1
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Gustafsson JÅ, Li XC, Suh JH, Lou X. A structural perspective of liver X receptors. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 123:231-247. [PMID: 37717986 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors α and β are members of the nuclear receptor family, which comprise a flexible N-terminal domain, a DNA binding domain, a hinge linker, and a ligand binding domain. Liver X receptors are important regulators of cholesterol and lipid homeostasis by controlling the transcription of numerous genes. Key to their transcriptional role is synergetic interaction among the domains. DNA binding domain binds on DNA; ligand binding domain is a crucial switch to control the transcription activity through conformational change caused by ligand binding. The Liver X receptors form heterodimers with retinoid X receptor and then the liganded heterodimer may recruit other necessary transcription components to form an active transcription complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Xian Chang Li
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ji Ho Suh
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xiaohua Lou
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States.
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2
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Kchouk S, Hegazy L. Pharmacophore modeling for biological targets with high flexibility: LXRβ case study. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2022.100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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3
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Zhou X, Shi S, Chen L, Wu G, Ma Y. Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Carboamination of Maleimides with Amines and α‐Bromo Carboxylates. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ge Wu
- Wenzhou Medical University CHINA
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4
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Gao L, Li G, Li X, Zhang G, Zhang M, Li Q, Ban S. Cascade Michael/aldol/rearrangement between phenacylmalononitriles and maleimides: highly diastereoselective access to functionalized bicyclic cyclopentenes containing a CN-substituted all-carbon quaternary center. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01762d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A highly diastereoselective approach towards the synthesis of quaternary center-containing cyclopentenes was developed. The tandem Michael/aldol/rearrangement processes occurred under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Gaihui Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Guoshun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Qingshan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
- Shanxi Key laboratory of Chronic Inflammatory Targeted Drugs, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030619, China
| | - Shurong Ban
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
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5
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Wen X, Liu X, Yang Z, Xie M, Liu Y, Long L, Chen Z. "On water" nano-Cu 2O-catalyzed CO-free one-pot multicomponent cascade cyanation-annulation-aminolysis reaction toward phthalimides. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1738-1743. [PMID: 33543173 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00073j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An efficient nano-Cu2O-catalyzed cascade multicomponent reaction of 2-halobenzoic acids and trimethylsilyl cyanide with diverse amines was developed using water as a solvent, affording versatile N-substituted phthalimide derivatives in moderate to excellent yields. This novel strategy features carbon monoxide gas-free, environmentally benign, one-pot multistep transformation, commercially available reagents, a cheap catalyst without any additives, wide functional group tolerance, and operational convenience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Zhiqi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Menglan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Yuxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Lipeng Long
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Zhengwang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
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6
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Goel D, Vohora D. Liver X receptors and skeleton: Current state-of-knowledge. Bone 2021; 144:115807. [PMID: 33333244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXR) is a nuclear receptor that acts as a prominent regulator of lipid homeostasis and inflammatory response. Its therapeutic effectiveness against various diseases like Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis has been investigated in detail. Emerging pieces of evidence now reveal that LXR is also a crucial modulator of bone remodeling. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological actions of LXR on the skeleton and its role in osteoporosis are poorly understood. Therefore, in the current review, we highlight LXR and its actions through different molecular pathways modulating skeletal homeostasis. The studies described in this review propound that LXR in association with estrogen, PTH, PPARγ, RXR hedgehog, and canonical Wnt signaling regulates osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. It regulates RANKL-induced expression of c-Fos, NFATc1, and NF-κB involved in osteoclast differentiation. Additionally, several studies suggest suppression of RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by synthetic LXR ligands. Given the significance of modulation of LXR in various physiological and pathological settings, our findings indicate that therapeutic targeting of LXR might potentially prevent or treat osteoporosis and improve bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Goel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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7
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Identifying new liver X receptor alpha modulators and distinguishing between agonists and antagonists by crystal ligand pocket screening. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1227-1237. [PMID: 32432891 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Modulators of LXRα are of high pharmacological interest as LXRα regulates fatty acid metabolism, inflammatory processes and cancer. We aim to identify new LXRα modulators and to recognize a distinguishable feature of agonists. Results&methodology: The ligand self-dock and largest-cavity-size searching purposely located two appropriate ligand-binding sites to reach the two aims. One is identifying the new modulators from Maybridge library. 20 new compounds are confirmed by the in vitro reporter gene assay. The other is denoting an agonist by at least one best docking pose having one hydrogen bond to LXRα Helix12 His421. Conclusion: Based on the quality x-ray binding pocket, we can identify new LXRα modulators and distinguish between agonists and antagonists by molecular docking.
