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Yuile A, Satgunaseelan L, Wei JQ, Rodriguez M, Back M, Pavlakis N, Hudson A, Kastelan M, Wheeler HR, Lee A. CDKN2A/B Homozygous Deletions in Astrocytomas: A Literature Review. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:5276-5292. [PMID: 37504251 PMCID: PMC10378679 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45070335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic alterations of CDKN2A and CDKN2B in astrocytomas have been an evolving area of study for decades. Most recently, there has been considerable interest in the effect of CDKN2A and/or CDKN2B (CDKN2A/B) homozygous deletions (HD) on the prognosis of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant astrocytomas. This is highlighted by the adoption of CDKN2A/B HD as an essential criterion for astrocytoma and IDH-mutant central nervous system (CNS) WHO grade 4 in the fifth edition of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Classification of Central Nervous System Tumours (2021). The CDKN2A and CDKN2B genes are located on the short arm of chromosome 9. CDKN2A encodes for two proteins, p14 and p16, and CDKN2B encodes for p15. These proteins regulate cell growth and angiogenesis. Interpreting the impact of CDKN2A/B alterations on astrocytoma prognosis is complicated by recent changes in tumour classification and a lack of uniform standards for testing CDKN2A/B. While the prognostic impact of CDKN2A/B HD is established, the role of different CDKN2A/B alterations-heterozygous deletions (HeD), point mutations, and promoter methylation-is less clear. Consequently, how these alternations should be incorporated into patient management remains controversial. To this end, we reviewed the literature on different CDKN2A/B alterations in IDH-mutant astrocytomas and their impact on diagnosis and management. We also provided a historical review of the changing impact of CDKN2A/B alterations as glioma classification has evolved over time. Through this historical context, we demonstrate that CDKN2A/B HD is an important negative prognostic marker in IDH-mutant astrocytomas; however, the historical data is challenging to interpret given changes in tumour classification over time, variation in the quality of evidence, and variations in the techniques used to identify CDKN2A/B deletions. Therefore, future prospective studies using uniform classification and detection techniques are required to improve the clinical interpretation of this molecular marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yuile
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown Campus, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
- The Brain Cancer Group, North Shore Private Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Laveniya Satgunaseelan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown Campus, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
- Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Joe Q Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown Campus, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Michael Rodriguez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- The Brain Cancer Group, North Shore Private Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Department of Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Michael Back
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown Campus, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
- The Brain Cancer Group, North Shore Private Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Nick Pavlakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown Campus, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Amanda Hudson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown Campus, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Marina Kastelan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- The Brain Cancer Group, North Shore Private Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Helen R Wheeler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown Campus, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
- The Brain Cancer Group, North Shore Private Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Adrian Lee
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown Campus, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
- The Brain Cancer Group, North Shore Private Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
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Michaud K, de Tayrac M, D’Astous M, Paquet C, Gould PV, Saikali S. Impact of 9p deletion and p16, Cyclin D1, and Myc hyperexpression on the outcome of anaplastic oligodendrogliomas. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193213. [PMID: 29489901 PMCID: PMC5831111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the presence of 9p deletion and p16, cyclin D1 and Myc expression and their respective diagnostic and prognostic interest in oligodendrogliomas. Methods We analyzed a retrospective series of 40 consecutive anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (OIII) from a single institution and compared them to a control series of 10 low grade oligodendrogliomas (OII). Automated FISH analysis of chromosome 9p status and immunohistochemistry for p16, cyclin D1 and Myc was performed for all cases and correlated with clinical and histological data, event free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS). Results Chromosome 9p deletion was observed in 55% of OIII (22/40) but not in OII. Deletion was highly correlated to EFS (median = 29 versus 53 months, p<0.0001) and OS (median = 48 versus 83 months, p<0.0001) in both the total cohort and the OIII population. In 9p non-deleted oligodendrogliomas, p16 hyperexpression correlated with a shorter OS (p = 0.02 in OII and p = 0.0001 in OIII) whereas lack of p16 expression was correlated to a shorter EFS and OS in 9p deleted OIII (p = 0.001 and p = 0.0002 respectively). Expression of Cyclin D1 was significantly higher in OIII (median expression 45% versus 14% for OII, p = 0.0006) and was correlated with MIB-1 expression (p<0.0001), vascular proliferation (p = 0.002), tumor necrosis (p = 0.04) and a shorter EFS in the total cohort (p = 0.05). Hyperexpression of Myc was correlated to grade (median expression 27% in OII versus 35% in OIII, p = 0.03), and to a shorter EFS in 9p non-deleted OIII (p = 0.01). Conclusion Chromosome 9p deletion identifies a subset of OIII with significantly worse prognosis. The combination of 9p status and p16 expression level identifies two distinct OIII populations with divergent prognosis. Hyperexpression of Bcl1 and Myc appears highly linked to anaplasia but the prognostic value is unclear and should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Michaud
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie de Tayrac
- Department of Genomic and Molecular Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Myreille D’Astous
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Claudie Paquet
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Peter Vincent Gould
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphan Saikali
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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The Process and Regulatory Components of Inflammation in Brain Oncogenesis. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7020034. [PMID: 28346397 PMCID: PMC5485723 DOI: 10.3390/biom7020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system tumors comprising the primary cancers and brain metastases remain the most lethal neoplasms and challenging to treat. Substantial evidence points to a paramount role for inflammation in the pathology leading to gliomagenesis, malignant progression and tumor aggressiveness in the central nervous system (CNS) microenvironment. This review summarizes the salient contributions of oxidative stress, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), cyclooxygenases, and transcription factors such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB) and the associated cross-talks to the inflammatory signaling in CNS cancers. The roles of reactive astrocytes, tumor associated microglia and macrophages, metabolic alterations, microsatellite instability, O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) DNA repair and epigenetic alterations mediated by the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations have been discussed. The inflammatory pathways with relevance to the brain cancer treatments have been highlighted.
