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Design, Production, Characterization, and Use of Peptide Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:antib12010006. [PMID: 36648890 PMCID: PMC9844468 DOI: 10.3390/antib12010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are key reagents in diagnostics, therapeutics, and experimental biology, capable of detecting numerous targets [...].
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Mohapatra PK, Srivastava R, Varshney KK, Babu SH. Formulation and Evaluation of Isradipine Nanosuspension and Exploring its Role as a Potential Anticancer Drug by Computational Approach. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1984-2001. [PMID: 34353274 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210805125426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-type calcium channels are aberrantly expressed in different human cancers and regulate cell cycle progression, proliferation, migration, and survival. FAK-1 can promote tumor protein degradation (p53) through ubiquitination, leading to cancer cell growth and proliferation. Similar findings are obtained regarding protease inhibitors' effect on cytokine-induced neutrophil activation that suppresses Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating-factor (GM-CSF) TNF-α-induced O2 release and adherence in human neutrophils without affecting phosphorylation of Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38. Nanosuspensions are carrier-free, submicron colloidal dispersions which consist of pure drugs and stabilizers. Incorporating drug loaded in nanosuspensions possessed great advantages of passive drug targeting with improved solubility, stability, and bioavailability, as well as lower systemic toxicity. OBJECTIVE The present investigation objective was to establish a molecular association of Protease and Focal Adhesion Kinase 1 as cancer targets for isradipine a calcium channel blocker (CCB). Furthermore, the study also aimed to formulate its optimized nanosuspension and how the physical, morphological, and dissolution properties of isradipine impact nanosuspension stability. MATERIAL AND METHOD Five different molecular targets, namely Cysteine Proteases (Cathepsin B), Serine Proteases (Matriptase), Aspartate Proteases, Matrix Metalloproteases (MMP), and FAK-1 were obtained from RCSB-PDB, which has some leading associations with the inhibition in cancer pathogenesis. Molecular interactions of these targets with CCB isradipine were identified and established by the molecular simulation docking studies. Isradipine-loaded nanosuspension was prepared by precipitation technique by employing a 23 factorial design. PVP K-30, poloxamer 188, and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) were used as polymer, co-polymer, and surfactant. The nanosuspension particles are characterized for particle size, zeta potential, viscosity, polydispersity index (PDI), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), In-vitro drug release kinetics, and short-term stability study. RESULT It was found to show considerable interaction with Cysteine, Serine, Aspartate, Threonine, and Matrix metalloproteases with the binding energy of -3.91, -6.7, -3.48, -8.42, respectively. Furthermore, the interaction of isradipine with FAK-1 was compared with 7 native ligands and was found to show significant interaction with a binding energy of -8.62, -7.27, -7.69, -5.67, -5.41, -7.44, -8.21. The optimized nanosuspension was evaluated and exhibited the particle size of 754.9 nm, zeta potential of 32.5 mV, the viscosity of 1.287 cp, and PDI of 1.000. The in-vitro dissolution of the optimized formulation (F8) was higher (96.57%). CONCLUSION Isradipine could act as a potential inhibitor of different proteases and FAK-1 associated with tumor growth initiation, progression, and metastasis. Furthermore, isradipine-loaded nanosuspension with optimized release could be utilized to deliver the anticancer drug in a more targeted way as emerging cancer nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta Kumar Mohapatra
- Moradabad Educational Trust Group of Institutions Faculty of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. India
| | - Rajnish Srivastava
- Moradabad Educational Trust Group of Institutions Faculty of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. India
| | - Krishna Kumar Varshney
- Moradabad Institute of Technology (MIT) College of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. India
| | - S Haresh Babu
- Lydia College of Pharmacy, Ravulapalem, Andhra Pradesh. India
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Medoro A, Bartollino S, Mignogna D, Marziliano N, Porcile C, Nizzari M, Florio T, Pagano A, Raimo G, Intrieri M, Russo C. Proteases Upregulation in Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease Brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:931-938. [PMID: 30814362 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Certain proteases are involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their erroneous control may contribute to the pathology onset and progression. In this study we evaluated the cerebral expression of eight proteases, involved in both AβPP processing and extracellular matrix remodeling. Among these proteases, ADAM10, ADAMTS1, Cathepsin D, and Meprin β show a significantly higher mRNAs expression in sporadic AD subjects versus controls, while ADAMTS1, Cathepsin D, and Meprin β show an increment also at the protein level. These data indicate that transcriptional events affecting brain proteases are activated in AD patients, suggesting a link between proteolysis and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Medoro
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Silvia Bartollino
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Donatella Mignogna
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Nicola Marziliano
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy.,Clinical Pathology Laboratory, ASL Taranto, Italy
| | - Carola Porcile
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Mario Nizzari
- Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Aldo Pagano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Gennaro Raimo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Mariano Intrieri