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8
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Ding P, Chen Z, Chen H, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Yan X, Zhou H, Gu Q, Li C, Xu J. Structurally Selective Mechanism of Liver X Receptor Ligand: In Silico and In Vitro Studies. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:3277-3290. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ding
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziyang Chen
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zizhen Zhang
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huihao Zhou
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiong Gu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chanjuan Li
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou 510006, China
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9
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El-Gendy BEDM, Goher SS, Hegazy LS, Arief MMH, Burris TP. Recent Advances in the Medicinal Chemistry of Liver X Receptors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10935-10956. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa El-Dien M. El-Gendy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa S. Goher
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Lamees S. Hegazy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Mohamed M. H. Arief
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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10
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Wang Z, Sadovnick AD, Traboulsee AL, Ross JP, Bernales CQ, Encarnacion M, Yee IM, de Lemos M, Greenwood T, Lee JD, Wright G, Ross CJ, Zhang S, Song W, Vilariño-Güell C. Nuclear Receptor NR1H3 in Familial Multiple Sclerosis. Neuron 2017; 90:948-54. [PMID: 27253448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease characterized by myelin loss and neuronal dysfunction. Despite the aggregation observed in some families, pathogenic mutations have remained elusive. In this study, we describe the identification of NR1H3 p.Arg415Gln in seven MS patients from two multi-incident families presenting severe and progressive disease, with an average age at onset of 34 years. Additionally, association analysis of common variants in NR1H3 identified rs2279238 conferring a 1.35-fold increased risk of developing progressive MS. The p.Arg415Gln position is highly conserved in orthologs and paralogs, and disrupts NR1H3 heterodimerization and transcriptional activation of target genes. Protein expression analysis revealed that mutant NR1H3 (LXRA) alters gene expression profiles, suggesting a disruption in transcriptional regulation as one of the mechanisms underlying MS pathogenesis. Our study indicates that pharmacological activation of LXRA or its targets may lead to effective treatments for the highly debilitating and currently untreatable progressive phase of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - A Dessa Sadovnick
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Anthony L Traboulsee
- Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jay P Ross
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Cecily Q Bernales
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Mary Encarnacion
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Irene M Yee
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Madonna de Lemos
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Talitha Greenwood
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Joshua D Lee
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Galen Wright
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Colin J Ross
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Si Zhang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Weihong Song
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Carles Vilariño-Güell
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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11
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Heitel P, Achenbach J, Moser D, Proschak E, Merk D. DrugBank screening revealed alitretinoin and bexarotene as liver X receptor modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1193-1198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Komati R, Spadoni D, Zheng S, Sridhar J, Riley KE, Wang G. Ligands of Therapeutic Utility for the Liver X Receptors. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010088. [PMID: 28067791 PMCID: PMC5373669 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) have been increasingly recognized as a potential therapeutic target to treat pathological conditions ranging from vascular and metabolic diseases, neurological degeneration, to cancers that are driven by lipid metabolism. Amidst intensifying efforts to discover ligands that act through LXRs to achieve the sought-after pharmacological outcomes, several lead compounds are already being tested in clinical trials for a variety of disease interventions. While more potent and selective LXR ligands continue to emerge from screening of small molecule libraries, rational design, and empirical medicinal chemistry approaches, challenges remain in minimizing undesirable effects of LXR activation on lipid metabolism. This review provides a summary of known endogenous, naturally occurring, and synthetic ligands. The review also offers considerations from a molecular modeling perspective with which to design more specific LXRβ ligands based on the interaction energies of ligands and the important amino acid residues in the LXRβ ligand binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Komati
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Dominick Spadoni
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Shilong Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Jayalakshmi Sridhar
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Kevin E Riley
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Guangdi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
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13
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Nomura S, Endo-Umeda K, Aoyama A, Makishima M, Hashimoto Y, Ishikawa M. Styrylphenylphthalimides as Novel Transrepression-Selective Liver X Receptor (LXR) Modulators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:902-7. [PMID: 26288691 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory effects of liver X receptor (LXR) ligands are thought to be largely due to LXR-mediated transrepression, whereas side effects are caused by activation of LXR-responsive gene expression (transactivation). Therefore, selective LXR modulators that preferentially exhibit transrepression activity should exhibit anti-inflammatory properties with fewer side effects. Here, we synthesized a series of styrylphenylphthalimide analogues and evaluated their structure-activity relationships focusing on LXRs-transactivating-agonistic/antagonistic activities and transrepressional activity. Among the compounds examined, 17l showed potent LXR-transrepressional activity with high selectivity over transactivating activity and did not show characteristic side effects of LXR-transactivating agonists in cells. This representative compound, 17l, was confirmed to have LXR-dependent transrepressional activity and to bind directly to LXRβ. Compound 17l should be useful not only as a chemical tool for studying the biological functions of LXRs transrepression but also as a candidate for a safer agent to treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Nomura
