1
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Fernandez KX, Fischer C, Vu J, Gheblawi M, Wang W, Gottschalk S, Iturrioz X, Llorens-Cortés C, Oudit GY, Vederas JC. Metabolically stable apelin-analogues, incorporating cyclohexylalanine and homoarginine, as potent apelin receptor activators. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1402-1413. [PMID: 34458742 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00120e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High blood pressure and consequential cardiovascular diseases are among the top causes of death worldwide. The apelinergic (APJ) system has emerged as a promising target for the treatment of cardiovascular issues, especially prevention of ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury after a heart attack or stroke. However, rapid degradation of the endogenous apelin peptides in vivo limits their use as therapeutic agents. Here, we study the effects of simple homologue substitutions, i.e. incorporation of non-canonical amino acids l-cyclohexylalanine (l-Cha) and l-homoarginine (l-hArg), on the proteolytic stability of pyr-1-apelin-13 and apelin-17 analogues. The modified 13-mers display up to 40 times longer plasma half-life than native apelin-13 and in preliminary in vivo assay show moderate blood pressure-lowering effects. The corresponding apelin-17 analogues show pronounced blood pressure-lowering effects and up to a 340-fold increase in plasma half-life compared to the native apelin-17 isoforms, suggesting their potential use in the design of metabolically stable apelin analogues to prevent IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleinberg X Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Conrad Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Jennie Vu
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta 8440-112 Street NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - Mahmoud Gheblawi
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta 8440-112 Street NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta 8440-112 St. NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta 8440-112 Street NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta 8440-112 Street NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - Samantha Gottschalk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Xavier Iturrioz
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM 1050 Paris F-75005 France.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France Paris F-75005 France.,CNRS UMR 7241 Paris F-75005 France
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortés
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM 1050 Paris F-75005 France.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France Paris F-75005 France.,CNRS UMR 7241 Paris F-75005 France
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta 8440-112 Street NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta 8440-112 St. NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - John C Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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2
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Nagaoka K, Mei H, Guo Y, Han J, Konno H, Moriwaki H, Soloshonok VA. Michael addition reactions of chiral glycine Schiff base Ni (II)‐complex with 1‐(1‐phenylsulfonyl)benzene. Chirality 2020; 32:885-893. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.23203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Nagaoka
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State of Key Laboratory of CoordinationNanjing University Nanjing China
- Department of Biological Engineering, Graduate School of Science and EngineeringYamagata University Yamagata Japan
| | - Haibo Mei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State of Key Laboratory of CoordinationNanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Yunjie Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State of Key Laboratory of CoordinationNanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Jianlin Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State of Key Laboratory of CoordinationNanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Hiroyuki Konno
- Department of Biological Engineering, Graduate School of Science and EngineeringYamagata University Yamagata Japan
| | | | - Vadim A. Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHU San Sebastián Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao Spain
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3
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Chen D, Wang S, Diao X, Zhu Q, Shen H, Han X, Wang Y, Gong G, Xu Y. Design, synthesis and antithrombotic evaluation of novel dabigatran etexilate analogs, a new series of non-peptides thrombin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7405-16. [PMID: 26537784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin is a serine protease that plays a key role in blood clotting, which makes it a promising target for the treatment of thrombotic diseases. Dabigatran is direct potent thrombin inhibitor. Based on bioisosteric and scaffold hopping principle, two dabigatran mimics (I-1 and II-1) in which the benzamidine moiety of dabigatran was replaced by a tricyclic fused scaffold were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro activities for inhibiting thrombin. The results reveal that compounds I-1 (IC50=9.20nM) and II-1 (IC50=7.48nM) are potent direct thrombin inhibitors and the activity is in the range of reference drug. On this basis, twenty-two ester and carbamate derivatives of I-1 or II-1 were prepared and evaluated for their anticoagulant activity. Prodrugs I-4a (IC50=0.73μM), I-4b (IC50=0.75μM), II-2a (IC50=1.44μM) and II-2b (IC50=0.91μM) display excellent effects of inhibiting thrombin induced-platelet aggregation. Moreover, compounds I-9 and II-4, which contain a cleavable moiety with anti-platelet activity, show the best anticoagulant efficacy among the tested compounds in the rat venous thrombosis model. The compounds which have better in vitro and in vivo activity were subjected to rat tail bleeding test, and the result demonstrates that compound I-9 is less likely to have bleeding risk than dabigatran etexilate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Shaochi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Xiaojuan Diao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 21009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Qihua Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 21009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Huiliang Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Xueqing Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 21009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 21009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Guoqing Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Yungen Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 21009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 21009, China.