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Claudio Russo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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Boon L, Ugarte-Berzal E, Vandooren J, Opdenakker G. Protease propeptide structures, mechanisms of activation, and functions. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:111-165. [PMID: 32290726 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1742090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are a diverse group of hydrolytic enzymes, ranging from single-domain catalytic molecules to sophisticated multi-functional macromolecules. Human proteases are divided into five mechanistic classes: aspartate, cysteine, metallo, serine and threonine proteases, based on the catalytic mechanism of hydrolysis. As a protective mechanism against uncontrolled proteolysis, proteases are often produced and secreted as inactive precursors, called zymogens, containing inhibitory N-terminal propeptides. Protease propeptide structures vary considerably in length, ranging from dipeptides and propeptides of about 10 amino acids to complex multifunctional prodomains with hundreds of residues. Interestingly, sequence analysis of the different protease domains has demonstrated that propeptide sequences present higher heterogeneity compared with their catalytic domains. Therefore, we suggest that protease inhibition targeting propeptides might be more specific and have less off-target effects than classical inhibitors. The roles of propeptides, besides keeping protease latency, include correct folding of proteases, compartmentalization, liganding, and functional modulation. Changes in the propeptide sequence, thus, have a tremendous impact on the cognate enzymes. Small modifications of the propeptide sequences modulate the activity of the enzymes, which may be useful as a therapeutic strategy. This review provides an overview of known human proteases, with a focus on the role of their propeptides. We review propeptide functions, activation mechanisms, and possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Boon
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Estefania Ugarte-Berzal
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Vandooren
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Cathepsin D in the Tumor Microenvironment of Breast and Ovarian Cancers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1259:1-16. [PMID: 32578168 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-43093-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains a major and leading health problem worldwide. Lack of early diagnosis, chemoresistance, and recurrence of cancer means vast research and development are required in this area. The complexity of the tumor microenvironment in the biological milieu poses greater challenges in having safer, selective, and targeted therapies. Existing strategies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and antiangiogenic therapies moderately improve progression-free survival; however, they come with side effects that reduce quality of life. Thus, targeting potential candidates in the microenvironment, such as extracellular cathepsin D (CathD) which has been known to play major pro-tumorigenic roles in breast and ovarian cancers, could be a breakthrough in cancer treatment, specially using novel treatment modalities such as immunotherapy and nanotechnology-based therapy. This chapter discusses CathD as a pro-cancerous, more specifically a proangiogenic factor, that acts bi-functionally in the tumor microenvironment, and possible ways of targeting the protein therapeutically.
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Vangala G, Imhoff FM, Squires CM, Cridge AG, Baird SK. Mesenchymal stem cell homing towards cancer cells is increased by enzyme activity of cathepsin D. Exp Cell Res 2019; 383:111494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Total Syntheses of Cathepsin D Inhibitory Izenamides A, B, and C and Structural Confirmation of Izenamide B. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193424. [PMID: 31547147 PMCID: PMC6804045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The first total syntheses of izenamides A, B, and C, which are depsipeptides inhibitor of cathepsin D, were accomplished. In addition, the stereochemistry of izenamide B was confirmed by our syntheses. The key features of our synthetic route involve the avoidance of critical 2,5-diketopiperazine (DKP) formation and the minimization of epimerization during the coupling of amino acids for the target peptides.
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Ashraf Y, Mansouri H, Laurent-Matha V, Alcaraz LB, Roger P, Guiu S, Derocq D, Robin G, Michaud HA, Delpech H, Jarlier M, Pugnière M, Robert B, Puel A, Martin L, Landomiel F, Bourquard T, Achour O, Fruitier-Arnaudin I, Pichard A, Deshayes E, Turtoi A, Poupon A, Simony-Lafontaine J, Boissière-Michot F, Pirot N, Bernex F, Jacot W, du Manoir S, Theillet C, Pouget JP, Navarro-Teulon I, Bonnefoy N, Pèlegrin A, Chardès T, Martineau P, Liaudet-Coopman E. Immunotherapy of triple-negative breast cancer with cathepsin D-targeting antibodies. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:29. [PMID: 30717773 PMCID: PMC6360707 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment is currently restricted to chemotherapy. Hence, tumor-specific molecular targets and/or alternative therapeutic strategies for TNBC are urgently needed. Immunotherapy is emerging as an exciting treatment option for TNBC patients. The aspartic protease cathepsin D (cath-D), a marker of poor prognosis in breast cancer (BC), is overproduced and hypersecreted by human BC cells. This study explores whether cath-D is a tumor cell-associated extracellular biomarker and a potent target for antibody-based therapy in TNBC. METHODS Cath-D prognostic value and localization was evaluated by transcriptomics, proteomics and immunohistochemistry in TNBC. First-in-class anti-cath-D human scFv fragments binding to both human and mouse cath-D were generated using phage display and cloned in the human IgG1 λ format (F1 and E2). Anti-cath-D antibody biodistribution, antitumor efficacy and in vivo underlying mechanisms were investigated in TNBC MDA-MB-231 tumor xenografts in nude mice. Antitumor effect was further assessed in TNBC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). RESULTS High CTSD mRNA levels correlated with shorter recurrence-free survival in TNBC, and extracellular cath-D was detected in the tumor microenvironment, but not in matched normal breast stroma. Anti-cath-D F1 and E2 antibodies accumulated in TNBC MDA-MB-231 tumor xenografts, inhibited tumor growth and improved mice survival without apparent toxicity. The Fc function of F1, the best antibody candidate, was essential for maximal tumor inhibition in the MDA-MB-231 model. Mechanistically, F1 antitumor response was triggered through natural killer cell activation via IL-15 upregulation, associated with granzyme B and perforin production, and the release of antitumor IFNγ cytokine. The F1 antibody also prevented the tumor recruitment of immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages M2 and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, a specific effect associated with a less immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment highlighted by TGFβ decrease. Finally, the antibody F1 inhibited tumor growth of two TNBC PDXs, isolated from patients resistant or not to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSION Cath-D is a tumor-specific extracellular target in TNBC suitable for antibody-based therapy. Immunomodulatory antibody-based strategy against cath-D is a promising immunotherapy to treat patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Ashraf