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A child with concurrent acute lymphoblastic leukemia and a brain tumor: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2014; 36:659-60. [PMID: 23588327 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0b013e318286d518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kim MS, Kim KH, Lee EH, Lee YM, Lee SH, Kim HD, Kim YZ. Results of immunohistochemical staining for cell cycle regulators predict the recurrence of atypical meningiomas. J Neurosurg 2014; 121:1189-200. [PMID: 25148008 DOI: 10.3171/2014.7.jns132661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of certain cell-cycle regulatory proteins in the recurrence of atypical meningiomas. These proteins were analyzed with immunohistochemical staining to identify predisposing factors for the recurrence of atypical meningiomas. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with atypical meningiomas diagnosed in the period from January 2000 to June 2012 at the Department of Neurosurgery at Samsung Changwon Hospital and Dong-A University Medical Center. Clinical data included patient sex and age at the time of surgery, presenting symptoms at diagnosis, location and size of tumor, extent of surgery, use of postoperative radiotherapy, duration of follow-up, and recurrence. Immunohistochemical staining for cell-cycle regulatory proteins (p16, p15, p21, p27, cyclin-dependent kinase [CDK] 4 and 6, phosphorylated retinoblastoma [pRB] protein, and cyclin D1) and proliferative markers (MIB-1 antigen, mitosis, and p53) was performed on archived paraffin-embedded tissues obtained during resection. The recurrence rate and time to recurrence were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS Of the 67 atypical meningiomas eligible for analysis, 26 (38.8%) recurred during the follow-up period (mean duration 47.7 months, range 8.4-132.1 months). Immunohistochemically, there was overstaining for p16 in 44 samples (65.7%), for p15 in 21 samples (31.3%), for p21 in 25 samples (37.3%), for p27 in 32 samples (47.8%), for CDK4 in 38 samples (56.7%), for CDK6 in 26 samples (38.8%), for pRB protein in 42 samples (62.7%), and for cyclin D1 in 49 samples (73.1%). Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional-hazards regression model showed that incomplete resection (HR 4.513, p < 0.001); immunohistochemical understaining for p16 (HR 3.214, p < 0.001); immunohistochemical overstaining for CDK6 (HR 3.427, p < 0.001), pRB protein (HR 2.854, p = 0.008), and p53 (HR 2.296, p = 0.040); and increased MIB-1 labeling index (HR 2.665, p = 0.013) and mitotic index (HR 2.438, p = 0.024) predicted the recurrence of atypical meningiomas after resection. CONCLUSIONS Findings in this study indicated that p16, CDK6, and pRB protein were associated with the recurrence of atypical meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Soo Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery and Division of Neurooncology, and
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Sibin MK, Bhat DI, Lavanya C, Jeru Manoj M, Aakershita S, Chetan GK. CDKN2A exon-wise deletion status and novel somatic mutations in Indian glioma patients. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1467-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Kuo LT, Tsai SY, Chang CC, Kuo KT, Huang APH, Tsai JC, Tseng HM, Kuo MF, Tu YK. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in primary-progressive paired oligodendroglial tumors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67139. [PMID: 23826216 PMCID: PMC3691155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify genetic and epigenetic alterations involved in the progression of oligodendroglial tumors. We characterized 21 paired, World Health Organization (WHO) grade II and III oligodendroglial tumors from patients who received craniotomies for the partial or complete resection of primary and secondary oligodendroglial tumors. Tumor DNA was analyzed for alterations in selected genetic loci (1p36, 9p22, 10q23-24, 17p13, 19q13, 22q12), isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) and the CpG island methylation status of critical tumor-related genes (MGMT, P16, DAPK, PTEN, RASSF1A, Rb1). Alterations of these markers were common early in the tumorigenesis. In the primary tumors we identified 12 patients (57.1%) with 1p36 deletions, 17 (81.0%) with 19q13 deletions, 9 (42.9%) with 1p36/19q13 codeletions, 11 (52.3%) with 9p22 deletions, and 12 (57.1%) with IDH1 mutation. Epigenetic analysis detected promoter methylation of the MGMT, P16, DAPK, PTEN, RASSF1A, and Rb1 genes in 38.1%, 19.0%, 38.1%, 33.3%, 66.7%, and 14.3% of primary tumors, respectively. After progression, additional losses of 1p, 9p, 10q, 17p, 19q and 22q were observed in 3 (14.3%), 1 (4.8%), 3 (14.3%), 2 (9.5%), 1 (4.8%) and 3 (14.3%) cases, respectively. Additional methylations of the MGMT, P16, DAPK, PTEN, RASSF1A, and RB1 promoters was observed in 4 (19.0%), 2 (9.5%), 0 (0%), 6 (28.6%), 2(9.5%) and 3 (14.3%) cases, respectively. The status of IDH1 mutation remained unchanged in all tumors after progression. The primary tumors of three patients with subsequent progression to high-grade astrocytomas, all had 9p deletion, intact 1p, intact 10q and unmethylated MGMT. Whether this may represent a molecular signature of patients at-risk for the development of aggressive astrocytomas needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Ting Kuo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin branch, Yun-Lin County, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yu Tsai
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chi Chang
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Ting Kuo
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Abel Po-Hao Huang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chang Tsai
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ham-Min Tseng
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Fai Kuo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yong-Kwang Tu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wang M, Wang D, Lin L, Hong H. Protein profiles in zebrafish (Danio rerio) brains exposed to chronic microcystin-LR. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 81:716-724. [PMID: 20800265 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is a commonly encountered blue-green algal hepatotoxin and a known inhibitor of cellular protein phosphatase (PP), however, little is known about its neurotoxicity. This study investigated the protein profiles of zebrafish (Danio rerio) brains chronically exposed to MCLR concentrations (2 or 20 μg L(-1)) using the proteomic approach. The results showed that MCLR strikingly enhanced toxin accumulation and the PP activity in zebrafish brains after 30 d exposure. Comparison of two-dimensional electrophoresis protein profiles of MCLR exposed and non-exposed zebrafish brains revealed that the abundance of 30 protein spots was remarkably altered in response to MCLR exposure. These proteins are involved in cytoskeleton assembly, macromolecule metabolism, oxidative stress, signal transduction, and other functions (e.g. transporting, protein degradation, apoptosis and translation), indicating that MCLR toxicity in the fish brain is complex and diverse. The chronic neurotoxicity of MCLR might initiate the PP pathway via an upregulation of PP2C in the zebrafish brain, in addition to the reactive oxygen species pathway. Additionally, the increase of vitellogenin abundance in MCLR exposed zebrafish brains suggested that MCLR might mimic the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals. This study demonstrated that MCLR causes neurotoxicity in zebrafish at the proteomic level, which provides a new insight into MCLR toxicity in aquatic organisms and human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/Environmental Science Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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Kuo LT, Kuo KT, Lee MJ, Wei CC, Scaravilli F, Tsai JC, Tseng HM, Kuo MF, Tu YK. Correlation among pathology, genetic and epigenetic profiles, and clinical outcome in oligodendroglial tumors. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:2872-9. [PMID: 19330828 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed a correlation between specific genetic changes, such as loss of chromosome 1p and 19q, and sensitivity of oligodendroglial neoplasm to radiotherapy and chemotherapy; epigenetic changes also play an important role in some tumors. In this retrospective study, we analyzed chromosomal alterations in 17 loci and promoter methylation status of 8 tumor-related genes in 49 oligodendroglial tumors (29 WHO grade II and 11 WHO grade III oligodendrogliomas; 7 WHO grade II and 2 WHO grade III oligoastrocytomas) using quantitative microsatellite analysis and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and correlated this information with clinical data. We also performed immunohistochemical stains for Ki-67 and O (6)-methyl guanine-DNA methyl transferase. Our results showed that the frequency of deletions in regions on 1p, 9p, 10q, 17p and 19q were 71.4%, 26.5%, 6.1%, 69.4% and 89.8%, respectively. Promoter methylation was detected in p14, p15, p16, p53, p73, PTEN, MGMT and RASSF1A genes in 24.5%, 6.1%, 46.9%, 0%, 6.1%, 42.9%, 53.1% and 77.6% of tumors, respectively. Statistical analysis identified that 9p22 loss, p73 methylation and p15 methylation were independently associated with reduced overall survival, and Ki-67 labeling index (LI) > or = 5%, 9p22 loss, no loss of 19q, p73 methylation, p14 methylation and unmethylated MGMT predicted shorter progression-free survival. Our findings suggest that the frequent deletion and hypermethylation of tumor-related genes may represent a mechanism of tumor development and progression and emphasize the importance of defining new molecular markers for predicting prognosis, tumor recurrence and therapeutic response in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Ting Kuo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin County, [corrected] Taiwan
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Watanabe F, Takao M, Inoue K, Nishioka J, Nobori T, Shiraishi T, Kaneda M, Sakai T, Yada I, Shimpo H. Immunohistochemical diagnosis of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) deficiency in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Lung Cancer 2008; 63:39-44. [PMID: 18555557 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2007] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is involved in the metabolism of purines and converts methylthioadenosine (MTA) to adenine. It is abundant in all normal tissues but is deficient in various tumors. Here, we investigated MTAP deficiency in clinical samples of lung cancer using immunohistochemistry (IHC), and compared these results with those obtained by real-time PCR. Seventy-five samples were obtained from patients who underwent operations for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MTAP genetic analysis, using real-time PCR, and IHC were carried out on the samples. Methylation-specific primers were used to analyze methylation of the MTAP promoter, using DNA treated with sodium bisulfite. Sixty-nine of 75 samples were compared using both IHC and real-time PCR. The IHC results were consistent with those of real-time PCR in 56 samples. Of 62 positive samples tested by real-time PCR, only 49 (79%) were MTAP-positive by IHC. Seven samples were MTAP-negative by real-time PCR and IHC. In 13 samples of PCR (+) and IHC (-), six samples showed that the promoter region of MTAP was methylated. IHC is an accurate and useful diagnostic method for detecting MTAP deficiency in NSCLC, and the frequency of MTAP deficiency was found to be relatively high. The metabolic alterations diagnosed by IHC could be exploited for selective chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Watanabe
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Terzi A, Saglam EA, Barak A, Soylemezoglu F. The significance of immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67, p53, p21, and p16 in meningiomas tissue arrays. Pathol Res Pract 2008; 204:305-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 12/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ligon KL, Huillard E, Mehta S, Kesari S, Liu H, Alberta JA, Bachoo RM, Kane M, Louis DN, DePinho RA, Anderson DJ, Stiles CD, Rowitch DH. Olig2-regulated lineage-restricted pathway controls replication competence in neural stem cells and malignant glioma. Neuron 2008; 53:503-17. [PMID: 17296553 PMCID: PMC1810344 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified stem cells in brain cancer. However, their relationship to normal CNS progenitors, including dependence on common lineage-restricted pathways, is unclear. We observe expression of the CNS-restricted transcription factor, OLIG2, in human glioma stem and progenitor cells reminiscent of type C transit-amplifying cells in germinal zones of the adult brain. Olig2 function is required for proliferation of neural progenitors and for glioma formation in a genetically relevant murine model. Moreover, we show p21(WAF1/CIP1), a tumor suppressor and inhibitor of stem cell proliferation, is directly repressed by OLIG2 in neural progenitors and gliomas. Our findings identify an Olig2-regulated lineage-restricted pathway critical for proliferation of normal and tumorigenic CNS stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith L. Ligon
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Emmanuelle Huillard
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery and the Institute for Regeneration Medicine, UCSF, 533 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco CA 94143
| | - Shwetal Mehta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Santosh Kesari
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Hongye Liu
- Informatics Program, Children’s Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - John A. Alberta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Robert M. Bachoo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michael Kane
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David N. Louis