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4
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de Candia M, Fiorella F, Lopopolo G, Carotti A, Romano MR, Lograno MD, Martel S, Carrupt PA, Belviso BD, Caliandro R, Altomare C. Synthesis and biological evaluation of direct thrombin inhibitors bearing 4-(piperidin-1-yl)pyridine at the P1 position with potent anticoagulant activity. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8696-711. [PMID: 24102612 DOI: 10.1021/jm401169a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a new class of nonpeptide direct thrombin inhibitors, built on the structure of 1-(pyridin-4-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide, are described. Starting from a strongly basic 1-amidinopiperidine derivative (6) showing poor thrombin (fIIa) and factor Xa (fXa) inhibition activities, anti-fIIa activity and artificial membrane permeability were considerably improved by optimizing the basic P1 and the X-substituted phenyl P4 binding moieties. Structure-activity relationship studies, usefully complemented with molecular modeling results, led us to identify compound 13b, which showed excellent fIIa inhibition (Ki = 6 nM), weak anti-Xa activity (Ki = 5.64 μM), and remarkable selectivity over other serine proteases (e.g., trypsin). Compound 13b showed in vitro anticoagulant activity in the low micromolar range and significant membrane permeability. In mice (ex vivo), 13b demonstrated anticoagulant effects at 2 h after oral dosing (100 mg·kg(-1)), with a significant 43% prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), over controls (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Modesto de Candia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, University of Bari "Aldo Moro" , Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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5
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Fujimoto T, Imaeda Y, Konishi N, Hiroe K, Kawamura M, Textor GP, Aertgeerts K, Kubo K. Discovery of a tetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one derivative (TAK-442) as a potent, selective, and orally active factor Xa inhibitor. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3517-31. [PMID: 20355714 DOI: 10.1021/jm901699j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Coagulation enzyme factor Xa (FXa) is a particularly promising target for the development of new anticoagulant agents. We previously reported the imidazo[1,5-c]imidazol-3-one derivative 1 as a potent and orally active FXa inhibitor. However, it was found that 1 predominantly undergoes hydrolysis upon incubation with human liver microsomes, and the human specific metabolic pathway made it difficult to predict the human pharmacokinetics. To address this issue, our synthetic efforts were focused on modification of the imidazo[1,5-c]imidazol-3-one moiety of the active metabolite 3a, derived from 1, which resulted in the discovery of the tetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one derivative 5k as a highly potent and selective FXa inhibitor. Compound 5k showed no detectable amide bond cleavage in human liver microsomes, exhibited a good pharmacokinetic profile in monkeys, and had a potent antithrombotic efficacy in a rabbit model without prolongation of bleeding time. Compound 5k is currently under clinical development with the code name TAK-442.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Fujimoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 2-17-85, Jusohomachi, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
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6
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Fujimoto T, Tobisu M, Konishi N, Kawamura M, Tada N, Takagi T, Kubo K. Synthesis and biological evaluation of the metabolites of 2-(1-{3-[(6-chloronaphthalen-2-yl)sulfonyl]propanoyl}piperidin-4-yl)-5-methyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-imidazo[1,5-c]imidazol-3-one. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7993-8002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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7
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Baum B, Muley L, Heine A, Smolinski M, Hangauer D, Klebe G. Think twice: understanding the high potency of bis(phenyl)methane inhibitors of thrombin. J Mol Biol 2009; 391:552-64. [PMID: 19520086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Successful design of potent and selective protein inhibitors, in terms of structure-based drug design, strongly relies on the correct understanding of the molecular features determining the ligand binding to the target protein. We present a case study of serine protease inhibitors with a bis(phenyl)methane moiety binding into the S3 pocket. These inhibitors bind with remarkable potency to the active site of thrombin, the blood coagulation factor IIa. A combination of X-ray crystallography and isothermal titration calorimetry provides conclusive insights into the driving forces responsible for the surprisingly high potency of these inhibitors. Analysis of six well-resolved crystal structures (resolution 1.58-2.25 A) along with the thermodynamic data allows an explanation of the tight binding of the bis(phenyl)methane inhibitors. Interestingly, the two phenyl rings contribute to binding affinity for very different reasons - a fact that can only be elucidated by a structure-based approach. The first phenyl moiety occupies the hydrophobic S3 pocket, resulting in a mainly entropic advantage of binding. This observation is based on the displacement of structural water molecules from the S3 pocket that are observed in complexes with inhibitors that do not bind in the S3 pocket. The same classic hydrophobic effect cannot explain the enhanced binding affinity resulting from the attachment of the second, more solvent-exposed phenyl ring. For the bis(phenyl)methane