- Institute
of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kaori Endo-Umeda
- Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Atsushi Aoyama
- Institute
of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hashimoto
- Institute
of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Minoru Ishikawa
- Institute
of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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14
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Renga B, Festa C, De Marino S, Di Micco S, D'Auria MV, Bifulco G, Fiorucci S, Zampella A. Molecular decodification of gymnemic acids from Gymnema sylvestre. Discovery of a new class of liver X receptor antagonists. Steroids 2015; 96:121-31. [PMID: 25668616 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The individual chemical components of commercial extract of Gymnema sylvestre, a medicinal plant used in the traditional systems of the Indian medicine for its antidiabetic and hypolipidemic properties, were isolated and evaluated for their capability to act as modulators of nuclear and membrane receptors involved in glucose and lipid homeostasis. The study disclosed for the first time that individual gymnemic acids are potent and selective antagonists for the β isoform of LXR. Indeed the above activity was shared by the most abundant aglycone gymnemagenin (10) whereas gymnestrogenin (11) was endowed with a dual LXRα/β antagonistic profile. Deep pharmacological investigation demonstrated that gymnestrogenin, reducing the expression of SREBP1c and ABCA1 in vitro, is able to decrease lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. The results of this study substantiate the use of G. sylvestre extract in LXR mediated dislypidemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Renga
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, P.zza L. Severi, 1-06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmen Festa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona De Marino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Di Micco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
| | - Maria Valeria D'Auria
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, P.zza L. Severi, 1-06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
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15
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Tice CM, Noto PB, Fan KY, Zhuang L, Lala DS, Singh SB. The Medicinal Chemistry of Liver X Receptor (LXR) Modulators. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7182-205. [PMID: 24832115 DOI: 10.1021/jm500442z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin M. Tice
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Paul B. Noto
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Kristi Yi Fan
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Linghang Zhuang
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Deepak S. Lala
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Suresh B. Singh
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
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16
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Abstract
Retinoid X Receptors (RXR) were initially identified as nuclear receptors binding with stereo-selectivity the vitamin A derivative 9-cis retinoic acid, although the relevance of this molecule as endogenous activator of RXRs is still elusive. Importantly, within the nuclear receptor superfamily, RXRs occupy a peculiar place, as they are obligatory partners for a number of other nuclear receptors, thus integrating the corresponding signaling pathways. In this chapter, we describe the structural features allowing RXR to form homo- and heterodimers, and the functional consequences of this unique ability. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of studying RXR activity at a genome-wide level in order to comprehensively address the biological implications of their action that is fundamental to understand to what extent RXRs could be exploited as new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Gilardi
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland,
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17
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Garmanchuk LV, Denis EO, Nikulina VV, Dzhus OI, Skachkova OV, Ribalchenko VK, Ostapchenko LI. MI1 – derivative of maleimide inhibits cell cycle progression in tumor cells of epithelial origin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7124/bc.000808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. V. Garmanchuk
- "Institute of Biology", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
| | - E. O. Denis
- "Institute of Biology", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
| | - V. V. Nikulina
- "Institute of Biology", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
| | - O. I. Dzhus
- "Institute of Biology", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
| | | | - V. K. Ribalchenko
- "Institute of Biology", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
| | - L. I. Ostapchenko
- "Institute of Biology", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
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18
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Lin HR. Paeoniflorin acts as a liver X receptor agonist. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2013; 15:35-45. [PMID: 23281636 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2012.742510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Paeoniflorin is one of the active ingredients of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., a novel traditional herbal medicine exerting pharmacological effects including antihyperlipidemic, neuroprotective, and anti-hepatofibrosis effects. Liver X receptor (LXR) acts as a ligand-activated transcription factor to exhibit antihyperlipidemic and neuroprotective effects. In this study, the activity of paeoniflorin against LXR was evaluated by the mammalian one-hybrid and transient transfection reporter assays. The results showed that paeoniflorin transactivated GAL4, rat cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase, phospholipid transfer protein, and ATP-binding cassette A1 gene promoters in dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the docking study demonstrated that paeoniflorin resided in the LXR ligand-binding pocket in the similar manner as GSK 3987, a novel LXR agonist. These results indicated that paeoniflorin might exert pharmacological effects through LXR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Ru Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan.