- Pathology Service and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Ronald A. DePinho
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
- Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David J. Anderson
- Division of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Charles D. Stiles
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
- §Authors for correspondence: (e-mail: , tele (617) 632-3512, fax (617) 632-4663; , tele (617) 632-4201, fax (617) 632-2085)
| | - David H. Rowitch
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
- Divisions of Neonatology and Hematology-Oncology, Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery and the Institute for Regeneration Medicine, UCSF, 533 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco CA 94143
- §Authors for correspondence: (e-mail: , tele (617) 632-3512, fax (617) 632-4663; , tele (617) 632-4201, fax (617) 632-2085)
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Rao JS, Bhoopathi P, Chetty C, Gujrati M, Lakka SS. MMP-9 short interfering RNA induced senescence resulting in inhibition of medulloblastoma growth via p16(INK4a) and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Cancer Res 2007; 67:4956-64. [PMID: 17510426 PMCID: PMC1905835 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) has been suggested in cellular mechanisms leading to medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor in children. A significant association of the expression levels of MMP-9 with survival and M stage suggests that patients with medulloblastoma metastatic disease at diagnosis may benefit from the anti-MMP therapy. Here, we have evaluated the tumorigenicity of medulloblastoma cells after infection with an adenovirus containing a 21-bp short interfering RNA sequence of the human MMP-9 gene (Ad-MMP-9). Infection of Daoy medulloblastoma cells with Ad-MMP-9 reduced MMP-9 activity and protein levels compared with parental and Ad-SV controls. Ad-MMP-9 decreased the number of viable Daoy cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis indicated that Ad-MMP-9 infection caused a dose-dependent cell cycle arrest in the G(0)-G(1) phase. Ad-MMP-9-induced cell cycle arrest seems to be mediated by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and the cell cycle inhibitor p16(INK4a) and is phenotypically indistinguishable from senescence. Ad-MMP-9 treatment inhibited medulloblastoma tumor growth in an intracranial model and was mediated by up-regulation of p16 expression. These studies validate the usefulness of targeting MMP-9 and provide a novel perspective in the treatment of medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasti S. Rao
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, One Illini Drive, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, One Illini Drive, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Praveen Bhoopathi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, One Illini Drive, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Chandramu Chetty
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, One Illini Drive, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Meena Gujrati
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, One Illini Drive, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Sajani S. Lakka
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, One Illini Drive, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
- *Corresponding author: Sajani S. Lakka, Ph.D., Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, One Illini Drive, Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA, (309) 671-3445 – phone; (309) 671-3442 – fax; - e-mail
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14
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Inda MM, Muñoz J, Coullin P, Fauvet D, Danglot G, Tuñón T, Bernheim A, Castresana JS. High promoter hypermethylation frequency of p14/ARF in supratentorial PNET but not in medulloblastoma. Histopathology 2006; 48:579-87. [PMID: 16623784 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET) of the central nervous system. Although supratentorial PNET (sPNET) and MB are histologically similar, their clinical behaviour differs, sPNET being more aggressive than MB. The aim of this study was to determine whether sPNET and MB are genetically different entities. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated 32 PNET primary tumour samples (23 MB and nine sPNET) and four PNET cell lines, for the presence of CDKN2A homozygous deletions at exon 1-alpha of p16/INK4 and exon 1-beta of p14/ARF, and promoter hypermethylation of both genes. No homozygous deletion of either p16/INK4 or p14/ARF was demonstrated in any of the PNET primary tumour samples. Methylation of p16/INK4 was found in one of six sPNET and in one of 23 MB, while p14/ARF methylation was observed in three of six sPNET and in three of 21 MB. No methylation of p16/INK4 or p14/ARF was found in any of the PNET cell lines analysed. The three MB cell lines did not show p16/INK4 expression, and only the MB Daoy cell line (homozygously deleted at CDKN2A) presented loss of p14/ARF expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results in this limited series of central PNET show that p14/ARF is frequently involved in PNET carcinogenesis, with a higher frequency, but not statistically significant, for sPNET than for MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Inda
- Laboratorio de Neuro-Oncología Molecular, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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15
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Chow WA, Bedell V, Gaytan P, Borden E, Goldblum J, Hicks D, Slovak ML. Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase gene deletions are frequently detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization in conventional chondrosarcomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 166:95-100. [PMID: 16631464 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are the second most common primary malignant tumor of bone. Chemotherapy for conventional chondrosarcomas is generally ineffective. Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is a ubiquitous enzyme, essential in the salvage pathway of adenine and in methionine synthesis. MTAP-deficient cells are more susceptible than wild-type cells to pharmacologic inhibitors of de novo purine synthesis. Homozygous deletions of MTAP have been reported in hematologic and solid tumor malignancies. Based on these observations, we investigated the frequency of MTAP deletions in conventional, grade II chondrosarcomas by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis: 23 conventional, grade II chondrosarcoma patient samples from the Cleveland Clinic Foundation were analyzed for MTAP deletions. Nuclei were successfully extracted from 14 of 23 samples (61% evaluable) for FISH analysis: 7 of 14 samples (50%) showed either homozygous or hemizygous deletion of the MTAP gene, 6 of 14 (43%) failed to show deletion, and 1 of 14 (7%) was inconclusive. These findings suggest that approximately one-half of conventional, grade II chondrosarcomas may be preferentially sensitive to pharmacologic inhibitors of de novo purine synthesis. The present study led to development by the Intergroup Coalition Against Sarcomas of a phase II trial of pemetrexed, a multitargeted anti-folate, for advanced chondrosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren A Chow