inhibitors, an observed adaptive rotation of a glutamate residue adjacent to the S3 binding pocket attracted our attention. The rotation of this glutamate into salt-bridging distance with a lysine moiety correlates with an enhanced enthalpic contribution to binding for these highly potent thrombin binders. This explanation for the magnitude of the attractive force is confirmed by data retrieved by a Relibase search of several thrombin-inhibitor complexes deposited in the Protein Data Bank exhibiting similar molecular features. Special attention was attributed to putative changes in the protonation states of the interaction partners. For this purpose, two analogous inhibitors differing mainly in their potential to change the protonation state of a hydrogen-bond donor functionality were compared. Buffer dependencies of the binding enthalpy associated with complex formation could be traced by isothermal titration calorimetry, which revealed, along with analysis of the crystal structures (resolution 1.60 and 1.75 A), that a virtually compensating proton interchange between enzyme, inhibitor and buffer is responsible for the observed buffer-independent thermodynamic signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Baum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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8
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Shi Y, Sitkoff D, Zhang J, Klei HE, Kish K, Liu ECK, Hartl KS, Seiler SM, Chang M, Huang C, Youssef S, Steinbacher TE, Schumacher WA, Grazier N, Pudzianowski A, Apedo A, Discenza L, Yanchunas J, Stein PD, Atwal KS. Design, structure-activity relationships, X-ray crystal structure, and energetic contributions of a critical P1 pharmacophore: 3-chloroindole-7-yl-based factor Xa inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 51:7541-51. [PMID: 18998662 DOI: 10.1021/jm800855x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An indole-based P1 moiety was incorporated into a previously established factor Xa inhibitor series. The indole group was designed to hydrogen-bond with the carbonyl of Gly218, while its 3-methyl or 3-chloro substituent was intended to interact with Tyr228. These interactions were subsequently observed in the X-ray crystal structure of compound 18. SAR studies led to the identification of compound 20 as the most potent FXa inhibitor in this series (IC(50) = 2.4 nM, EC(2xPT) = 1.2 microM). An in-depth energetic analysis suggests that the increased binding energy of 3-chloroindole-versus 3-methylindole-containing compounds in this series is due primarily to (a) the more hydrophobic nature of chloro- versus methyl-containing compounds and (b) an increased interaction of 3-chloroindole versus 3-methylindole with Gly218 backbone. The stronger hydrophobicity of chloro- versus methyl-substituted aromatics may partly explain the general preference for chloro- versus methyl-substituted P1 groups in FXa, which extends beyond the current series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, USA.
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9
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Imaeda Y, Kuroita T, Sakamoto H, Kawamoto T, Tobisu M, Konishi N, Hiroe K, Kawamura M, Tanaka T, Kubo K. Discovery of imidazo[1,5-c]imidazol-3-ones: weakly basic, orally active factor Xa inhibitors. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3422-36. [PMID: 18507371 DOI: 10.1021/jm701548u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The coagulation enzyme factor Xa (FXa) has been recognized as a promising target for the development of new antithrombotic agents. We previously found compound 1 to be an orally bioavailable FXa inhibitor in fasted monkeys; however, 1 showed poor bioavailability in rats and fed monkeys. To work out the pharmacokinetic problems, we focused our synthetic efforts on the chemical conversion of the 4-(imidazo[1,2- a]pyridin-5-yl)piperazine moiety of 1 to imidazolylpiperidine derivatives (fused and nonfused), which resulted in the discovery of the weakly basic imidazo[1,5- c]imidazol-3-one 3q as a potent and selective FXa inhibitor. Compound 3q showed favorable oral bioavailability in rats and monkeys under both fasted and fed conditions and antithrombotic efficacy in a rat model of venous thrombosis after oral administration, without a significant increase in bleeding time (unlike warfarin). On the basis of these promising properties, compound 3q was selected for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Imaeda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-17-85, Jusohonmachi, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan.
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10
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Kochanny MJ, Adler M, Ewing J, Griedel BD, Ho E, Karanjawala R, Lee W, Lentz D, Liang AM, Morrissey MM, Phillips GB, Post J, Sacchi KL, Sakata ST, Subramanyam B, Vergona R, Walters J, White KA, Whitlow M, Ye B, Zhao Z, Shaw KJ. Substituted thiophene-anthranilamides as potent inhibitors of human factor Xa. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 15:2127-46. [PMID: 17227710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of thiophene-containing non-amidine factor Xa inhibitors is described. Simple methyl-substituted thiophene analogs were relatively weak inhibitors. However, introduction of hydrophilic substituents at C-4 or C-5 of the thiophene afforded inhibitors with low nanomolar potency. Optimization of the thiophene substituent at C-4 afforded subnanomolar inhibitors with improved in vitro anticoagulant activity. Incorporating basic amine substituents on the thiophene increased hydrophilicity and improved anticoagulant activity. The pharmacokinetic profile of one inhibitor was evaluated in dogs, and the X-ray crystal structure of this compound bound to factor Xa provides insight into the observed SAR for binding to factor Xa.