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Hanane Mansouri
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Valérie Laurent-Matha
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Lindsay B Alcaraz
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Pascal Roger
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
- Department of Pathology, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Séverine Guiu
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Danielle Derocq
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Gautier Robin
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Henri-Alexandre Michaud
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Helène Delpech
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Martine Pugnière
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Bruno Robert
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Anthony Puel
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Lucie Martin
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexandre Pichard
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Emmanuel Deshayes
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Andrei Turtoi
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | - Nelly Pirot
- Réseau d'Histologie Expérimentale de Montpellier, BioCampus, UMS3426 CNRS-US009 INSERM-UM, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Bernex
- Réseau d'Histologie Expérimentale de Montpellier, BioCampus, UMS3426 CNRS-US009 INSERM-UM, Montpellier, France
| | - William Jacot
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Translational Research Unit, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Stanislas du Manoir
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Charles Theillet
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Pouget
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Isabelle Navarro-Teulon
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Nathalie Bonnefoy
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - André Pèlegrin
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Thierry Chardès
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Pierre Martineau
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Emmanuelle Liaudet-Coopman
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.
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Guo DZ, Xiao L, Liu YJ, Shen C, Lou HF, Lv Y, Pan SY. Cathepsin D deficiency delays central nervous system myelination by inhibiting proteolipid protein trafficking from late endosome/lysosome to plasma membrane. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:e457. [PMID: 29546879 PMCID: PMC5898895 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role of cathepsin D (CathD) in central nervous system (CNS) myelination and its possible mechanism. By using CathD knockout mice in conjunction with immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry and western blot assays, the myelination of the CNS and the development of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in vivo and in vitro were observed. Endocytosis assays, real-time-lapse experiments and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy were used to demonstrate the location and movement of proteolipid protein in oligodendrocyte lineage cells. In addition, the relevant molecular mechanism was explored by immunoprecipitation. The increase in Fluoromyelin Green staining and proteolipid protein expression was not significant in the corpus callosum of CathD-/- mice at the age of P11, P14 and P24. Proteolipid protein expression was weak at each time point and was mostly accumulated around the nucleus. The number of oligodendrocyte lineage cells (olig2+) and mature oligodendrocytes (CC1+) significantly decreased between P14 and P24. In the oligodendrocyte precursor cell culture of CathD-/- mice, the morphology of myelin basic protein-positive mature oligodendrocytes was simple while oligodendrocyte precursor cells showed delayed differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes. Moreover, more proteolipid protein gathered in late endosomes/lysosomes (LEs/Ls) and fewer reached the plasma membrane. Immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy analysis showed that CathD, proteolipid protein and VAMP7 could bind with each other, whereas VAMP7 and proteolipid protein colocalized with CathD in late endosome/lysosome. The findings of this paper suggest that CathD may have an important role in the myelination of CNS, presumably by altering the trafficking of proteolipid protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Zhi Guo
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Navy General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- Cerebrovascular Disease Center of ChangHai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Jun Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Shen
- Company's Office of Service Center, China Petroleum and Natural Gas Group Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Fang Lou
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Lv
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Navy General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Yi Pan
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Navy General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
