferreira
- National Center for Natural Products Research , Department of BioMolecular Sciences , Division of Pharmacognosy , School of Pharmacy , University of Mississippi , Oxford , Mississippi 38655 , USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research , Department of BioMolecular Sciences , Division of Pharmacognosy , School of Pharmacy , University of Mississippi , Oxford , Mississippi 38655 , USA
| | - Shabana Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research , Department of BioMolecular Sciences , Division of Pharmacognosy , School of Pharmacy , University of Mississippi , Oxford , Mississippi 38655 , USA
| | | | - James A Kelley
- Chemical Biology Laboratory , Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute , Frederick , Maryland 21702-1201 , USA
| | - James B McMahon
- Molecular Targets Laboratory , Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute , Frederick , Maryland 21702-1201 , USA .
| | - Gary E Martin
- Structure Elucidation Group, Process and Analytical Research and Development , Merck & Co. Inc. , Rahway , New Jersey 07065 , USA .
| | - Kirk R Gustafson
- Molecular Targets Laboratory , Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute , Frederick , Maryland 21702-1201 , USA .
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Manda VK, Avula B, Dale OR, Ali Z, Khan IA, Walker LA, Khan SI. PXR mediated induction of CYP3A4, CYP1A2, and P-gp byMitragyna speciosaand its alkaloids. Phytother Res 2017; 31:1935-1945. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vamshi K. Manda
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; University Oxford MS 38677 USA
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; University Oxford MS 38677 USA
| | - Olivia R. Dale
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; University Oxford MS 38677 USA
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; University Oxford MS 38677 USA
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; University Oxford MS 38677 USA
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; University Oxford MS 38677 USA
| | - Larry A. Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; University Oxford MS 38677 USA
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; University Oxford MS 38677 USA
| | - Shabana I. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; University Oxford MS 38677 USA
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; University Oxford MS 38677 USA
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Abstract
States and the federal government are under growing pressure to legalize the use of cannabis products for medical purposes in the United States. Sixteen states have legalized (or decriminalized possession of) products high in cannabidiol (CBD) and with restricted ∆(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (∆(9) -THC) content. In most of these states, the intent is for use in refractory epileptic seizures in children, but in a few states, the indications are broader. This review provides an overview of the pharmacology and toxicology of CBD; summarizes some of the regulatory, safety, and cultural issues relevant to the further exploitation of its antiepileptic or other pharmacologic activities; and assesses the current status and prospects for clinical development of CBD and CBD-rich preparations for medical use in the United States. Unlike Δ(9) -THC, CBD elicits its pharmacologic effects without exerting any significant intrinsic activity on the cannabinoid receptors, whose activation results in the psychotropic effects characteristic of Δ(9) -THC, and CBD possesses several pharmacologic activities that give it a high potential for therapeutic use. CBD exhibits neuroprotective, antiepileptic, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and antiinflammatory properties. In combination with Δ(9) -THC, CBD has received regulatory approvals in several European countries and is currently under study in trials registered by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the United States. A number of states have passed legislation to allow for the use of CBD-rich, limited Δ(9) -THC-content preparations of cannabis for certain pathologic conditions. CBD is currently being studied in several clinical trials and is at different stages of clinical development for various medical indications. Judging from clinical findings reported so far, CBD and CBD-enriched preparations have great potential utility, but uncertainties regarding sourcing, long-term safety, abuse potential, and regulatory dilemmas remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pius S Fasinu
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS
| | - Sarah Phillips
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS
| | - Larry A Walker
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS.,Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS
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Jain J, Jain SK, Walker LA, Tekwani BL. Inhibitors of ubiquitin E3 ligase as potential new antimalarial drug leads. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:40. [PMID: 28577368 PMCID: PMC5457628 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-017-0147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein ubiquitylation is an important post-translational regulation, which has been shown to be necessary for life cycle progression and survival of Plasmodium falciparum. Ubiquitin is a highly conserved 76 amino acid polypeptide, which attaches covalently to target proteins through combined action of three classes of enzymes namely, the ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) and ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3). Ubiquitin E1 and E2 are highly conserved within eukaryotes. However, the P. falciparum E3 ligase is substantially variable and divergent compared to the homologs from other eukaryotes, which make the E3 ligase a parasite-specific target. METHODS A set of selected E3 ubiquitin ligase inhibitors was tested in vitro against a chloroquine-sensitive P. falciparum D6 strain (PfD6) and a chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum W2 strain (PfW2). The inhibitors were also tested against Vero and transformed THP1 cells for cytotoxicity. The lead antimalarial E3 ubiquitin ligase inhibitors were further evaluated for the stage-specific antimalarial action and effects on cellular development of P. falciparum in vitro. Statistics analysis was done by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey and Sidak multiple comparison test using GraphPad Prism 6. RESULTS E3 ligase inhibitors namely, JNJ 26854165, HLI 373 and Nutlin 3 showed prominent antimalarial activity against PfD6 and PfW2. These inhibitors were considerably less cytotoxic to mammalian Vero cells. JNJ 26854165, HLI 373 and Nutlin 3 blocked the development of P. falciparum parasite at the trophozoite and schizont stages, resulting in accumulation of distorted trophozoites and immature schizonts. CONCLUSIONS Interruption of trophozoites and schizont maturation by the antimalarial E3 ligase inhibitors suggest the role of ubiquitin/proteasome functions in the intraerythrocytic development of malaria parasite. The ubiquitin/proteasome functions may be critical for schizont maturation. Further investigations on the lead E3 ligase inhibitors shall provide better understanding regarding the importance of E3 ligase functions in the malaria parasite as a potential new antimalarial drug target and a new class of antimalarial drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagrati Jain
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA.,Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Surendra K Jain
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA.,Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA.,Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Babu L Tekwani
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA. .,Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA.