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11
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Lange UEW, Baucke D, Hornberger W, Mack H, Seitz W, Höffken HW. Orally active thrombin inhibitors. Part 2: Optimization of the P2-moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2648-53. [PMID: 16460939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and SAR of orally active thrombin inhibitors of the d-Phe-Pro-Arg type with focus on the P2-moiety are described. The unexpected increase in in vitro potency, oral bioavailability, and in vivo activity of inhibitors with dehydroproline as P2-isostere is discussed. Over a period of 24h the antithrombin activity of the most active inhibitors with IC(50)s in the nanomolar range was determined in dogs demonstrating high thrombin inhibitory activity in plasma and an appropriate duration of action after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo E W Lange
- Abbott GmbH & Co. KG, D-67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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12
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Deng JZ, McMasters DR, Rabbat PMA, Williams PD, Coburn CA, Yan Y, Kuo LC, Lewis SD, Lucas BJ, Krueger JA, Strulovici B, Vacca JP, Lyle TA, Burgey CS. Development of an oxazolopyridine series of dual thrombin/factor Xa inhibitors via structure-guided lead optimization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4411-6. [PMID: 16137886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Revised: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin-inhibitor X-ray crystal structures, in combination with the installation of binding elements optimized within the pyrazinone series of thrombin inhibitors, were utilized to transform a weak triazolopyrimidine lead into a series of potent oxazolopyridines. A modification intended to attenuate plasma protein binding (i.e., conversion of the P3 pyridine to a piperidine) conferred significant factor Xa activity to this series. Ultimately, these dual thrombin/factor Xa inhibitors demonstrated excellent in vitro and in vivo anticoagulant efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Z Deng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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13
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Kohrt JT, Filipski KJ, Cody WL, Cai C, Dudley DA, Van Huis CA, Willardsen JA, Rapundalo ST, Saiya-Cork K, Leadley RJ, Narasimhan L, Zhang E, Whitlow M, Adler M, McLean K, Chou YL, McKnight C, Arnaiz DO, Shaw KJ, Light DR, Edmunds JJ. The discovery of fluoropyridine-based inhibitors of the Factor VIIa/TF complex. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4752-6. [PMID: 16125385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The activated Factor VII/tissue factor complex (FVIIa/TF) plays a key role in the formation of blood clots. Inhibition of this complex may lead to new antithrombotic drugs. An X-ray crystal structure of a fluoropyridine-based FVIIa/TF inhibitor bound in the active site of the enzyme complex suggested that incorporation of substitution at the 5-position of the hydroxybenzoic acid side chain could lead to the formation of more potent inhibitors through interactions with the S1'/S2' pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T Kohrt
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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14
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Nantermet PG, Burgey CS, Robinson KA, Pellicore JM, Newton CL, Deng JZ, Selnick HG, Lewis SD, Lucas BJ, Krueger JA, Miller-Stein C, White RB, Wong B, McMasters DR, Wallace AA, Lynch JJ, Yan Y, Chen Z, Kuo L, Gardell SJ, Shafer JA, Vacca JP, Lyle TA. P2 pyridine N-oxide thrombin inhibitors: a novel peptidomimetic scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2771-5. [PMID: 15911253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Revised: 03/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have demonstrated that the critical hydrogen bonding motif of the established 3-aminopyrazinone thrombin inhibitors can be effectively mimicked by a 2-aminopyridine N-oxide. As this peptidomimetic core is more resistant toward oxidative metabolism, it also overcomes the metabolic liability associated with the pyrazinones. An optimization study of the P(1) benzylamide delivered the potent thrombin inhibitor 21 (K(i) = 3.2 nM, 2xaPTT = 360 nM), which exhibited good plasma levels and half-life after oral dosing in the dog (C(max) = 2.6 microM, t(1/2) = 4.5 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe G Nantermet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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15
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Srivastava S, Goswami LN, Dikshit DK. Progress in the design of low molecular weight thrombin inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2005; 25:66-92. [PMID: 15389730 DOI: 10.1002/med.20016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intravascular thrombosis and its complication, embolism, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Past few decades have seen a great deal of progress in the development of antithrombotic agents, though the current treatment options are limited to heparin, LMW heparins, and warfarin. Detailed understanding of the biochemical and biophysical mechanisms of activation and regulation of blood coagulation have helped in developing specific inhibitors of enzymes, especially thrombin, within the coagulation cascade. Thrombin plays a central role in the coagulation cascade and so has become the primary target for the development of antithrombotic drugs. The review covers the main pharmacological aspects of haemostasis and thrombosis and provides an update on low molecular weight thrombin inhibitors along with the limitations of the prevalent antithrombotic agents. Recent developments in small molecule inhibitors of Protease Activated Receptor-1 (PAR-1) which can be helpful for the treatment of thrombotic and vascular proliferative disorders, have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuti Srivastava