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Rodríguez J, Vázquez J, Corte MD, Lamelas M, Bongera M, Corte MG, Alvarez A, Allende M, Gonzalez L, Sánchez M, Vijande M, Garcia Muñiz J, Vizoso F. Clinical Significance of Cathepsin D Concentration in Tumor Cytosol of Primary Breast Cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 20:103-11. [PMID: 16011040 DOI: 10.1177/172460080502000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Cathepsin D is the proteolytic enzyme most frequently implicated as a prognostic factor in primary breast cancer. In the present study we evaluated by means of an immunoradiometric assay the tumor content of this protease in primary breast cancer, its relationship with tumor-related clinical and pathological parameters, and its prognostic significance in a large series of breast cancer patients. Method The study comprised 1033 women with histologically established invasive breast cancer. Cathepsin D was measured in cytosol samples by means of an immunoradiometric assay to determine the total amount of cathepsin D (52 kDa, 48 kDa and 34 kDa). Evaluation of relapse-free survival and cause-specific survival was performed in the group of 1003 patients without evidence of metastasis at the time of initial diagnosis. The median follow-up of the patients who were free of recurrence was 54 months. Results Cathepsin D levels showed a wide range among the studied tumors (n=1033; median (range) 41 (0.9–2504) pmol/mg protein). Statistical analysis showed that the median cathepsin D levels were considerably higher in large tumors (T2–4) than in smaller ones (T1) (p=0.017), as well as in node-positive than in node-negative tumors (p=0.004). Cathepsin D levels were also higher in ductal tumors than in the other histological types (p=0.001), as well as in moderately or poorly differentiated tumors (p<0.001). Likewise, the median value of the protease was significantly higher in ER or PgR-positive tumors than in hormone receptor-negative ones (p=0.011 and p=0.004, respectively), as well as in aneuploid tumors than in diploid tumors (p=0.029). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that elevated cathepsin D levels (>59 pmol/mg protein) were notably associated with a shorter cause-specific survival in the whole group of patients with breast cancer, as well as in the subgroup of node-positive patients (p<0.05). Conclusions This study suggests that elevated intratumoral cathepsin D levels may identify a subset of node-positive breast cancer patients showing a high probability of earlier death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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Eatemadi A, Aiyelabegan HT, Negahdari B, Mazlomi MA, Daraee H, Daraee N, Eatemadi R, Sadroddiny E. Role of protease and protease inhibitors in cancer pathogenesis and treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 86:221-231. [PMID: 28006747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second cause of death in 2015, and it has been estimated to surpass heart diseases as the leading cause of death in the next few years. Several mechanisms are involved in cancer pathogenesis. Studies have indicated that proteases are also implicated in tumor growth and progression which is highly dependent on nutrient and oxygen supply. On the other hand, protease inhibitors could be considered as a potent strategy in cancer therapy. On the basis of the type of the key amino acid in the active site of the protease and the mechanism of peptide bond cleavage, proteases can be classified into six groups: cysteine, serine, threonine, glutamic acid, aspartate proteases, as well as matrix metalloproteases. In this review, we focus on the role of different types of proteases and protease inhibitors in cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Eatemadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Lorestan, Iran.
| | - Hammed T Aiyelabegan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences International Campus (TUMS-IC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mazlomi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadis Daraee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Lorestan, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasim Daraee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Lorestan, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Esmaeil Sadroddiny
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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The Potential Role of the Proteases Cathepsin D and Cathepsin L in the Progression and Metastasis of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Biomolecules 2015; 5:3260-79. [PMID: 26610586 PMCID: PMC4693277 DOI: 10.3390/biom5043260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancies and has a poor prognosis due to relatively unspecific early symptoms, and thus often advanced stage, metastasized cancer at presentation. Metastasis of EOC occurs primarily through the transcoelomic route whereby exfoliated tumor cells disseminate within the abdominal cavity, particularly to the omentum. Primary and metastatic tumor growth requires a pool of proangiogenic factors in the microenvironment which propagate new vasculature in the growing cancer. Recent evidence suggests that proangiogenic factors other than the widely known, potent angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor may mediate growth and metastasis of ovarian cancer. In this review we examine the role of some of these alternative factors, specifically cathepsin D and cathepsin L.
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Demidyuk IV, Shubin AV, Gasanov EV, Kostrov SV. Propeptides as modulators of functional activity of proteases. Biomol Concepts 2015; 1:305-22. [PMID: 25962005 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2010.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most proteases are synthesized in the cell as precursor-containing propeptides. These structural elements can determine the folding of the cognate protein, function as an inhibitor/activator peptide, mediate enzyme sorting, and mediate the protease interaction with other molecules and supramolecular structures. The data presented in this review demonstrate modulatory activity of propeptides irrespective of the specific mechanism of action. Changes in propeptide structure, sometimes minor, can crucially alter protein function in the living organism. Modulatory activity coupled with high variation allows us to consider propeptides as specific evolutionary modules that can transform biological properties of proteases without significant changes in the highly conserved catalytic domains. As the considered properties of propeptides are not unique to proteases, propeptide-mediated evolution seems to be a universal biological mechanism.