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Chandra S, Lata H, ElSohly MA, Walker LA, Potter D. Cannabis cultivation: Methodological issues for obtaining medical-grade product. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 70:302-312. [PMID: 28202406 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As studies continue to reveal favorable findings for the use of cannabidiol in the management of childhood epilepsy syndromes and other disorders, best practices for the large-scale production of Cannabis are needed for timely product development and research purposes. The processes of two institutions with extensive experience in producing large-scale cannabidiol chemotype Cannabis crops-GW Pharmaceuticals and the University of Mississippi-are described, including breeding, indoor and outdoor growing, harvesting, and extraction methods. Such practices have yielded desirable outcomes in Cannabis breeding and production: GW Pharmaceuticals has a collection of chemotypes dominant in any one of eight cannabinoids, two of which-cannabidiol and cannabidivarin-are supporting epilepsy clinical trial research, whereas in addition to a germplasm bank of high-THC, high-CBD, and intermediate type cannabis varieties, the team at University of Mississippi has established an in vitro propagation protocol for cannabis with no detectable variations in morphologic, physiologic, biochemical, and genetic profiles as compared to the mother plants. Improvements in phytocannabinoid yields and growing efficiency are expected as research continues at these institutions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Cannabinoids and Epilepsy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Chandra
- National Center for Natural Product Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, MS 38677, USA
| | - Hemant Lata
- National Center for Natural Product Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, MS 38677, USA
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Product Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, MS 38677, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Product Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, MS 38677, USA; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, MS 38677, USA
| | - David Potter
- GW Pharmaceuticals plc, Sovereign House, Vision Park, Histon, Cambridge, CB24 9BZ, United Kingdom.
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Gil G, Mao P, Avula B, Ali Z, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA, Walker LA, Wang D. Proteoform-Specific Protein Binding of Small Molecules in Complex Matrices. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:389-397. [PMID: 28001351 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the specific binding between protein targets and small molecules is critically important for drug discovery. Conventional assays require isolation and purification of small molecules from complex matrices through multistep chromatographic fractionation, which may alter their original bioactivity. Most proteins undergo posttranslational modification, and only certain proteoforms have the right conformation with accessible domains and available residues for small molecule binding. We developed a top-down mass spectrometry (MS) centric workflow for rapid evaluation of the bioactivity of crude botanical extracts after a one-step reaction. Our assay distinguished covalent from noncovalent binding and mapped the residue for covalent binding between bioactive constituents and specific proteoforms of the target protein. We augmented our approach with a nanoflow liquid chromatography-selected reaction monitoring (SRM)-MS assay for simultaneous identification and label-free multiplex quantitation of small molecules in the crude botanical extracts. Our assay was validated for various proteoforms of human serum albumin, which plays a key role in pharmacokinetics of small molecules in vivo. We demonstrated the utility of our proteoform-specific assay for evaluating thymoquinone in crude botanical extracts, studying its pharmacokinetics in human blood, and interpreting its toxicity to human breast cancer cells in tissue culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geuncheol Gil
- Newomics Inc., Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Pan Mao
- Newomics Inc., Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daojing Wang
- Newomics Inc., Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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Seo EJ, Wu CF, Ali Z, Wang YH, Khan SI, Walker LA, Khan IA, Efferth T. Both Phenolic and Non-phenolic Green Tea Fractions Inhibit Migration of Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:398. [PMID: 28194107 PMCID: PMC5278262 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea consumption is associated with chemoprevention of many cancer types. Fresh tea leaves are rich in polyphenolic catechins, which can constitute up to 30% of the dry leaf weight. While the polyphenols of green tea have been well investigated, it is still largely unknown, whether or not non-phenolic constituents also reveal chemopreventive and anti-metastatic effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of a fraction of green tea rich in phenolic compounds (PF), a non-phenolic fraction (NPF), which contains glyceroglycolipids (GGL), and a pure glyceroglycolipid compound isolated from the non-phenolic fraction in human cancer. Dried green tea leaves were extracted and applied to a Sephadex LH-20 column. The resazurin reduction assay was used to investigate the cytotoxicity of green tea samples toward human HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma and normal AML12 hepatocytes cells. Gene expression profiling was performed by mRNA microarray hybridization and the microarray results were validated by RT-PCR. The scratch migration assay was used to investigate the effects of green tea samples on cell migration in vitro. The changes of microtubule dynamics were observed using fluorescence microscopy. PF and NPF were prepared from methanol extract of green tea. A GGL was isolated from NPF. All three green tea samples did not show significant cytotoxic activity up to 10 μg/mL in both HepG2 and AML12 cells, whereas cytotoxicity of the control drug doxorubicin was observed with both cell lines (IC50 on AML12: 0.024 μg/mL, IC50 on HepG2: 2.103 μg/mL). We identified three sets of genes differentially expressed upon treatment with the green tea samples. The genes were associated with cytoskeleton formation, cellular movement, and morphology. The correlation coefficients between mRNA expression values determined by microarray and RT-PCR were R = 0.94. HepG2 and U2OS cells treated with green tea extracts showed the delayed closures. Besides, the number of distinct tubulin filaments decreased upon treatment with green tea samples. We identified not only PF, but also glyceroglycolipids in NPF as contributing factors to the chemopreventive effects of green tea. Both PF and NPF of green tea inhibited cancer cell migration by the disassembly of microtubules, even though they were not cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ean-Jeong Seo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Ching-Fen Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of MississippiOxford, MS, USA; Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of MississippiOxford, MS, USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of MississippiOxford, MS, USA; Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of MississippiOxford, MS, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of MississippiOxford, MS, USA; Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of MississippiOxford, MS, USA