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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16
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Morrissette MM, Stauffer KJ, Williams PD, Lyle TA, Vacca JP, Krueger JA, Lewis SD, Lucas BJ, Wong BK, White RB, Miller-Stein C, Lyle EA, Wallace AA, Leonard YM, Welsh DC, Lynch JJ, McMasters DR. Low molecular weight thrombin inhibitors with excellent potency, metabolic stability, and oral bioavailability. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:4161-4. [PMID: 15261262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Modification of lead compound 1 by reducing lipophilicity in the P3 group produced a series of low molecular weight thrombin inhibitors with excellent potency in functional assays, metabolic stability, and oral bioavailability. These modifications led to the identification of two optimized compounds, 14 and 16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Morrissette
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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17
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Altenburger JM, Lassalle GY, Matrougui M, Galtier D, Jetha JC, Bocskei Z, Berry CN, Lunven C, Lorrain J, Herault JP, Schaeffer P, O'Connor SE, Herbert JM. SSR182289A, a selective and potent orally active thrombin inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:1713-30. [PMID: 15028263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2003] [Accepted: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
SSR182289A 1 is the result of a rational optimisation process leading to an orally active thrombin inhibitor. The structure incorporates an original 2-(acetylamino)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-sulfonyl N-terminal motif, a central l-Arg surrogate carrying a weakly basic 3-amino-pyridine, and an unusual 4-difluoropiperidine at the C-terminus. Its synthesis is convergent and palladium catalysis has been employed for the construction of the key C-C bonds: Suzuki coupling for the bis-aryl fragment and Sonogashira reaction for the delta- bond of the central amino-acid chain. The compound is a potent inhibitor of thrombin's activities in vitro and demonstrates potent oral anti-thrombotic potencies in three rat models of thrombosis. The observed in vitro potency could be rationalized through the examination of the interactions within the SSR182289A 1 - thrombin crystal structure. SSR182289A 1, has been therefore selected for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Altenburger
- Sanofi-Synthélabo Research, Cardiovascular-Thrombosis Department, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, 91385 Chilly-Mazarin, Cedex, France
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18
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Myers MR, He W, Hanney B, Setzer N, Maguire MP, Zulli A, Bilder G, Galzcinski H, Amin D, Needle S, Spada AP. Potent quinoxaline-based inhibitors of PDGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity. Part 1: SAR exploration and effective bioisosteric replacement of a phenyl substituent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:3091-5. [PMID: 12941341 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel substituted 2-anilino- and 2-cycloalkylaminoquinoxalines have been found to be useful and selective inhibitors of PDGF-R autophosphorylation. Replacement of an anilino-substituent with substituted cyclohexylamino- or norbornylamino substituents led to significant improvements in the pharmacokinetic profile of these analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Myers
- Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Route 202/206, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA.
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19
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Nantermet PG, Barrow JC, Newton CL, Pellicore JM, Young M, Lewis SD, Lucas BJ, Krueger JA, McMasters DR, Yan Y, Kuo LC, Vacca JP, Selnick HG. Design and synthesis of potent and selective macrocyclic thrombin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2781-4. [PMID: 12873514 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00506-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of potent and selective proline- and pyrazinone-based macrocyclic thrombin inhibitors is described. Detailed SAR studies led to the incorporation of specific functional groups in the tether that enhanced functional activity against thrombin and provided exquisite selectivity against trypsin and tPA. X-ray crystallography and molecular modeling studies revealed the inhibitor-enzyme interactions responsible for this selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe G Nantermet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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20
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Chou YL, Davey DD, Eagen KA, Griedel BD, Karanjawala R, Phillips GB, Sacchi KL, Shaw KJ, Wu SC, Lentz D, Liang AM, Trinh L, Morrissey MM, Kochanny MJ. Structure-activity relationships of substituted benzothiophene-anthranilamide factor Xa inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:507-11. [PMID: 12565961 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00938-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Compound 1 was identified by high throughput screening as a novel, potent, non-amidine factor Xa inhibitor with good selectivity against thrombin and trypsin. A series of modifications of the three aromatic groups of 1 was investigated. Substitution of chlorine or bromine for fluorine on the aniline ring led to the discovery of subnanomolar factor Xa inhibitors. Positions on the anthranilic acid ring that can accommodate further substitution were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuo-Ling Chou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Berlex Biosciences, PO Box 4099, Richmond, CA 94804-0099, USA.