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19
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Identification of liver X receptor and farnesoid X receptor dual agonists from Tithonia diversifolia. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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von Grafenstein S, Mihaly-Bison J, Wolber G, Bochkov VN, Liedl KR, Schuster D. Identification of novel liver X receptor activators by structure-based modeling. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:1391-400. [PMID: 22489742 PMCID: PMC3360526 DOI: 10.1021/ci300096c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor family. Activators of LXRs are of high pharmacological interest as LXRs regulate cholesterol, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism as well as inflammatory processes. On the basis of different X-ray crystal structures, we established a virtual screening workflow for the identification of novel LXR modulators. A two-step screening concept to identify active compounds included 3D-pharmacophore filters and rescoring by shape alignment. Eighteen virtual hits were tested in vitro applying a reporter gene assay, where concentration-dependent activity was proven for four novel lead structures. The most active compound 10, a 1,4-naphthochinone, has an estimated EC₅₀ of around 5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne von Grafenstein
- Institute of General, Inorganic
and Theoretical Chemistry/Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judit Mihaly-Bison
- Department of Vascular Biology
and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin
Luise Strasse 2 + 4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Valery N. Bochkov
- Department of Vascular Biology
and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic
and Theoretical Chemistry/Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design
(CAMD) Group and CMBI, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck,
Austria
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21
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Krasowski MD, Ni A, Hagey LR, Ekins S. Evolution of promiscuous nuclear hormone receptors: LXR, FXR, VDR, PXR, and CAR. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 334:39-48. [PMID: 20615451 PMCID: PMC3033471 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) are transcription factors that work in concert with co-activators and co-repressors to regulate gene expression. Some examples of ligands for NHRs include endogenous compounds such as bile acids, retinoids, steroid hormones, thyroid hormone, and vitamin D. This review describes the evolution of liver X receptors α and β (NR1H3 and 1H2, respectively), farnesoid X receptor (NR1H4), vitamin D receptor (NR1I1), pregnane X receptor (NR1I2), and constitutive androstane receptor (NR1I3). These NHRs participate in complex, overlapping transcriptional regulation networks involving cholesterol homeostasis and energy metabolism. Some of these receptors, particularly PXR and CAR, are promiscuous with respect to the structurally wide range of ligands that act as agonists. A combination of functional and computational analyses has shed light on the evolutionary changes of NR1H and NR1I receptors across vertebrates, and how these receptors may have diverged from ancestral receptors that first appeared in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Krasowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, RCP 6233, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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22
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Fradera X, Vu D, Nimz O, Skene R, Hosfield D, Wynands R, Cooke AJ, Haunsø A, King A, Bennett DJ, McGuire R, Uitdehaag JC. X-Ray Structures of the LXRα LBD in Its Homodimeric Form and Implications for Heterodimer Signaling. J Mol Biol 2010; 399:120-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Majdalawieh A, Ro HS. PPARgamma1 and LXRalpha face a new regulator of macrophage cholesterol homeostasis and inflammatory responsiveness, AEBP1. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2010; 8:e004. [PMID: 20419060 PMCID: PMC2858268 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.08004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ1 (PPARγ1) and liver X receptor α (LXRα) are nuclear receptors that play pivotal roles in macrophage cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation; key biological processes in atherogenesis. The activation of PPARγ1 and LXRα by natural or synthetic ligands results in the transactivation of ABCA1, ABCG1, and ApoE; integral players in cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport. In this review, we describe the structure, isoforms, expression pattern, and functional specificity of PPARs and LXRs. Control of PPARs and LXRs transcriptional activity by coactivators and corepressors is also highlighted. The specific roles that PPARγ1 and LXRα play in inducing macrophage cholesterol efflux mediators and antagonizing macrophage inflammatory responsiveness are summarized. Finally, this review focuses on the recently reported regulatory functions that adipocyte enhancer-binding protein 1 (AEBP1) exerts on PPARγ1 and LXRα transcriptional activity in the context of macrophage cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation.