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Saraswat-Ohri S, Vetvicka V. New insights into procathepsin D in pathological and physiological conditions. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2012; 3:222-6. [PMID: 22558598 PMCID: PMC3337741 DOI: 10.4297/najms.2011.3222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Procathepsin D is a major glycoprotein that is secreted from numerous types of cancer cells including breast, lung and prostrate carcinomas. It affects multiple stages of tumorigenesis that include proliferation, invasion, metastasis and apoptosis. Previous studies showed that the mitogenic effect of procathepsin D on cancer cells was mediated through its propeptide or activation peptide. Recent studies have also implicated the possible use of procathepsin D/activation peptide as a marker of cancer progression. Considering the broad range of functions of procathepsin D, the present review summarizes the three major potentials of procathepsin D-cancer progression, tumor marker and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Saraswat-Ohri
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Centre, Department of Neurological Surgery, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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15
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16
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Vetvicka V, Vashishta A, Saraswat-Ohri S, Vetvickova J. Procathepsin D and cancer: From molecular biology to clinical applications. World J Clin Oncol 2010; 1:35-40. [PMID: 21603309 PMCID: PMC3095452 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v1.i1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Procathepsin D (pCD) is overexpressed and secreted by cells of various tumor types including breast and lung carcinomas. pCD affects multiple features of tumor cells including proliferation, invasion, metastases and apoptosis. Several laboratories have previously shown that the mitogenic effect of pCD on cancer cells is mediated via its propeptide part (APpCD). However, the exact mechanism of how pCD affects cancer cells has not been identified. Recent observations have also revealed the possible use of pCD/APpcD as a marker of cancer progression. The purpose of this review is to summarize the three major potentials of pCD-tumor marker, potential drug, and screening agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Vetvicka
- Vaclav Vetvicka, Jana Vetvickova, Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
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17
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Masson O, Bach AS, Derocq D, Prébois C, Laurent-Matha V, Pattingre S, Liaudet-Coopman E. Pathophysiological functions of cathepsin D: Targeting its catalytic activity versus its protein binding activity? Biochimie 2010; 92:1635-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Benes P, Vetvicka V, Fusek M. Cathepsin D--many functions of one aspartic protease. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2008; 68:12-28. [PMID: 18396408 PMCID: PMC2635020 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For years, it has been held that cathepsin D (CD) is involved in rather non-specific protein degradation in a strongly acidic milieu of lysosomes. Studies with CD knock-out mice revealed that CD is not necessary for embryonal development, but it is indispensable for postnatal tissue homeostasis. Mutation that abolishes CD enzymatic activity causes neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) characterized by severe neurodegeneration, developmental regression, visual loss and epilepsy in both animals and humans. In the last decade, however, an increasing number of studies demonstrated that enzymatic function of CD is not restricted solely to acidic milieu of lysosomes with important consequences in regulation of apoptosis. In addition to CD enzymatic activity, it has been shown that apoptosis is also regulated by catalytically inactive mutants of CD which suggests that CD interacts with other important molecules and influences cell signaling. Moreover, procathepsin D (pCD), secreted from cancer cells, acts as a mitogen on both cancer and stromal cells and stimulates their pro-invasive and pro-metastatic properties. Numerous studies found that pCD/CD level represents an independent prognostic factor in a variety of cancers and is therefore considered to be a potential target of anti-cancer therapy. Studies dealing with functions of cathepsin D are complicated by the fact that there are several simultaneous forms of CD in a cell-pCD, intermediate enzymatically active CD and mature heavy and light chain CD. It became evident that these forms may differently regulate the above-mentioned processes. In this article, we review the possible functions of CD and its various forms in cells and organisms during physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Benes
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, ILBIT A3, Kamenice 3, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.
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19
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Obermajer N, Jevnikar Z, Doljak B, Kos J. Role of cysteine cathepsins in matrix degradation and cell signalling. Connect Tissue Res 2008; 49:193-6. [PMID: 18661341 DOI: 10.1080/03008200802143158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins participate in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and remodelling and thus influence important cellular processes such as cell transformation and differentiation, motility, adhesion, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Also, cathepsins are involved in cell signalling and are capable of activating specific cell receptors and growth factors or liberating them from the ECM. In this review we emphasize recent studies on cathepsins in regard to ECM degradation and cell signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Obermajer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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20
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Vashishta A, Ohri SS, Vetvickova J, Fusek M, Ulrichova J, Vetvicka V. Procathepsin D secreted by HaCaT keratinocyte cells - A novel regulator of keratinocyte growth. Eur J Cell Biol 2007; 86:303-13. [PMID: 17532541 PMCID: PMC2140195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Procathepsin D (pCD), the precursor form of lysosomal aspartic protease, is overexpressed and secreted by various carcinomas. The fact that secreted pCD plays an essential role in progression of cancer has been established. In this study, we describe substantial secretion of pCD by the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, under serum-free conditions. Moreover, exogenous addition of purified pCD enhanced the proliferation of HaCaT cells. The proliferative effect of pCD was inhibited by a monoclonal antibody against the activation peptide (AP) of pCD. Treatment of HaCaT cells with pCD or AP led to the secretion of a set of cytokines that might promote the growth of cells in a paracrine manner. The role of secreted pCD and its mechanism of action were studied in a scratch wound model and the presence of pCD and AP enhanced regeneration, while this effect was reversed by the addition of anti-AP antibody. Expression and secretion of pCD was upregulated in HaCaT cells exposed to various stress conditions. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that the secretion of pCD is not only linked to cancer cells but also plays a role in normal physiological conditions like wound healing and tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Vashishta