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21
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Doljak B, Stegnar M, Urleb U, Kreft S, Umek A, Ciglaric M, Strukelj B, Popovic T. Screening for selective thrombin inhibitors in mushrooms. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2001; 12:123-8. [PMID: 11302474 DOI: 10.1097/00001721-200103000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin is the key serine proteinase of the coagulation cascade and therefore a suitable target for inhibition of blood coagulation. A number of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites from mushrooms have already been isolated, thus providing the rationale for screening for new thrombin inhibitors in mushrooms. In this study, inhibitory activities of mushroom extracts on thrombin and trypsin were measured using the chromogenic substrates H-D-phenylalanine-L-pipecolyl-L-arginine-paranitroaniline dihydrochloride (S-2238) for thrombin and N-benzoyl-D,L-Arg-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) for trypsin. The inhibitory activities of extracts from 95 Basidiomycete species have been determined. The majority of samples inhibited trypsin and thrombin with various potencies; however, some extracts showed no activity against one or both of the enzymes. An aqueous extract of Gleophyllum odoratum exhibited high inhibitory activity on both thrombin and trypsin (72 and 60%, respectively), while extracts of Clitocybe gibba, Amanita virosa, Cantharellus lutescens, Suillus tridentinus, Hypoloma fasciculare and Lactarius badiosanguineus considerably inhibited thrombin (49, 48, 36, 34, 32 and 31%, respectively) and showed no inhibitory activity on trypsin. The results at this point are promising for further research with the objective of finding an effective and safe thrombin inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Doljak
- Department of Phrmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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22
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Lee K, Jung WH, Kang M, Lee SH. Noncovalent thrombin inhibitors incorporating an imidazolylethynyl P1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2775-8. [PMID: 11133089 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of noncovalent tripeptidic thrombin inhibitors incorporating a unidazolylethynyl moiety at P1 was investigated. A number of compounds of this series were highly potent and selective versus trypsin, and several compounds demonstrated good oral absorption in rats (F = 58% for compound 19).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lee
- Life Science R&D, LG Chemical Ltd/Research Park, Science Town, Taejon, South Korea.
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23
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von Matt A, Ehrhardt C, Burkhard P, Metternich R, Walkinshaw M, Tapparelli C. Selective boron-containing thrombin inhibitors--X-ray analysis reveals surprising binding mode. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:2291-303. [PMID: 11026541 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on the structural comparison of the S1 pocket in different trypsin-like serine proteases, a series of Boc-D-trimethylsilylalanine-proline-boro-X pinanediol derivatives, with boro-X being different amino boronic acids, have been synthesized as inhibitors of thrombin. Among the novel compounds, a number of derivatives were synthesized which appeared to have side-chain variants too big to fit into the S1 pocket. Nevertheless, these compounds inhibited thrombin in the nM range. The X-ray structure of one of these inhibitors bound to the active side of thrombin reveals that a new binding mode is responsible for these surprising results.
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24
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Soll RM, Lu T, Tomczuk B, Illig CR, Fedde C, Eisennagel S, Bone R, Murphy L, Spurlino J, Salemme FR. Amidinohydrazones as guanidine bioisosteres: application to a new class of potent, selective and orally bioavailable, non-amide-based small-molecule thrombin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:1-4. [PMID: 10636229 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new class of potent, non-amide-based small molecule thrombin inhibitors in which an amidinohydrazone is used as a guanidine bioisostere on a non-peptide scaffold. Compound 4 exhibits nM inhibition of thrombin, is selective for thrombin, and shows 60 and 23% bioavailability in rabbits and dogs, respectively. Crystallographic analysis of 4 bound to thrombin confirmed the amindinohydrazone binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Soll
- 3-Dimensional Pharmaceuticals, Eagleview Corporate Center, Exton, PA 19341, USA.