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24
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Cross-Talk between PPARs and the Partners of RXR: A Molecular Perspective. PPAR Res 2009; 2009:925309. [PMID: 20052392 PMCID: PMC2801013 DOI: 10.1155/2009/925309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The PPARs are integral parts of the RXR-dependent signaling networks. Many other nuclear receptor subfamily 1 members also require RXR as their obligatory heterodimerization partner and they are often co-expressed in any given tissue. Therefore, the PPARs often complete with other RXR-dependent nuclear receptors and this competition has important biological implications. Thorough understanding of this cross-talk at the molecular level is crucial to determine the detailed functional roles of the PPARs. At the level of DNA binding, most RXR heterodimers bind selectively to the well-known “DR1 to 5” DNA response elements. As a result, many heterodimers share the same DR element and must complete with each other for DNA binding. At the level of heterodimerization, the partners of RXR share the same RXR dimerization interface. As a result, individual nuclear receptors must complete with each other for RXR to form functional heterodimers. Cross-talk through DNA binding and RXR heterodimerization present challenges to the study of these nuclear receptors that cannot be adequately addressed by current experimental approaches. Novel tools, such as engineered nuclear receptors with altered dimerization properties, are currently being developed. These tools will enable future studies to dissect specific RXR heterodimers and their signaling pathways.
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25
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Washburn DG, Hoang TH, Campobasso N, Smallwood A, Parks DJ, Webb CL, Frank KA, Nord M, Duraiswami C, Evans C, Jaye M, Thompson SK. Synthesis and SAR of potent LXR agonists containing an indole pharmacophore. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1097-100. [PMID: 19167885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 1H-indol-1-yl tertiary amine LXR agonists has been designed. Compounds from this series were potent agonists with good rat pharmacokinetic parameters. In addition, the crystal structure of an LXR agonist bound to LXRalpha will be disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Washburn
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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26
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Pal M. HDL Therapeutics for the treatment of atherosclerosis: a brief overview of the synthetic approaches. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Chao EY, Caravella JA, Watson MA, Campobasso N, Ghisletti S, Billin AN, Galardi C, Wang P, Laffitte BA, Iannone MA, Goodwin BJ, Nichols JA, Parks DJ, Stewart E, Wiethe RW, Williams SP, Smallwood A, Pearce KH, Glass CK, Willson TM, Zuercher WJ, Collins JL. Structure-guided design of N-phenyl tertiary amines as transrepression-selective liver X receptor modulators with anti-inflammatory activity. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5758-65. [PMID: 18800767 DOI: 10.1021/jm800612u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A cocrystal structure of T1317 (3) bound to hLXRbeta was utilized in the design of a series of substituted N-phenyl tertiary amines. Profiling in binding and functional assays led to the identification of LXR modulator GSK9772 ( 20) as a high-affinity LXRbeta ligand (IC 50 = 30 nM) that shows separation of anti-inflammatory and lipogenic activities in human macrophage and liver cell lines, respectively. A cocrystal structure of the structurally related analog 19 bound to LXRbeta reveals regions within the receptor that can affect receptor modulation through ligand modification. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that 20 is greater than 10-fold selective for LXR-mediated transrepression of proinflammatory gene expression versus transactivation of lipogenic signaling pathways, thus providing an opportunity for the identification of LXR modulators with improved therapeutic indexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Y Chao
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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28
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Phelan CA, Weaver JM, Steger DJ, Joshi S, Maslany JT, Collins JL, Zuercher WJ, Willson TM, Walker M, Jaye M, Lazar MA. Selective partial agonism of liver X receptor alpha is related to differential corepressor recruitment. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 22:2241-9. [PMID: 18669643 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Classically, activated transcription by nuclear receptors (NRs) is due to a ligand-induced switch from corepressor- to coactivator-bound states. However, coactivators and corepressors recognize overlapping surfaces of liganded and unliganded NRs, respectively. Here we show that, at sufficiently high concentration, the NR corepressor (NCoR) influences the activity of the liver X receptor (LXR) even in the presence of a potent full agonist that destabilizes NCoR binding. Partial agonist ligands that less effectively dissociate NCoR from LXR are even more sensitive to NCoR levels, in a target gene-selective manner. Thus, differential recruitment of NCoR is a major determinant of partial agonism and selective LXR modulation of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Phelan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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29