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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16
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Lindsey JC, Anderton JA, Lusher ME, Clifford SC. Epigenetic events in medulloblastoma development. Neurosurg Focus 2005; 19:E10. [PMID: 16398460 DOI: 10.3171/foc.2005.19.5.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the analysis of genetic defects in primary tumors has been central to the identification of molecular events and biological pathways involved in the pathogenesis of medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. Despite this, understanding of the molecular basis of the majority of cases remains poor. In recent years, the emerging field of epigenetics, which describes heritable alterations in gene expression that occur in the absence of DNA sequence changes, has forced a revision of the understanding of the mechanisms of gene disruption in cancer. Accumulating evidence indicates a significant involvement for epigenetic events in medulloblastoma development. Recent studies have identified a series of candidate tumor suppressor genes (for example, RASSF1A, CASP8, and HIC1) that are each specifically epigenetically inactivated in a large proportion (> 30%) of medulloblastomas by promoter hypermethylation, leading to the silencing of their gene expression. These findings shed new light on medulloblastoma and offer great potential for an improved understanding of its molecular pathology. The authors review the current understanding of epigenetic events in cancer and their contribution to medulloblastoma development. Their nature, origins, and functional role(s) in tumorigenesis are considered, and the authors assess the potential utility of these events as a basis for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet C Lindsey
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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17
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Li MH, Bouffet E, Hawkins CE, Squire JA, Huang A. Molecular genetics of supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors and pineoblastoma. Neurosurg Focus 2005; 19:E3. [PMID: 16398467 DOI: 10.3171/foc.2005.19.5.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) are a group of highly malignant lesions primarily affecting young children. Although these tumors are histologically indistinguishable from infratentorial medulloblastoma, they often respond poorly to medulloblastoma-specific therapy. Indeed, existing molecular genetic studies indicate that supratentorial PNETs have transcriptional and cytogenetic profiles that are different from those of medullo-blastomas, thus pointing to unique biological derivation for the supratentorial PNET. Due to the rarity of these tumors and disagreement about their histopathological diagnoses, very little is known about the molecular characteristics of the supratentorial PNET. Clearly, future concerted efforts to characterize the molecular features of these rare tumors will be necessary for development of more effective supratentorial PNET treatment protocols and appropriate disease models. In this article the authors review existing molecular genetic data derived from human and mouse studies, with the aim of providing some insight into the putative histogenesis of these rare tumors and the underlying transforming pathways that drive their development. Studies of the related but distinct pineoblastoma PNET are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hua Li
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Cancer Research Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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18
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Kadariya Y, Nakatani K, Nishioka J, Fujikawa T, Kruger WD, Nobori T. Regulation of human methylthioadenosine phosphorylase gene by the CBF (CCAAT binding factor)/NF-Y (nuclear factor-Y). Biochem J 2005; 387:175-83. [PMID: 15535799 PMCID: PMC1134945 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
hMTAP (human 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase) is a key enzyme in the methionine salvage pathway and is frequently inactivated in human tumour cells. To understand the mechanism of the transcriptional regulation of the MTAP gene, we have cloned the 1.29 kb fragment of the hMTAP promoter and identified cis-acting regulatory sequences using a luciferase reporter gene assay. Maximal promoter activity was associated with sequences between -446 and -152, where two CCAAT elements were located. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assay reveals binding of specific complexes at both CCAAT motifs within the MTAP promoter, although more prominent bands were associated with the distal motif (-372 to -368). Supershift experiments and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicate that both the proximal and distal complexes bind CBF (CCAAT-binding factor; also known as nuclear factor-Y), and that the distal CCAAT motif has increased levels of CBF binding. We have mapped seven different transcriptional start sites between -135 and -58. Our results show that the hMTAP expression is regulated by a CBF and that the distal one of two CCAAT motifs plays a major role in the transcriptional activation of hMTAP gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwaraj Kadariya
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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19
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Ebinger M, Senf L, Wachowski O, Scheurlen W. Promoter methylation pattern of caspase-8, P16INK4A, MGMT, TIMP-3, and E-cadherin in medulloblastoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2004; 10:17-21. [PMID: 15029256 DOI: 10.1007/bf02893403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of promoter regions of CpG-rich sites is an important mechanism for silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSG). To evaluate the role of tumor suppressor genes caspase-8 (CASP8), TIMP-3, E-cadherin (CDH1), p16INK4A, and MGMT in medulloblastoma tumorigenesis, 51 medulloblastomas (46 primary tumor specimens, 5 cell lines) were screened for methylation of promoter linked CpG-islands. For CASP8, we examined the 5' UTR region that has been shown to be associated with expression of CASP8. As detected by methylation specific PCR, methylation rate was low for TIMP-3 (3% of tumor samples; 1/5 cell lines), for MGMT (0% of tumor samples; 1/5 cell lines), for p16INK4A (2% of tumor samples; 2/5 cell lines) and for CDH1 (8% of tumor samples; 1/4 cell lines). CASP8, however, was methylated in 90% of tumor samples and 4/5 cell lines examined. Screening other tumor entities for CASP8 methylation, we found a similarly high level in 6 neuroblastoma cell lines in contrast to 5 osteosarcoma-, 4 Ewing's sarcoma- and 6 non-embryonic tumor cell lines without any increased promoter methylation. From our results we conclude that methylation of the CASP8 5' UTR region may play a role in inactivation of CASP8 in neural crest tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ebinger