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
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Chaurasiya ND, Gogineni V, Elokely KM, León F, Núñez MJ, Klein ML, Walker LA, Cutler SJ, Tekwani BL. Isolation of Acacetin from Calea urticifolia with Inhibitory Properties against Human Monoamine Oxidase-A and -B. J Nat Prod 2016; 79:2538-2544. [PMID: 27754693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Calea urticifolia (Asteraceae: Asteroideae) has long been used as a traditional medicine in El Salvador to treat arthritis and fever, among other illnesses. The chloroform extract of the leaves of C. urticifolia showed potent inhibition of recombinant human monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and -B). Further bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of a flavonoid, acacetin, as the most prominent MAO inhibitory constituent, with IC50 values of 121 and 49 nM for MAO-A and -B, respectively. The potency of MAO inhibition by acacetin was >5-fold higher for MAO-A (0.121 μM vs 0.640 μM) and >22-fold higher for MAO-B (0.049 μM vs 1.12 μM) as compared to apigenin, the closest flavone structural analogue. Interaction and binding characteristics of acacetin with MAO-A and -B were determined by enzyme-kinetic assays, enzyme-inhibitor complex binding, equilibrium-dialysis dissociation analyses, and computation analysis. Follow-up studies showed reversible binding of acacetin with human MAO-A and -B, resulting in competitive inhibition. Acacetin showed more preference toward MAO-B than to MAO-A, suggesting its potential for eliciting selective pharmacological effects that might be useful in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. In addition, the binding modes of acacetin at the enzymatic site of MAO-A and -B were predicted through molecular modeling algorithms, illustrating the high importance of ligand interaction with negative and positive free energy regions of the enzyme active site.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Khaled M Elokely
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science and Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tanta University , Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | | | - Marvin J Núñez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, University of El Salvador , San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Michael L Klein
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science and Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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Shukla S, Shariat-Madar Z, Walker LA, Tekwani BL. Mechanism for neurotropic action of vorinostat, a pan histone deacetylase inhibitor. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 77:11-20. [PMID: 27678157 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated the neurotrophic actions of vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA), a class I and class II HDAC inhibitor, on the differentiation of Neuroscreen-1 (NS-1) cells. NS-1 cell is a subclone of the rat pheochromocytoma cell line (PC 12). Vorinostat independently induced neurite outgrowth in NS-1 cells. The NS-1 cells were further interrogated for the effects of vorinostat on intracellular neurotrophin signaling pathways, to understand its mechanism of neurotrophic action. Selective inhibitors of MEK1/2 (PD98059 and U0126), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) (LY294002) and tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) (GW441756) were employed for these interrogations. Our results suggest that neurite outgrowth mediated by both nerve growth factor (NGF), an intrinsic neurotrophin, and vorinostat were blocked by the inhibitors of MEK1/2 & PI3K. Vorinostat induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 occurs at 2h post treatment. Phosphorylation of ERK was abolished in presence of U0126, further confirming the role of ERK pathway in vorinostat-induced differentiation of NS-1 cells. Vorinostat-induced neurite outgrowth also involves the activation of upstream extracellular kinase TrkA, as both vorinostat mediated neurite outgrowth and activation of ERK were attenuated in presence of the TrkA inhibitor, GW441756. Vorinostat also stimulated hyperacetylation of α-tubulin and histones H3/H4 in NS-1 cells. The results suggest that vorinostat exerts a positive effect on the neuritogenesis via activation of MEK1/2 & PI3K pathways involving an upstream kinase, TrkA. Bioactive small molecules with neurotrophic and neuritogenic actions, like vorinostat identified in the present study, hold great promise as therapeutic agents for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neuronal injuries by virtue of their ability to stimulate neuritic outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Shukla
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Zia Shariat-Madar
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Babu L Tekwani
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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Fasinu PS, Gurley BJ, Walker LA. Clinically Relevant Pharmacokinetic Herb-drug Interactions in Antiretroviral Therapy. Curr Drug Metab 2016; 17:52-64. [PMID: 26526838 DOI: 10.2174/1389200216666151103115053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For healthcare professionals, the volume of literature available on herb-drug interactions often makes it difficult to separate experimental/potential interactions from those deemed clinically relevant. There is a need for concise and conclusive information to guide pharmacotherapy in HIV/AIDS. In this review, the bases for potential interaction of medicinal herbs with specific antiretroviral drugs are presented, and several botanicals are discussed for which clinically relevant interactions in humans are established. Such studies have provided, in most cases, sufficient ground to warrant the avoidance of concurrent administration of antiretroviral (ARVs) drugs with St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), black pepper (Piper species) and grapefruit juice. Other botanicals that require caution in the use with antiretrovirals include African potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), ginseng (Panax species), garlic (Allium sativum), goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) and kava kava (Piper methysticum). The knowledge of clinically significant herb-drug interaction will be important in order to avoid herb-induced risk of sub-therapeutic exposure to ARVs (which can lead to viral resistance) or the precipitation of toxicity (which may lead to poor compliance and/or discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pius S Fasinu
- National Center for Natural products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University MS 38677, USA.