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Reschly EJ, Ai N, Welsh WJ, Ekins S, Hagey LR, Krasowski MD. Ligand specificity and evolution of liver X receptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 110:83-94. [PMID: 18395439 PMCID: PMC2519238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are key regulators of lipid and cholesterol metabolism in mammals. Little is known, however, about the function and evolution of LXRs in non-mammalian species. The present study reports the cloning of LXRs from African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), Western clawed frog (Xenopus tropicalis), and zebrafish (Danio rerio), and their functional characterization and comparison with human and mouse LXRs. Additionally, an ortholog of LXR in the chordate invertebrate Ciona intestinalis was cloned and functionally characterized. Ligand specificities of the frog and zebrafish LXRs were very similar to LXRalpha and LXRbeta from human and mouse. All vertebrate LXRs studied were activated robustly by the synthetic ligands T-0901317 and GW3965 and by a variety of oxysterols. In contrast, Ciona LXR was not activated by T-0901317 or GW3965 but was activated by a limited number of oxysterols, as well as some androstane and pregnane steroids. Pharmacophore analysis, homology modeling, and docking studies of Ciona LXR predict a receptor with a more restricted ligand-binding pocket and less intrinsic disorder in the ligand-binding domain compared to vertebrate LXRs. The results suggest that LXRs have a long evolutionary history, with vertebrate LXRs diverging from invertebrate LXRs in ligand specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J. Reschly
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ni Ai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - William J. Welsh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Sean Ekins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Collaborations in Chemistry, Inc., Jenkintown, PA, United States
| | - Lee R. Hagey
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krasowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- * Corresponding author at: Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Scaife Hall S-737, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States. Tel.: +1 412 647 6517; fax: +1 412 647 5934. E-mail address: (M.D. Krasowski)
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30
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Cheng JF, Zapf J, Takedomi K, Fukushima C, Ogiku T, Zhang SH, Yang G, Sakurai N, Barbosa M, Jack R, Xu K. Combination of virtual screening and high throughput gene profiling for identification of novel liver X receptor modulators. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2057-61. [PMID: 18324758 DOI: 10.1021/jm7011326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We conducted virtual docking studies using GLIDE with modified LXRbeta ligand-binding domain (LBD) on internal compound collection followed by the gene profiling with ArrayPlate mRNA assay. A total of 69 compounds were found to upregulate LXRalpha and certain LXR regulated genes from 1308 compounds selected by virtual screen (hit rate: 5.3%). Compound 4 was shown to significantly induce the expression of LXR target genes such as ABCA1, ABCG1, APOE, SCD-1, and SREBP-1c in THP-1 differentiated macrophages. In vitro binding assay confirmed that 4 binds to both LXRalpha and LXRbeta directly and recruits coactivator peptide SRC-1. It functions as a full LXR agonist in stimulating cholesterol efflux in THP-1 differentiated macrophages and induces lipogenesis in HepG2 cells. This study demonstrates that the combination of virtual screen and high throughput gene profiling is an efficient approach for rapid identification of novel LXR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Fei Cheng
- Tanabe Research Laboratories USA, Inc., 4540 Towne Centre Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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31
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LXR Agonists for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis: Recent Highlights. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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32
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Kher S, Lake K, Sircar I, Pannala M, Bakir F, Zapf J, Xu K, Zhang SH, Liu J, Morera L, Sakurai N, Jack R, Cheng JF. 2-Aryl-N-acyl indole derivatives as liver X receptor (LXR) agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4442-6. [PMID: 17587573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship studies on a series of Boc-indole derivatives as LXR agonists are described. Compound 1 was identified as an LXR agonist through structure-based virtual screening followed by high-throughput gene profiling. Replacement of the indan linker portion in 1 with an open-chain linker resulted in compounds with similar or improved in vitro potency and cellular functional activity. The Boc group at the N-1 position of the indole moiety can be replaced with a benzoyl group. The SAR studies led to the identification of compound 8, a potent LXRbeta agonist with an EC50 of 12 nM in the cofactor recruitment assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kher
- Department of Chemistry, Tanabe Research Laboratories USA, Inc., 4540 Towne Centre Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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33