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Tübingen, Germany
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20
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Ellison D. Classifying the medulloblastoma: insights from morphology and molecular genetics. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2002; 28:257-82. [PMID: 12175339 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2990.2002.00419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances in the treatment of the medulloblastoma (MB) have been made in the last 30 years, reducing mortality by 2-fold. Further improvements in the cure rate require an increased understanding of the biology of MBs, and this will translate into refinements in their classification. Scrutiny of the cytological variation found among MBs has recently led to the concept of the anaplastic MB, which overlaps the large-cell variant and appears to share its poor prognosis. In contrast, the MB with extensive nodularity, a distinctive nodular/desmoplastic variant occurring in infants, has a better outcome than most MBs in these young patients. Building on cytogenetic studies that have drawn attention to abnormalities on chromosome 17 in over a third of MBs, research shows non-random losses on chromosomes 8, 9, 10, 11 and 16, and gains on chromosomes 1, 7 and 9. Overexpression of ErbB2 receptors and losses on chromosome 17p have been proposed as independent indicators of aggressive behaviour, while high TrkC receptor expression indicates a favourable outcome. There is a strong association between anaplastic/large-cell tumours and MYC amplification, which has previously been linked with aggressive disease, but associations between abnormalities on chromosome 17 and anaplastic/large-cell MBs and between abnormalities in the shh/PTCH pathway and the desmoplastic variant are more controversial. Classification of the MB histopathologically and according to profiles of molecular abnormalities will help both to rationalize approaches to therapy, increasing the cure rate and reducing long-term side-effects, and to suggest novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ellison
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
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21
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Kamiryo T, Tada K, Shiraishi S, Shinojima N, Nakamura H, Kochi M, Kuratsu JI, Saya H, Ushio Y. Analysis of homozygous deletion of the p16 gene and correlation with survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurosurg 2002; 96:815-22. [PMID: 12005388 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2002.96.5.0815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT One of the most frequent genetic abnormalities found in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is homozygous deletion of the p16 tumor suppressor gene. The authors investigated whether this deletion is associated with prognosis in patients with GBM. METHODS In 46 adult patients with supratentorial GBM, homozygous deletion of the p16 gene in tumor DNA was examined using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. The deletion was confirmed in 14 (30.4%) of 46 patients, eight (30.8%) of 26 men and six (30.0%) of 20 women. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, adjusted for age at surgery, the Karnofsky Performance Scale score, extent of resection, and the MIB-1 labeling index. revealed that homozygous deletion of the p16 gene was significantly associated with overall survival and progression-free survival in men, but not in women. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that p16 homozygous deletion is a significant unfavorable prognostic factor in male patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kamiryo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Medical School, Japan.
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22
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Abstract
Many genetic alterations that contribute to CNS tumorigenesis and progression have been identified. One goal of such studies is to identify loci that would serve as diagnostic prognostic markers or both. A significant advance is the observation that chromosome 1p loss identified anaplastic oligodendroglioma and a subset of high-grade glioma patients who responded to chemotherapy and had longer survival times. Combined 1p and 19q loss was a predictor of prolonged survival of patients having pure oligodendrogliomas. Such markers eventually may be used to identify patients upfront who would benefit from treatment, while sparing patients who would not benefit. Although many molecular participants involved in the biologic pathways that promote proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion have been elucidated, there are still many gaps in clinicians' knowledge. It is expected that the use of the human genome project information and databases such as SAGEmap, in combination with techniques such as cDNA arrays and proteomics, will facilitate greatly the identification of novel genes that contribute to CNS tumors. cDNA arrays and tissue arrays will permit the construction of CNS-specific screening tools that will permit the identification of tumor-specific mutations and alterations so that patient-specific therapies can be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Rempel
- Barbara Jane Levy Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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23
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Frühwald MC, O'Dorisio MS, Dai Z, Tanner SM, Balster DA, Gao X, Wright FA, Plass C. Aberrant promoter methylation of previously unidentified target genes is a common abnormality in medulloblastomas--implications for tumor biology and potential clinical utility. Oncogene 2001; 20:5033-42. [PMID: 11526488 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2000] [Revised: 05/08/2001] [Accepted: 05/09/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastomas exhibit an array of diverse cytogenetic abnormalities. To evaluate the significance of epigenetic rather than genetic lesions in medulloblastomas and other primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) of the childhood CNS we performed a systematic analysis of gene specific and global methylation. Methylation-specific PCR detected no methylation for p15(INK4B), von Hippel Lindau and TP53 and only limited methylation for E-Cadherin and p16(INK4A) in tumors. The cell lines Daoy and MHH-PNET-5 in which the p16(INK4A) promoter was methylated did not express the gene, but demonstrated abnormalities by SSCP. Immunohistochemistry for p16 was negative in all examined normal cerebella and medulloblastomas. Using the technique of Restriction Landmark Genomic Scanning we detected methylation affecting up to 1% of all CpG islands in primary MB/PNETs and 6% in MB cell lines. Methylation patterns differed between medulloblastomas and PNETs. Examination of several methylated sequences revealed homologies to known genes and expressed sequences. Analysis of survival data identified seven of 30 hypermethylated sequences significantly correlating with poor prognosis. We suggest that DNA hypermethylation has an outstanding potential for the identification of novel tumor suppressors as well as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in MBs and other PNETs of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Frühwald