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Fasinu PS, Tekwani BL, Avula B, Chaurasiya ND, Nanayakkara NPD, Wang YH, Khan IA, Walker LA. Pathway-specific inhibition of primaquine metabolism by chloroquine/quinine. Malar J 2016; 15:466. [PMID: 27618912 PMCID: PMC5020452 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1509-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There has been some evidence to suggest that the addition of chloroquine (CQ) or quinine (QN) to 8-aminoquinoline (8-AQ) treatment regimens may increase the therapeutic efficacy of the 8-AQ and simultaneously mitigate against its haemolytic toxicity. However, both CQ and QN are considered effective, although perhaps moderate inhibitors of CYP2D6, an enzyme now regarded as necessary for primaquine (PQ) pharmacologic activity. An understanding of the influence of CQ and QN on the metabolism of PQ may shed light on the potential mechanisms of the beneficial interaction. Methods Differential metabolism of PQ enantiomers by recombinant human CYP2D6, monoamine oxidase A (MAO), and cryopreserved human hepatocytes in the presence/absence of CQ and QN. Results Both CQ and QN significantly inhibited the activity of CYP2D6. PQ depletion by MAO and human hepatocytes was not affected significantly by the presence of CQ and QN. CYP2D6-mediated hydroxylation was largely suppressed by both CQ and QN. The formation of the primary deaminated metabolites, including carboxyprimaquine (CPQ) and cyclized side chain derivative from the aldehyde (m/z 241), was not sensitive to the presence of CQ and QN. However, the appearance of the glucuronides of CPQ and PQ alcohol were significantly suppressed. CQ and QN also inhibited the appearance of the m/z 257 metabolite with a similar pattern, suggesting that it may be derived from the CPQ conjugate. The apparent quinone-imine of CPQ (m/z 289) was only partially suppressed by both QN and CQ, but with a differential pattern of inhibition for the two drugs. The m/z 274 (quinone-imine of a ring-hydroxylated PQ metabolite) and m/z 422 (an apparent glucose conjugate of PQ) metabolites in hepatocytes were strongly suppressed by both QN and CQ, perhaps a reflection of the 2D6 inhibition by these drugs. The formation of the carbamoyl glucuronide of PQ (m/z 480) was not affected by CQ/QN. Conclusion The metabolite-specific interactions in the current studies seem at variance with earlier reports of the dependence of PQ on CYP2D6 metabolism, and enhanced PQ anti-malarial activity/reduced toxicity in the presence of CQ/QN. These results suggest a complex picture in which CQ/QN may shift metabolite pathway balances towards a profile that retains efficacy, while reducing the formation or availability of toxic metabolites to erythrocytes. Alternatively, these drugs may alter transport or distribution of PQ metabolites in a fashion that reduces toxicity while maintaining efficacy against the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pius S Fasinu
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Babu L Tekwani
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.,Departments of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Bharathi Avula
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Narayan D Chaurasiya
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - N P Dhammika Nanayakkara
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.,Departments of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.,Departments of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
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Singh K, Agarwal A, Khan SI, Walker LA, Tekwani BL. Growth, Drug Susceptibility, and Gene Expression Profiling of Plasmodium falciparum Cultured in Medium Supplemented with Human Serum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 12:1109-14. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057107310638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum has been extremely useful in understanding the biology of the human malaria parasite as well as research on the discovery of new antimalarial drugs and vaccines. A chemically defined serum-free medium supplemented with lipid-rich bovine serum albumin (AlbuMAX I) offers the following advantages over human serum-supplemented media for the in vitro culture of P. falciparum: 1) improved growth profile, with more than a 2-fold higher yield of the parasites at any stage of the growth cycle; 2) suitability for in vitro antimalarial screening, as the parasites grown in AlbuMAX and human serum-supplemented media show similar sensitivity to standard and novel antimalarials as well as natural product extracts in the in vitro drug susceptibility assays; and 3) DNA microarray analysis comparing the global gene expression profile of sorbitol-synchronized P. falciparum trophozoites grown in the 2 different media, indicating minimal differences. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2007:1109-1114)
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshipra Singh
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, Gastroenterology Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ameeta Agarwal
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Shabana I. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Larry A. Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi,
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Ndunda B, Langat MK, Mulholland DA, Eastman H, Jacob MR, Khan SI, Walker LA, Muhammad I, Kerubo LO, Midiwo JO. New ent-Clerodane and Abietane Diterpenoids from the Roots of Kenyan Croton megalocarpoides Friis & M. G. Gilbert. Planta Med 2016; 82:1079-1086. [PMID: 27286332 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-108857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The roots of the endangered medicinal plant Croton megalocarpoides collected in Kenya were investigated and twenty-two compounds isolated. Among them were twelve new ent-clerodane (1-12) and a new abietane (13) diterpenoids, alongside the known crotocorylifuran (4 a), two known abietane and four known ent-trachylobane diterpenoids, and the triterpenoids, lupeol and acetyl aleurotolic acid. The structures of the compounds were determined using NMR, HRMS and ECD. The isolated compounds were evaluated against a series of microorganisms (fungal and bacteria) and also against Plasmodium falciparum, however no activity was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Ndunda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Moses K Langat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Dulcie A Mulholland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Eastman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa R Jacob
- National Centre for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Centre for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Centre for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Ilias Muhammad
- National Centre for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | | | - Jacob O Midiwo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ding Y, Liu H, Tekwani BL, Nanayakkara NPD, Khan IA, Walker LA, Doerksen RJ. Methemoglobinemia Hemotoxicity of Some Antimalarial 8-Aminoquinoline Analogues and Their Hydroxylated Derivatives: Density Functional Theory Computation of Ionization Potentials. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1132-41. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Ding
- National Center for Natural Products Research,
Research Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, and ‡Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School
of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Haining Liu
- National Center for Natural Products Research,
Research Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, and ‡Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School