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25
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Lu T, Tomczuk B, Bone R, Murphy L, Salemme FR, Soll RM. Non-peptidic phenyl-based thrombin inhibitors: exploring structural requirements of the S1 specificity pocket with amidines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:83-5. [PMID: 10636250 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We expand the structural requirements and structure-activity relationship of a novel class of non-peptidic aryl-based thrombin inhibitors through exploration of the S1 specificity pocket of thrombin using flexible and constrained amidines. The most active compound of this class is 11 with Ki = 69 nM, which is ca. 15-fold less potent than constrained guanidine 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lu
- 3-Dimensional Pharmaceuticals, Eagleview Corporate Center, Exton, PA 19341, USA
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26
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Adang AE, Peters AM, Gerritsma S, de Zwart E, Veeneman G. Solution-phase and solid-phase synthesis of novel transition state inhibitors of coagulation enzymes incorporating a piperidinyl moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1227-32. [PMID: 10340604 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-3-piperidin-4-yl-propionic acid containing peptidomimetics are potent protease inhibitors when combined with an appropriate keto-thiazole or keto-carboxylic acid moiety. A novel P1 residue in factor Xa and thrombin inhibitors has been found resulting in IC50 values as low as 0.048 microM, a factor of ten more potent than Argatroban. Starting with non-chiral synthetic routes, a new stereospecific route was developed as well as a new solid-phase method.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Adang
- Lead Discovery Unit, Research and Development, NV Organon, Oss, The Netherlands
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27
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Ambler J, Baker E, Bentley D, Brown L, Butler K, Butler P, Farr D, Dunnet K, Le Grand D, Hayler J, Janus D, Jones D, Menear K, Mercer M, Smith G, Talbot M, Tweed M. Studies towards the identification of potent, selective and bioavailable thrombin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:737-42. [PMID: 10201839 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The application of selection criteria, based on potency and physicochemical parameters, to a candidate library of thrombin inhibitors is described. The utility of the approach is exemplified by the discovery of a potent, selective and bioavailable thrombin inhibitor 62.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ambler
- Novartis Horsham Research Center, West Sussex
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28
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Abstract
Thrombin and factor Xa (fXa) are the only serine proteases for which small, potent, selective, noncovalent inhibitors have been developed, which are ultimately intended as drug development candidates (in this case as anticoagulants). Noncovalent inhibitors may be more selective and chemically and metabolically less reactive than covalent inhibitors. In addition, noncovalent inhibitors are more likely to have fast-binding kinetics which is particularly important in the development of thrombin inhibitors. TAME derived noncovalent thrombin inhibitors argatroban, napsagatran, and UK 156,406 have entered clinical trials as anticoagulants, the latter as an orally active agent. Serine trap deletion from substrate-like peptides led to the development of inogatran and melagatran, both of which have entered clinical trials as intravenous agents. The use of 3-aminopyridinone and pyrazinone acetamide peptidomimetic templates has resulted in the development of L-375,378 which has been chosen for clinical development as an orally active anticoagulant. Recently, compounds which do not have the conventional hydrogen bonding capabilities of peptides have begun to appear in the thrombin literature. Publications on noncovalent fXa inhibitors cover this type of peptidomimetic almost exclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Sanderson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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29
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Hauptmann J, Stürzebecher J. Synthetic inhibitors of thrombin and factor Xa: from bench to bedside. Thromb Res 1999; 93:203-41. [PMID: 10074907 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(98)00192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Hauptmann
- Centre for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Erfurt, Germany
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30
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Böhm HJ, Banner DW, Weber L. Combinatorial docking and combinatorial chemistry: design of potent non-peptide thrombin inhibitors. J Comput Aided Mol Des 1999; 13:51-6. [PMID: 10087499 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008040531766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A computational algorithm was used to design automatically novel thrombin inhibitors that are available from a single-step chemical reaction. The compounds do not contain amide bonds, are achiral and have a molecular weight below 400. Of the 10 compounds that were synthesized, five bind to thrombin with a Ki in the nanomolar range. Subsequent X-ray structure determination of the thrombin-inhibitor complex for the best compound (Ki = 95 nM) confirms the predicted binding mode. The novel algorithm is applicable to a broad range of chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Böhm
- Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharmaceuticals Division, Basel, Switzerland
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31
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The development of novel noncovalent thrombin inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5113(99)80004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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32