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Bakir F, Kher S, Pannala M, Wilson N, Nguyen T, Sircar I, Takedomi K, Fukushima C, Zapf J, Xu K, Zhang SH, Liu J, Morera L, Schneider L, Sakurai N, Jack R, Cheng JF. Discovery and structure-activity relationship studies of indole derivatives as liver X receptor (LXR) agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3473-9. [PMID: 17416521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A structurally novel liver X receptor (LXR) agonist (1) was identified from internal compound collection utilizing the combination of structure-based virtual screening and high-throughput gene profiling. Compound 1 increased ABCA1 gene expression by eightfold and SREBP1c by threefold in differentiated THP-1 macrophage cell lines. Confirmation of its agonistic activity against LXR was obtained in the co-factor recruitment and reporter transactivation assays. Structure-activity relationship studies on compound 1 are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Bakir
- Department of Chemistry, Tanabe Research Laboratories USA, Inc., 4540 Towne Centre Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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34
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Moore DD, Kato S, Xie W, Mangelsdorf DJ, Schmidt DR, Xiao R, Kliewer SA. International Union of Pharmacology. LXII. The NR1H and NR1I receptors: constitutive androstane receptor, pregnene X receptor, farnesoid X receptor alpha, farnesoid X receptor beta, liver X receptor alpha, liver X receptor beta, and vitamin D receptor. Pharmacol Rev 2007; 58:742-59. [PMID: 17132852 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptors of the NR1H and NR1I subgroups include the constitutive androstane receptor, pregnane X receptor, farnesoid X receptors, liver X receptors, and vitamin D receptor. The newly emerging functions of these related receptors are under the control of metabolic pathways, including metabolism of xenobiotics, bile acids, cholesterol, and calcium. This review summarizes results of structural, pharmacologic, and genetic studies of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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35
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Xue Y, Chao E, Zuercher WJ, Willson TM, Collins JL, Redinbo MR. Crystal structure of the PXR-T1317 complex provides a scaffold to examine the potential for receptor antagonism. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 15:2156-66. [PMID: 17215127 PMCID: PMC1839856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The human pregnane X receptor (PXR) recognizes a range of structurally and chemically distinct ligands and plays a key role in regulating the expression of protective gene products involved in the metabolism and excretion of potentially harmful compounds. The identification and development of PXR antagonists is desirable as a potential way to control the up-regulation of drug metabolism pathways during the therapeutic treatment of disease. We present the 2.8A resolution crystal structure of the PXR ligand binding domain (LBD) in complex with T0901317 (T1317), which is also an agonist of another member of the orphan class of the nuclear receptor superfamily, the liver X receptor (LXR). In spite of differences in the size and shape of the receptors' ligand binding pockets, key interactions with this ligand are conserved between human PXR and human LXR. Based on the PXR-T1317 structure, analogues of T1317 were generated with the goal of designing an PXR antagonist effective via the receptor's ligand binding pocket. We find that selectivity in activating PXR versus LXR was achieved; such compounds may be useful in addressing neurodegenerative diseases like Niemann-Pick C. We were not successful, however, in producing a PXR antagonist. Based on these observations, we conclude that the generation of PXR antagonists targeted to the ligand binding pocket may be difficult due to the promiscuity and structural conformability of this xenobiotic sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xue
- Department of Chemistry, CB#3290, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
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36
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Bennett DJ, Brown LD, Cooke AJ, Edwards AS. An update on non-steroidal liver X receptor agonists and their potential use in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.12.1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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37
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Szewczyk JW, Huang S, Chin J, Tian J, Mitnaul L, Rosa RL, Peterson L, Sparrow CP, Adams AD. SAR studies: designing potent and selective LXR agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3055-60. [PMID: 16529931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Counterscreening compounds from a Merck PPAR program discovered lead 1, as a nanomolar LXR/PPAR dual agonist. SAR optimization developed a series of heterocyclic LXR agonists having excellent selectivity over all PPAR isoforms and possessing high LXR affinity and strong in vivo potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Szewczyk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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38
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Nuclear Hormone Receptor Modulators for the Treatment of Diabetes and Dyslipidemia. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(06)41006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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