of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- National Center for Natural Products Research,
Research Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, and ‡Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School
of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - N. P. Dhammika Nanayakkara
- National Center for Natural Products Research,
Research Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, and ‡Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School
of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research,
Research Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, and ‡Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School
of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Larry A. Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research,
Research Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, and ‡Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School
of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Robert J. Doerksen
- National Center for Natural Products Research,
Research Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, and ‡Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School
of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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Aumsuwan P, Khan SI, Khan IA, Walker LA, Dasmahapatra AK. Gene expression profiling and pathway analysis data in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines treated with dioscin. Data Brief 2016; 8:272-9. [PMID: 27331101 PMCID: PMC4905937 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microarray technology (Human OneArray microarray, phylanxbiotech.com) was used to compare gene expression profiles of non-invasive MCF-7 and invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells exposed to dioscin (DS), a steroidal saponin isolated from the roots of wild yam, (Dioscorea villosa). Initially the differential expression of genes (DEG) was identified which was followed by pathway enrichment analysis (PEA). Of the genes queried on OneArray, we identified 4641 DEG changed between MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells (vehicle-treated) with cut-off log2 |fold change|≧1. Among these genes, 2439 genes were upregulated and 2002 were downregulated. DS exposure (2.30 μM, 72 h) to these cells identified 801 (MCF-7) and 96 (MDA-MB-231) DEG that showed significant difference when compared with the untreated cells (p<0.05). Within these gene sets, DS was able to upregulate 395 genes and downregulate 406 genes in MCF-7 and upregulate 36 and downregulate 60 genes in MDA-MB-231 cells. Further comparison of DEG between MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to DS identified 3626 DEG of which 1700 were upregulated and 1926 were down-regulated. Regarding to PEA, 12 canonical pathways were significantly altered between these two cell lines. However, there was no alteration in any of these pathways in MCF-7 cells, while in MDA-MB-231 cells only MAPK pathway showed significant alteration. When PEA comparison was made on DS exposed cells, it was observed that only 2 pathways were significantly affected. Further, we identified the shared DEG, which were targeted by DS and overlapped in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, by intersection analysis (Venn diagram). We found that 7 DEG were overlapped of which six are reported in the database. This data highlight the diverse gene networks and pathways in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines treated with dioscin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranapda Aumsuwan
- National Center for Natural Product Research, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacology, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Product Research, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Product Research, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Product Research, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacology, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA; University of Mississippi Cancer Institute (Oxford Campus), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Asok K Dasmahapatra
- National Center for Natural Product Research, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacology, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA; University of Mississippi Cancer Institute (Oxford Campus), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
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Zhang J, Bowling JJ, Smithson D, Clark J, Jacob MR, Khan SI, Tekwani BL, Connelly M, Samoylenko V, Ibrahim MA, Zaki MA, Wang M, Hester JP, Tu Y, Jeffries C, Twarog N, Shelat AA, Walker LA, Muhammad I, Guy RK. Diversity-oriented natural product platform identifies plant constituents targeting Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 2016; 15:270. [PMID: 27165106 PMCID: PMC4863362 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A diverse library of pre-fractionated plant extracts, generated by an automated high-throughput system, was tested using an in vitro anti-malarial screening platform to identify known or new natural products for lead development. The platform identifies hits on the basis of in vitro growth inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum and counter-screens for cytotoxicity to human foreskin fibroblast or embryonic kidney cell lines. The physical library was supplemented by early-stage collection of analytical data for each fraction to aid rapid identification of the active components within each screening hit. Results A total of 16,177 fractions from 1300 plants were screened, identifying several P. falciparum inhibitory fractions from 35 plants. Although individual fractions were screened for bioactivity to ensure adequate signal in the analytical characterizations, fractions containing less than 2.0 mg of dry weight were combined to produce combined fractions (COMBIs). Fractions of active COMBIs had EC50 values of 0.21–50.28 and 0.08–20.04 µg/mL against chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant strains, respectively. In Berberis thunbergii, eight known alkaloids were dereplicated quickly from its COMBIs, but berberine was the most-active constituent against P. falciparum. The triterpenoids α-betulinic acid and β-betulinic acid of Eugenia rigida were also isolated as hits. Validation of the anti-malarial discovery platform was confirmed by these scaled isolations from B. thunbergii and E. rigida. Conclusions These results demonstrate the value of curating and exploring a library of natural products for small molecule drug discovery. Attention given to the diversity of plant species represented in the library, focus on practical analytical data collection, and the use of counter-screens all facilitate the identification of anti-malarial compounds for lead development or new tools for chemical biology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1313-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - John J Bowling
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - David Smithson
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.,Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julie Clark
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Melissa R Jacob
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Babu L Tekwani
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.,Department of Biomolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Michele Connelly
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Vladimir Samoylenko
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.,Keiser University, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
| | - Mohamed A Ibrahim
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Mohamed A Zaki