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Adang AE, Lucas H, de Man AP, Engh RA, Grootenhuis PD. Novel acylguanidine containing thrombin inhibitors with reduced basicity at the P1 moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:3603-8. [PMID: 9934479 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of the noragmatine group in thrombin inhibitors with a beta-alanyl-guanidine group resulted in a nearly equipotent and more selective compound 8 despite the fact that the pKa of this P1 moiety is five orders of magnitude lower. Further modification resulted in a nonpeptide inhibitor with this beta-alanyl-guanidine group, compound 28. This is an active and selective thrombin inhibitor and in view of its nonpeptide/low basicity structure selected for further pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Adang
- Lead Discovery Unit, NV Organon Scientific Development Group, Oss, The Netherlands
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33
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Abstract
Anticoagulant therapy has changed dramatically during the past two years. Low molecular weight heparin has substantially replaced unfractionated heparin as the parenteral anticoagulant of choice. The use of warfarin has substantially increased, especially for prevention of stroke in the setting of atrial fibrillation. It has become clear that warfarin cannot be administered effectively in an unmonitored fixed-dose fashion. The parenteral direct thrombin inhibitor desirudin was shown to be efficacious in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in man. Small thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors with in vivo oral anticoagulant activity have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Shafer
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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34
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Isaacs RC, Cutrona KJ, Newton CL, Sanderson PE, Solinsky MG, Baskin EP, Chen IW, Cooper CM, Cook JJ, Gardell SJ, Lewis SD, Lucas RJ, Lyle EA, Lynch JJ, Naylor-Olsen AM, Stranieri MT, Vastag K, Vacca JP. C6 modification of the pyridinone core of thrombin inhibitor L-374,087 as a means of enhancing its oral absorption. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:1719-24. [PMID: 9873422 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1 (L-374,087) is a potent, selective, efficacious, and orally bioavailable thrombin inhibitor that contains a core 3-amino-2-pyridinone moiety. Replacement of the C6 pyridinone methyl group of 1 by a propyl group gave 5 (L-375,052), which retained all the excellent properties of 1, and also yielded higher plasma levels after oral dosing in dogs and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Isaacs
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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35
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Lu T, Tomczuk B, Illig CR, Bone R, Murphy L, Spurlino J, Salemme FR, Soll RM. In vitro evaluation and crystallographic analysis of a new class of selective, non-amide-based thrombin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:1595-600. [PMID: 9873397 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe the in vitro evaluation and crystallographic analysis of a new class of potent and selective, non-amino acid-based, small-molecule thrombin inhibitors, exemplified by 14. This class of achiral inhibitors lacks an amide-based backbone, exhibits nM inhibition of thrombin, and is selective for thrombin. Compound 14 does not interact with the active-site catalytic apparatus and is anchored to the enzyme via a single network of hydrogen bonds to Asp189 of the S1 pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lu
- 3-Dimensional Pharmaceuticals, Exton, PA 19341, USA
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36
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Lee K, Hwang SY, Hong S, Hong CY, Lee CS, Shin Y, Kim S, Yun M, Yoo YJ, Kang M, Oh YS. Structural modification of an orally active thrombin inhibitor, LB30057: replacement of the D-pocket-binding naphthyl moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 1998; 6:869-76. [PMID: 9681152 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(98)00044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An amidrazonophenylalanine derivative LB30057 (2) was identified as a potent (Ki = 0.38 nM), selective, and orally active thrombin inhibitor. As a continuation of studies into benzamidrazone-based thrombin inhibitors, we have structurally modified compound 2 by replacing the naphthyl group with a variety of hydrophobic moieties. This study led to discovery of several compounds with significantly enhanced potency in thrombin inhibition without sacrificing selectivity against trypsin and oral absorption. The highest activity was obtained with compound 23 (Ki = 0.045 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lee
- Biotech Research Insitute, LG Chemical Ltd., Taejon, Korea.
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37
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Sanderson PE, Cutrona KJ, Dorsey BD, Dyer DL, McDonough CM, Naylor-Olsen AM, Chen IW, Chen Z, Cook JJ, Gardell SJ, Krueger JA, Lewis SD, Lin JH, Lucas BJ, Lyle EA, Lynch JJ, Stranieri MT, Vastag K, Shafer JA, Vacca JP. L-374,087, an efficacious, orally bioavailable, pyridinone acetamide thrombin inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:817-22. [PMID: 9871547 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of the amidinopiperidine P1 group of 3-benzylsulfonylamino-6-methyl-2-pyridinone acetamide thrombin inhibitor L-373,890 (2) with a mildly basic 5-linked 2-amino-6-methylpyridine results in an equipotent compound L-374,087 (5, Ki = 0.5 nM). Compound 5 is highly selective for thrombin over trypsin, is efficacious in the rat ferric chloride model of arterial thrombosis and is orally bioavailable in dogs and cynomolgus monkeys. The structural basis for the critical importance of both methyl groups in 5 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Sanderson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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38
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Vacca JP. Thrombosis and Coagulation. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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