- Division of Human Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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24
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Cheng Y, Pang JC, Ng HK, Ding M, Zhang SF, Zheng J, Liu DG, Poon WS. Pilocytic astrocytomas do not show most of the genetic changes commonly seen in diffuse astrocytomas. Histopathology 2000; 37:437-44. [PMID: 11119125 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2000.01005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS While it is well known that pilocytic astrocytomas are clinically distinct from diffuse astrocytomas, few comprehensive studies have focused on their genetic differences. The aim of this study was to examine pilocytic astrocytomas for genetic alterations that are commonly seen in diffuse astrocytomas. METHODS AND RESULTS By using molecular genetic and immunohistochemical techniques, we evaluated p16, p53, CDK4 and PTEN genes in 29 pilocytic astrocytomas. Mutation screening of p53 and PTEN was performed by single strand conformation polymorphism analysis followed by direct sequencing. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of p53, p16 and 10q23-25 loci was performed with microsatellite markers and genomic microsatellite instability (MSI) was also screened. Protein expression of p16, p53, CDK4 and PTEN was examined by immunohistochemistry. Five tumours were found to have single genetic alterations, which included a p53 mutation, a PTEN mutation, MSI at a single microsatellite marker of the p16 locus, and one single LOH at each p16 and 10q23 loci. Protein expressions of p16, CDK4 and PTEN were detected in 73%, 61% and 38% of tumours, respectively. Significantly and in sharp contrast to diffuse astrocytomas, no pilocytic astrocytoma in our series stained for p53 protein. CONCLUSION Pilocytic astrocytomas have neither MSI phenotype nor recurrent alterations of the p53 and p116 genes. However, altered expression of PTEN may be important in the genesis of pilocytic astrocytomas. We conclude that pilocytic astrocytomas are genetically distinct from diffuse astrocytomas. Lack of p53 mutation/immunostaining may serve as a diagnostic adjunct for differentiating pilocytic astrocytomas from diffuse astrocytomas in small neurosurgical biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cheng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
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25
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Kim AL, Fernandez CV, Greer WL, Hogg D, Lassam NJ, Resch L. Concurrent acute lymphoblastic leukemia and juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma in a pediatric patient. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2000; 22:451-3. [PMID: 11037859 DOI: 10.1097/00043426-200009000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The concurrence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and an asymptomatic juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma is described. A 6-year-old boy without clinical evidence of neurofibromatosis had a juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma diagnosed on radiologic examination and before treatment of acute pre-B cell lymphoblastic leukemia. The patient has had a partial resection of the astrocytoma and is 9 months into treatment of his ALL, which is in complete remission. p53 gene mutation was not identified in this patient. The concurrent diagnosis before treatment of ALL and juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, the latter normally an indolent tumor, suggests that some cases of astrocytoma previously ascribed to radiotherapy or other treatment may in fact be caused by other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Kim
- QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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26
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Simons A, Jeuken JW, Eleveld MJ, Boerman RH, Geurts Van Kessel A. Isolation and characterization of glioblastoma-associated homozygously deleted DNA fragments from chromosomal region 9p21 suggests involvement of multiple tumour suppressor genes. J Pathol 1999; 189:402-9. [PMID: 10547603 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199911)189:3<402::aid-path437>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Representational difference analysis (RDA) of a human glioblastoma xenograft resulted in the isolation of five tumour-associated homozygously deleted DNA fragments, all originating from chromosome 9, region p21. Subsequent analysis of a series of ten glioblastomas using the newly isolated RDA fragments in conjunction with a series of known 9p21 DNA markers revealed homozygous deletions in nine of the ten (90 per cent) tumours. These deletions encompass the p15/p16 complex and two additional putative tumour suppressor loci. The RDA fragments correspond to the latter two loci. Taken together, these results suggest the involvement of multiple tumour suppressor genes from the 9p21 region in glioblastoma tumourigenesis. The novel RDA fragments will be instrumental in the isolation of the relevant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Simons
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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27
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Abstract
Medulloblastomas and related primitive neuroectodermal tumors are the second most common malignant tumors of childhood. In spite of improvements in cancer therapy, these tumors are still associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although these tumors share similar histologic features, recent molecular studies suggest that they could represent a genetically mixed group of tumors. The genetic events that might play a role in the biology of these tumors also could allow a molecular subtyping of medulloblastomas. Such molecular subtyping of medulloblastomas could allow for the use of newer therapeutic techniques, such as gene therapy, for selective targeting of critical genetic events in subsets of medulloblastomas. It is becoming increasingly clear that in medulloblastomas, the morphologic similarity of "small blue" cells does not imply similar or shared molecular characteristics, with implications for differing tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Adesina
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA.