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.,Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mei Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - John P Hester
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Ying Tu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Cynthia Jeffries
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Nathaniel Twarog
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Anang A Shelat
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.,Department of Biomolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Ilias Muhammad
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - R Kiplin Guy
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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Li CS, Ren G, Yang BJ, Miklossy G, Turkson J, Fei P, Ding Y, Walker LA, Cao S. Meroterpenoids with Antiproliferative Activity from a Hawaiian-Plant Associated Fungus Peyronellaea coffeae-arabicae FT238. Org Lett 2016; 18:2335-8. [PMID: 27135759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three unusual polyketide-sesquiterpene metabolites peyronellins A-C (1-3), along with the new epoxyphomalin analog 11-dehydroxy epoxyphomalin A (4), have been isolated from the endophytic fungus Peyronellaea coffeae-arabicae FT238, which was isolated from the native Hawaiian plant Pritchardia lowreyana. The structures of compounds 1-4 were characterized based on NMR and MS spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configuration (AC) of the compounds was determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD). Compound 4 showed antiproliferative activity with an IC50 of 0.5 μM against OVCAR3, and it also strongly inhibited Stat3 at 5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Shun Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo , 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawai'i 96720, United States.,Natural Products & Experimental Therapeutics, University of Hawaii Cancer Center , 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96813, United States
| | - Gang Ren
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Division of Pharmacology, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi , University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Bao-Jun Yang
- Natural Products & Experimental Therapeutics, University of Hawaii Cancer Center , 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96813, United States
| | - Gabriella Miklossy
- Natural Products & Experimental Therapeutics, University of Hawaii Cancer Center , 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96813, United States
| | - James Turkson
- Natural Products & Experimental Therapeutics, University of Hawaii Cancer Center , 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96813, United States
| | - Peiwen Fei
- Natural Products & Experimental Therapeutics, University of Hawaii Cancer Center , 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96813, United States
| | - Yuanqing Ding
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Division of Pharmacology, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi , University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Division of Pharmacology, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi , University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Shugeng Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo , 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawai'i 96720, United States.,Natural Products & Experimental Therapeutics, University of Hawaii Cancer Center , 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96813, United States
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Fasinu PS, Avula B, Tekwani BL, Nanayakkara NPD, Wang YH, Bandara Herath HMT, McChesney JD, Reichard GA, Marcsisin SR, Elsohly MA, Khan SI, Khan IA, Walker LA. Differential kinetic profiles and metabolism of primaquine enantiomers by human hepatocytes. Malar J 2016; 15:224. [PMID: 27093859 PMCID: PMC4837544 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical utility of primaquine (PQ), used as a racemic mixture of two enantiomers, is limited due to metabolism-linked hemolytic toxicity in individuals with genetic deficiency in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The current study investigated differential metabolism of PQ enantiomers in light of the suggestions that toxicity and efficacy might be largely enantioselective. Methods Stable isotope 13C-labelled primaquine and its two enantiomers (+)-PQ, (−)-PQ were separately incubated with cryopreserved human hepatocytes. Time-tracked substrate depletion and metabolite production were monitored via UHPLC–MS/MS. Results The initial half-life of 217 and 65 min; elimination rate constants (λ) of 0.19 and 0.64 h−1; intrinsic clearance (Clint) of 2.55 and 8.49 (µL/min)/million cells, which when up-scaled yielded Clint of 6.49 and 21.6 (mL/min)/kg body mass was obtained respectively for (+)- and (−)-PQ. The extrapolation of in vitro intrinsic clearance to in vivo human hepatic blood clearance, performed using the well-stirred liver model, showed that the rate of hepatic clearance of (+)-PQ was only 45 % that of (−)-PQ. Two major primary routes of metabolism were observed—oxidative deamination of the terminal amine and hydroxylations on the quinoline moiety of PQ. The major deaminated metabolite, carboxyprimaquine (CPQ) was preferentially generated from the (−)-PQ. Other deaminated metabolites including PQ terminal alcohol (m/z 261), a cyclized side chain derivative from the aldehyde (m/z 241), cyclized carboxylic acid derivative (m/z 257), a quinone-imine product of hydroxylated CPQ (m/z 289), CPQ glucuronide (m/z 451) and the glucuronide of PQ alcohol (m/z 437) were all preferentially generated from the (−)-PQ. The major quinoline oxidation product (m/z 274) was preferentially generated from (+)-PQ. In addition to the products of the two metabolic pathways, two other major metabolites were observed: a prominent glycosylated conjugate of PQ on the terminal amine (m/z 422), peaking by 30 min and preferentially generated by (+)-PQ; and the carbamoyl glucuronide of PQ (m/z 480) exclusively generated from (+)-PQ. Conclusion Metabolism of PQ showed enantioselectivity. These findings may provide important information in establishing clinical differences in PQ enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pius S Fasinu
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Bharathi Avula
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Babu L Tekwani
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.,Department of BioMolecular Sciences School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - N P Dhammika Nanayakkara
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - H M T Bandara Herath
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | | | - Gregory A Reichard
- Military Malaria Research Program, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Sean R Marcsisin
- Military Malaria Research Program, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Mahmoud A Elsohly
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.,Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.,ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., 5 Industrial Park Dr, Oxford, MS, 38655, USA
| | - Shabana I Khan