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, 511 S. Floyd Street, MDR Bldg., Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Sujata Saraswat Ohri
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, 511 S. Floyd Street, MDR Bldg., Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jana Vetvickova
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, 511 S. Floyd Street, MDR Bldg., Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Martin Fusek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Ulrichova
- Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, 511 S. Floyd Street, MDR Bldg., Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- *Corresponding author: Tel: ++ 502 852 1612; Fax: ++ 502 852 1177; E-mail: (V. Vetvicka)
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21
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Vernon AE, Bakewell SJ, Chodosh LA. Deciphering the molecular basis of breast cancer metastasis with mouse models. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2007; 8:199-213. [PMID: 17657606 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-007-9041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer begins as a localized disease, but has the potential to spread to distant sites within the body. This process--known as metastasis--is the leading cause of death from breast cancer. Whether the ability of cancer cells to metastasize is an intrinsic or acquired feature is currently a topic of considerable debate. Nevertheless, the key cellular events required for metastasis are generally accepted. These include invasion of the surrounding stromal tissue, intravasation, evasion of programmed cell death, arrest within the vasculature at a distant site, extravasation, and establishment and growth within a new microenvironment. The development of mouse models that faithfully mimic critical aspects of human neoplasia has been instrumental in framing our current understanding of multistage carcinogenesis. This review examines the advantages and limitations of existing murine models for mammary carcinogenesis for probing the molecular mechanisms that contribute to metastasis, as well as non-invasive tumor imaging approaches to facilitate these investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Vernon
- Department of Cancer Biology, and The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 612 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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22
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Ohri SS, Vashishta A, Vetvickova J, Fusek M, Vetvicka V. Procathepsin D expression correlates with invasive and metastatic phenotype of MDA-MB-231 derived cell lines. Int J Biol Macromol 2007; 41:204-9. [PMID: 17397917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Procathepsin D (pCD) is a glycoprotein secreted abundantly by cancerous cells with a documented role in tumor development. The levels of pCD in primary tumors are highly correlated with an increased incidence of metastasis. Our earlier studies have shown that pCD exerts its effect on cancer cells through its activation peptide (AP) and involves both autocrine and paracrine modes of action. In this study, we analyzed the expression and role of pCD in MDA-MB-231 and its derived cell lines 1833 and 4175 possessing discrete metastatic abilities. Our results demonstrated a direct relationship between expression and secretion of pCD to the differential invasive potential of these cells. Also, the cell lines responded to AP treatment by enhancing their invasive potential, proliferation and induction of secretion of various cytokines, suggesting that pCD plays a role in metastasis through its AP region.
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23
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Vashishta A, Fusek M, Vetvicka V. Possible role of procathepsin D in human cancer. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2005; 50:71-6. [PMID: 15954536 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
For the past ten years, our research has been focused on elucidating the mechanism by which procathepsin D (pCD) impacts cancer development. Various studies have shown that pCD is overexpressed and secreted by numerous cancer cell lines. After secretion, it exhibits "growth hormone-like" activity on cancerous cells but the exact mechanism of this mitogenic activity is not yet understood. The activation peptide of pCD (APpCD) (which is cleaved off upon activation of the zymogen) is responsible for the mitogenic function of pCD. Various in vitro and in vivo studies support our theory that the APpCD interacts with both parent and neighborhood cancer cells and thus functions as an autocrine mitogen. We propose a model of pCD mitogenic function and also some possible approaches for treatment and prevention of certain types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vashishta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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24
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Liaudet-Coopman E, Beaujouin M, Derocq D, Garcia M, Glondu-Lassis M, Laurent-Matha V, Prébois C, Rochefort H, Vignon F. Cathepsin D: newly discovered functions of a long-standing aspartic protease in cancer and apoptosis. Cancer Lett 2005; 237:167-79. [PMID: 16046058 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The lysosomal aspartic protease cathepsin D (cath-D) is over-expressed and hyper-secreted by epithelial breast cancer cells. This protease is an independent marker of poor prognosis in breast cancer being correlated with the incidence of clinical metastasis. Cath-D over-expression stimulates tumorigenicity and metastasis. Indeed it plays an essential role in the multiple steps of tumor progression, in stimulating cancer cell proliferation, fibroblast outgrowth and angiogenesis, as well as in inhibiting tumor apoptosis. A mutated cath-D devoid of catalytic activity still proved mitogenic for cancer, endothelial and fibroblastic cells, suggesting an extra-cellular mode of action of cath-D involving a triggering, either directly or indirectly, of an as yet unidentified cell surface receptor. Cath-D is also a key mediator of induced-apoptosis and its proteolytic activity has been involved generally in this event. During apoptosis, mature lysosomal cath-D is translocated to the cytosol. Since cath-D is one of the lysosomal enzymes which requires a more acidic pH to be proteolytically-active relative to the cysteine lysosomal enzymes, such as cath-B and -L, it is open to question whether cytosolic cath-D might be able to cleave substrate(s) implicated in the apoptotic cascade. This review summarises our current knowledge on cath-D action in cancer progression and metastasis, as well as its dual function in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Liaudet-Coopman
- INSERM U540 'Endocrinologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Cancers', Université de Montpellier 1, 60 rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France.