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28
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Avet-Loiseau H, Vénuat AM, Terrier-Lacombe MJ, Lellouch-Tubiana A, Zerah M, Vassal G. Comparative genomic hybridization detects many recurrent imbalances in central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumours in children. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:1843-7. [PMID: 10206302 PMCID: PMC2362778 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 23 children with primitive neuroectodermal tumours (PNET) were analysed with comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Multiple chromosomal imbalances have been detected in 20 patients. The most frequently involved chromosome was chromosome 17, with a gain of 17q (11 cases) and loss of 17p (eight cases). Further recurrent copy number changes were detected. Extra copies of chromosome 7 were present in nine patients and gains of 1q were detected in six patients. A moderate genomic amplification was detected in one patient, involving two sites on 3p and the whole 12p. Losses were more frequent, and especially involved the chromosomes 11 (nine cases), 10q (eight cases), 8 (six cases), X (six patients) and 3 (five cases), and part of chromosome 9 (five cases). These recurrent chromosomal changes may highlight locations of novel genes with an important role in the development and/or progression of PNET.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Avet-Loiseau
- Laboratory of Hematology, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France
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29
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Sawa H, Kamada H, Ohshima TA, Noguchi A, Itoh N, Saruta K, Hara M, Saito I. Exogenous expression of p16INK4a is associated with decrease in telomerase activity. J Neurooncol 1999; 42:45-57. [PMID: 10360478 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006176708928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, gene transfection was used to determine whether the exogenous expression of p16INK4a modulated the biological characteristics of glioblastoma cells. The human glioblastoma cell line U87MG was doubly transfected with the plasmids pVgRXR and pIND harboring the wild-type p16 gene. The expression of p16INK4a in the resulting transfectants was regulated by the addition of the ecdysone homologue, muristerone A. When the cells expressed p16INK4a, their growth capacity was reduced and morphological changes such as an increase in cell size and cellular flattening were observed. The analysis of cell cycle regulation provided evidence that cells expressing p16INK4a were inhibited from entry into the cell cycle, as assessed by Ki-67 antigen expression. In addition, it was observed that the exogenous expression of p16INK4a was associated with decrease in telomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Miettinen H, Kononen J, Sallinen P, Alho H, Helen P, Helin H, Kalimo H, Paljärvi L, Isola J, Haapasalo H. CDKN2/p16 predicts survival in oligodendrogliomas: comparison with astrocytomas. J Neurooncol 1999; 41:205-11. [PMID: 10359140 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006185220369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor (CDKN2/p16) is a cell cycle regulatory protein that has been demonstrated to be inactivated by mutations, deletions or transcriptional silencing during pathogenesis of a variety of human malignancies. We studied the correlation of CDKN2/p16 expression with cell proliferation activity and patient survival in 42 oligodendrogliomas and 36 astrocytomas. CDKN2/p16 expression was frequently decreased in grade II and anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (17/42) where lack of CDKN2/p16 protein predicted poor survival (p = 0.0045). In astrocytomas low CDKN2/p16 expression was associated with high histologic malignancy grade (p = 0.002): CDKN2/p16 protein level was decreased in 9 out of 10 glioblastomas, in 5 out of 9 anaplastic astrocytomas, in 3 out of 10 grade II astrocytomas and in none of pilocytic astocytomas (0/7). Low CDKN2/p16 expression was also associated with high cell proliferation activity (MIB-1 immunocytochemistry: p = 0.004; mitotic index: p = 0.007) and poor patient survival (p = 0.025) in astrocytomas. Low CDKN2/p16 mRNA expression had the same topographic distribution as nuclear CDKN2/p16 immunoreactivity proving for reliability of the immunocytochemical findings. Our results are in agreement with earlier studies demonstrating CDKN2/p16 inactivation during tumorigenesis of astrocytic tumors. Furthermore, our findings suggest that loss of CDKN2/p16 expression may also play an important role in the progression of oligodendrogliomas. According to our findings CDKN2/p16 immunocytochemistry could be used as a tool to identify those oligodendrogliomas and low grade astrocytomas that are likely to progress and have poor outcome, and thus would need more aggressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Miettinen
- Department of Anatomy, Tampere University Medical School, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
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31
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Ruas M, Peters G. The p16INK4a/CDKN2A tumor suppressor and its relatives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1378:F115-77. [PMID: 9823374 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-419x(98)00017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Ruas
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, UK
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Weber RG, Boström J, Wolter M, Baudis M, Collins VP, Reifenberger G, Lichter P. Analysis of genomic alterations in benign, atypical, and anaplastic meningiomas: toward a genetic model of meningioma progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:14719-24. [PMID: 9405679 PMCID: PMC25103 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.26.14719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nineteen benign [World Health Organization (WHO) grade I; MI], 21 atypical (WHO grade II; MII), and 19 anaplastic (WHO grade III; MIII) sporadic meningiomas were screened for chromosomal imbalances by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). These data were supplemented by molecular genetic analyses of selected chromosomal regions and genes. With increasing malignancy grade, a marked accumulation of genomic aberrations was observed; i.e., the numbers (mean +/- SEM) of total alterations detected per tumor were 2.9 +/- 0.7 for MI, 9.2 +/- 1.2 for MII, and 13.3 +/- 1.9 for MIII. The most frequent alteration detected in MI was loss on 22q (58%). In MII, aberrations most commonly identified were losses on 1p (76%), 22q (71%), 14q (43%), 18q (43%), 10 (38%), and 6q (33%), as well as gains on 20q (48%), 12q (43%), 15q (43%), 1q (33%), 9q (33%), and 17q (33%). In MIII, most of these alterations were found at similar frequencies. However, an increase in losses on 6q (53%), 10 (68%), and 14q (63%) was observed. In addition, 32% of MIII demonstrated loss on 9p. Homozygous deletions in the CDKN2A gene at 9p21 were found in 4 of 16 MIII (25%). Highly amplified DNA sequences were mapped to 12q13-q15 by CGH in 1 MII. Southern blot analysis of this tumor revealed amplification of CDK4 and MDM2. By CGH, DNA sequences from 17q were found to be amplified in 1 MII and 8 MIII, involving 17q23 in all cases. Despite the high frequency of chromosomal aberrations in the MII and MIII investigated, none of these tumors showed mutations in exons 5-8 of the TP53 gene. On the basis of the most common aberrations identified in the various malignancy grades, a model for the genomic alterations associated with meningioma progression is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Weber
- Abteilung Organisation komplexer Genome 0845, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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