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.,Department of BioMolecular Sciences School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.,Department of BioMolecular Sciences School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- The National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA. .,Department of BioMolecular Sciences School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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Manda VK, Ibrahim MA, Dale OR, Kumarihamy M, Cutler SJ, Khan IA, Walker LA, Muhammad I, Khan SI. Modulation of CYPs, P-gp, and PXR by Eschscholzia californica (California Poppy) and Its Alkaloids. Planta Med 2016; 82:551-558. [PMID: 27054913 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-103689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Eschscholzia californica, a native US plant, is traditionally used as a sedative, analgesic, and anxiolytic herb. With the rapid rise in the use of herbal supplements together with over-the-counter and prescription drugs, the risk for potential herb-drug interactions is also increasing. Most of the clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug interactions occur due to modulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs), P-glycoprotein, and the pregnane X receptor by concomitantly used herbs. This study aimed to determine the effects of an EtOH extract, aqueous extract (tea), basic CHCl3 fractions, and isolated major alkaloids, namely protopine (1), escholtzine (2), allocryptopine (3), and californidine (4), of E. californica on the activity of cytochrome P450s, P-glycoprotein and the pregnane X receptor. The EtOH extract and fractions showed strong time-dependent inhibition of CYP 3A4, CYP 2C9, and CYP 2C19, and reversible inhibition of CYP 2D6. Among the alkaloids, escholtzine (2) and allocryptopine (3) exhibited time-dependent inhibition of CYP 3A4, CYP 2C9, and CYP 2C19 (IC50 shift ratio > 2), while protopine (1) and allocryptopine (3) showed reversible inhibition of CYP 2D6 enzyme. A significant activation of the pregnane X receptor (> 2-fold) was observed with the EtOH extract, basic CHCl3 fraction, and alkaloids (except protopine), which resulted into an increased expression of mRNA and the activity of CYP 3A4 and CYP 1A2. The expression of P-glycoprotein was unaffected. However, aqueous extract (tea) and its main alkaloid californidine (4) did not affect cytochrome P450s, P-glycoprotein, or the pregnane X receptor. This data suggests that EtOH extract of E. californica and its major alkaloids have a potential of causing interactions with drugs that are metabolized by cytochrome P450s, while the tea seems to be safer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamshi K Manda
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Mohamed A Ibrahim
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Olivia R Dale
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Mallika Kumarihamy
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Stephen J Cutler
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Ilias Muhammad
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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44
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Awortwe C, Manda VK, Avonto C, Khan SI, Khan IA, Walker LA, Bouic PJ, Rosenkranz B. In Vitro Evaluation of Reversible and Time-Dependent Inhibitory Effects of Kalanchoe crenata on CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 Activities. Drug Metab Lett 2016; 9:48-62. [PMID: 25600201 DOI: 10.2174/1872312809666150119110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Kalanchoe crenata popularly known as "dog's liver" is used in most African countries for the treatment of chronic diseases such as diabetes, asthma and HIV/AIDS related infections. The evaluation of K. crenata for herb-drug interactions has not been reported. This study therefore aims to evaluate the risk of K. crenata for herb-drug interaction in vitro. Crude methanol and fractions of K. crenata were incubated and preincubated with recombinant human CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. Comparative studies were conducted in both human liver microsomes and recombinant human CYP to ascertain the inhibition profile of the crude extract and the various fractions. The cocktail approach of recombinant human CYPs was conducted to confirm the inhibition potential of the fractions in the presence of other CYPs. The results showed significant time-dependent inhibition of tested samples on CYP3A4 with crude methanol (39KC), fractions 45A, 45B and 45D given IC50 fold decrease of 3.29, 2.26, 1.91 and 1.49, respective. Time dependent kinetic assessment of 39KC and 45D showed KI and kinact values for 39KC as 1.77 µg/mL and 0.091 min(-1) while that of 45D were 6.45 µg/mL and 0.024 min(-1), respectively. Determination of kinact based on IC50 calculations yielded 0.015 and 0.04 min(-1) for 39KC and 45D, respectively. Cocktail approach exhibited fold decreases in IC50 for all test fractions on CYP3A4 within the ranges of 2.10 - 4.10. At least one phytoconstituent in the crude methanol extract of Kalanchoe crenata is a reversible and time-dependent inhibitor of CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Awortwe
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Ravu RR, Jacob MR, Jeffries C, Tu Y, Khan SI, Agarwal AK, Guy RK, Walker LA, Clark AM, Li XC. LC-MS- and (1)H NMR Spectroscopy-Guided Identification of Antifungal Diterpenoids from Sagittaria latifolia. J Nat Prod 2015; 78:2255-2259. [PMID: 26371504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Antifungal screening of small-molecule natural product libraries showed that a column fraction (CF) derived from the plant extract of Sagittaria latifolia was active against the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Dereplication analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H NMR) indicated the presence of new compounds in this CF. Subsequent fractionation of the plant extract resulted in the identification of two new isopimaradiene-type diterpenoids, 1 and 2. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by chemical methods and spectroscopic analysis as isopimara-7,15-dien-19-ol 19-O-α-l-arabinofuranoside and isopimara-7,15-dien-19-ol 19-O-α-l-(5'-acetoxy)arabinofuranoside, respectively. Compound 1 exhibited IC50 values of 3.7 and 1.8 μg/mL, respectively, against C. neoformans and C. gattii. Its aglycone, isopimara-7,15-dien-19-ol (3), resulting from acid hydrolysis of 1, was also active against the two fungal pathogens, with IC50 values of 9.2 and 6.8 μg/mL, respectively. This study demonstrates that utilization of the combined LC-MS and (1)H NMR analytical tools is an improved chemical screening approach for hit prioritization in natural product drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cynthia Jeffries
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Ying Tu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | | | | | - R Kiplin Guy
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
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Manda VK, Avula B, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA, Walker LA, Khan SI. Inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 byAegle marmelosand its constituents. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:117-25. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1053006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Li CS, Ding Y, Yang BJ, Miklossy G, Yin HQ, Walker LA, Turkson J, Cao S. A New Metabolite with a Unique 4-Pyranone-γ-Lactam-1,4-Thiazine Moiety from a Hawaiian-Plant Associated Fungus. Org Lett 2015; 17:3556-9. [PMID: 26107089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An endophytic fungus Paraphaeosphaeria neglecta FT462 isolated from the Hawaiian-plant Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic. Serm produced one unusual compound (1, paraphaeosphaeride A) with the 4-pyranone-γ-lactam-1,4-thiazine moiety, along with two new compounds (2 and 3, paraphaeosphaerides B and C, respectively) and the known compound (4). Compounds 1-3 were characterized by NMR and MS spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configuration of the 3-position of compound 1 was determined as S by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compound 3 also showed STAT3 inhibition at 10 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuanqing Ding