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25
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Fusek M, Vetvicka V. DUAL ROLE OF CATHEPSIN D: LIGAND AND PROTEASE. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2005; 149:43-50. [PMID: 16170387 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2005.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin D is peptidase belonging to the family of aspartic peptidases. Its mostly described function is intracellular catabolism in lysosomal compartments, other physiological effect include hormone and antigen processing. For almost two decades, there have been an increasing number of data describing additional roles imparted by cathepsin D and its pro-enzyme, resulting in cathepsin D being a specific biomarker of some diseases. These roles in pathological conditions, namely elevated levels in certain tumor tissues, seem to be connected to another, yet not fully understood functionality. However, despite numerous studies, the mechanisms of cathepsin D and its precursor's actions are still not completely understood. From results discussed in this article it might be concluded that cathepsin D in its zymogen status has additional function, which is rather dependent on a "ligand-like" function then on proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fusek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
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26
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Nomura T, Katunuma N. Involvement of cathepsins in the invasion, metastasis and proliferation of cancer cells. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2005; 52:1-9. [PMID: 15751268 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.52.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cell invasion and metastasis are associated with the proteolytic activity of various types of proteinases. Among them, cathepsins, which are lysosomal proteinases, have received more attention recently. Since elevated expressions of cathepsins and diminished levels of their inhibitors have been observed in several human cancers, including breast, gastric and prostate cancer, especially in aggressive cancer cells, cathepsins have been suggested to be biological markers of malignant tumors and have proved useful for prognosis of the disease. Furthermore, cathepsins have various roles in cancer progression. Cathepsin D has a mitogenic activity independent of its proteolytic activity and it attenuates the anti-tumor immune response of decaying chemokines to inhibit the function of dendritic cells. Cathepsins B and L have been shown to play an important role in matrix degradation and cell invasion. The administration of their inhibitors prevents the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. These results indicate that cancer cells orchestrate various cathepsins to progress malignant diseases. Cathepsins may be a potential target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Nomura
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Pharmacology Research Laboratories I, Osaka, Japan
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27
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Journet A, Ferro M. The potentials of MS-based subproteomic approaches in medical science: the case of lysosomes and breast cancer. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2004; 23:393-442. [PMID: 15290709 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Because of the great number of women who are diagnosed with breast cancer each year, and though this disease presents the lowest mortality rate among cancers, breast cancer remains a major public health problem. As for any cancer, the tumorigenic and metastatic processes are still hardly understood, and the biochemical markers that allow either a precise monitoring of the disease or the classification of the numerous forms of breast cancer remain too scarce. Therefore, great hopes are put on the development of high-throughput genomic and proteomic technologies. Such comprehensive techniques should help in understanding the processes and in defining steps of the disease by depicting specific genes or protein profiles. Because techniques dedicated to the current proteomic challenges are continuously improving, the probability of the discovery of new potential protein biomarkers is rapidly increasing. In addition, the identification of such markers should be eased by lowering the sample complexity; e.g., by sample fractionation, either according to specific physico-chemical properties of the proteins, or by focusing on definite subcellular compartments. In particular, proteins of the lysosomal compartment have been shown to be prone to alterations in their localization, expression, or post-translational modifications (PTMs) during the cancer process. Some of them, such as the aspartic protease cathepsin D (CatD), have even been proven as participating actively in the disease progression. The present review aims at giving an overview of the implication of the lysosome in breast cancer, and at showing how subproteomics and the constantly refining MS-based proteomic techniques may help in making breast cancer research progress, and thus, hopefully, in improving disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Journet
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Protéines, ERM-0201 Inserm, DRDC, CEA-Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France.
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28
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Kondoh K, Tsuji N, Kamagata C, Sasaki M, Kobayashi D, Yagihashi A, Watanabe N. A novel aspartic protease gene, ALP56, is up-regulated in human breast cancer independently from the cathepsin D gene. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2003; 78:37-44. [PMID: 12611455 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022149226430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cell invasion requires expression of degradative enzymes such as plasminogen activator, collagenase, and cathepsins. Cathepsin D, a lysosomal aspartic protease produced constitutively in human breast cancer cell lines, also has mitogenic activity in breast cancer cells. Additionally, high cathepsin D expression is associated with increased risk of metastasis in patients with node-negative breast cancer. Recently, a novel aspartic protease gene, ALP56 (aspartic-like protease 56kDa), has been identified. To examine possible interrelationships we quantitated ALP56 mRNA and cathepsin D mRNA in breast cancers using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. ALP56 mRNA expression was greater in cancers than in noncancerous tissues (p < 0.0001), as was expression of cathepsin D mRNA. ALP56 gene expression was dose-dependently down-regulated in T-47D breast cancer cells treated with estradiol, while cathepsin D was up-regulated. Expression of ALP56 mRNA in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers was less than that in ER-negative cancers, and mRNA expression for ALP56 and cathepsin D did not correlate with one another. Thus ALP56 as well as cathepsin D may be a useful target molecule in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kondoh
- Division of Laboratory Diagnosis, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
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29