- ‡National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Division of Pharmacology, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | | | | | - Hong-Quan Yin
- ‡National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Division of Pharmacology, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Larry A Walker
- ‡National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Division of Pharmacology, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | | | - Shugeng Cao
- §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States
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Manda VK, Avula B, Dale OR, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA, Walker LA, Khan SI. Studies on Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction Potential of Vinpocetine. Medicines (Basel) 2015; 2:93-105. [PMID: 28930203 PMCID: PMC5533163 DOI: 10.3390/medicines2020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Vinpocetine, a semi-synthetic derivative of vincamine, is a popular dietary supplement used for the treatment of several central nervous system related disorders. Despite its wide use, no pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies are reported in the literature. Due to increasing use of dietary supplements in combination with conventional drugs, the risk of adverse effects is on the rise. As a preliminary step to predict a possibility of drug interaction during concomitant use of vinpocetine and conventional drugs, this study was carried out to evaluate the effects of vinpocetine on three main regulators of pharmacokinetic drug interactions namely, cytochromes P450 (CYPs), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and Pregnane X receptor (PXR). Methods Inhibition of CYPs was evaluated by employing recombinant enzymes. The inhibition of P-gp was determined by calcein-AM uptake method in transfected and wild type MDCKII cells. Modulation of PXR activity was monitored through a reporter gene assay in HepG2 cells. Results Vinpocetine showed a strong inhibition of P-gp (EC50 8 μM) and a moderate inhibition of recombinant CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 (IC50 2.8 and 6.5 μM) with no activity towards CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP1A2 enzymes. In HLM, competitive inhibition of CYP3A4 (IC50 54 and Ki 19 μM) and non-competitive inhibition of CYP2D6 (IC50 19 and Ki 26 μM) was observed. Activation of PXR was observed only at the highest tested concentration of vinpocetine (30 μM) while lower doses were ineffective. Conclusion Strong inhibition of P-gp by vinpocetine is indicative of a possibility of drug interactions by altering the pharmacokinetics of drugs, which are the substrates of P-gp. However, the effects on CYPs and PXR indicate that vinpocetine may not affect CYP-mediated metabolism of drugs, as the inhibitory concentrations are much greater than the expected plasma concentrations in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamshi K Manda
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Olivia R Dale
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia.
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Masila VM, Midiwo JO, Zhang J, Gisacho BM, Munayi R, Omosa LK, Wiggers FT, Jacob MR, Walker LA, Muhammad I. Anti-Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis Activities of (-)-Gossypol and Derivatives from Thespesia garckeana. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The root extract of Thespesia garckeana yielded three known oxidatively coupled sesquiterpenoids, namely (-)-gossypol (1) and two of its derivatives (-)-6-methoxygossypol (2) and (+)-6,6′-dimethoxygossypol (3), and the stem bark afforded ( E)-docosyl-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) acrylate (4), stigmasterol (5) and betulinic acid (6). The structures of the isolated compounds were determined on the basis of full spectral data (1D and 2D NMR and HRMS) and comparison with literature values. Compound 1 showed potent antibacterial activity against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) with IC50/MIC/MBC values of 1.71/4.82/19.31 μM, respectively, whereas the reference standard vancomycin was found to be inactive. The mono- and di-methoxylated derivatives of this compound, (-)-6-methoxygossypol (2) and (+)-6,6′-dimethoxygossypol (3), were less active with respective IC50/MIC/MBC values of 2.73/4.70/9.40 μM and 6.14/18.32/18.32 μM against this microbe. Compound 2 was more potent than 1 against the low level VRE strain with IC50/MIC/MBC values of 4.34/9.40/9.40 μM ( vs 5.23/19.31/19.31μM for 1). This compound also showed interesting activities against Candida glabrata with an IC50 value of 2.97 μM, but was less active against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) exhibiting an IC50 value of 17.33 μM. Compound 1 demonstrated modest activity against the other microbes tested including C. glabrata, S. aureus and MRSA with IC50 values of 0.73, 9.15 and 8.99 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica M. Masila
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jacob O. Midiwo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jin Zhang
- National Centre for Natural Products Research and School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Bonface M. Gisacho
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Renee Munayi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Leonidah K. Omosa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Frank T. Wiggers
- National Centre for Natural Products Research and School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Melissa R. Jacob
- National Centre for Natural Products Research and School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Larry A. Walker
- National Centre for Natural Products Research and School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ilias Muhammad
- National Centre for Natural Products Research and School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
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Masila VM, Midiwo JO, Zhang J, Gisacho BM, Munayi R, Omosa LK, Wiggers FT, Jacob MR, Walker LA, Muhammad I. Anti-vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis activities of (-)-gossypol and derivatives from Thespesia garckeana. Nat Prod Commun 2015; 10:613-616. [PMID: 25973489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The root extract of Thespesia garckeana yielded three known oxidatively coupled sesquiterpenoids, namely (-)-gossypol (1) and two of its derivatives (-)-6-methoxygossypol (2) and (+)-6,6'-dimethoxygossypol (3), and the stem bark afforded (E)-docosyl-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) acrylate (4), stigmasterol (5) and betulinic acid (6). The structures of the isolated compounds were determined on the basis of full spectral data (1D and 2D NMR and HRMS) and comparison with literature values. Compound 1 showed potent antibacterial activity against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) with IC50/MIC/MBC values of 1.71/4.82/19.31 µM, respectively, whereas the reference standard vancomycin was found to be inactive. The mono- and di-methoxylated derivatives of this compound, (-)-6-methoxygossypol (2) and (+)-6,6'-dimethoxygossypol (3), were less active with respective IC50/MIC/MBC values of 2.73/4.70/9.40 µM and 6.14/18.32/18.32 µM against this microbe. Compound 2 was more potent than 1 against the low level VRE strain with I50/MIC/MBC values of 4.34/9.40/9.40 µM (vs 5.23/19.31/19.3 µM for 1). This compound also showed interesting activities against Candida glabrata with an I50 value of 2.97 µM, but was less active against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) exhibiting an IC50 value of 17.33 µM. Compound 1 demonstrated modest activity against the
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