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Partanen S, Storch S, Löffler HG, Hasilik A, Tyynelä J, Braulke T. A replacement of the active-site aspartic acid residue 293 in mouse cathepsin D affects its intracellular stability, processing and transport in HEK-293 cells. Biochem J 2003; 369:55-62. [PMID: 12350228 PMCID: PMC1223066 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2002] [Revised: 09/17/2002] [Accepted: 09/26/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The substitution of an active-site aspartic acid residue by asparagine in the lysosomal protease cathepsin D (CTSD) results in a loss of enzyme activity and severe cerebrocortical atrophy in a novel form of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in sheep [Tyynelä, Sohar, Sleat, Gin, Donnelly, Baumann, Haltia and Lobel (2000) EMBO J. 19, 2786-2792]. In the present study we have introduced the corresponding mutation by replacing aspartic acid residue 293 with asparagine (D293N) into the mouse CTSD cDNA to analyse its effect on synthesis, transport and stability in transfected HEK-293 cells. The complete inactivation of mutant D293N mouse CTSD was confirmed by a newly developed fluorimetric quantification system. Moreover, in the heterologous overexpression systems used, mutant D293N mouse CTSD was apparently unstable and proteolytically modified during early steps of the secretory pathway, resulting in a loss of mass by about 1 kDa. In the affected sheep, the endogenous mutant enzyme was stable but also showed the shift in its molecular mass. In HEK-293 cells, the transport of the mutant D293N mouse CTSD to the lysosome was delayed and associated with a low secretion rate compared with wild-type CTSD. These data suggest that the mutation may result in a conformational change which affects stability, processing and transport of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Partanen
- Children's Hospital-Biochemistry, University of Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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30
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Vetvicka V, Benes P, Fusek M. Procathepsin D in breast cancer: what do we know? Effects of ribozymes and other inhibitors. Cancer Gene Ther 2002; 9:854-63. [PMID: 12224027 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2002] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Procathepsin D (pCD) is a major secreted glycoprotein in some human breast and other cancer cell lines. Several groups proposed that pCD served as a growth factor for these cell lines. Secreted pCD has been demonstrated in tissue section, tissue culture supernatants, carcinoma cytosols, and nipple aspirates. Moreover, several clinical studies suggested a potential role for this molecule in metastasis because its concentration in primary tumors correlated with an increased incidence of tumor metastases. In this paper, the effects of pCD were evaluated by proliferation in vitro and by mouse studies in vivo. Subsequent flow cytometry experiments showed the specificity of pCD binding to cancer cells. Cell cultivation showed that addition of either pCD or its activation peptide stimulates growth of cancer cells. These effects can be inhibited both in vitro and in vivo by anti-pCD antibodies. In addition, production of pCD can be inhibited by specifically designed ribozymes. This paper is focused on mitogenic effects of pCD, which seem to involve interaction of the activation peptide with as yet unidentified receptor. Different mechanisms by which pCD could promote development and spread of cancer cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
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Turk V, Turk B, Guncar G, Turk D, Kos J. Lysosomal cathepsins: structure, role in antigen processing and presentation, and cancer. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 2002; 42:285-303. [PMID: 12123721 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2571(01)00034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Glondu M, Coopman P, Laurent-Matha V, Garcia M, Rochefort H, Liaudet-Coopman E. A mutated cathepsin-D devoid of its catalytic activity stimulates the growth of cancer cells. Oncogene 2001; 20:6920-9. [PMID: 11687971 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2001] [Revised: 07/11/2001] [Accepted: 07/16/2001] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin-D, a lysosomal aspartyl proteinase, is highly secreted by breast cancer cells and its over-expression by transfection stimulates cancer cell proliferation. The mechanism by which this protease affects proliferation remains, however, unknown. In order to determine whether proteolytic activity is necessary, we abolished its enzymatic activity using site-directed mutagenesis followed by stable transfection in 3Y1-Ad12 cancer cells. Substitution of the aspartic acid residue 231 by an asparagine residue in its catalytic site abrogated the cathepsin-D proteolytic activity but did not affect its expression level, processing or secretion. However, like wild-type cathepsin-D, this mutated catalytically-inactive cathepsin-D retained its capacity to stimulate proliferation of cells embedded in Matrigel or collagen I matrices, colony formation in soft agar and tumor growth in athymic nude mice. Addition on the mock-transfected cells, of either conditioned media containing the wild-type or the mutated pro-cathepsin-D, or of the purified mutated pro-cathepsin-D, partially mimicked the mitogenic activity of the transfected cathepsin-D, indicating a role of the secreted pro-enzyme. Moreover, addition of two anti-cathepsin-D antibodies on the cathepsin-D transfected cells inhibited their proliferation, suggesting an action of the secreted pro-cathepsin-D via an autocrine loop. A synthetic peptide containing the 27-44 residue moiety of the cathepsin-D pro-fragment was, however, not mitogenic suggesting that a receptor for the pro-fragment was not involved. Furthermore, the cathepsin-D mitogenicity was not blocked by inhibiting the interaction of pro-cathepsin-D with the mannose-6-phosphate receptors. Our results altogether demonstrate that a mutated cathepsin-D devoid of catalytic activity is still mitogenic and suggest that it is acting extra-cellularly by triggering directly or indirectly a yet unidentified cell surface receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Glondu
- INSERM U540 Endocrinologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Cancers, Université de Montpellier 1, 60 rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzymatically inactive procathepsin D secreted from cancer cells has been confirmed to play a role in breast cancer development. We focused on prostate cancer and the role of activation peptide in mitogenic activity. METHODS Synthetic peptides and monoclonal antibodies raised against individual fragments of activation peptide were employed. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiatol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay or by in vivo growth in nude mice. RESULTS We demonstrated that the growth factor activity of activation peptide is localized in amino-acid region 27-44. In addition, both anti-activation peptide and anti-27-44 peptide antibodies administered in vivo inhibited the growth of human prostate tumors in mice. CONCLUSIONS Based on these data, we hypothesize that the interaction of procathepsin D activation peptide with an unknown receptor is mediated by amino-acid sequence 27-44. This interaction leads in certain types of tumor to a proliferation and higher motility. Blocking of this interaction by antibodies or antagonists might be a valuable tool in prostate cancer inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
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